{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.025275437459494492, 'fraction_numerical': 0.005832793259883344, 'mean_word_length': 5.771929824561403, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Mycosporine‐like Amino Acids Provide Protection Against Ultraviolet Radiation in Eggs of the Green Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

A photoprotective role of ultraviolet radiation‐absorbing mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) in eggs of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis was demonstrated by comparing UV‐induced delays in the first division of embryos having either high or low concentrations of MAAs. Embryos from adult urchins fed Laminaria saccharina (no MAAs) had low concentrations of MAAs and experienced a significantly longer UV‐induced delay in cleavage (25.1%) than MAA‐rich embryos from adults fed Mastocarpus stellatus (12.8% delay) or a combination diet of both macroalgae (12.3% delay). Collectively, these embryos displayed a significant inverse logarithmic relationship between MAA concentration and percentage cleavage delay, so that the greater the MAA concentration in the eggs, the less they were affected by UV radiation. This is the first study to examine such MAA manipulation of cellular MAA concentrations with no prior UV exposure of the experimental subjects. Concentrations of MAAs were also measured in unfertilized eggs, blastulae, gastrulae and early pluteus larvae, providing the first documentation of changes in MAAs during embryological and larval development. The concentration of shinorine (the principal MAA in the eggs) did not change during short‐term UV exposure in vivo or long‐term exposure in vitro; such photostability is a useful attribute of a natural sunscreen.