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Increased RP105-Negative B Cells in IgG4-Related Disease

Four patients with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) showed increased percentages of RP105-negative B cells in the peripheral blood. Case 1: A 66-year-old man having retroperitoneal fibrosis had 18.8% of RP105-negative B cells. Oral prednisolone improved the affected lesions and the percentage of RP105-negative B cells decreased (3.2%) after the treatment. Case 2: A 53-year-old man with retroperitoneal fibrosis had 27.9% of RP105-negative B cells. Case 3: A 38-year-old man with follicular hyperplasia showed increased percentage of RP105-negative B cells (8.3%). Case 4: A 60-year-old man with interstitial nephritis had 27.5% of RP105-negative B cells. The treatment decreased the numbers of RP105-negative B cells. Increased numbers of RP105-negatvie B cells is possibly associated with disease activity of IgG4-RD. Analysis of expression of RP105 on B cells may be helpful in evaluation of disease activity of IgG4-RD.


INTRODUCTION
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized rare and novel systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by tumefactive lesions with infiltrating IgG4-positive plasma cells [1,2]. IgG4-RD affects the pancreas, retroperitoneal, kidney, biliary tree, aorta, periorbital tissues, lung, meninges, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and lymph nodes. The elevated serum concentration of IgG4 is closely associated with IgG4-RD. Recent studies have shown that B cell depletion therapy using rituximab (RTX) appears to be an effective and alternative approach in the treatment of refractory IgG4-RD [3]. These results also suggest that B cells may play critical roles in the disease process. However, the etiology of IgG4-RD and B cell biology in the disease have not been fully defined yet. To date, there are a few reports about B cell abnormality in the peripheral blood from patients with IgG4-RD.
RP105 molecule (CD180), one of the toll-like receptor (TLR) associated molecules, is expressed on normal B cells [4,5] and regulates activation of B cells. In normal persons, RP105-negative B cells are seldom (1.7±1.1%) [6]. Interestingly, in B cell activated diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis (DM) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS), the numbers of RP105-negative B cells increase [6,7]. Especially, RP105-negative B cells produce autoantibodies and take part in pathophysiology of human SLE and lupus-prone (NZB NZW) F1 (NZBWF1) mouse [8]. Moreover, detailed analyses have suggested that the RP105-negative B cells are highly activated later B cells including plasmablasts and early plasma cells [9]. Therefore, we investigated the percentages of RP105-negative B cells in the peripheral blood from patients with IgG4-RD. Case 1: A 66-year-old man presented with fatigue and renal dysfunction (Cr 3.93 mg/dl). The abdomen CT scan revealed hydronephrosis with swelling of soft tissue around the ureter. Gallium scintigraphy showed uptakes of bilateral submandibular glands, kidneys, and periureteral tissue. Biopsy of the left renal pelvis proved dense infiltration of inflammatory cells with fibrosis. Serum IgG4 level was 901mg/dl. The percentage of RP105-negative B cells was 18.8%. He was diagnosed with retroperitoneal fibrosis. Oral prednisolone (PSL) 30mg/day improved renal function and the tumor-like lesions disappeared. RP105-negative B cells also decreased (3.2%) after the treatment. Case 2: A 53-yearold man was admitted because of back pain. The abdomen CT scan showed hydronephrosis and MR imaging showed soft tissue swelling around the aorta. In gallium scintigraphy, uptakes around the aorta and kidneys were found. The high level of IgG4 (403mg/dl) and RP105-negative B cells (27.9%) were found. He was diagnosed with retroperitoneal fibrosis. Oral PSL 30mg/day improved his symptoms promptly. Case 3: A 38-year-old man presented with lymphadenopathy and hypergammaglobulinemia (IgG 5049mg/dl). Whole body CT scan showed generalized lymphadenopathy. He was admitted to our hospital. Histological finding of lymph nodes was follicular hyperplasia with germinal center formation and infiltration of plasma cells. Immunohistochemistry of specimen showed that infiltrated cells were IgG4-positvie (IgG4+/IgG+ cells=50%). The percentage of RP105-negative B cells was 8.3%. Case 4: A 60-year-old man was admitted because of renal dysfunction (Cr 2.1 mg/dl). Uptakes in gallium scintigraphy were found in kidneys. Renal biopsy proved infiltrated IgG4-postive plasma cells in the specimens (IgG4+/IgG+ cells > 50%). Serum IgG4 level was 767 mg/dl and the percentage of RP105-negative B cells was 27.5%. He was diagnosed with interstitial nephritis. Oral PSL 30mg/day improved renal function (Cr 1.36 mg/dl) and the percentage of RP105-negative B cells decreased to 3.3%.
Our results suggest that the RP105-negative B cells increase in IgG4-RD in which activation and dysregulation of B cells may be involved. Because RP105-negative B cells consist of mainly plasmablasts and early plasma cells, precursors of plasma cells may increase in the peripheral blood in IgG4-RD. It is also important to investigate the infiltrating RP105-negative B cells histologically. Moreover, the analyses of the relationship of the numbers of RP105negative B cells with disease activity and severity of organ disorders may be required and we plan further studies.
However, serial analyses of the peripheral blood in two patients after treatment showed that RP105-negative B cells decreased in parallel with disease activity. In addition, interestingly, the percentages of serum level of IgG4 in total IgG may be associated with the percentages of RP105negative B cells (%IgG4: %RP105-negative B cells, case 1. 28.3%: 18.8%, case 2. 20.3%: 27.9%, case 3. 12.3%: 8.3%, case 4. 25.7%: 27.5%). These facts suggest that RP105negative B cells may be one of the possible sources of serum IgG4. Therefore, in IgG4-RD, RP105-negative B cells may be a possible therapeutic target.
We present four cases of IgG4-RD showing increased numbers of RP105-negative B cells. The numbers of RP105negatvie B cells may be associated with disease activity in evaluated two cases. Analysis of expression of RP105 on B cells may be helpful in evaluation of the patients with IgG4-RD. However, its significance in pathophysiology of the disease is still open to further evaluation. A 60-year-old man with interstitial nephritis. Immunohistochemistry of the renal biopsy (IgG4+/IgG+ cells > 50%) and the gallium scintigraphy. The representative flow cytometric profiles and percentages of RP105-negative B cells in peripheral blood before and after the treatment.