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Learning Systems Research, Development Testing and Evaluation

A number of models have been developed which delineate formal procedures for instructional design. Systematic application is usually time-consuming, and time means money. Research into strategies for reducing costs while maintaining professional standards is discussed in terms of: 1) the degree to which all steps in systematic development are formally applied; 2) the complexity of the learning tasks which are the object of instruction; and 3) the orientation of the organization and personnel responsible for developing instruction.