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Ten-Year Outcome of Islet Alone or Islet After Kidney Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective Parallel-Arm Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE The long-term outcome of allogenic islet transplantation is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 10-year outcome of islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness and/or a functioning kidney graft. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We enrolled in this prospective parallel-arm cohort study 28 subjects with type 1 diabetes who received islet transplantation either alone (ITA) or after a kidney graft (IAK). Islet transplantation consisted of two or three intraportal infusions of allogenic islets administered within (median [interquartile range]) 68 days (43–92). Immunosuppression was induced with interleukin-2 receptor antibodies and maintained with sirolimus and tacrolimus. The primary outcome was insulin independence with A1C ≤6.5% (48 mmol/mol). Secondary outcomes were patient and graft survival, severe hypoglycemic events (SHEs), metabolic control, and renal function. RESULTS The primary outcome was met by (Kaplan-Meier estimates [95% CI]) 39% (22–57) and 28% (13–45) of patients 5 and 10 years after islet transplantation, respectively. Graft function persisted in 82% (62–92) and 78% (57–89) of case subjects after 5 and 10 years, respectively, and was associated with improved glucose control, reduced need for exogenous insulin, and a marked decrease of SHEs. ITA and IAK had similar outcomes. Primary graft function, evaluated 1 month after the last islet infusion, was significantly associated with the duration of graft function and insulin independence. CONCLUSIONS Islet transplantation with the Edmonton protocol can provide 10-year markedly improved metabolic control without SHEs in three-quarters of patients with type 1 diabetes, kidney transplanted or not.