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  1. Describe the flow of blood from the veins, into the heart, to the lungs, and back out to the body
    Vena cava --> right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valves --> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs-->pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid/mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta -->body (or coronary arteries --> heart tissue --> coronary sinus --> right atrium)
  2. Describe what is happening in the P, QRS, and T waves of an ECG
    • P wave: depolerazation of atrial muscle and beginning of atrical contraction
    • QRS Wave: depolerazation of ventricles then ventricular contraction
    • T Wave: ventricular relaxation and repolarization

    Atria repolarization are not seen
  3. Describe how an electrical signal travels through the heart
    Charge starts in the SA node and travels across wall of atrium to the AV node. Charge passes through AV node and along AV bundle, through the fibrous skeleton of the heart and into the interventricular septum. Chrage in the AV bundle divides into right and left branches and charge decends int o the apex of each ventricle. Finally charge is carred by the purkinje fibers to the ventricular walls.
  4. What is "preload" and "afterload"?
    Preload is the degree to which the ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole. Afterload is the pressure against which the ventricles must overcome in order to pump blood
  5. Describe the regulation of blood pressure through beroreceptors
    Baroreceptors detect changes in BP and then change the heart rate and force of contraction. These receptors are found in large arteries such as the aorta. When the receptors feel the stretch they send a signal to the medulla oblongata in the brain and the brain then sends aeither a parasympathetic or sympathic signal to slow down or speed up the heart and contract force. The receptor reflexes help to maintain blood pressure in short changes such as when excersising but don't maintain long term BP
  6. What are the types of antibodies and what do they do?
    IgG: activate complement and promote phagocytosis. Can cross placent and provide immune support for fetus

    IgA: secreted in saliva, tears and mucous membranes for protection; found in colostrum and milk for newborn support

    IgM: Activates complements and acts as antigen binder on B cells; responsible for transfusion reactions and often first antibody to be made in response to an antigen

    IgE: Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response

    IgD: Functions as antigin binding receptors on B cells
  7. What do lysozymes do and where can they be found?
    They break down cells and can be found in tears, saliva, mucus and sweat
  8. What is histamine and what does it do?
    A protein from mast cells, basophils, and platelets. Causes vasodialtion, increased vascular permeability, stimlation of gland secretions, smooth muscle contraction in lungs and calls eosinophils to action
  9. What are Kinins and what do they do?
    Polypetides from plasma. Cause vasodilation, increase in vascular permeability, stimulate pain receptors and attract neutrophils
  10. What are interferons and what do they do?
    Proteins from most cells that interfere with virus production and infection by warning other cells that the one broadcasting is hijacked and must be destroyed
  11. Complement proteins, what are they and what do they do?
    Plasma prteins that increase vascular permeability, stimulate histamine and activate kinins
  12. Prostaglandins, what are they and what do they do?
    Group of lipids which cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and stimulate pain receptors
  13. Leukotrienes, what are they and what do they do?
    group of lipids produced by mast cells and basophils that cause prolonged muscle contraction, vascular permeability and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
  14. What are Pyrogens and what do they do?
    Released by neutrophils, monocytes and other cells that stimulate a fever
  15. What are the immune cells of the innate immune system and what do they do?
    Primary cells in the innate system are neutrophils, eosinophils, baophils, mast cells, monocytes and macrophages. The cellscome from red bone marrow and mature there and in tissues. The mature cells are found in blood, connective tissue and lymphatic tissue. The primary secratory products are histamine, kinins, complement, prostaglandins, leukotriences, and interferons. Their primary actions are inflammatory response and phagocytosis.
  16. What are the immune cells of the adaptive immune system and what do they do?
    The primary cells in adaptive immune system are B cells for the anti-body mediated system and T cells for cell mediated. They are made in the red bone marrow and b cells mature there ; T cells mature in the thymus. The mature cells can be found in blood and lymphatic tissue. B cells secret antibodies while T cells make cytokines. The B cells primary action is proection against extracellular antigens while the T cells protect against INTRACELLUAR antigens and tumors. B cells can be involved in immediate hypersensitivity while T cells are involved in delayed hypersensitivity.
  17. Compare and contrast adaptive (antibody mediated and cell mediated) vs innate immunity
    Adaptive immunity grows and changes depending on what the person is exposed to and cells learn. New antibodies are made and the body trains to react faster and faster to the same exposed antigen. This is very specific with what it reacts to.

    With innate immunity the person is born with it and it cannot change Every person has the same innate immunity and these can be mechanical in nature (skin, mucous membranes, tears etc) chemical mediated, cells, and the inflamatory response.
  18. Describe the actions in the complement cascade and what it does
    Image Upload 1
  19. Describe blood flow through the lymphatic system
    Image Upload 2
  20. What does a class MHC 1 cell do
  21. What does a class MHC II cell do
  22. Describe immune system interaction as seen on 19.20
Card Set:
2010-06-24 21:07:28
anatomy respiratory system heart lymphatic immune system

anatomy 2, respiratory system, heart, lymphatic, immune system
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