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Return Migration from the Federal Republic of Germany

German migration statistics reflect an intra-European migration dominated primarily by the pu II effects of labor market conditions characterizing all the Northwest European countries (Bohning, 1980). The respective political actions of the Federal government up to the year 1973 coupled with a good economic performance in the Federal Republic Germany and the efforts on the part of the German Labor Market Administration to supplement spontaneous labor in-migration by a direct recruitment of workers abroad have produced heavy in-migration. During this "phase of liberal circulation of manpower in Europe" (DECO, 1978: 16), return migration was a primarily statistical phenomenon reflecting return flows as a proportion of the in-migration flow with a time lag. The Federal Government decided to cut off recruitment of foreign workers as a direct result of the oil crisis in 1973. Subsequent legislation was aimed at limiting the proportion of foreigners in certain designated regions of Germany, mainly in the south, to a stipulated percentage of the current labor force and also at limiting work permits granted to children of foreign inmigrants who had not been in the country prior to 1973. As a result of these measures, immigration was reduced sharply during the ensuing years. In the meantime, return migration proceeded as before so that for the first time in 1974 out-migration exceeded in-migration, actually diminishing the stock of foreigners in the country. Between 1974 and 1977, the negative net immigration persisted but by 1978, the situation was reversed and the net immigration became positive again. There is no doubt that the decrease in return migration is at least partially a consequence of the recruitment stop of 1973. During the phase of liberal circulation of manpower each migrant returning home was free to re-enlist with the German Labor Commissions in his home country and to return to Germany to work. After the recruitment stop when free entry was granted only to European Community nationals and barred, for instance, to Turks, a departure from Germany became irreversible. Thus, a growing number of potential returnees ended up staying on in Germany, despite the fact that the labor market statistics show consistently higher unemployment rates for foreigners than for Germans from 1974 onward. The resumption of the increase in the number of foreigners immigrating into Germany is attributable to political and humanitarian factors; during the