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Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Bone Mineral Density in Pediatric and Young Adult Intestinal Failure

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and predisposing factors for vitamin D deficiency and low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with intestinal failure (IF). Methods: A retrospective review of patients with IF managed at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. IF was defined as history of parenteral nutrition (PN) >30 days. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) <20 ng/dL. Reduced BMD was defined using dual x-ray absorptiometry z score ⩽–2. A binary logistic regression model was used to test for association of significant risk factors and the outcome variables after univariate analyses. Results: One hundred and twenty-three patients with median age of 4 years (range 3–22 years) were evaluated. Forty-nine (39.8%) patients had at least a documented serum 25 (OH) D deficiency during the study interval, whereas 10 of 80 patients (12.5%) with dual x-ray absorptiometry scans completed had a low BMD z score. Age at study entry was associated with both 25 (OH) D deficiency (P = 0.01) and low BMD z score (P = 0.03). Exclusive PN at study entry was associated with reduced bone mass (P = 0.03). There was no significant association between vitamin D deficiency and low BMD z score (P = 0.31). Conclusions: The risk of 25 (OH) D deficiency and low BMD z score increases with age among patients with IF. Strategies for monitoring and preventing abnormal bone health in older children receiving exclusive PN need to be developed and evaluated.