{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.023561220548474315, 'fraction_numerical': 0.003089996137504828, 'mean_word_length': 5.009280742459397, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Distribution of Semantic Features Across Speech & Gesture by Humans and Machines

Introduction Participants in face-to-face dialogue have available to them information from a variety of modalities that can help them to understand what is being communicated by a speaker. While much of the information is conveyed by the speaker's choice of words, his/her intonational patterns, facial expressions and gestures also reflect the semantic and pragmatic content of the intended message. In many cases, different modalities serve to reinforce one another, as when intonation contours serve to mark the most important word in an utterance, or when a speaker aligns the most effortful part of gestures with intonational prominences (Kendon, 1972). In other cases, semantic and pragmatic attributes of the message are distributed across the modalities such that the full communicative intentions of the speaker are interpreted by combining linguistic and para-linguistic information. For example, a deictic gesture accompanying the spoken words "that folder" may substitute for an expression that encodes all of the necessary information in the speech channel, such as "the folder on top of the stack to the left of my computer." Deictic gestures may provide the canonical example of the distribution of semantic information across the speech and gestural modalities but iconic gestures also demonstrate this propensity. Most discussed in the literature is the fact that gesture can represent the point of view of the speaker when this is not necessarily conveyed by speech (Cassell & McNeill, 1991). An iconic gesture can represent the speaker's point of view as observer of the action, such as when the hand represents a rabbit hopping along across the field of vision of the speaker while the speaker says "I saw him hop along". An iconic gesture can also represent the speaker's point of view as participant in the action, such as when the hand represents a hand with a crooked finger beckoning someone to come closer, while the speaker says "The woman beckoned to her friend". However, information may also be distributed across modalities at the level of lexical items. For example, one might imagine the expression "she walked to the park" being replaced by the expression "she went to the park" with an accompanying walking gesture (i.e. two fingers pointed towards the ground moving back and forth in opposite directions). In cases where a word exists that appears to describe the situation (such as "walk" in the above example), why does a speaker choose to use a less informative word …