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The Dialectics of Tradition and Modernity and Women’s Education in India

The role of education in promoting modernization and development has been one of the central concerns of western social scientists in the twentieth century (Adams 1970; Sharma 1980; Singh 1973; Smith, 1965; Weiner 1966). Of late, this concern has been narrowed down to the study of the impact of education on the value-orientations and attitudes of individuals. In such studies the role of formal education becomes prominent because it is regarded as the means by which individuals internalize values and attitudes consonant with modernization. In studying the relationship between education and modernization, however, it is necessary to be sensitive to the complexity of the factors and processes that link education with other social institutions (Rudolph & Rudolph 1967; Singh 1973). Further, education even when accepted as an important policy instrument of modernization does not always succeed in its progressive mission; the impact of education is likely to be shaped by the specific complex of socio-political, economic and cultural factors that prevail in a given society. It is naive to presume that education universally promotes institutional and value changes which are desired by policy makers. Till recently, social scientists used to accept as given the proposition that education promotes modernization. The experience of several developing countries has, however, made them sensitive to the uneven, complex and often contradictory social processes generated by modern education (Dube 1988). It is now accepted that the process of modernization may not necessarily be 'progressive' for all societies and for all groups within a society. Thus, for instance, the growth of technology may increase job opportunities for men while reducing women's participation in economic activities. The focus in this paper is on the impact of formal education on social attitudes towards women. However, in the educational discourse, 'education' is continuing to be viewed as a reliable means to promote changes in attitudes. Therefore, it is