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Tree diversity on islands: assembly rules, passive sampling and the theory of island biogeography

Aim  Species diversity is distributed heterogeneously through space, for reasons that are poorly understood. We tested three hypotheses to account for spatial variation in coniferous tree species diversity in a temperate island archipelago. The theory of island biogeography (ToIB) predicts that island area affects species diversity both directly (by increasing habitat diversity) and indirectly (by increasing abundances, which in turn reduce extinction rates). The ToIB also predicts that island isolation directly affects species diversity by reducing immigration rates. The passive sampling hypothesis predicts that island area and isolation both affect species diversity indirectly, by increasing and decreasing abundances, respectively. Community assembly rules (i.e. even partitioning of conifer abundances among islands) might also reduce tree species diversity beyond the core predictions of ToIB and the passive sampling hypothesis.