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EQUALITY, LIBERTY, AND PROSPERITY

Equality of opportunity is difficult to behold, nearly impossible to measure, and likely impossible to achieve in the strictest sense of the term. Economic freedom is the nearest practical approximation of equality of opportunity, if only for the reason that it is impossible to ensure that each person is born into the exact same set of circumstances and subject to the exact same events. In short, economic freedom is the closest humans can come to equality of opportunity without suspending the laws of random chance. Like equality of opportunity, economic freedom cannot be measured directly, but its manifestations are more easily enumerated and measured: less government spending, less regulation, fewer labor restrictions, less public corruption, more protections for private property. Economic freedom, like the more abstract notion of equality of opportunity, 1 necessarily implies inequality of outcome. Simply put, some are more skilled, gifted, and industrious than others. Against a backdrop of economic freedom, these people will succeed to a higher degree than their less skilled, less gifted, and less industrious counterparts. Luck, too, plays a significant role. Those who advocate for equality of outcome tend to argue against economic freedom. But the fact that more economic freedom causes more unequal outcomes does not imply that less economic freedom causes less unequal, or even preferable outcomes. It is possible that the tools and methods we use to restrict economic freedom may themselves promote unequal outcomes. Those interested in achieving equality of outcome cannot know, a priori, that less economic freedom will achieve their goal, or at what cost. Instead, they must address two empirical questions: