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Synchronization of Noncoherent MIMO Systems: Synchronization Issues

In this article, we identify some of the key problems encountered when designing noncoherent (NC) multiple- input, multiple-output (MIMO) downlink (DL) synchronization schemes for communicating over multipath fading channels. Our main objectives are to illustrate the information-theoretic features and to provide design guidelines for the initial synchronization of NC MIMO systems. We conclude by outlining the relationships between the beneficial and detrimental design factors.