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Bioprinting 101: Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Cell-laden 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds.

3D Bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technique that recapitulates the native architecture of tissues. This is accomplished through the precise deposition of cell-containing bioinks. The spatiotemporal control over bioink deposition permits for improved communication between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), and facilitates fabrication of anatomically and physiologically relevant structures. The physiochemical properties of bioinks, before and after crosslinking, are crucial for bioprinting complex tissue structures. Specifically, the rheological properties of bioinks determines printability, structural fidelity and cell viability during the printing process, whereas post-crosslinking of bioinks are critical for their mechanical integrity, physiological stability, cell survival, and cell functions. In this review, we critically evaluate bioink design criteria, specifically for extrusion-based bioprinting techniques, to fabricate complex constructs. The effects of various processing parameters on the biophysical and biochemical characteristics of bioinks are also discussed. Furthermore, emerging trends and directions for future development in the area of bioinks and bioprinting are also highlighted.