{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.059902912621359224, 'fraction_numerical': 0.013398058252427184, 'mean_word_length': 4.529253891572732, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 7, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 4, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Fractional Action-Like Variational Problems

Fractional action-like variational problems have recently gained importance in studying dynamics of nonconservative systems. In this note we address multi-dimensional fractional action-like problems of the calculus of variations.


Introduction
Fractional calculus (FC) represents a powerful tool in applied mathematics to study a myriad of problems from different fields of science and engineering, with many break-through results found in mathematical physics, finance, hydrology, biophysics, thermodynamics, control theory, statistical mechanics, astrophysics, cosmology and bioengineering [2,20,21,24,25,26,27,30,31,32]. Although various fields of application of fractional derivatives and integrals are already well established, some others have just started. An example of the later is the study of fractional problems of the calculus of variations and respective Euler-Lagrange type equations [1,4,5,6,14].
During last years, fractional variational principles (FVP) were proposed and several applications given. Different methods were used to obtain the fractional Euler-Lagrange equations and the corresponding Hamiltonian canonical equations [1,3,4,5,6,14,22,23,28,29,33]. The existence of several different FVP and the need for still more elaboration on the subject, both for classical and quantized systems, is partially explained by the nonlocal nature of the fractional differential operators used to describe the dynamics, and the form of the corresponding adjoint operators. Another reason is the existence of many different fractional integral operators, including the ones of Grünwald-Letnikov, Caputo, Riesz, and Riemann-Liouville. The Riemann-Liouville operator is one of the most frequently used when fractional integration is performed [21,30].
Recently, the first author has proposed a new one-dimensional (1D) approach, known as the fractional action-like variational approach (FALVA), in order to model nonconservative dynamical systems [7,8]. In FALVA the fractional time integral introduces (only) one real parameter α, and the derived Euler-Lagrange equations are simpler and similar to the standard ones. The novelty in the Euler-Lagrange equations is the presence of a fractional generalized external force acting on the system [7,8,9]. In particular, no fractional derivatives appear in the derived equations. The conjugate momentum, the Hamiltonian and Hamilton's equations are shown to depend on the fractional order of integration α. Constants of motion for fractional action-like variational problems were discussed in [15,16] (see also [17,18]); FALVA problems with higher-order derivatives are studied in [16,19]; and some encouraging results obtained and discussed in [10,11,12,13,14]. Here we are interested to generalize FALVA for multiple fractional action-like integrals of the calculus of variations (multi-dimensional fractional action-like variational problems).
The text is organized as follows: in Sect. 2 we review the basic concepts of 1D-FALVA; the new extensions are found in Sect. 3. Since various applications of FC are based on replacing the time derivative in dynamical equations with a fractional derivative, in §3.1 we introduce the double-weighted FVP with the recent fractional derivatives of J. Cresson [6]. In §3.2 the FVP is given in general form, for the arbitrary N-dimensional case. Sect. 4 is dedicated to conclusions and future perspectives. A Note on the notation used In order to be clear when f (t) stands for a function or the value of the function at a point t, we denote the function by t → f (t) and the value of the function at t by f (t). In the notation t → f (t), t is a dummy variable. For instance, in the beginning of §2.2 we write (q, q, τ ) → L(q, q, τ ), which represents a function of three variables. Exactly the same function can be written, for example, as (a, b, c) → L(a, b, c) (q, q, τ or a, b, c are here dummy variables). However, the dummy variables we choose in the paper are used consistently to fix the notation for the partial derivatives. For example, if we define the function as (a, b, c) → L(a, b, c), then we write ∂L ∂a to denote the partial derivative of function L with respect to the first argument; if we define it as (q, q, τ ) → L(q, q, τ ), then the partial derivative of L with respect to the first argument is denoted by ∂L ∂q .

Brief Overview of 1D-FALVA
In this section we summarize the one-dimensional FALVA. The review consists of two cases: absence of fractional derivatives ( §2.1); and presence of Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives in the sense of Cresson [6] ( §2.2). The reader is referred respectively to [7,8] and [14] for more details.

Absence of fractional derivatives
Consider a smooth n-dimensional manifold M (configuration space) and denote by L : T M × M × R → R the smooth Lagrangian function. For any smooth path q : [a, b] → M satisfying fixed boundary conditions q(a) = q a and q(b) = q b , we define the fractional action integral by where Γ is the Euler gamma function,q = dq dτ , 0 < α < 1, τ ∈ (a, t) is the intrinsic time and t ∈ [a, b] is the observer time. For a discussion of the importance to consider a multi-time formalism, we refer the reader to [34,35]. The Lagrangian L(q, q, τ ) is weighted by (t − τ ) α−1 /Γ(α), and one an appropriate time smeared measure dg t (τ ) on the time interval [a, t], or as the Riemann-Liouville operator applied to the Lagrangian L(q ′ (t), q(t), t) [7,8]. Here we just note that when α → 1 the functional S α [q] (b) tends to the classical action integral of the calculus of variations: Functionals of type (1) appear naturally in mathematical economy, where they are used for describing discounting economical dynamics; and in the theory of dynamical systems, for describing nonlinear dissipative structures.
The Euler-Lagrange equations associated with the fractional action integral (1) take the following form: for all t ∈ [a, b], where the partial derivatives of L are evaluated at (q(τ ), q(τ ), τ ), τ ∈ (a, t).

Presence of fractional derivatives
For any smooth path q : [a, b] → M satisfying fixed boundary conditions q(a) = q a and q(b) = q b , let the fractional functional associated to (q, q, τ ) → L(q, q, τ ) be now defined by where [a, t] ⊆ [a, b] ⊂ R, and D α,β γ denotes the Riemann-Liouville derivative of order (α, β) as defined by J. Cresson in [6]: for all a, t ∈ R, a < t, the fractional derivative operator of order (α, β), 0 < α, β < 1, is given by with γ ∈ C, i = √ −1, D α a + and D β t − the usual left and right Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives of order 0 < α, β < 1 [30], For more details we refer the reader to [6]. Here we just note that for γ = i one has D α,β γ = −D β t− ; for γ = −i, D α,β γ = D α a+ ; for α → 1 and β → 1 one obtains D α,β γ = d dt and (3) is reduced to the classical functional of the calculus of variations. In [14] it is proved that the FELE correspondent to (3) is given by , t), where the partial derivatives of L are evaluated at (D α,β γ q(τ ), q(τ ), τ ). In the next section we generalize (5) for FALVA problems with multiple integrals.

Main Results
More generally, we discuss here the multi-dimensional fractional variational problem or ND-FALVA (N-dimensional FALVA). We first start by double weighted fractional integrals, i.e. by the 2D-FALVA.

Double-Weighted Fractional Variational Principles (2D-FALVA)
Similar to Sect. 2, we denote by M a smooth n-dimensional manifold; the admissible paths are smooth functions q : Ω ⊂ R 2 → M satisfying fixed Dirichlet boundary conditions on ∂Ω; the Lagrangian function (q x , q y , q, x, y) → L(q x , q y , q, x, y) is supposed to be sufficiently smooth with respect to all its arguments; α and β are two real parameters taking values on the interval (0, 1).
where ξ and λ are the observer times, (ξ, λ) ∈ Ω; x and y are the intrinsic times, (x, y) ∈ Ω(ξ, λ) ⊆ Ω, x = ξ and y = λ; q = q(x, y); D δ,α γ;x and D χ,β γ;y are the fractional derivative operators (4), respectively of order (δ, α) with respect to x and of order (χ, β) with respect to y. We denote (6) by S α,β,δ,χ γ [q] (ξ, λ). Remark 1. The classical multi-variable variational calculus has some limitations which a multi-time variational calculus, like the one we are proposing here, can successfully overcome. For a discussion of the importance to consider a multi-time formalism we refer the reader to the works of C. Udriste and his collaborators [34,35].
We expect that fractional variational problems involving multiple integrals may have important consequences in mechanical problems involving dissipative systems with infinitely many degrees of freedom.

N-Weighted Fractional Variational Principles (ND-FALVA)
All the arguments of §3.1 can be repeated, mutatis mutandis, to the Ndimensional situation when the admissible paths are smooth functions q : Ω ⊂ R N → M satisfying given Dirichlet boundary conditions on ∂Ω.

Conclusions and Further Work
In this work we introduce the multi-dimensional FALVA setting and derive the corresponding multi-dimensional fractional Euler-Lagrange equations. Obtained Euler-Lagrange equations are enough complicated, and one expects solutions to be found using numerical techniques. A work in this direction is in progress. We expect that fractional variational problems involving multiple integrals will have important consequences in mechanical problems and optimal control theory involving dissipative systems with infinitely many degrees of freedom. A geometric formulation of the field equations for the fractional action-like variational formalism, in terms of multi-vector fields on tangent bundles, is under investigation.
In our paper, as well as in all previous works on fractional Euler-Lagrange equations we are aware of, it is assumed that at least one stationary point for the fractional functional exist. Euler-Lagrange equations are valid under this assumption. The question of obtaining conditions on the Lagrangian L assuring the existence of stationary trajectories is, to the best of our knowledge, a completely open question in the fractional setting. This is a pertinent question because even very simple Lagrangians, e.g. L = D α,β γ q, fail to satisfy the hypotheses under which the Euler-Lagrange equations are valid.