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Lactobacillus reuteri modulates dendritic cells and the immune response in vitro and in vivo

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commensal members of the gut microbiota which reside in the small and large intestine. Lactobacillus species have been shown to extensively modulate the host immune system. Our group has previously demonstrated that Lactobacillus reuteri is capable of ameliorating inflammation in TNBS‐ and AOM‐DSS‐induced colitis and cancer models. However, the role of L. reuteri bacterial components or secreted factors in direct modulation of dendritic cells (DCs) remains uncharacterized. DCs are key antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) which present antigens to T cells, thereby mediating inflammation or tolerance. Recent studies have shown that autophagy, a conserved intracellular degradation pathway, regulates DC antigen presentation.