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The effectiveness of organomineral feed additives from local raw materials in feeding young horses in Yakutia

The article presents data on the study of the effect of organomineral feed additives based on sapropel and zeolite in combination with mineral salt while feeding young horses in the Far North of Yakutia. The research was carried out on young horses of the Yan type of the Yakut breed. Three groups of experimental young horses were selected. Clinically healthy animals were approved for scientific experiment. The research program included the study of growth and development for individual periods of cultivation, assessment of nutritional value of diets by groups, the study of the blood morpho-biochemical composition to determine the effect of feed additives on the animal physiology. Experiments have shown that animals consuming organomineral feed additives grew more intensively and surpassed their peers in all periods of rearing. Thus, at 5 months of age horses from II and III experimental groups surpassed others by 0.78% and 0.50%, and upon reaching 6 months of age this indicator was equal to 2.37% and 1.55%. In total, during the experiment the animals from the experimental groups exceeded the test group by 10.92% and 6.21% in terms of live weight. This is most noticeable in the average daily gain in live weight. Therefore, at the age of 4-5 months the experimental groups grew more intensively than the test group by 8.68% and 3.77%; in the 5-6-month age the result was similar (by 13.16% and 8.65%). It means that feeding organomineral additives to young horses contributed to a significant increase in live weight and to the improvement in the blood morpho-biochemical composition.


Introduction
The feeding process in horse breeding is an important element of highly profitable production. Horses make good use of the food energy, noting that the body absorbs 89% of the energy contained in the digested nutrients, and no more than 12% of energy is released with waste products. Poor food quality is the main reason for ineffective horse feeding. This applies to the content of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. To solve this problem, it is proposed to introduce compound feeds containing a sufficient amount of deficient nutrients in the diets. At the same time, the relevance of extra feed and various vitamin and mineral feed additives use is noted. The paper also presents recipes for special compound feeds that ensure maximum digestibility of nutrients in horse diet [1].
The presented works [2,3,4] give approximate norms, diets and basic needs of trotting, riding and heavy draft horses. According to the information [5] due to the imbalance of macronutrients in horses, specific symptoms appear in their bodies. Therefore, horse diets must be regulated according to main macronutrients content.
In the work [6] it is indicated that an unbalanced diet, irregular feeding, poor quality food as well as stress affect the performance of horses. Stress can be caused by changes in ambient temperature. The imbalance and deficiency of nutrients and minerals in horses' diets cause specific changes, contributing to a decrease in their productivity. At the same time, it is noted that the elimination of nutritional deficiencies, animals are fed food containing the necessary amount of nutrients. However, it should be mentioned that with chronic nutritional deficiencies, this solution is not enough. Mineral deficiency in the nutrition of horses can be solved by feeding them with a concentrate mixture that contains necessary minerals.
According to current data local natural resources such as waste from the food industry, logging, sapropels, zeolites, and mineral salts can be used as balancing elements of nutrition [7,8,9,10]. Such resources in Yakutia include sapropels, which are rich in addition to the mineral component and have an organic component that contains protein, fats, vitamins, enzymes and other biologically active substances. Also in Yakutia there are zeolite deposits in the Suntarsky region, the composition of which is presented as: SiО2 -65.11%, Аl2О3 -12.16%, Fe2О3 -1.08%, СаО -2.62%, МgО -1.88%, К2О + Na2О -3.3%, ТiО2 -0.13%, and other related substances [11,12].
There is information on the effective use of feed additives of this type from other deposits in farm animals feeding.
Studies [13] have established a positive effect of different doses of sapropel in dairy cow feeding. Thus, the inclusion of sapropel in the diet of animals contributed to an increase in milk productivity, milk quality, and also improved the ratio of calcium and phosphorus. The authors recommend adding sapropel to the diet of cows at the rate of 450 g per head daily.
There is also a lot of current scientific data on the effectiveness of sapropels in combination with other feed additives, preparations, or its use as the main filler of a feed additive.
Experiments on the use of non-traditional feed additives in horse breeding have shown that the inclusion of propolis, zeolites and biotrin in their diet has a positive effect on the intestinal microflora of animals. Also, when using local natural feed additives, the effectiveness in correcting the immune status of horses was noted [14].
In horse breeding an experiment was carried out on the use of hongurin in feeding young horses. Extra mineral feed additive promoted the improvement of the growth indices of young animals under experiment [15].
Our earlier experiments showed that feeding additives of zeolite and sapropel are effective in dairy horse breeding, but at the same time there is no data on the possibility of using feed additives in meat horse breeding.
The purpose to study organomineral feed additives effect on the growth and development of young horses of the Yan type in conditions of Yakutia. Tasks: • to study the effect of feed additives on the dynamics of young horses live weight; • to research the morpho-biochemical parameters of young horses.

Material and research methods
Scientific and economic experiment in studying the effectiveness of organomineral feed additives in horse breeding was organized in conditions of the Verkhoyansk region, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). 30 heads of young horses of the Yan type were selected, and divided into three equal groups (one test and two experimental). The experiment was performed on the 4 months olds. Young horses consumed feed without experimental additives, while animals of the II and III experimental groups additionally received experimental complex feed additives including sapropel 0.6 and 0.7 g per g / kg of live weight, hongurin at the rate of 0.5 and 0.6 g / kg of live weight and 16 g of Kempendyai The effect of organomineral feed additives from local natural raw materials on indicators of live weight dynamics, and blood biochemical composition have been studied. Calculation of animal growth during each experiment was carried out in terms of live weight by monthly weighing with subsequent determination of the absolute and average daily gain. The research results were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics [16].

Research results and discussions
In the Verkhoyansk region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), which is part of the Arctic zone, the Yan type of aboriginal horse is bred. In terms of body parameters, they are larger, and in terms of live weight, they are heavier in comparison with other horse breeds [17].
The Verkhoyansk region is known for being the pole of cold, which shares this title with the Oymyakon region. The technology of maintenance and breeding of the local horses of the Yan type has its own characteristic features inherent in natural and climatic conditions, that is -a long cold period with very low ambient temperatures and a short summer hot period. In winter horse feed is scarce and consists of poor quality pasture, insurance feed and oats for emergencies, as well as seasonal forage for mares. Young animals are especially difficult in the winter season. Thinning pasture consists of forbs of natural meadows, therefore, its quality and availability depends on the natural and climatic conditions and the growing area. Winter pasture is inferior in nutritional value and mineral supply to green grass in summer. The poor development of fodder production in the region as in other regions is due to the weak provision of farms with modern machines and tractors, field fodder production and land reclamation. The basic component of the fodder base for horse breeding in the region is natural land, including remote areas that are difficult to access located along the banks of the river Yan with its water system. The average estimated productivity of pastures ranges up to 1.5 tons of hay per hectare.
For the experiment three groups of young horses of the Yan type were formed with 10 heads in each group, using the method of analogues with similar conditions for all groups. The average daily summer diet of the experimental 4 months aged young horses is presented in table 2. Analysis of the summer daily diet showed that there is a deficiency in some nutritional elements. This concerns the content of phosphorus, copper, cobalt and iodine [2].
In cold weather the diets of 6 months aged young horses had a greater deficiency in nutrients (table  3). The winter diet of young horses is deficient in phosphorus, copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine, vitamin D and E. The use of feed additives improves the mineral composition of young horses' diet. During the experiment it was found that the inclusion of organomineral feed additives effected the dynamics of the young horses' live weight (table 4). At the beginning of the experiment the live weight of young horses was the same and equaled 152.5-153.4 kg. At the age of 5 months young horses from the test group began to yield to the animals in the experimental groups by 0.78% and 0.5%. Noticeable changes began to be traced at the age of 6 months, where the control group of animals yielded to the animals of the II and III experimental groups by 2.37% and 1.55%, respectively (P> 0.95). The absolute increase was 53.1 kg in the test group, 58.9 kg in the II experimental group and 56.4 kg in the III experimental group, respectively. During the experiment, the control group of animals in terms of live weight was inferior to the experimental groups by 10.92% and 6.21%.
The growth rate of young horses, expressed in average daily gains, is presented in table 5. In the first period of 4-5 months of age the young horses of the test group had a growth rate of 883.33 g per day, 8.68% (P> 0.999) and 3.77% behind experimental groups II and III by this criterion. In the period of 5-6 months of age animals of the test group showed the increase of 886.67 g per day, which is less than the indicators of the II experimental group by 13.16% (P> 0.95) and more than the data on the III experimental group by 8.65%. At the end of the experiment the average daily gain for the entire period was determined, which amounted to 885.00 g in the test group of animals, and in the II and III experimental groups of animals were equal to 981.67 and 940 g, respectively. Thus, organomineral feed additives in the feeding of young horses of the Yan type largely contributed to an increase in the average daily gain in live weight.
To study the effect from local natural raw materials on the physiological state of experimental young horses the biochemical composition of blood was analyzed (table 6).  At the beginning of the experiment the difference in the biochemical composition of young horses' blood of different groups was insignificant. However, at the end of the experiment in all studied blood parameters in animals of the II and III experimental groups, there was an advantage over the indicators of the test group in total protein by 0.23% and 0.12%, albumin by 0.13% and 0.1%, globulin by 0.1% and 0.03%, hemoglobin by 3.5% and 2.15%, as well as by the chemical composition of blood (phosphorus by 9.09% and 5.05%, calcium by 2.68% and 1%).

Conclusion
The experiment has shown that the use of organomineral feed additives in feeding young horses has a positive effect on the dynamics of live weight. The experiment has shown that the use of organomineral feed additives in feeding young horses has a positive effect on the dynamics of live weight. Upon reaching the age of 5 months, young horses of the II and III experimental groups surpassed the animals of the test group by 0.78% and 0.5%, at 6 months of age by 2.37% and 1.55% (P> 0.95). Totally, during the experiment the experimental group of animals exceeded the test group by 10.92 % and 6.21 %.
In terms of average daily gains in live weight the animals of the II and III experimental groups were superior to the test group in all rearing periods: at 4-5 months of age by 8.68% (P> 0.999) and 3.77%, at 5-6 months of age by 13.16% (P> 0.95).
The normalization of the biochemical composition of young horses' blood is associated with the consumption of organomineral feed additives from local natural raw materials, which provided all the deficient nutrients in the basic feed.
Thus, the use of organomineral feed additives in feeding young horses helps to improve growth and development, and normalize their physiological state.