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Blood Flow Mediated Hybrid Nanoparticles in Human Arterial System: Recent Research, Development and Applications

Blood flow dynamics contributes an elemental part in the formation and expansion of cardiovascular diseases in human body. Computational simulation of blood flow in the human arterial system has been widely used in recent decades for better understanding the symptomatic spectrum of
 various diseases, in order to improve already existing or develop new therapeutic techniques. The characteristics of the blood flow in an artery can be changed significantly by arterial diseases, such as aneurysms and stenoses. The progress of atherosclerosis or stenosis in a blood vessel
 is quite common which may be caused due to the addition of lipids in the arterial wall. Nanofluid is a colloidal mixture of nanometer sized (which ranges from 10–100 m) metallic and non-metallic particles in conventional fluid (such as water, oil). The delivery of nanoparticles is an
 interesting and growing field in the development of diagnostics and remedies for blood flow complications. An enhancement of nano-drug delivery performance in biological systems, nanoparticles properties such as size, shape and surface characteristics can be regulated. Nanoparticle offers
 remarkably advantages over the traditional drug delivery in terms of high specificity, high stability, high drug carrying capacity, ability for controlled release. Highly dependency has been found for their behavior under blood flow while checking for their ability to target and penetrate
 tissues from the blood. In the field of nano-medicine, organic (including polymeric micelles and vesicles, liposomes) and inorganic (gold and mesoporous silica, copper) nanoparticles have been broadly studied as particular carriers because as drug delivery systems they delivered a surprising
 achievement as a result of their biocompatibility with tissue and cells, their subcellular size, decreased toxicity and sustained release properties. For the extension of nanofluids research, the researchers have also tried to use hybrid nanofluid recently, which is synthesized by suspending
 dissimilar nanoparticles either in mixture or composite form. The main idea behind using the hybrid nanofluid is to further improve the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. Nanoparticles are helpful as drug carriers to minimize the effects of resistance impedance to blood flow
 or coagulation factors due to stenosis. Discussed various robust approaches have been employed for the nanoparticle transport through blood in arterial system. The main objective of the paper is to provide a comprehensive review of computational simulations of blood flow containing hybrid-nanoparticles
 as drug carriers in the arterial system of the human body. The recent developments and analysis of convective flow of particle-fluid suspension models for the axi-symmetric arterial bodies in hemodynamics are summarized. Detailed existing mathematical models for simulating blood flow with
 nanoparticles in stenotic regions are reviewed. The review focuses on selected numerical simulations of physiological convective flows under various stenosis approximations and computation of the temperature, velocity, resistance impedance to flow, wall shear stress and the pressure gradient
 with the corresponding boundary conditions. The current review also highlights that the drug carrier nanoparticles are efficient mechanisms for reducing hemodynamics of stenosis and could be helpful for other biomedical applications. The review considers flows through various stenoses and
 the significances of numerical fluid mechanics in clinical medicine. The review examines nano-drug delivery systems, nanoparticles and describes recent computational simulations of nano-pharmacodynamics.