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Figures of Female Militancy in Medieval France

This plaintive voice, lamenting men's loss of military prestige, sounds the alarm over the figure of women fighting during the high Middle Ages. On one level, it heralds the classic "world-upsidedown" syndrome, teasing its thirteenth-century French public with an image of social disorder.2 On another, it fields the idea of women in a martial setting, bespeaking a thorny issue touching families and communities across medieval Europe. Not only are such formulations rare, but they are made doubly difficult to interpret because of their ambiguous tone. Is this vision of the topsy-turvy conceived in jest? Or does it signal a controversy