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Neutron studies of gauge field and charge in Ih heavy-water ice

The distinctive character of water ice results from the partially disordered combination of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the network of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The non-trivial hydrogen correlations we report in diﬀuse neutron scattering are analytically ﬁt via a description of this state as a topological system exhibiting an emergent gauge ﬁeld. This allows for the density of correlation terminating point-defects to be determined as one defect per 500 oxygen sites at 30 K. Application of an analytical model of ice paves the way towards a detailed understanding of this ubiquitous solid.