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Comparison of prostate‐specific membrane antigen ligands in clinical translation research for diagnosis of prostate cancer

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA), overexpressed on prostate cancer (PCa), is a well‐characterized cell surface protein to selectively diagnose PCa. PSMA's unique characteristics and its 1000‐fold higher expression in PCa compared with other tissues renders it as a suitable biomarker for detection of PCa in its early stage. In this report, we critically analyze and recommend the requirements needed for the development of variety of PSMA‐targeted molecular imaging agents based on antibodies, small molecule ligands, peptides, and aptamers. The targeting moieties are either conjugated to radionuclear isotopes or near‐infrared agents for efficient diagnosis of PCa.