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Molecular characterization of collective cell migration at invasive front in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Metastasis is the most deleterious effect associated with cancer that causes mortality. Metastasis is the migration of cells, either single cell or as collective cell migration (CCM). CCM is the migration of a group of cells attached to each other by cell junctions bounded by “tip cell” and “rear cell.” Migration of cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) occurs by modulation of actin cytoskeleton assembly which is under the controlled by various molecules. Rho-associated protein kinase I, II, podoplanin, paxillin, etc., are few such molecules responsible for mechanical propulsive movement. Proteolysis of extracellular matrix is carried out by matrix metalloproteinase resulting in the formation of micro and macropatterning through which cells migrate in a particular direction. Certain cells such as carcinoma-associated fibroblast are responsible for the formation of micropatterning and release of cytokines for the movement of tumor cells. This review article highlights CCM, especially in the context of OSCC, which is the most important cause of cancer-related deaths in the Indian subcontinent. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of CCM will help us target those pathways responsible for its progression. We attempted to understand the molecular mechanism of CCM, which would enable us to design customized chemoprevention of OSCC.