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Modeling Framework for Identification and Analysis of Key Metrics for Trajectory Energy Management of Electric Aircraft

To prepare for the upcoming entry into service of electric and hybrid-electric aircraft, regulators may have to update or develop new regulations and standards to ensure safe operations of these new vehicles. To ensure public acceptance, these vehicles need to demonstrate an equivalent level of safety consistent with existing regulations. However, the ability to ﬂy in diﬀerent modes (forward ﬂight, vertical ﬂight) and the diﬀerent powertrain elements may require signiﬁcant changes to regulations to ensure that an insightful representation of the usable energy is provided to ﬂight crews. This requires an understanding of the major operational diﬀerences between conventional and electric aircraft, and how these diﬀerences impact the trajectories a vehicle can ﬂy. For instance, there is no simple analog to fuel gauges for measuring the extractable energy available on board electric aircraft, as energy related metrics can vary with a range of variables, such as component temperatures, battery health, and environmental conditions. It is thus more complex for ﬂight crews to gauge in real-time how much usable energy is available and to ﬁgure out which trajectories are feasible with respect to both energy and power. To assess the feasibility of trajectories and quantify the adequacy of novel energy tracking metrics and methodologies, a trajectory energy management simulation environment is implemented allowing the simulation of various energy metrics across a range of vehicles and missions. This allows decision makers and regulators to assess the importance of these metrics for safe operation across a wide variety of missions. The impact of ambient air temperature, battery state of health, and initial battery, motor, and inverter temperatures are assessed for a typical ﬂight mission. It is concluded that state of health, ambient temperature, and initial battery temperature all had signiﬁcant impacts on the ﬁnal state of charge and amount of extractable energy. Additionally, at high ambient temperatures and in aggressive climbs, motor temperature limits and inverter temperature limits can