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Continuing Injuries of Racism

In this reaction article, the authors support and extend Robert T. Carter’s excellent analysis of the impact of racism today on Americans of color. Drawing on their own data, they suggest important extensions of his arguments in regard to the cumulative and long-term effects of racial discrimination and other racial oppression—as well as in regard to the ways in which both the accumulating pain of, and the developed coping strategies for, racial discrimination are passed across several generations of those racially oppressed. The authors argue that a major reality underlying individual coping with racial discrimination is a huge energy loss for individuals, families, and communities. In conclusion, they strongly urge that all educators dealing with the training of clinicians first consider and counter the old and mostly White-generated racist framing of society that is imbedded to some degree in most of the minds of those who seek to join the counseling professions.