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Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies, Opportunities and Challenges to Climate Change: A Review

Agricultural production is the primary source of income for most smallholder farmers. Climate change and variability are currently emerging as a major challenge to agricultural production by smallholder farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture on small farms. The overall goal of this seminar paper was to examine smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies for increasing crop and livestock production in the face of changing climatic circumstances. Review existing crop and livestock production adaptation strategies, adaptation opportunities, adaptation obstacles, and factors that influence crop and livestock production adaptation strategies under changing climatic circumstances were the specific objectives. Smallholder farmers have used a variety of crop and livestock production adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change and variability-related hazards. Awareness raising and capacity developments are the major important adaptation opportunities for reducing the effect of climate change. Human population growth (large family size), inappropriate land use and forest policies, strategies, and programs, low institutional capacity of local bodies, marginalization of local communities, deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, and decline in soil fertility are all factors that make it difficult for smallholder farmers to adapt to the effects of climate variability and change. Smallholder farmers’ choice of Adaptation Strategies is influenced by agro-ecology, access to climate/weather information, gender, education level, and age of the household head, farm income, non-farm income, credit usage, extension service, and distance from the market center.