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Aerosol-to-hydrosol sampling and simultaneous enrichment of airborne bacteria for rapid biosensing.

Rapid monitoring of biological particulate matter (Bio-PM, bioaerosols) requires an enrichment technique for concentrating the Bio-PM dispersed in air into a small volume of liquid. In this study, an electrostatic air sampler is employed to capture aerosolized test bacteria in a carrier liquid (aerosol-to-hydrosol (ATH) enrichment). Simultaneously, the captured bacteria are carried into a fluid channel for hydrosol-to-hydrosol (HTH) enrichment with Concanavalin A-coated magnetic particles (CMPs). The ATH enrichment capacity of the air sampler was evaluated with an aerosol particle counter for the following test bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Then, the HTH enrichment capacity for the ATH-collected sample was evaluated with the colony-counting method, scanning-electron-microscopy-based image analysis, fluorescence microscopy, electrical current measurements, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The ATH and HTH enrichment capacities for the given operation conditions were up to 80,000 and 14.9, respectively, resulting in a total enrichment capacity of up to 1.192 × 106. Given that air-to-liquid enrichment of the order of at least 106 is required to prepare detectable bacterial samples for real-time qPCR in field environments, our method can be used to prepare detectable sample from low-concentration airborne bacteria in the field and significantly reduce the time required for Bio-PM monitoring because of its enrichment capacity.