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Review of potential impacts of Atlantic salmon culture on Puget Sound chinook salmon and Hood Canal summer-run chum salmon evolutionarily significant units

The Northwest Fisheries Science Center of the Na­ tional Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible due to time constraints. Documents published in this series may be referenced in the scientific and technical literature. This document examines the potential of Atlantic salmon farming in Puget Sound to impose adverse impacts on the Puget Sound chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Hood Canal summer-run chum salmon (O. keta) evolutionarily significant units (ESUs), both of which were listed as " threatened " under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in March 1999. The threatened status of these populations requires that all activities that may harm the fish or their critical habitat be limited such that they do not appreciably reduce the likelihood for recovery of the ESUs in the wild. Many of the activities that may lead to the take of listed salmon in Puget Sound, including the artificial propagation of salmonids in hatcheries and marine enclosures, will have effects that are incidental to otherwise lawful activities. Among such activities is the private culture of Atlantic salmon. This document presents the best scientific and commercial information available to evaluate the possible effects of salmon farming on listed chinook and summer-run chum salmon populations, and will provide the scientific basis for federal regulatory agency direction for the appropriate management of the industry in Puget Sound. Much of the available scientific information pertaining to salmon aquaculture was produced by NMFS in furtherance of its national mandate to advocate environmentally sustainable aquaculture through research, technology development, financial assistance, and regulatory programs. Locally, Washington State policies also recognize aquaculture as a legitimate and beneficial use of its coastal waters. By reason of NMFS' concomitant responsibilities to conserve Pacific salmon species, especially those listed under the ESA, the agency has also collected, analyzed, and published a significant amount of scientific information relevant to the specific issue of Atlantic salmon impacts on federally listed Pacific salmon. After conducting several scientific reviews of Washington's Atlantic salmon farming industry, including the present one, NMFS concluded that the operations can be managed to minimize risks to local salmon populations. In particular, NMFS found that Washington State regulation of the industry provides adequate protection to stocks of Pacific salmon listed under the ESA. …