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Rebound mechanics of micrometre-scale, spherical particles in high-velocity impacts

The impact mechanics of micrometre-scale metal particles with flat metal surfaces is investigated for high-velocity impacts ranging from 50 m s−1 to more than 1 km s−1, where impact causes predominantly plastic deformation. A material model that includes high strain rate and temperature effects on the yield stress, heat generation due to plasticity, material damage due to excessive plastic strain and heat transfer is used in the numerical analysis. The coefficient of restitution e is predicted by the classical work using elastic–plastic deformation analysis with quasi-static impact mechanics to be proportional to Vi−1/4 and Vi−1/2 for the low and moderate impact velocities that span the ranges of 0–10 and 10–100 m s−1, respectively. In the elastic–plastic and fully plastic deformation regimes the particle rebound is attributed to the elastic spring-back that initiates at the particle–substrate interface. At higher impact velocities (0.1–1 km s−1) e is shown to be proportional to approximately Vi−1. In this deeply plastic deformation regime various deformation modes that depend on plastic flow of the material including the time lag between the rebound instances of the top and bottom points of particle and the lateral spreading of the particle are identified. In this deformation regime, the elastic spring-back initiates subsurface, in the substrate.