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[Environmental and biological reference values of plant pesticides].

A wide range of studies concerned with the definition of environmental and biological reference values for plant pesticides is reviewed. All phases of data production are critically assessed, including sampling, sample preparation and analysis, choice of population, statistical analysis and expression of results. The importance of the studies for the definition of reference values useful in the sectors of environmental hygiene and occupational toxicology is also examined. Most of the studies were based on American populations, though work on reference values has also recently been done by Italian authors, particularly the SIVR, which has published data on 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and ethylenethiourea in urine. Because the number of the studies is small and more detail about variables is needed, the lists of reference values, given separately for American and Italian populations, also include proposals and attempts at definition of reference values. When available, biological reference values (BRV) are given separately for adults and children, emphasising the greater intake of the infant population due to higher food intake per unit body weight and greater exposure to contaminants present in the domestic environment. BRVs for plant pesticides generally depend on factors such as smoking, wine consumption and diet, major sources of residue intake for the human population.