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Seeking new paradigms in epilepsy: stereotactic radiosurgery.

Radiosurgery is a neurosurgical approach consisting of the delivery of a high energy confined to a small, sharply limited target with stereotactic accuracy in a single session either to create a lesion or to induce a desired biological effect. Since the first attempt by the pioneers in Stockholm, the practice of radiosurgery has changed dramatically. Nowadays, in the vast majority of the indications, Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery entails the use of nondestructive low dose to induce subtle biological effects like apoptosis in tumors or endothelial proliferation in arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).