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Anthocyanins Acts on Megakaryocytopoiesis and Proplatelet Formation in Vitro: Involving the Signaling Pathways of MAPKs and PI3K/Akt/NF‐κB

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become a major public health problem nowadays. Platelets are small anucleated cells derived from the megakaryocytes(MKs), which play a vital role in hemostasis and thrombosis, and contribute to inflammation and atherosclerosis. Excessive platelet activation and aggregation have been shown to be involved in a variety of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly atherothrombosis. An increasing number of people believe that natural foods that contain bioactive constituents could possibly diminish the risk of CVDs. There are increasing evidences suggesting that dietary intake of phytochemicals can exert protective potential for CVDs. Anthocyanins, a category of phenolic flavonoids, are abundant in various fruits, vegetables and beverages, and are commonly consumed in human diet. Numerous of epidemiological and medical anthropological investigations have indicated that anthocyanins are believed to play a protective role against atherosclerosis. Our previous reports have demonstrated that anthocyanins significantly inhibited platelet activation, aggregation and thrombus formation in vitro, and significantly inhibited platelet granule secretion in hypercholesterolemia subjects. Furthermore, anthocyanins did not cause the tail bleeding in mice. However, the effects of cyanidin‐3‐O‐β‐glucoside (Cy‐3‐g), one of the most abundant compounds of anthocyanins, on the megakaryocyte, which is the precursor of platelet, have not yet been investigated before.