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Enhanced Homing Permeability and Retention of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells by Noninvasive Pulsed Focused Ultrasound

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have shown significant promise in the treatment of disease, but their therapeutic efficacy is often limited by inefficient homing of systemically administered cells, which results in low number of cells accumulating at sites of pathology. BMSC home to areas of inflammation where local expression of integrins and chemokine gradients is present. We demonstrated that nondestructive pulsed focused ultrasound (pFUS) exposures that emphasize the mechanical effects of ultrasound‐tissue interactions induced local and transient elevations of chemoattractants (i.e., cytokines, integrins, and growth factors) in the murine kidney. pFUS‐induced upregulation of cytokines occurred through approximately 1 day post‐treatment and returned to contralateral kidney levels by day 3. This window of significant increases in cytokine expression was accompanied by local increases of other trophic factors and integrins that have been shown to promote BMSC homing. When BMSCs were intravenously administered following pFUS treatment to a single kidney, enhanced homing, permeability, and retention of BMSC was observed in the treated kidney versus the contralateral kidney. Histological analysis revealed up to eight times more BMSC in the peritubular regions of the treated kidneys on days 1 and 3 post‐treatment. Furthermore, cytokine levels in pFUS‐treated kidneys following BMSC administration were found to be similar to controls, suggesting modulation of cytokine levels by BMSC. pFUS could potentially improve cell‐based therapies as a noninvasive modality to target homing by establishing local chemoattractant gradients and increasing expression of integrins to enhance tropism of cells toward treated tissues. STEM CELLS2012;30:1216–1227