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Vorticity Confinement Applied to Accurate Prediction of Convection of Wing Tip Vortices and Induced Drag

The vorticity confinement (VC) method was applied to tip vortices shed by edges of wings in order to predict induced drag using far-field integration. The optimal VC parameter was determined by its application to tip vortices shed by 3-D stationary and rotating wings. The VC was used with a total variation diminishing (TVD) approach to reduce the needed confinement. The TVD minmod and differentiable flux limiters were tested to evaluate their effect on the VC parameter. The 3-D inviscid simulations were post-processed using the wake-integral technique to determine lift-induced drag force. Dependence of the VC parameter on the flight Mach number and the angle of attack was evaluated. Grid convergence studies were conducted for induced drag generated by 3-D wing. The VC approach was combined with the Reynolds stress equation turbulence model, and the results were compared to experimental data of tip vortex evolution.