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Local resolved spectroscopy at the human ocular fundus in vivo: technique and clinical examples

Ocular fundus reflectometry is known as a method for the determination of the optical density of pigments at the eye ground. This has been described for diagnostic investigations at single locations. The new technique of imaging spectroscopy enables the recording of one dimensional local distribution of spectra from the fundus which is illuminated confocal to the entrance slit of a spectrograph. A fundus reflectometer consisting of a Zeiss fundus camera, an imaging spectrograph, and an intensified CCD-camera are presented. The local resolved spectra gained by this apparatus are approximated by a mathematical model on the basis of the anatomy of the fundus as a structure of layers with different optical properties. Each spectrum is assumed to be described by a function of the absorption spectra of the pigments found in the retinal and choroidal tissue. Assuming the existence of parameters which are independent from the fundus location we have to approximate the measured local distribution of spectra by a system of coupled non-linear equations. By a least square fit the local distribution of the extinction of melanin, xantophyll and hemoglobin may be obtained as well as the extension of pathologic alterations at the fundus. The benefits of the method for clinical diagnostics are discussed at first measurements from physiological and pathological examples.