Gender Planning on the Basis of Facts jhaleh shadi talab هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per Gender planning intends to enable the women to achieve justice and equality. To justify the matter, this article tries to analyze the related presuppositions in two aspects: a) to understand concept transformations, and b) to revise the planning presuppositions. Research findings in rural communities of Yazd and West Azarbaijan Provinces imply that women along with men Contribate to family income. Meanwhile, men's economic decision-making in the families is still common. The women in Yazd Province villages were financially more independent than those of the West Azarbaijan; and, during the recent two decades, their presence in general atmosphere of the society was remarkably eye-catching. Regarding considerable differences among these two societies, any planning according to the traditional presuppositions about women will fail. Some social-cultural traits do not relate to biological dimensions. For instance, according to a conceptual cliche, "cooking is a womanly activity"; however, in many countries, men are considered the best cooks. Therefore, there is not any relation between this character trait (management) and biological dimensions of the women. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 1 32 Social Identity and Prevention of Social Deviance abolfazl ashrafi هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per "Social Identity" in the present study refers to an individual's conception, understanding, and evaluation of himself or herself in the eyes of others. or of the society. Whenever such a conception, understanding, or evaluation is positive, to the extent that an individual enjoys a stance, value, and respect among others, he/she will gain a positive sense of his/her social identity; otherwise, he/she will adopt a sense of social estrangement. The institutions of family, school, mass media.specially television and cinema, the government as well as peer groups contribute to the formation of social identity. Whenever such institutions provide a sense of social identity for individuals (specially adolescents), this sense will prevent their social deviances. The study was carried out among two adolescent groups (male & female): our hypothesis was:the lower the sense of social identity among adolescents, the greater the degree of their identification with the Western patterns of RAP and Heavy Metal. The result indicatea that social identity was effective in prevention of social deviances. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 33 61 Analysis of the Backgrounds and Objectives of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Based on the Revolutionary Slogans mohamad hoseyn panahi هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per Slogans are considered as a useful and valuable reference in analyzing various revolutionary trends. In case of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, these references have not been studied sociologically yet. The writer of this article intends to analyze the backgrounds and objectives of the Islamic Revolution based on its slogans. First of all, the writer has explained the compilation and separation procedures of the slogans (nearly 4150 slogans). Then, demonstrating the related tables and figures, he has tried to clarify the backgrounds of the Islamic Revolution. Finally, some conclusions from the content analysis of the slogans have been presented. According to this research, the undesirable cultural and political conditions of the Pahlavi Government are considered as the most important factors leading to the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 63 84 Public Service Advertising; An Unknown Capacity in Developmental Communications mohammad mehdi forghani هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per Public service advertising or public service broadcasting, a relatively new category in developmental communications and propagation, is naturally developmental and: a) does not involve private profits for advertiser(s); b) considers "teaching" and "information" as the basic constituents; and c) requires modern methods of journalism and propagation simultaneously. Public service advertising roots in governmental agents or state official institutions who are responsible for meeting the requirements and services which order the related services organizing the related affairs, and administer the various sectors of society. The audience of public service broadcasting belong to defferent social classes who are aimed according to the subject and content of the messages. The objective of this medium is to improve the living qualities and to make the people acquainted with their own responsibilities and social priorities. In this article, the writer, reviewing the history and roles of public service advertising in the world, intends to analyze the impact of this medium on content of messages in the media and transformation of media activities, introduce the public service broadcasting and their roles in national development, clarify their traits and characteristics, define the similarities and differences between public service advertising and commercial advertising, present the applicable forms and techniques used in public service advertising, determine the necessity for national policy-making in respect of public service broadcasting, and discuss about establishment of a "National Committee of Policy-Making for Public Service Advertising." Seemingly, attentive consideration of this newly-known facility along with application of scientific methods and long-term planning for determination of developmental priorities may provide new opportunities leading to social changes through political, economicod, cultural, material, and social improvements. Media, as the change agents would help this national project aptly. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 85 110 Work Songs: The Forgotten Work Melodies of Craftsmen and Artificers morteza farhadi هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per The writer of this article, first of all, defines the inevitable relation between literature and society, explaining the reflection of social conditions on this relation-although literature is not considered as a full-size but as a magic mirror of the society which reflects merely caricatures of the facts. Then, the writer intends to define logically "the generative economic work songs", describing the popular songs and their various types and traits. Afterwards, he tries 10 determine the position of generative work songs among the other kinds of popular songs and define the relationship between any kind of these songs and other cultural sectors. Finally, the writer attempts to clarify the history, backgrounds, and functions of these songs and explain how they have gradually been neglected and disappeared. A number of work songs related to the farmers who work on rice-fields of the Northern Provinces have been presented at the end of the article. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 111 144 Participation of the Earthquake Victims in Rebuilding the Damaged Regions mohammad zahedi asl هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per The main question of the research was as follows: "How much have the villagers of Ardebil, who were striken by earthquake, particpated in rebuilding the damaged areas, consideriny to their social, cultural, and economical traits"? To answer this question, descriptive research method (surveying) has been applied. All those families who were residents of the damaged villages (at least with %20 destruction rate) have been studied. Testing the hypothesises related to "participation" variable and the relevant variables, the following conclusions were reached: - the relationship between participation, and age, literacy, and health of the family heads was approaved; but, the relationship between participation and gender of the family heads was not approaved; - there was no difference between participation, the amount of the sown lands, and the kind of the land ownership; whereas, the difference between "participation" and the whole income of the family head was approaved; - relationship between participation and destruction rate of the houses was approaved; - those family heads who were more satisfied by the governmental aids claimed  accordingly more participation; - those family heads who were against reconstruction of the damaged regions did not participate in rebuilding these areas and vice versa. Concerning these conclusions, the writer has posed a number of suggestions respectively. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 145 174 People's Attitudes Towards Disable Persons alireza kaldi هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per The present research accomplished with the aim of an investigation about aspects influenced on the people's attitudes towards the disable persons in Tehran. The general aim of the research was an investigation about the social acceptance of the disable persons. The method of study was survey research, and data was cllected by questionnaire. Sample population included 1500 persons over 18 years old residing in 20 districts of Tehran. Sampling was of random systematic and cluster type. The results achieved in this research were as follows: Attitudes towards persons with disability tend to be two sided, positive and negative. These attitudes according to the variables such as age, sex, level of education, occupation, and marital status of respondents ivere different. People with multiple disabilities were the least, and people with stuttering were the most accepted forms of the disabilities. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 175 201 Contribution of Iranian Women to Decision· Makings ozra jarallahi هیئت علمی دانشکاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per Women have always played important roles in various historical periods in nomadic, rural, and urban communities. Meanwhile, they have been involved in different sectors, such as agriculture, services, and industry. However, the most important managerial occupations, which require fundamental and crucial decision-makings in social levels, have been occupied by men rather than women. According to the Constitution of I.R. of Iran (article No. 28) all qualified persons are authorized to occupy various jobs in different managerial levels of the society. But, contrary to the law, this article has not been realized in our Iranian society aptly. As a result, women's roles in home economics and family affairs have been fading. Authorities have come to the conclusion that equalization of men and women in social, cultural, political, and economical decision-makings will lead to realization of democracy, equality, development, and social justice. In this respect, many attempts have been carried out by different national, regional, and international groups and organizations, including "World Conference of Nairubi", and "The Fourth Conference of Women" in Beiging in 1995. But, true realization of quality requires much more effort. It should be noted that the Iranian Women, considering the decision-making power (both in micro and macro levels), enjoy a relatively acceptable status, comparred to those who live in other Islamic developing countries. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 203 223 The Influence of Traffic-Police Presence on the Compliance of Pedestrians to Pedestrian's Light khadijeh ali abadi هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author yousef karimi هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per This article intends to determine the influence of traffic policeman presence on the compliance of pedestrians to pedestrian light. The subjects those pedestrians who were crossing the Enqelab Ave. from south-west side of Enqelab Sq. from 10 to 12 a.m. Twenty red lights (ten lights in presence of traffic policeman, and ten lights in absence of him) were considered in two-hour intervals. Research method was obervation in real conditions. Regarding the meaningfulness of the difference among the ratioes, the numerical rates of the pedestrians in two afore-mentioned conditions were calculated. The difference was meaningful in P < 0.01, concluding that the compliance of pedestrians to pedestrian lights is affected by the presence of the traffic policeman in crossings. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 225 235 Epistemological Theory of lbn-Khaldun naserodin ghorab هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author taghi azad armaki هیئت علمی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2001 per Ibn - Khaldun has an epistemological theory which is the result of his criticisms to cognitive limitations of rational knowledges. Ibn-Khaldun believes that human being is different from animal by thought. With it, he perceives himself and forms his historical-social life. For Ibn-Khaldun, there are two classes of perceptions: sense perception and spiritual perception. Through sense perception, knowledge is begun and improved. Even rational arguments belong to this type of perception. Thereby the first, confronts external reality and then universal forms are shaped in it. In other words, universals are formed through observation and induction. By searching on species, sex, and character of things, universals are formed. In "ELME-OMRAN", universals are accidental and essential qualities of social facts. In view of Ibn-Khaldun, science is a knowledge toward causal relationship of things. Causal explanation of relationship among things is realized by an explanation based on material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, and final cause. Social Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University 1735-1162 7 v. 11.12 no. 2001 237 255