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Is there a causal relationship between the amount of alcohol consumption and stroke risk?

See related article, pages 13–19 

In a review of the topic, Gorelick noted that alcohol consumption has been recognized as a possible risk factor for stroke for over 3 centuries.1 Subsequent studies find that the association between drinking alcohol and stroke risk is not straightforward. Literature on the subject is complicated by nonstandardized definitions of the level of alcohol consumption, varying study designs, inadequate sample sizes, differing inception cohorts, as well as case-ascertainment and other potential biases. It is therefore not surprising that a systematic literature review revealed that individual studies report inconsistent relationships between the overall amount of alcohol use and stroke (although most show an association between recent use and increased stroke risk).2 However, the weight of available evidence indicates that light to moderate drinking is associated with a protective effect, whereas heavy consumption is associated with an increased risk of stroke (a so-called “J-shaped” or “U-shaped” relationship).3–6 This …