{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04104183109707971, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03393843725335438, 'mean_word_length': 5.215686274509804, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Th 2 Dominance of T Helper Cell Response to Preproinsulin in Individuals with Preclinical Type 1 Diabetes

In human type 1 diabetes (T1D) autoantibodies to insulin precede clinical disease, while little is known about the contribution of insulin-specific T lymphocytes—in particular, T helper (Th) subsets. Here we have studied the in vivo primed cytokine response to preproinsulin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and two major Th cell subsets—CD45RO+ memory cells and CD45RA+ naive/resting cells—in 35 individuals with HLA-DRB1*04, DQB1*0302 diabetes risk marker: 12 patients with T1D, 12 autoantibodypositive (Ab+) individuals, and 11 healthy controls. Cytokine secretion (TNF, IFN, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) was measured in the supernatants of the cultures stimulated with 21 overlapping preproinsulin peptides as well as proinsulin and insulin. In Ab+ individuals our results reveal higher IL-4 levels in CD45RO+ memory cells and higher IL-5 levels in CD45RA+ naive/resting cells, while higher IL-2 production was found in PBMCs. In contrast, in PBMCs of T1D patients higher IFNand IL-10 secretion was found. Our data delineate characteristic cytokine patterns in peripheral T lymphocytes from patients at different stages of the T1D development.