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Cardioprotection by endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy.

This study tested the hypothesis that the induction of autophagy by producing therapeutic amounts of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the heart before an ischemic insult would ameliorate/reduce subsequent lethal myocardial ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury (similar to ischemic preconditioning). A dose-response study with both tunicamycin and thapsigargin was performed to determine the optimal dose (0.3 mg/kg) for inducing autophagy for cardioprotection. The Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were randomly assigned into five groups: normal control (injected with saline only), high (3 mg/kg), and low (0.3 mg/kg) doses of tunicamycin or thapsigargin, respectively. After 48 h, the rats were subjected to an isolated working heart preparation: 30 min ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion with continuous left ventricular function monitoring. At the end, the hearts were subjected to either measurement of infarct size or cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Some hearts (from different sets of experiments) were used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy, or Western blot analysis. Tunicamycin and thapsigargin, irrespective of the dose, induced sufficient ER stress, as evidenced by the increased phosphorylation or activation of eIF2α and PERK. Such ER stress potentiated autophagy in the heart, as evidenced by an increase in LC3-II, beclin-1, and Atg5. This was also supported by TEM, clearly showing the production of autophagosomes, and by confocal microscopy, showing upregulation of eIF2α and beclin-1. The autophagy produced with lower doses of tunicamycin and thapsigargin in the face of myocardial I/R resulted in reduction of the I/R injury, as evidenced by improved left ventricular function and reduced myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In concert, an induction of GRP78 and activation of Akt and Bcl-2 occurred. The higher doses conversely were detrimental for the heart and were associated with induction of CHOP and downregulation of Akt. The results thus display the proof of concept that induction of autophagy by ER stress (therapeutic amount) before ischemia (similar to ischemic preconditioning) could reduce subsequent lethal ischemic reperfusion injury.