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Environmental management in the Bohai and Baltic seas from a source-to-sea perspective: challenges and opportunities

ABSTRACT There are many important linkages between land, freshwater and oceans. Source-to-sea (S2S) management has been proposed to support environmental management that considers interests along the S2S continuum. This study takes the Bohai and Baltic seas as examples to analyse the legislation system, administrative structure and stakeholders of freshwater and marine management in China and the European Union and presents the related challenges and opportunities for S2S management. The results of this study can provide a basis for designing initiatives to support healthy ecosystems and sustainable green and blue economies, reduce the burdens on water-related ecosystems, and improve economic opportunities and livelihoods.