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Synthesis of sterically stabilized polystyrene latex particles using cationic block copolymers and macromonomers and their application as stimulus-responsive particulate emulsifiers for oil-in-water emulsions.

2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMA) was block copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) using group transfer polymerization to give four AB diblock, ABA triblock, and BAB triblock copolymers of low polydispersity (Mw/Mn < 1.20). In addition, a near-monodisperse styrene-functionalized DMA-based macromonomer was synthesized via oxyanionic polymerization using a potassium 4-vinylbenzyl alcoholate initiator. These five well-defined, tertiary amine methacrylate-based copolymers were evaluated as steric stabilizers for the synthesis of polystyrene latexes via emulsion and dispersion polymerization. The most efficient steric stabilizers proved to be the DMA-MMA diblock copolymer and the DMA-based macromonomer. The polystyrene latexes were characterized in terms of their particle size and morphology, stabilizer content, surface charge, and surface activity using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, aqueous electrophoresis measurements, and surface tensiometry, respectively. The pH-dependent surface activity exhibited by selected latexes suggests potential applications as stimulus-responsive particulate emulsifiers for oil-in-water emulsions.