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Crash Warning System Interfaces: Human Factors Insights and Lessons Learned

The goal of this project has been to develop human factors insights and lessons learned for crash warning devices that emphasize driver performance and safety. The project reflects an important review of the human factors literature associated with the effective implementation of crash warning system interfaces; the lessons learned from this literature were characterized in terms of guidelines for interface design and driver performance. This document is intended to highlight issues to be addressed and provide guidance in the development of Collision Warning Systems (CWSs); the guidelines presented here reflect the best-available human factors information, and are neither requirements nor mandates. Information is presented on a variety of topics relevant to the driver-vehicle interface (DVI) of CWS devices. Chapters 2 through 11 contain the design guidelines produced through this effort. Chapter 2 provides general guidelines for CWS design, and focuses on issues associated with levels of warning and the prioritization of warnings, as well as recommendations for preventing false and nuisance alarms. Chapter 3 provides guidelines for presenting auditory warnings and focuses on the selection and design of various options for auditory warnings, including simple tones, earcons, auditory icons, and speech messages. Chapter 4 provides guidelines for visual warnings, focusing on recommendations for using visual displays and on determining the most appropriate visual display. Chapter 5 provides guidelines for haptic warnings, focusing on recommendations for using haptic displays and on determining the most appropriate haptic warnings. Chapter 6 provides a set of guidelines for selecting and designing user controls for CWS devices. Chapters 7, 8, and 9 provide–respectively–guidelines for forward collision (headway warning), lane change (blind spot warning) and road departure warnings; each of these chapters provides guidance on developing both cautionary and imminent warnings, as well as device-specific guidance for visual, auditory, and haptic warnings. Chapter 10 provides a series of guidelines specific to heavy truck and bus applications.