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Mono Lake and Environs

The southernmost variety of Northern Paiute is spoken aroundMono Lake, an alkaline lakeon the eastern slopes of theSierraNevada, and to its immediatenorth. The community atMono Lake, the KudzaDɨka’a (eaters of kudzabi, alkali fly pupae), is centered around LeeVining, California, and organized as the Kutzadika’a Paiute Indian Community, which is seeking federal recognition. The same variety is also spoken in Bridgeport, California, where the Pogai Dɨkadɨ (grass-seed eaters) are organized as the federally recognized Bridgeport Indian Colony, as well as in Coleville, California, in the southern Antelope Valley by the Onabi Dɨkadɨ (salt eaters). A large community was also located historically around Sweetwater, Nevada, in Smith Valley, due east of Coleville (Stewart 1939:142–43). This dialect, like other southern varieties, is distinguished phonologically from northern varieties by having three consonant grades (lenis, fortis, voiced fortis). Unlike all northern varieties and some southern varieties, it preserves the Numic “sixth vowel” /e/ and has completely depalatalized the (voiced) fortis palatal approximant, which is realized as /dd/. It is also distinguished from all other Northern Paiute varieties by its loss of the velar nasal (*/ŋ/ > /n/) (Babel et al. 2013). This variety is most closely related to the other southern varieties of Yerington (Yerington Paiute Tribe 1987 a, b) and Walker River (this volume). The variety spoken immediately aroundMono Lakemay have, at one time, had some unique features. The dialectical picture is somewhat complicated by populationmovement and intermarriage amongst communities.However, some speakers who trace their ancestry to Mono Lake exhibit two distinctive features. First, many words have an “echo” vowel that is not found even in the variety of Bridgeport: for example, tɨba’a, instead of tɨba, for ‘pine nut’ (see below, “Where the Paiutes Lived,” line 23). Second, the durative gemination process, which conveys an aspectual value of imperfective (Toosarvandani 2017), can be doubled by an additional suffix -’yu, at least in the speech of one speaker whose family was from Mono Lake.