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France: mass higher education produces diplomas but not jobs.

Four years ago the students of Paris took to the streets in a month-long manifestation that shook the De Gaulle government. The French habitually refer to the outbreak in the oblique phrase, "the events of May," which reflects lingering ambiguities about how it happened and what it meant. The standard theory is that violence never reached revolutionary levels because the workers, who briefly joined the students in the streets, decided to settle for such things as wage hikes and better vacations. And the students were isolated when a majority of Frenchmen in Paris and elsewhere reacted strongly against the threat to public order. If there was no revolution, neither was there-despite continuing government readiness to use its tough riot police and court action as a deterrenta counterrevolution. The summer and autumn of 1968 produced a Loi d'orientation for education and a series of administrative actions that, at least on paper, redressed many of the students' more serious grievances. Within a year after the troubles, President De Gaulle had resigned to be succeeded by Georges Pompidou, practitioner of a pragmatic gaullism without De Gaulle. On the political left there have been marked changes in alignment in 4 years. Many of the student leaders of '68 have left the university and dropped out of politics. Others are seeking to achieve the elusive alliance of workers and students through membership in the Communist Party. Still others have moved beyond the traditional left to form small militant groups, which are ideologically differentiated as Maoist, Trotskyite, and anarchist, but also aim to win influence among unionized workers. These gauchistes, as they are called, can be roughly compared to the American New Left at its most militant, and perhaps the most significant recent political development has been the breach between France's Old Left and New Left. The regular French Communist Party is seeking power through electoral politics and is anxious to avoid incidents that would jeopardize its chances at the polls, particularly since there will be national elections within a year. Conflict between the Communist Party and the gauchistes flared openly in a series of incidents that came to be looked upon as a contest for the loyalty of young workers. In late winter, gauchistes organized a mass march on the Renault auto plant in a Paris industrial suburb, and a young Maoist was fatally shot by a plant guard. A protest march of more than 60,000 ensued, raising visions of another '68. But then a Renault executive was kidnapped by gauchistes and there was talk of other sorts of urban guerrilla action, and, although the executive was released uninjured, public opinion stiffened against the gauchistes. The Communist Party officially criticized the gauchistes for the whole series of actions, and the gauchistes, in turn, took a harder line, lumping the Communist Party with the government