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Diabetes Mellitus: Beyond the Triopathy

When diabetes mellitus comes into question, the most common thing that strikes the mind of a physician is triopathy, cardiovascular status and secondary infections due to the immunosupressive state. Attention also needs to be paid to the examination of the oral cavity, auditory, complete ophthalmic, skin, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and muscular system in such patients, so that the work up of a diabetic patient becomes complete in all its aspects. A few noteworthy manifestations are discussed below.


INTRODUCTION
An elevated blood glucose level is associated with dysfunction, damage and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels [1]. The five classic complications associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) include retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular complications (coronary arterial disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease) and delayed wound healing. Periodontal disease has recently been recognized as the "sixth complication" of DM. Oral involvement is in the form of periodontal disease, dental caries, fissured tongue, irritation fibroma, traumatic ulcers, lichen planus, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, xerostomia and burning mouth syndrome. Taste impairment has also been associated with the development of obesity and it has been reported during the course of diabetes [2].
Besides the diabetic retinopathy changes known to occur in DM, other significant ocular findings may be in the form of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic papillopathy, cranial nerve palsy, ocular ischemic syndrome, retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, glaucoma, dry eye and hence a complete ocular workup is mandatory [3]. Diabetic retinopathy changes in pregnancy need a special mention. In patients who had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, studies dem-onstrated that as many as 50% of them may show an increase in their nonproliferative retinopathy during pregnancy. Approximately 5-20 % of these patients develop proliferative changes [4].
Skin involvement in DM is in the form of acanthosis nigricans, acrochordrons, diabetic dermopathy, rubeosis facei, stevensjohnson syndrome, necrobiosis lipoidica, vitiligo, bullosis diabeticorum, psoriasis, lichen planus, xerosis, sclerederma diabeticorum, granuloma annulare, onychodystrophy and periungual telangectasias to name a few [5].Involvement of the auditory organ [6] and diabetic muscular infarction [7] has also been reported in DM. Despite the presence of a large capillary network in the lung, pulmonary complications of DM are frequently disregarded. This is mainly because the alveolarcapillary system is characterized by a great microvascular reserve, and pulmonary abnormalities are commonly subclinical in diabetic patient. The rate of decline in respiratory function in diabetics has been found to be higher than in normal non smoking subjects [8]. A restrictive lung disease pattern has also been reported [9].
In patients with diabetes, acute hyperglycaemia inhibits external anal sphincter function and decreases rectal compliance, potentially increasing the risk of faecal incontinence [10].
Glycogenic hepatopathy is characterized by elevated liver enzyme (especially transaminases), hepatomegaly, and glycogen accumulation within hepatocytes. There is no histological evidence that suggests that the enzyme elevations are due to liver necrosis, so the elevation is considered to be a result of hepatocyte's membrane injury leading to enzyme leakage instead of cell death [11]. The term "hepatogenous diabetes" is used to describe diabetes developing in patients with cirrhosis [12]. Diarrhea is a more common symptom in the diabetic population compared with controls. Besides diabetic enteropathy can itself cause diarrhea, drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus like metformin and acarbose can lead to diarrhoea.
Diabetic patients are more likely to have associated diseases (eg, celiac sprue and microscopic colitis) and hence diarrhoea in diabetes should not be taken lightly [13].
DM has been found to be associated with metabolic bone diseases, osteoporosis, fractures, as well as falls in geriatric patients. Indeed, DM not only aggravates osteopenia and osteoporosis, but is also one of the causes of both conditions. Bone loss is more in mothers with previously diagnosed DM or even with gestational DM [14].The workup of a diabetic patient is