{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.029098781740789666, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01284309408483781, 'mean_word_length': 5.075122603655818, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
URBANIZATION AND THE LOST OF RIVER ACTIVITY ON MALAY HUMAN SETTLEMENT

Malaysia, as any other country, is constantly evolving in all facets of life, including architecture, economy, and culture. Despite that, the Malay settlement on the River's fringe remains an early settlement due to the Malays' strong connections to agriculture and socio-culture. The Malay's brilliance in establishing settlements on the river's fringe is among the leading reasons for this community's glorious history in the maritime world. However, today's shift in river activity has eroded the strong bond in Malay settlement. Therefore, affecting the Malay settlements, which have a significant impact on their economic growth. The research methodology employs previous researchers' exploratory techniques focusing on the effects of urbanization, as well as socioeconomic data from 350 local respondents collected during the field survey in April 2019, and observation analysis information commonly used by architects to evaluate the context of the discussion. These include physical, social, cultural, and public amenities, and the data gathered then was amalgamated using IBM SPSS V26, supplemented by interview techniques and pictorial documentation. Mapping techniques are being used to generate existing settlements patterns by utilizing the Google Earth software. Finally, AutoCAD 2018 software is used to demonstrate the current settlement pattern in the case study situation. According to the results of the study, the pace of urbanization is speeding up and creeping into the Malay settlements. The destruction of river activities encouraged in order to change Malay settlement patterns and force them to follow or reject the current trend of urbanization.


INTRODUCTION
It is important to study the total range of human settlements from the most rudimentary to the most sophisticated in order to understand the villages, towns and cities that we live in. Our subject, the entire gamut of human settlements, is a highly complex system made up of five elements: nature, man, society, shells (that is, buildings), and networks. It is a complex system of natural, social, and man-made components that can be observed in various ways, including economic, social, political, technological, and cultural. As a consequence, we can grasp the widest possible viewpoint. In this article, the researcher attempts to demonstrate the necessity for, and the significance of, a vast expanse of knowledge that man is seeking to recapture and develop systematically through a few situations. Even if it is often viewed as technology and art, this discipline is a science without the scientific foundations -a mistake for which we have paid a high price. Since there is lacking presenting the entire case in a short article, several points were selected to demonstrate the truth of the initial statements and the practical relevance of the effort to investigate the influence of the loss of river activity on Malay humans settlements.

A SHORT SYNOPSIS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
Human life is essential and not dependent in the broadest sense on human settlement.
Settlements have existed following the advancement of social progression for as long as humans live. Traditionally, human settlements are considered exclusively concerned with physical characteristics. Generally, human settlement is the science of the surface of the earth. According to Doxiadis (1974) and Wu (2001), it is more than only static objects and physically built-up areas, which is a process and a system that has evolved from various perspectives such as geography, topography, growing populations, technological transition, changing conditions in the natural environment, and successive social, political, and cultural attributes. It includes all elements of human life on Earth The natural environment, as well as social, political, and cultural phenomena, influence on they exist. Human settlement is a subject of dynamic, metamorphic entities that cannot be grasped infractions. A wide range of subjects and methodologies involving geography, urban planning, and related disciplines is required in conducting human settlement research (Ma et al, 2016). Humans do not survive alone but are connected to other living things by ideas, feelings, or environmental elements (Seamon, 2018). It is necessary to evaluate its overall structure because it involves the link between the previously explained aspects. Doxiadis and co-founded (together with Jaqueline Tyrwhitt) an EKISTIC theory on human settlement. His hypothesis explored human settlement challenges by employing dynamic and evolutionary processes (Bromley, 2003 According to Fookes (2000), Doxiadis (1962&1972), Mitarachi (1973), Alexander (1987), Gottman (1976), and Farizkha et al (2019), ekistics has amassed a multi-disciplinary body of knowledge from various disciplines such as science, methodology, or philosophy. However, ekistics is a science that naturally develops human understanding to maintain the expansion of human existence generally. This is due to the necessity for humans to deal with the future crisis is faced by modern civilization. Heywood (1969), Middleton (2009), and Silva (2019) described ekistics as a discipline that focuses on metamorphic processes and requires an analytical set of scales based on dynamic morphology. This demands investigation on the evolutionary nature of settlements and the natural stages of their expansion.

THE PRINCIPLE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
According to Mumford (1946), the evolution of the city starts with the development of the The above-mentioned aspects evolved in response to the economic, social, political, technological, and cultural factors. The history of human settlement need to examine for understanding since the future is unpredictable and the current situation is too restricted to analyze (Sirakov, et.al 2010;Smith, 2014& Doxiadis, 1974. The origins, ideas, and principles that humankind has been developing and evolving over the past two million years should be learned from human experience.  (1968, 1974, and 2005) had described their 40-year investigation of human settlement. The chronology and location of early human settlements shifted dramatically over time. Each new archaeological findings changed the history of all past human settlement discoveries. This complicates the history of human settlement (Papaioannou, 2005).

THE EXISTENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
We have no idea how long it will take to build a settlement. The type of settlement can be guessed from the structure's remnants. Individual shelters are the smallest, with mid-size for small families and large volumes for prominent families. These settlements were established in various ways through trial and error regardless of the limited experience and information gained from past mistakes. Christaller (1966) and (Brian & Chauncy, 1970), a Bavarian geographer and researcher, described this as the connection of acts, events, circumstances, and experiences triggered by persons or groups that comprise the building. Whether it is for living, working, pleasure, conducting business, or any other reason. In this circumstance, however, the building will support the lifeworld it shelters in connection to other lifeworlds and spatially intertwined with the environment (Seamon, 2018).

THE RIVER'S IMPORTANCE
The River is the fundamental source of human life as people have access to water sources to sustain their lives (Leakey & Lewin, 1979;Kuentzel & McDonald, 1992;Wohl et.al., 2015;Alam, 2021). Humans either stay nomadic or permanently in one place (Mumford, 1961).
Therefore, the River not only serves as a source of water for a human settlement, but it is also the supply of food, transport, communication and cultural formation. The River is also the ground for a better experience in comparison with other locations (Mumford, 1961;Choomgrant & Sukharomana, 2017). Ibrahim et al (2018) said the majority of the existing settlements are located on the river banks. Most people in the area have significant socioeconomic activities in farming and fisheries (Adji Syahputra, 2018;Ismail& Hasan, 2018). Furthermore, the traditional design of a house adapts to the wet soil, tropics and flood crises, alongside settlements in the arid landscapes. Therefore, the human settlement in many Asian countries started to establish along rivers. The Mekong River serves as the link between the various groups in places where tough areas form waterways (Mossop, 2018;Vadillo & Kallio, 2020). In the past, it has been considered easier than roadways. The variety of various ethnologies in language through the same linguistic family, similar lifestyles, established their settlement easily according to Hudson & Shaw (2003). This phenomenon occurred due to different beliefs and cultures in the River. Water is one of the four elements of ancient cosmography, is considered fundamental to physical and organic life. According to Thaitakoo & McGrath (2008), the Chao Phraya River is also an important river system in Indochina since its basin defined the provinces of Central and Northern Thailand. The Upper Basin has rice fields and forests, while the Lower Chao Phraya River delta spreads across the urban agricultural market dominated by the orchards to the west, rice fields to the east, coastal shrimp farms, and lowlands fish farms. The geographical structure of the Chao Phraya River Basin influenced the architectural design and settlement as the natural environment determines the design. In Thai Environment and Culture, the "Good Old Days" of Siam (Wichiencharoen, 1993), which portrays Thai cultural patterns resembling nature, is began on the river develops gradually in front of the water. The local community's socioeconomic activities are fishing (Shari, 1992). The settlement pattern was shaped by the topography factors of the river basins and the development of Malay craftsmen. People build dwellings on a high-quality jetty or shelters to keep their houses by building a stable jetty throughout time. This village was called the water village (Zanuri et.al, 2020). There is also a bridge linking every dwelling in the village. The integrated pattern of the village is a mixture of two morphological forms that are hard to identify since the habitat exceeds the water and the surrounding area.

THE PAST EXPERIENCE: THE RIVER OF LIFE
There has been much discourse on the role and contribution in human life of rivers. His importance in the development and participation (Pula, 2019;Isa & Samsudin, 2020) and social life had been established for centuries. There are extremely dominating links between the location of the city and the River. The River and sea served as the main transport route before the arrival of the Colonial. Elephants may also be used for transport (Mohd Faiz, seaside (Ibrahim, 2018). The River offers a wide range of advantages for natural transportation as the people use water as their domestic business. Through this, the community can benefit financially (Kuentzel & McDonald, 1992;Lamb, 2018). Rivers serve as important method of transportation, source of water and source of livelihood represented by the culture of life. The River is the people's choice to move inland to the island's egress (Mentayani, 2019). He referred to the villages along the banks of the River as a "station", where one village is connected to another. As in the Kelantan River, the lush delta was formed, and many agricultural activities were carried out. Kota Bharu city has fertile soil, is in good geographical condition due to the lush delta; the area has attracted the attention of locals, accommodating a large population, sustaining a dense population, and promoting urban growth. Now, with the pace of urbanization, the river is the only unnoticed natural heritage. Many rivers that flow through urban areas are polluted, eroded, and sedimented to the point of no longer be used for domestic purposes. This occurrence happened due to the formation of settlement concentration with a settlement pattern along the river banks, as mentioned by Saleh (1986). The River is important by providing for life, transport and mobility, economic, social, cultural and political interests and are beneficial for residents living on the riverbank. The river culture originated from the population concentration and its connection with the river. According to Wahid (1996), the houses stand on poles, all facing the River, using wooden sticks on each structure (bridges). However, currently, the city's rivers have now transformed for garbage and hazardous waste disposal. Consequently, this leads to the loss of a valuable natural endowment (Mohamad et al, 2005)

THE MALAYS OPPORTUNITIES ON THE WATERWAYS
The Malays are very skillful in making boats, allowing them to be ancient seafarers. The Malays could be in the advantage of using this skill as they could cruise globally and trade with countries abroad (Evers & Hornidge, 2007;Evers, 2017;Evers, 2013). They originally started operations in the coastal areas before expanding to a global enterprise. They also cooperate in West and East China with traders from India (Fahimudin , 2020). Malay traders also believed that since the early centuries AD, they came to southern China and Funan. This business was responsible for transforming this community from river fringe settlers to international traders.

THE DEMISE OF THE RIVER ACTIVITY AND MALAY CULTURE
Early settlements in Malaysia were discovered near rivers and coastal lines like other settlements worldwide. These settlements were not confined to the topography and location of the river during the British colonial age. Today, there are many colonial cities in Malaysia, of which the majority have no connection or contact with the river. Rather, the city was designed based on its economic importance, including maritime trade, natural resources, import and export activities (Mohamad, Toriman, Aiyub & Jaafar, 2005). Roads and railways were established in the British economic centres under the Colonial administration of 1920 mainly to exploit our natural resources. The major cities serve as hubs for agricultural resources with the roads connecting them. As a result, the development of towns in the area has been encouraged (Kiroh & De Silve, 2018). Finally, the River is no longer an important element in determining the location of cities. The phenomenon also arises in the postindependence era. Private developers established new urbanization programs during the NEP that consider the River at the back of the houses. Almost all of the new towns are located far from the River. Due to the Industrial Revolution, the River was no longer the major transportation system. The city thrived and developed as a mining centre, collecting and distribution centre for rubber products. Later, George Town, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu, Taiping, Ipoh, Seremban and Kuantan, and the largest town of all Kuala Lumpur, became the capital city. After independence, all these major towns were connected to roads, and the towns expanded swiftly for economic and development purposes (Idrus et al, 2011). As a consequence, the River's role as a communication waterway is diminishing. The community's river connections are a future loss (Hartanto & Ruly, 2020;Wicaksono, 2018). After independence, the new metropolis included a new business centre and modern housing (Awang Besar et.al, 2012). According to Sendut (1962), the discovery of economic minerals, especially tin, was a major development in the late nineteenth century. As a result of this prosperity, traders established numerous mining centres, including Taiping, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, and Seremban (Sendut, 1962 (Mohamad et al, 2005).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The Malay human settlement is strongly related to river activities. This paper employed a

THE MALAY SETTLEMENT IN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN
The existence of several settlement units became one of the important facets of Jalan Atas Paloh Village (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The name of the village is derived from the influence of a specific person or activity carried out here that portrayed the greatness of the Malay community. It has been customary for people to name their village after a particular figure. Even though they have a few settlements, they inform every activity or the presence of a person in their neighborhood to the village. Menuang Village is one of the last remaining settlements.
Traditionally, the majority of the residents in these settlements engaged in the copper industry, which produces pottery and other copper-based products, also includes the manufacturing of gold coins known as 'ufti' for trade with the Siamese Kingdom.  Doxiadis (1974), his global study shows that, while each town's physical land is diverse, the patterns of these towns will be the same as they spread and develop over the whole world. It's because of the relatively small size of the village. Nevertheless, due to their robust economies centered on cattle breeding and hunting, other areas, such as the River and the hills, would be more vulnerable to geographical stratification. According to McGee (1975), a community and a state are formed for three reasons. First, there has been a rise in population in the past and a shift from rural to urban settlements. The second reason is the increase in birth rates in comparison to death. The natural progression is unavoidable. The third reason is that the migration of people from rural to urban regions. They are important urban and economic drivers.

THE MALAY SETTLEMENT'S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Transportation is necessary to shift from one place to another. Boats were previously the main transportation since the Kelantan River is rich in various socioeconomic activities.
However, during the Industrial Revolution, the Malay increased their usage of boats gradually. This finding is corroborated by  '...we drove to town because it was faster and easier.' There are many more vehicles on the road... (R-1).
The city only provides them job opportunities. Meanwhile, the city's infrastructure is still in a poor state. Observations revealed that the roadways and parking lots in this area were likewise in bad condition. The majority of vehicles are parked on the side of the road, which affects others. This situation also showed that urban planning is now exclusively focused on transportation, human lifestyle, and industrial development. However, this does not apply to urban infrastructure. Although these settlements are in the city, they are not affected by the city's development since progress develops exclusively in the urban economic sector. As a result, their level of living remained constant. Their lives will be stressful and eventually impoverished in urban areas.
'...with my current income, it is hard for me to live in the city. My salary is not particularly high. While the cost of living is always increasing..

. (R-2)
This result is consistent with the findings of Wahid (2014), according to which metropolitan areas are regarded as a source of life for those with economic and educational capital. Other low-income groups are not affected in the same way. This group will be forced to remain involved in the urbanization process because the city is also the centre of urban poverty.
Informal human settlement, such as formal squatting, generates spontaneous disturbance in the economy, environment, and human health. These phenomena have become commonplace in the developing world's urban living environment. As a reason, the image of a Malay settlement gradually associated with a squatter settlement in the metropolis. The Industrial Revolution impacted transportation technologies such as railways, automobiles, and aeroplanes (Mohajan, 2019). These changes significantly affected human settlement, which resulted in the region's expansion, especially in the history of human settlement and population expansion (Doxiadis, 1974). Furthermore, some of these developments affected the Malays' water transport network obsolete. The loss of the transportation system impacted Malay expertise in manufacturing boats, economic opportunity, and, more importantly, the pattern and character of Malay settlements in the Malay settlements ecosystem. The River serves as the source of water and food and a mode of transportation, communication, and cultural formation for the Malay settlement (Figure 3). Life on the River is also the foundation for a better experience compared to other areas, according to (Mumford, 1961),.
As a result, these changes decreased the chances of improving the lives of Malay people in the city, and no effort has been made to restore the function of the River as a source for Malay growth in the city.  According to the results in Table 2, n = 211 (60.3 per cent) respondents owned a car.
However, this does not imply that they are at ease in the settlement. These data also revealed that certain respondents still ride their bicycles regularly. A total of n = 36 (10.3 per cent) rely only on bicycles for mobility. According to observations, this group could not afford a car and would take a taxi for transportation. According to one respondent (R-33), he solely utilizes bicycles and motorbikes to travel around the city. He will take a taxi with his family for further travelling. This situation indicated that the impact of urbanization leads a group of the minority to fall further behind. Even though the city is known for providing opportunities, some people are nonetheless left behind. However, this group attempts to adapt due to their strong desire to live in the city. This result is corroborated by McGee's (1975) view that most migrants who migrate from rural to urban areas have an aspiration to adapt to urban life.
These people continue to develop opportunities and a way of life depending on their circumstances while being behind technologically.
On the other hand, the motivational push factor is a component for migrants. It is not the same as the situation of the residents, the vast majority of whom are locals. Residents here are no longer depending on motivational forces to get through a day due to the psychosocial stressors and the capacity to move on with the other's life. They were described to have few opportunities to migrate to other areas since this is a city settlement.
It has a strong influence on the Malay settlement. Observations have previously shown that the emergence of settlement concentrations with settlement patterns originated along riverbanks. This is due to the significant geography and rivers effects. This finding is corroborated by Saleh (1986), who believed that the River is significant to those who dwell on its banks to satisfy their needs and sustain their lives. Also, for their economic, social, cultural, and political and mobility. Finally, the settlement no longer has a linkage between nature and humans due to changes in the transportation system ( Figure 4). Automobiles are now considered a necessity. Previously, the Malay would use the boat as a mode of transportation. However, they no longer use it. The rapid pace of innovation has changed the community's lifestyle and put additional pressure on it. Traditionally, parking is not provided in the Malay settlements as they use boats that occupy no room in the settlement area. They anchored their boats in a nearby river. They are now confronted with challenges as a consequence of their dense population. Due to the congested environment, this settlement is unable to provide sufficient parking space. Due to the increasing number of cars, the area eventually became congested. Therefore, two effects were discovered in the settlement. The first is that the high-income group has a more comfortable settlement, adapting to urbanization. On the other hand, the poor people live in squatter settlements lacking adequate facilities and comfortable infrastructure.   Figure 5). This result is supported by Table 4, demonstrating that only n = two respondents (0.6 per cent) own four automobiles in the settlement. Due to the obvious dense population, parking space seems to be a critical problem. This factor is considered as one of the reasons why each family has a relatively limited number of automobiles. Other factors, such as family economic factors, should also be considered. The above-mentioned result is supported by Observations also revealed that most automobile porches were placed below the house because most settlements here were built with the silt on the ground. As a result, the house's ground floor is widely used for a variety of functions, including parking and a store. This discovery is corroborated by (Idrus et al, 2011), who argued that roadways connect all major cities, even though cities continued to grow after independence for economic and development goals. As a result, observations show that rivers as communication water channels are diminishing. The community's link to the rivers is a future loss. These data are compatible with previous research (Wicaksono, 2018), suggesting that rivers are no longer important for the community development component. Observations also revealed that the settlement is now being constructed and renovated with the porch of the settlement no longer facing the River. The settlement pattern transformed and is no longer the same as at the beginning of the settlement. The dwellings were constructed in line with the porch facing the River, according to (Wahid & Harman Shah, 1991). Now, all of those characteristics is started to disappear ( Figure 6). Malay eventually accepted the modern economic sector, which drastically changed the lifestyle pattern throughout the century. This caused many river-related activities rapidly decreased. As a consequence of this scenario, the Malay identity, thought, and culture has been gradually disappeared. The rivers have been abandoned and no longer provide a significant benefit to the Malay settlement. These changes eventually forced the Malays to adapt their way of life and way of thinking in order to keep pace with urbanization.
The Malay worldview has been affected by the process of urbanization, which the Malay take for granted or unconsciously. The Malay settlements that had been in existence for three generations (80 years) faced the consequences of urbanization, causing their lifestyles to change. River activity eventually fail to benefit the Malay to provide a reasonable settlement.
Instead, they were forced to compete with other races to live a better life. They are not victorious because other races, especially the Chinese, have more urbanized experiences than the Malays. To recapitulate, the relationship between the River and Malay settlements has a significant effect on Malay settlement patterns. The Malay settlement is no longer concerned with the River's relationship, and the River is no longer a porch overlooking the River. This change is the consequence of the existence of roads that connect people. Meanwhile, the Malay community need to adapt their settlement in order to provide at least one area for vehicle parking. These changes increased the density of settlements. Every day, the number