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Family Interventions for Populations Exposed to Traumatic Stress Related to War and Violence.

The adverse psychological and relational impact of mass traumas resulting from war and organized violence around the world is ubiquitous with tremendous implications for prevention and intervention research across systemic levels. There is broad recognition that we, as a global community, are currently experiencing a humanitarian crisis related to forced displacement and that culturally relevant and efficacious systemic interventions are critically needed to meet the mental health and relational family needs of affected communities. We are facing the largest refugee crises since World War II with an estimated 65.3 million forcibly displaced people (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2015). Among the displaced in 2015, 3.2 million were seeking asylum (the highest number in history); 21.3 million were refugees (the highest number since the 1990s); and 40.8 million were displaced within their own country (the highest number ever). Nearly 90% of these displaced persons lived in lowand middle-income countries with the majority resettling in the Middle East (39%) and Africa (29%), and the remaining in Asia/Pacific (14%), the Americas (12%), and Europe (6%). A staggering 51% of refugees are children, many living alone, unaccompanied or separated from their families (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2015). The myriad of displacement and resettlement-related needs of this population is indeed complex. The destructive nature of war-related displacement involves an entire reorganization of individual, family, and social structures as well as coordinated global responses to address the magnitude of this human crisis. War-affected communities, including refugees and asylum seekers escaping armed conflict, systematic violence, and persecution are frequently exposed to multiple traumatic events prior to displacement, and potentially during and after resettlement. Although these individuals and families display immense resilience and often thrive in their host countries, the adverse direct and secondary effects of war-related violence and forced displacement are well documented, even in the context of resettlement in high-income countries, which presumably offer greater access to mental health services and higher standards of living. In addition to exposure to traumatic events, displaced persons may have experienced torture, multiple relocations, and shortor long-term resettlement in either internally displaced persons camps (in their home countries) or in refugee camps abroad (Glick, 2010; Hanson & Wieling, 2016). The challenges of these lived experiences combined with the current sociopolitical climate in the United States and abroad make war-affected and displaced families one of the most vulnerable populations of recent times.