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Effects Of Exercise Desks On Activity And Reading Skills In Youth With Neurodevelopmental Disorders

METHODS: A multi-stage cluster sampling procedure yielded a representative sample of US adolescents in 2017. The number of sampled adolescents with usable data was 14,765. Weighted logistic regression was used to examine the associations between cognitive, psychosocial, lifestyle, and activity-related variables and non-prescription steroid use among US adolescents adjusting for age, sex, BMI percentile, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: The lone cognitive factor relating with non-prescription steroid use was a history of concussion (OR=2.06, 95%CI:1.37-3.13, p = 0.001). The psychosocial variable relating with non-prescription steroid use was feelings of sadness and/or hopelessness (OR=2.47, 95%CI:1.72-3.56, p < 0.001). Lifestyle factors relating with non-prescription steroid use included cigarette smoking (OR=2.06, 95%CI:1.10-3.84, p = 0.023), smokeless tobacco use (OR=2.33, 95%CI:1.19-4.56, p = 0.015), and alcohol consumption (OR=4.54, 95%CI:2.69-7.68, p < 0.001). No activity-related variables (daily physical activity, sports participation, muscular strength exercising) associated with anabolic steroid use. CONCLUSIONS: Salient cognitive, psychosocial, and lifestyle factors relate with non-prescription steroid use among a representative sample of US adolescents. Multidimensional health educational and health behavioral approaches may be needed to properly inform and prevent adolescents from non-prescription steroid use.