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Transcriptome analysis of the duodenum, pancreas, liver, and muscle from diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats fed a trypsin inhibitor derived from squid viscera.

Trypsin inhibitors (TIs) have various nutritional effects. However, a detailed mechanism for their effects, especially on the gene expression patterns in various tissues, remains unknown. Here, we used transcriptome techniques and gene ontology (GO) analysis to examine the effects of squid TI (sqTI), a biochemically stable peptide, on diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats after feeding for 10 weeks. We demonstrated that downregulation of SREBP1c in the liver via duodenal/pancreatic hormones suppresses the blood cholesterol level. Consistently, in GO analysis, the term "cholesterol biosynthetic process" was enriched among downregulated genes. No hypoglycemic or insulinotropic effects were observed, in contrast to the results from our previous studies (single stimulation with the same dose of TI), which can be partly ascribed to the inactive responses of the duodenum and pancreas in this condition.