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Through the looking glass – the adventures of seeing beyond the diffraction limit

The dream of understanding the inner cell has initiated research since many centuries. Already the first inventor of a microscope, Antoni van Leuwenhoek, wanted to learn more about the inner structure and the dynamics of “dierkens”, animalcules such as bacteria, protozoa and spermatozoa he observed in the 1650s and documented in fascinating drawings. His experiments, realized by fixing the spermatozoa into slender hollow glass pipes “not thicker than a man’s hair”, allowed him to “make the red globules of the blood appear” [1]. There was a significant progress in lens design in the following centuries, featured by introduction of corrected lenses and later achromatic lenses. By combining