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Tolerization during pregnancy: impact on the development of antigen‐specific help and suppression

Analysis of splenic B cells in the offspring of BALB/c mice which were treated with 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) throughout the gestational period revealed that reduced responsiveness was predominantly reflecting changes in regulatory cells. Since development of T cells takes place in the thymus, postnatal maturation of helper (Th) and suppressor (Ts,) T cells was evaluated in the thymus as well as in the spleen. To elaborate the impact of prenatal TNBS‐treatment on the trinitrophenyl (TNP) repertoire, TNP‐sheep red blood cell‐ and fluorescein isothiocyanate‐specific regulatory elements were determined in parallel. It was found that the thymus contained activated helper and suppressor cells during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life, the majority of which appeared to be self‐specific. Self reactivity in thymus and periphery disappeared within 3 weeks. Prenatally TNBS‐treated mice differed in as much as they apparently recognized TNP‐self as a self component, TNP‐self reactivity being down‐regulated similar to self reactivity in prenatally untreated mice. This explains why prenatally TNBS‐treated mice responded poorly to stimulation with conventional T‐dependent TNP‐carrier conjugates. Yet, they responded transiently to TNP‐anti‐TNP conjugates. It could be shown that this was due to down‐regulation of putatively idiotype‐specific Tswhich were highly increased in prenatally TNBS‐treated mice. Data are interpreted in the sense that the establishment of self tolerance is preceded by activation of self‐reactive Th, which become partially eliminated. Remaining autoreactivity is controlled by the establishment on an equilibrium between idiotypic and anti‐idiotypic elements.