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Energy efficiency of encryption schemes applied to wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we focus on the energy efficiency of secure communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Our research considers link layer security of WSNs, investigating both the ciphers and the cryptographic implementation schemes, including aspects such as the cipher mode of operation and the establishment of initialization vectors (IVs). We evaluate the computational energy efficiency of different symmetric key ciphers considering both the algorithm characteristics and the effect of channel quality on cipher synchronization. Results show that the computational energy cost of block ciphers is less than that of stream ciphers when data are encrypted and transmitted through a noisy channel. We further investigate different factors affecting the communication energy cost of link layer cryptographic schemes, such as the size of payload, the mode of operation applied to a cipher, the distribution of the IV, and the quality of the communication channel. A comprehensive performance comparison of different cryptographic schemes is undertaken by developing an energy analysis model of secure data transmission at the link layer. This model is constructed considering various factors affecting both the computational cost and communication cost, and its appropriateness is verified by simulation results. In conclusion, we recommend using a block cipher instead of a stream cipher to encrypt data for WSN applications and using a cipher feedback scheme for the cipher operation, thereby achieving energy efficiency without compromising the security in WSNs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 
 
(This study is based on “An analysis of link layer encryption schemes in wireless sensor networks” by X. Zhang, H. M. Heys, and C. Li, which appeared in the Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2010), Cape Town, South Africa, May 2010, and “Energy efficiency of symmetric key cryptographic algorithms in wireless sensor networks” by X. Zhang, H. M. Heys, and C. Li, which appeared in the Proceedings of Biennial Symposium on Communications (QBSC 2010), Kingston, Canada, May 2010. ©2010 IEEE.)