{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.015254237288135594, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.864341085271318, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Comparison of Targeting Accuracy with Conventional and MR Guided Deep Brain Stimulator Implantation

Introduction Deep brain stimulators (DBS) are surgically implanted devices that are presently used to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Additional indications for deep brain stimulation, including other movement disorders, epilepsy, depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, and Tourette’s syndrome, are rapidly emerging. For maximal efficacy, DBS electrodes must be precisely positioned within a target brain structure that is specific to the treated disease. Conventional DBS electrode insertion is performed stereotactically and is supplemented by intraoperative physiologic mapping to help refine electrode position. This requires an awake, cooperative patient and the insertion of microelectrodes into the brain to perform physiologic mapping. We have developed an alternate approach for implantation of DBS electrodes that utilizes intraoperative MR guidance. This approach has several significant advantages, including the ability to directly visualize the deep brain target and confirm technical success prior to completion of the surgery. It may obviate the need for invasive physiologic tests on awake patients and therefore open the therapy up to a wider range of patients and clinical conditions. It further has the potential to substantially simplify and shorten the operative procedure, minimize the risk of hemorrhagic complications due to fewer brain penetrations, and result in more accurate and consistent DBS electrode positioning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the targeting accuracy that can be achieved with conventional stereotactic implantation to that which has been achieved with MR guidance.