{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.015160349854227406, 'fraction_numerical': 0.004081632653061225, 'mean_word_length': 6.2405063291139244, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Role of cytoplasmic dynein in perinuclear aggregation of phagocytosed melanosomes and supranuclear melanin cap formation in human keratinocytes.

Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule-associated motor molecule involved in the retrograde transport of membrane-bound organelles. To determine whether the supranuclear melanin cap of transferred, phagocytosed melanosomes in keratinocytes is associated with cytoplasmic dynein, we performed immunofluorescent confocal microscopy on human keratinocytes in situ. We identified the intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein by immunoblotting and examined its distribution by confocal microscopy in relation to microtubules and melano-phagolysosomes in vitro. We also used antisense and sense oligonucleotides of the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 (Dyh1) and time-lapse and microscopy. The intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein was identified in extracts of human foreskin epidermis and in isolated human keratinocytes. The intermediate chain localized with the perinuclear melano-phagolysosomal aggregates in vitro and the supranuclear melanin cap in situ. Antisense oligonucleotides directed towards Dyh1 resulted in dispersal of the keratinocyte perinuclear melano-phagolysosomal aggregates after 24 to 48 h, whereas cells treated with diluent or sense oligonucleotides maintained tight perinuclear aggregates. Taken together, these findings indicate that in human keratinocytes, the retrograde microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein mediates the perinuclear aggregation of phagocytosed melanosomes, participates in the formation of the supranuclear melanin cap or "microparasol" and serves as a mechanism to help protect the nucleus from ultraviolet-induced DNA damage.