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Analogical Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence: A Study of the Juridicial Principle of Qlyas . By Ahmad Hasan. Islamabad: Pakistan Islamic Research Institute1992. Pp. 489. Price not available. ISBN: 0-935-78235-4.

Islamic law, according to Sunni jurists, derives its authority from revelation. The historical record of revelation has been preserved in literary sources, the two most important of which are the Qur'an, which Muslims consider to be the word of God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, and the Sunna, the statements—whether explicit (sunna qawliyya) or implicit (sunna taqririyya)—and practices (af 'at) of the Prophet Muhammad. Consensus of the community, ijma', is another revelatory source, at least in theory. With the possible exception of ijma', Muslims hold that revelation ceased with the death of the Prophet Muhammad in the first third of the Common Era. Consequently, there is a paucity of revelatory texts in relation to the infinite number of human events needing legal regulation. As Sunni jurists put the issue, "Texts are finite, but events are infinite, and it is impossible for the finite to encompass the infinite." This creates an obvious problem: how does Islamic law create rules to regulate events for which revelation has not provided an explicit rule? Sunni Muslims generally rejected one logical possibility: if there is no revelation concerning the event in question, then it is not a subject of religious regulation. Instead, they argued that the absence of revelation does not suggest the absence of regulation, because the human mind, through the use of considered judgment {ijtihad) could "discover" the rule intended by God for any specified event. The principal technique used by Sunni Muslim jurists to extend the scope of revelatory texts was analogical reasoning (qiyas). For example, the Qur'an expressly prohibits grape-wine, but not other intoxicating beverages. Using qiyas, however, the jurist reasons that wine was prohibited because it intoxicates. Nabidh, an intoxicating beverage made when dates are placed in water until they ferment, shares with grape-wine the capacity to intoxicate. Accordingly, the same rule that applies to grape-wine also applies to date-wine. Both are prohibited because both have the capacity to intoxicate. That capacity to intoxicate is called the 'ilia, or ratio decidendi.