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Hearing properties, effects, or parts?

Sounds are audible, and sound sources are audible. What is the audible relation between audible sounds and audible sources? Common talk and philosophy suggest three candidates. The first is that sounds audibly are properties instantiated by their sources. I argue that sounds are audible individuals and thus are not audibly instantiated by audible sources. The second is that sounds audibly are effects of their sources. I argue that auditory experience presents no compelling evidence that sounds audibly are causally related to audible sources. The third is that sounds audibly are related mereologically to their sources. I present and offer a defense of this third candidate. 1 Hearing sounds and hearing sources Sounds are audible. By sounds I mean ordinary squeaks, blips, clatters, jingles, and burbles. Sounds have sources. By sources I mean things like floorboards, electronics, collisions, jiggled keys, and speeches. It is plausible that sound sources also are audible. Spoken language permits saying you hear floorboards, electronics, collisions, jiggled keys, and speeches rather than just their sounds. Audition prompts you to form thoughts about material bodies and happenings. Certain aspects of auditory experience, such as the way things appear grouped auditorily, are attuned to features of material objects and events rather than merely to features of sounds. Hearing informs you about the activities of material things, and it guides action accordingly without explicit reasoning on your part. You duck reflexively from something heard to approach from behind and turn without conscious thought towards the sources of sounds. Material things and happenings meet causal requirements on auditory perception, and it would be severe to deny they belong among what it seems to us we hear. I therefore assume in what follows that humans sometimes