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Becoming a couple: the developing relationship between respiratory oscillators of the American Bullfrog

Many vital mammalian behaviors, including locomotion, swallowing, and breathing, are dependent upon activity of, and coupling between, neural oscillators. In the mammal, multiple respiratory oscillators—chiefly the preBötzinger complex and parafacial respiratory group—are coordinated to generate muscular outputs driving inspiratory and expiratory activity. This multiple oscillator architecture, however, is not unique to mammals. Indeed, in the bullfrog, three spatially‐distinct burst generators driving different phases of the respiratory pattern have been identified, and at least two have oscillator‐like properties. Despite extensive study of these networks in both mammals and frogs, the mechanism and development of coupling between oscillators are not fully characterized.