{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.015384615384615385, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02564102564102564, 'mean_word_length': 5.054263565891473, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Contribution from pulsars

A detailed review of the information on the primary cosmic-ray spectrum in the energy interval 1012-1016 eV is given. Methods based on the analysis of the secondary cosmic rays in the atmosphere are described and the results are discussed. By using quantitative predictions based on the mechanism suggested by Gunn & Ostriker, and experimental information about pulsars, the energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays is obtained. Under the assumption that the confinement time of the cosmic rays at energies around 1015 eV is of the order of one million years, the energy spectrum obtained agrees with the experimental observations in the energy interval 1014-1016 eV. Different mechanisms of accelerations are required below and above the stated energies.