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Involvement of cyclic AMP in the functions of granulosa and luteal cells: regulation of steroidogenesis.

The findings reviewed above demonstrate that cAMP can act at several distinct loci to enhance steroidogenesis. Analogs of cAMP stimulate the accumulation of the mRNAs which encode components of the steroidogenic machinery, such as the receptor for LDL and the system for the cleavage of the cholesterol sidechain. This apparently coordinated accumulation of specific mRNAs results from increased transcription of the relevant genes. Transacting factors modulated by cyclic AMP may influence common enhancer sequences (e.g., TGACGTCA), and such interactions would account for the simultaneous increase in expression of specific genes on several different chromosomes. These actions of cyclic AMP enable ovarian cells to support long-term increases in steroid synthesis by increasing the quantities of proteins involved in steroidogenesis. Such changes would obviously be important during luteinization, when the potential of granulosa cells to secrete progesterone is greatly increased. Although we speak of these effects as "long-term", it is evident that they occur within a relatively short time (hours) after exposure of cells to the tropic agent. Cyclic AMP also acts to stimulate steroidogenesis post-transcriptionally. It may influence events at the translational level via interactions in the formation of "labile" proteins. In addition, the regulation of cholesteryl ester hydrolase, as well as of other enzymes involved the metabolism of cholesterol, seems to involve post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation). The effects of cAMP on the cytoskeleton may be another manifestation of a post-translational response. These actions of cAMP promote acute increases in steroidogenesis (i.e., within minutes). They encompass the transport of cholesterol to the mitochondria and the regulation of access of sterol to the inner mitochondrial membranes. Future research should be directed at elucidating the exact mechanisms which permit cAMP to exert coordinate effects on the genome (Figure 8), as well as its post-transcriptional effects on various proteins and enzymes which play a role in the synthesis of steroid hormones.