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Intrapulmonary lipopolysaccharide exposure upregulates cytokine expression in the neonatal brainstem

Perinatal inflammation and neonatal sepsis trigger lung and brain injury. We hypothesized that endotoxin exposure in the immature lung upregulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in the brainstem and impairs respiratory control. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline was administered intratracheally to vagal intact or denervated rat pups. LPS increased brainstem IL‐1β and vagotomy blunted this response. There was an attenuated ventilatory response to hypoxia and increased brainstem IL‐1β expression after LPS.