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A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: supplement 4.0

This report adds over 1600 annotated references on the numerical characterization of topography, terrain modeling or geomorphometry, to a 1993 literature review and its first three updates. Erroneous references from the four earlier reports are corrected and many citations of historic interest are included; the cumulative archive is at 6000 entries. An introductory essay cites several hundred of the new entries. These are listed under various topic headings or referenced in brief discussions of several other areas of research, including terrain data and new parameters, neo-orometry, landslide-hazard mapping, Hack's Law, and early work on the mathematical representation of ridges and drainageways.