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Participation of Students with Disabilities in State Assessment Systems

to assess students with varied disabilities, obtaining actual counts of who participates each way, and reporting the results of their participation. Any consideration of participation necessarily bleeds into discussions about accommodations, alternate assessments, and the IEP decision-making process. Still, it is important to isolate what we know about participation because it is a major benchmark of the progress that is being made in ensuring that students with disabilities benefit from access to the general education curriculum and educational reforms in general. Past evidence of widespread exclusion of students with disabilities from assessments (e.g., McDonnell, McLaughlin, & Morison, 1997; McGrew, Thurlow, & Spiegel, 1993; Shriner &