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Biology and bafflegab: dark versus bright words in the human sciences

If a reader familiar with the Book of Job were to ask today, ‘Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge?’, the answer could often be ‘A popular writer on human biology’. Below I try to throw light on prominent instances of darkened counsel. Each bears on the roles of environment and heredity in human development. Although, for decades, most of them have been exposed as causes of error, each of the usages and statements criticised has appeared in recent weighty writings or in influential journalism. All, however, have a value, for they oblige us to attempt difficult, critical thinking about ourselves as social beings.