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The Shawnee Prophet's Movement and the Origins of the Prophet Dance

date of 12,050 + 190 B.P. The sediments register their highest cryoclastic index of the sequence in Level 6. The arboreal pollen curve descends considerably; deciduous species are virtually absent, and the Ericaceae are at their lowest point in the pollen sequence (Levels 7 to 2). These environmental conditions may have caused a decrease in the regional red deer population, which would explain the substitution of ibex (Capra pyrenaica) hunting for red deer hunting and a change in hunting territory from the gentle coastal hills to the rocky slopes of the Erlo-Agido massif. Following this cold period, a climatic amelioration (probably Aller6d) is detected in the sediments, followed by another cold episode. The faunal analysis suggests that the site occupation continued to be seasonal (summer), although the evidence for this is not as strong as it is in the case of Level 7. The body-part analysis shows that whole carcasses were less frequently brought o the cave than during the Level 7 occupations. This is also understandable in that the preferred game was now adult ibex, an animal that would have been hunted in areas more difficult of access than those in which Cervus fawns were hunted earlier. Thus in Level 6 times the game was more frequently butchered at the kill site, from which only selected parts were carried to the cave. The lithic industry also shows some evidence of seasonality. The most abundant tools continue to be microliths, with few middle-sized tools such as burins, endscrapers, etc., although the backed bladelets are not as small as in Level 7. The percentage of burins increases somewhat, a fact that may be related to the greater importance of the bone industry in this level. Although there are no backed micropoints in the lower part of the level (6b), there are some in the upper (6a). The worked-bone industries of these two parts of the level also differ: 6b lacks harpoons while 6a has them. A stone plaque with superb engravings of an ibex, a red deer, and a horse was found in Level 6. The faunal remains are proportionally about the same throughout Level 6, dominated by ibex. Salmon is present in both sublevels. Level 6 lacks chamois and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), both present in Level 6a. However, since the numbers of remains, especially of reindeer, are minimal, this difference between the two sublevels could be simply due to chance. Levels 5-2 (Azilian), and especially Levels 3 and 2, show a marked climatic amelioration (corresponding to the Preboreal) not only in their pollens (with significant increases in Corylus, Alnus, Erica, etc.) and sediments (with minimal cryoclastic components), but also in the increase in roe deer remains together with the presence of boar and badger (Meles meles). The disappearance of the Nordic vole (Microtus oeconomus), present in Levels 7 and 6, and the appearance of the bat (Myotis myotis) confirm this climatic amelioration. The subsistence base returned to red deer hunting in these levels. The site again seems to have been used only in summer, judging from the ages in months of the young ungulates that were killed. The human inhabitants of the cave also exploited shellfish. Molluscs pertaining principally to the genera Patella and Monodonta are found in large quantities, especially in Level 2. These resources would have been more accessible at this time than in the Magdalenian, since the coast was much closer because of the post-Wiirm rise in sea level. The lithic artifact assemblages of Levels 5-3 are classic Azilian, with a progressive increase in micropoints, backed bladelets, and backed truncated bladelets. In Level 2, which is still Azilian but with Sauveterrian "influences," there is an increase in the number of Mesolithic-type points together with the presence of a few triangles and the appearance of the microburin technique for microlith manufacture. The bone industry of Levels 5-3 includes a classic flat-section harpoon with a buttonhole perforation, as well as a wand with simple decoration (interesting for its presence in an Azilian deposit). There are no worked-bone objects in Level 2. In summary, Ekain contains evidence of sporadic visits by humans during the earliest phases of the Upper Paleolithic and was an important habitation site occupied intensively, albeit only seasonally, from the Lower Magdalenian through the terminal Azilian. The cave occupants had their winter base elsewhere, however, perhaps at the cave of Urtiaga or other caves in the region. Ekain joins the growing list of recently excavated Terminal Pleistocene sites-Los Azules, La Riera, and Tito Bustillo in eastern Asturias, El Juyo and El Rascaino in Santander, and Duruthy and Dufaure on the northern edge of the French Basque Country in Les Landes-in providing a wealth of information about Magdalenian and Azilian environments and adaptations along the Bay of Biscay.