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Cell-free DNA as a biomarker of breast cancer

Background Circulating plasma cell-free DNA (CFDNA) is comprised of nucleic acids in fringe blood of healthy persons and patients with several diseases that start from cell death. Apoptotic tumor cells may discharge DNA into the peripheral blood, and this may hold possibilities for the early detection of breast cancer. Objective This study aimed to assess CFDNA (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) concentration in patients with malignant and benign breast lesions and healthy controls to investigate its role as a noninvasive marker for early detection of breast cancer. Patients and methods This study included 50 patients divided into three groups: group I included 30 newly diagnosed breast cancer female patients; group II included 10 female patients with benign breast lesions; and group III included 10 individuals of apparently healthy female individuals. CFDNA was extracted from plasma using NucleoSpin Plasma XS Kit. Concentration of CFDNA (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was measured using QuantiTect Probe PCR Kit by real-time PCR. Results The results revealed that there was a highly significant difference in the mean level of CFDNA cycle threshold between the malignant breast lesions and each of the benign lesions (34.31 vs. 40.30, P= 0.001) and controls (34.31 vs. 41.25, P= 0.001). However, there was no significant statistical difference between benign lesions and controls. Our study provides valuable data on the utilization of the concentration of free DNA for breast cancer recognition. Conclusion CFDNA level in plasma was observed to be higher in patients with breast cancer. It may have potential for the early identification of breast cancer.