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Age‐Related Changes in Hypothalamic Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone and N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate Receptor Gene Expression, and their Regulation by Oestrogen, in the Female Rat

During reproductive ageing, the oestrous cycles of female rats become irregular and eventually cease. The mechanisms for reproductive senescence in rodents are believed to involve changes in hypothalamic neurones, including gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) cells and their afferent inputs. In addition, effects of oestrogen on hypothalamic function may vary in animals of different ages. These issues were addressed using young (aged 4–5 months), middle‐aged (12–14 months) and old (24–26 months) female Sprague‐Dawley rats. Animals were ovariectomized and given oestrogen or vehicle replacement. They were killed and the preoptic area‐anterior hypothalamus (POA‐AH) and the medial basal hypothalamus‐median eminence (MBH‐ME) were dissected out, RNA extracted, and RNase protection assay used to quantify gene expression of several hypothalamic molecules. In the first experiment, GnRH RNA levels were measured in the POA‐AH. No effects of ageing or oestrogen were observed on GnRH gene expression. This finding suggests that ageing and oestrogen may affect GnRH release from neuroterminals independently of de novo biosynthesis, and that this may involve other neurones that affect GnRH neurosecretory function. In the second experiment, we investigated changes in N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit mRNA levels. These receptors play an important regulatory role in mediating effects of glutamate on GnRH function, and are themselves regulated by oestrogen and ageing. NMDA receptor subunit (NR) 1, 2a and 2b mRNA levels were quantified in the POA‐AH and MBH‐ME, the sites of GnRH perikarya and neuroterminals, respectively. In general, oestrogen had inhibitory effects on NR1 and NR2a, and differential effects on NR2b subunit mRNA levels. NMDA receptor subunit mRNA levels also changed during ageing: age‐related decreases in NR1 mRNA occurred in the MBH‐ME, and an age‐related increase in NR2b mRNA occurred in the POA‐AH. Taken together, these results demonstrate subunit‐ and region‐specific changes in hypothalamic NMDA receptor subunit gene expression with oestrogen and ageing. These alterations could have implications for the physiological effects of glutamate on its NMDA receptor, and impact the regulation of reproductive and other neuroendocrine and autonomic functions by hypothalamic glutamatergic inputs.