{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.026923076923076925, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006593406593406593, 'mean_word_length': 5.236301369863014, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Numerical Investigation of Plasma Actuator Effects On Flow Control Over a Three-Dimensional Airfoil with a Sinusoidal Leading Edge


 The impetus of the present bio-inspired work is to investigate the impact of simultaneously using wavy leading-edge (WLE) airfoils in combination with curved multi dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators as hybrid passive and active flow control mechanisms, respectively. A precise distinction of the produced frequency and noise signals, altogether with the acoustic effect of using WLE and DBD plasma actuators are herein analyzed with precision. Two specific DBD plasma actuators are designed to actuate at x/C= 3% and x/C= 30% on a NACA 634-021 airfoil with sinusoidal WLE that bears a wavelength of 25% and an amplitude of 5% of the mean chord length and straight-leading-edge (SLE). A large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model was used. This includes the dynamic control of unsteady flow separation, the three-dimensional vortical structure and induced trains of vortices, the aerodynamic forces, the velocity variation, and also the spanwise flow. The momentum transfer between the main flow and boundary layer was improved by the DBDs induced vortices train and formed streamwise counter-rotating pair-of-vortices over the tubercle. Also, both the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) methods were used to investigate the induced plasma flow spectral content for the WLE and SLE geometries. We witnessed an optimized flow control, by using DBD plasma actuators with the WLE airfoil, that resulted in less massive flow separation, faster turbulent transition and a robust earlier flow reattachment. This modification was beneficial in increasing the efficiency and decreasing the noise for low Reynolds number operational conditions.