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Introducing the NJL Special Issue on Adjuncts

The idea behind this special issue was to welcome papers representing 'core grammatical theory and practice, but treating an area of syntax that often tends to remain in the margin. This area is the syntax and semantics of adjuncts, that is, free adverbials and attributive modifiers. The issue contains three articles dealing with adjuncts from different perspectives. There is a rich literature on various semantic, pragmatic and textual aspects of adverbials, concentrating on issues such as word order variation and scope. The number of strictly syntactic treatments is increasing as well, but these are often meant to shed light on matters other than adverbials themselves. In particular, in recent generative syntax, adverbial position is used as evidence for the positions of other constituents and for overall sentence structure. Indeed, it is hard to see whether adverbials share any characteristics apart from the negative property of not being complements. Another example is the perennial problem of distinguishing between complements and adjuncts. For instance, the adjective red in a sentence like Mary painted her house red has been considered an adjunct, even though the meaning of the verb paint clearly implies changing or adding color. What kind of generalizations apply in the grey area or 'twilight zone, as Steven Wechsler puts it in this issue between clear complements and clear adjuncts? Stephen Wechsler tackles the complement/adjunct distinction. Many types of constituents seem to bear a clear semantic connection to the verb, but treating all of those as selected or valency-bound complements inevitably leads to a proliferation of alternative argument structures for single verbs. Building on the evidence of various English PPs, which display both complement-like and adjunct-like behaviour, Wechsler presents an HPSG account that avoids the proliferation problem. Urpo Nikanne, in the framework of Jackendovian conceptual semantics, presents an analysis of Finnish expressions of state and result. Once the well-formedness conditions on conceptual structures are properly understood, Nikanne argues, there is no need for such semantically-motivated syntactic entities as PRO and Small Clauses commonly proposed for the type of construction he discusses. Toril Swan's paper is devoted to a core category of adverbials, English -ly adverbs, inspired by cognitive linguistics and grammaticalization theory. Among the Germanic languages, English can be characterized as an 'adverbial language' in its extensive use of -ly adverbs and its sharp distinction between adverbs and adjectives. German, and to a lesser