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A Study on the Network Resource Openness with Software Networking toward the Development of the Web Technology

The continuous development of the network and the growth of the Internet and the Web are festinating. The improvement in network softwarization technologies represented by the SDN and NFV made the dedicated legacy network resources into more elastic to be utilized. These progresses realize the accessibility on the customized network resource utilization for web services, overcoming traditional best effort network environment. HTTP based application services are extended from multimedia to IoT with fast evolution of Web technology. In this study, network resource open trends are explored in softwarization networking technology perspective, and describe what will be the future of network environment, step-by-step. Especially, the process of change is focused from previous individual communication service environment such as voice, data to unified communication environment. This work was supported by Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. B0101-15-0331, Development of Multi-Screen Adaptive Autonomous Smart Media Technology) Journal of Software Networking, 19–36. doi: 10.13052/jsn2445-9739.20161.002 c © 2016 River Publishers. All rights reserved.

and adopting the concept of Web 2.0 based service architecture enabled the network components become objectified.
Nowadays, Web is not just a useful function over the telecommunication network, but an essential tool for our daily lives. As a point of contact to the cyber and online services, Web supports data portal, information search, social media service, rich multimedia content display, and so on. Recently, by utilizing the Web architectures, Web service, and Web of Device technologies, Web expands its service territory to even 'things' [5]. By doing so, Web performs the role of global data platform. The role as a global data platform is not wholly come from the development of the Web technology itself or the Web based service technology. Now, the network operators have clear role in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry; as a physical and logical data infrastructure provider and manager, conducts OAM (operations, administration and maintenance) like the electric power corporations or highway corporations. It will keep the stable revenue out of doing what they have been doing. However, to get the new cash cow, it is important to looking after the new business opportunity as the Web grows in its volume and evolves in its capability while generating new service trends and requirements for existing infrastructures.
This papers studies on how to adopt the evolving trend of the network resource and service openness led by the development of the Web technology in network operator's point of view. Because the Web is the subject who requires to change the object of the resource openness from the network providers to the internet service providers. For that, this paper is composed as follows: In Chapter 2, the development of network resource open service interfaces and the state-of-the-art Web technologies are introduced as background technology. Then, the changes in the telecommunication service environment surrounding network are discussed in Chapter 3. After that, in the Chapter 4, as an use case, the deployment strategies for voice telephony over Web is described in three stages and concludes in Chapter 5.

History of Network Open Service Interfaces and APIs
The network operators have expected to utilize their network resources in various ways so that can secure multiple sources of revenue. In that manner, the IT industry speedily upgraded their environmental conditions from the beginning of the 21st century. They tried to provide the network based services to have the form of easily created and deployed, executed and managed features in accordance with the network service user and provider's requirements. That intention is revealed from Parlay/OSA on the intelligence network environment to the Web services over the Web 2.0 environment and the Service Delivery Platform with the Service Oriented Architecture concept [6][7][8]. Figure 1 shows the concept of the Parlay/OSA based network resource utilization and the Parlay X based connectivity with 3 rd parties. Figure 2 demonstrates the reference architecture of the network service integration and delivery environment, which has developed in the ITU-T's standard recommendation Y.2240, "Requirements and capabilities for NGN Service Integration and Delivery Environment (NGN-SIDE)". The standard supports to open the following network resources and functions over the Next Generation Network (NGN) environment [9].  provided the network resource users to be able to utilize the network resources via Web service or Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).
In addition, recently, as the software-based network resource management and operation technologies, called SDN and NFV are introduced, such evolution toward network resource and service openness is even accelerating. Especially, the major features of the SDN like Programmability, Granularity, and Elasticity turned the application-awareness based service available, and embraced the opportunity of providing the capabilities on the network transport stratum, which were both not possible to be supported in the legacy network resource opening technologies [10].

Web Technology
As the Internet based services uses the HTTP for their services over the Web, Web is expanding its core technology from a markup-based content rendering into devices, networks, and applied services. As described below, Web has kept extending to a large convergence of software.
When it comes to the latest Web technology, W3C explains the openness of the Web as below [11]: W3C standards define an Open Web Platform for application development that has the unprecedented potential to enable developers to build rich interactive experiences, powered by vast data stores, which are available on any device. Among the several Web technologies, the HTTP 2.0 and the WebRTC plays to major role to contribute for the network resource utilization.

HTTP 2.0
Version 0.9 of HTTP was announced at 1991, HTTP/1.0 at 1996, and 1.1 at 1999. After HTTP/1.1, there were no changes on the HTTP over 10 years. However, today's web pages are about 20 times larger than 1990's in the aspects of web pages' size and number of requests and raised few issues [12].
First of all, HTTP/1.0 allowed only one request at a time on a given TCP connection. HTTP/1.1 added request pipelining, but this only addressed partially of the request concurrency problem and still has an HOL (head-ofline) blocking problem. Therefore, to achieve concurrency while reducing latency, HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1 clients who desirably want to make many requests need to be able to use multiple connections to a server. Furthermore, HTTP header fields are often repetitive and lengthy. As everyone can forecast, it caused unnecessary network overhead seriously.
The features of HTTP/2.0 to handle these issues mentioned before and to achieve better performance with low latency are as below.
• HTTP header compression • Binary protocol • Multiplexing • Full-duplex interleaving and Stream priority • Server push

WebRTC
According to the introduction of the 'webrtc.org', WebRTC is a free, open project that provides browsers and mobile applications with Real-Time Communications (RTC) capabilities via simple APIs. WebRTC offers web application developers the ability to write rich, realtime multimedia applications (think video chat) on the web, without requiring plugins, downloads or installs. Its purpose is to help build a strong RTC platform that works across multiple web browsers, across multiple platforms. Figure 3 is the overall architecture of WebRTC [13].
WebRTC has three APIs. The first one is MediaStream API. It represents synchronized streams of media. For example, a stream taken from camera and microphone input has synchronized video and audio tracks. Second is RTCPeerConnection. It is the WebRTC component that handles stable and efficient communication of streaming data between peers. RTCPeerConnection offers easier way to access to core function without numerous complexities from underlying system. The last one is TCDataChannel. As well as audio and video, WebRTC supports real-time communication for other types of data. The RTCDataChannel API enables peer-to-peer exchange of arbitrary data, with low latency and high throughput. It can be used for gaming, remote desktop applications, real-time text chat, file transfer, and decentralized networks.

Changes on Service Environment Surrounding Network
Telco first started wired voice service on PSTN and have gradually expanded their business area to wired Internet service and mobile-based voice and data services. With the beginning of the new millennium, telco's network environment was transformed to All IP network and wired broadband. Telco then have broadened its service upon this technology advancement: from the conventional telecommunication infrastructure service to contents and media, and infra-optimized utility services. Telco got off from the simple business model and now seek to widen its value chain by all-out mobilization of their capability.
In the Telco X.0 environment, Telcos' main services are as follows: wire and wireless convergence and broadband services based on All IP Network, smart services based on contents and media, and utility services backed up by Telco infrastructure as depicted in Figure 4.

Optimized Utility
As the service environment has been evolved from H/W focused from S/W oriented, different services utilizing the resources of Telco are introduced in the market. Cloud service and enterprise infrastructure are one type of those services, and it focuses more on providing computing resources over the network infrastructure, rather than on supplying the network itself. The end-to-end quality of network, however, needs to be assured to make this service viable. As software defined network infrastructure became widespread recently, networks are virtualized through SDN, and these resources shared and provided in the form of IaaS (InfrastructureAs a Service) or PaaS (Platform As a Service).
Moreover, recent-soaring IoT (Internet of Things) services are projected to broaden the service range by connecting devices in a more accessible and universal way, which was limited in previous M2M (machine to machine) utilization.
The main reason that the convergence is called for between the Web and Telco is that the conventional models of both are in a counter position; they accordingly come to be located in a complementary relationship when it comes to provide new business zone to telecommunication service providers in Figure 5.
For Telco, abundant Internet and Web technology is required to support a high-level of Internet application for Cloud computing, future Web, and Cloud service. This Web-Telco convergence will enable Telco to take the role of major supplier of global services for both enterprises and personal users as depicted in Figure 6.
Strategic partnership between the Web and Telecommunication technology is needed, for both technologies share significant similarities and has a complementary dynamics at the same time. What Telco X.0 technology should  Considering the major changes Telco X.0 would go through, Web technology is a must for conventional network providers, since the convergence between Web and Telecommunication tech is expected to speed up upon the complementary relationship of them. The matter is, however, who pays and who earns the money, which is difficult to be realized without the connectivity between Telco and the Web.

Everything as a Service
Simpler and more cost-efficient methods for doing Internet business have shown a rapid growth for the last few years. The market is moving toward an As-a-Service delivery model that provides plug-in, scalable, consumptionbased business services that deliver the business outcomes that every organization demands -increased revenue or decreased costs.
Represented as "X-as-a-Service", this model provides technical methods to utilize all the resources on-demand, real-time, and usage-based; previously, service providers had to build and manage whatever needed to provide a certain internet service.
For example, a start-up company that wants to try out a new internet business in the market formerly would have to build its own server and network, appoint corresponding managers for each task, and develop own software for its own. Nowadays, in contrast, it can use whatever resources it needs and pay the only amount accordingly, regarding the whole on-demand utility of server and network, the corresponding management, and the software application working on those infrastructures.

Using Network Resources for Unified Communications over Web
With viewpoint of telecommunication industry, the unified communication service over web (UCWeb) is the wider extension from voice over IP (VoIP) to adapt web environments. The VoIP is mainly focusing on communication protocol to deliver voice telephony service. But, the UCWeb is utilizing web technologies to deliver voice/video, IoT and many other Web-based services. The clear feature of UCWeb is that the end users keep the web environment such as HTML and HTTP based on URL/URI. It assumes that the user device uses web-enabled screen and all the end user services are applicable through the web. The communication protocol is based on HTTP or HTTPS protocol. The display screen of end user is running on HTML.
With graceful evolution toward future web convergence, the UCWeb has to maximize the interoperability with the existing VoIP technologies. The UCWeb may use the existing VoIP protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), Session Description Protocol (SDP), Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), and Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP), etc. In this case, The UCWeb can use the existing numbering scheme running on VoIP and 3G/LTE network.
According to the UCWeb evolution, the following stage from the existing wireline VoIP network may be considered.

Using Unified Communication Gateway
First stage is UC Gateway connecting to Web Server in Figure 8.
• The end user has two options to make voice call: one is via VoIP gateway and the others is directly connected to UCWeb server by using WebRTC. The end user can directly access the web services through WAS (web application server). The WAS offers various types of web applications by combining location and presence information. Special messaging service may be added. • The IMS core may be included at the web server. The VoIP user may call to the customer of social network service and instance messaging services with help of WAS. Vice versa, the social customers may call the VoIP users using Social ID. • The Internet-of-Thing (IoT) devices may be linked to web server. When the human may need to control and manage IoT devices via signalling, the WebRTC protocol may be used, which is especially for IoT devices equipped with camera and speaker. • With the extension of the existing numbering plan, the web-accessible user identification such as web ID (URL/URI), email address, and social network service SNS identifications can be used. The user ID of social network service has to be recognized by VoIP customers. The SNS users may search VoIP customers to make a call. • The direct connection from end user to web server is relying on web standards like HTTP or Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) etc. The WebRTC can be used to connect the web server. The WebRTC may utilize VoIP protocol to make a call. • The emergency call or group call may also support with two options described above; via VoIP gateway or directly connect to web server. The group community call of social network services is very useful for simultaneously notification or announcement of emergency to all the members. • The charging and billing server may connect to the web server, which may replace HSS at VoIP and 3G/LTE network in future. By combining with other web applications, various charging and billing options can be considered. • The call-based intelligence services (e.g., call center services) can be directly connected to web server by using web APIs or the cloud concept of XaaS (anything as a service). It provides the add-on features of web services and web applications.

Cloud-based Unified Communication Gateway
The next stage is the Cloud-based Unified Communication Gateway replacing UC Gateway as shown in Figure 8. The roles and key features of each component in the figure are as followings: • The core cloud (e.g., web server with presence) is a center for all the services and applications provided by Web technology. The signals in between users and devices are transmitted by HTTP 2.0 and the media information are exchanged by WebRTC. • The end users may connect to the regional web presence server with/without the intermediate gateway and proxy system. To provide the global scalability of web presence server, the cloud-based distributed configurations of web servers are necessary to reach the billions of end users.
• The cloud platform reaches to end users with wireline switch and/or wireless access gateway including RNC and BSC. The concept of network functional virtualization (NFV) may be used to maximize channel efficiency and avoid congestion at access network area. • According to the migration stage, the access cloud platform may include the unified communications gateway. But, alternative signalling solutions may be chosen depending on applications. • The mobility support is relying on the available wireline and wireless technologies. But the current 3G/LTE tunnelling and traditional VoIP protocol will be eventually upgraded. The end user device like smartphone may have some intelligence on mobility by using buffer and intelligent movement detection. Without complicate handover technique, smartphone can help the seamless connectivity by allowing some duplication or redundancy of packet streams while user moves. • For charging and billing options, a large variety of business opportunities including sharing economy may be coming at near future. The traditional home subscriber system (HSS) may be upgraded in order to offer plentiful business solutions.

Conclusion
The network resource and service openness and softwarization have been progressively developed in both technology and architectural manner. Recently, it is showing even widened coverage which is from the network application level (L7) to the data link level (L2) via the state-of-the-are researches on SDN and NFV. Along with that, the Web technology has also been steadily developed to utilize the new resources. Evolved from the early form of the link among web pages, current Web technology is applied in a wide range of services: sensor/device, service/application, and cloud. As with the giant leap of Web-based media (social media, video portal, etc.), the Web is now essential for people's daily life. This paper looks out the evolution of the two technologies and provides a blueprint on the enhanced communication service architecture using WebRTC over the SDN and NFV based upcoming network environment. The network, the core asset of Telco which gives the grounds for its business, will evolve to be functionalized via SDN/NFV and if so, software will be at the center of network control. Network provider may amplify the Web leverage by utilizing resources in a lighter and smaller unit, which is achievable with the adoption of microservice-based software architecture and DevOps. Therefore, further study on this area is required to enhance its cost-effective applicability in current network.