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Rewriting the Renouveau

The art and architecture of eleventh-century Rome are predominantly
 discussed within the framework of an ‘early Christian renewal’ (renouveau
 paléochrétien) closely tied to the Gregorian Reform. Articulated fifty years
 ago in accordance with the prevailing top-down model of history, the
 framework is incompatible with more recent historical approaches that
 emphasize agency from below. This essay argues for a more distributed
 model of agency in the making of eleventh-century art. A case study of
 Santa Maria in Trastevere, reformed in 1065, calls into question the model
 of a Reform art directed by cardinals. A comparison with cinematic auteur
 theory questions the concept of a Reformist ‘directed art’ from another
 perspective.