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Translations of Blind Perception in the Films Monika (2011) and Antoine (2008)

In their book Cultural Locations of Disability, David Mitchell and Sharon Snyder critically examine the Deaf‐ and‐Blind‐cycle made by Frederick Wiseman in the 1980s, and point out how the documentary filmmaker seeks to analyze the disciplinary techniques used in institutions for the blind, deaf and blind. The authors conceive of Wiseman’s observational “direct‐cinema”‐approach – that sometimes seems ambivalently voyeuristic – as a means of critique that aims at demonstrating how subjects are treated in these specific sites for the disabled and how such institutions “coerce acceptable behaviors and restrict bodily movements as their primary tactic.” Regarding the portrayal of the blind and deaf‐blind within the institutional frame in these films, Mitchell and Snyder detect a hierarchy between the sighted and non‐sighted that also surfaces in scenes addressing cane traveling. During the mobility training, individuals that have become blind are introduced to a dual discipline. For instance, a young woman “learns to maneuver a cane while also being subject to the evaluative oversight of the instructor.” It is a practice of “learning to be blind” that viewers of the film witness while they simultaneously become a part of a hierarchical dichotomy (as they watch the instructor overseeing the blind person) denoting non‐sighted individuals as deficient and in the need of learning how to cope with their situation. This particular configuration persists even after the mobility training has ended because blind – as well as sighted – individuals will “carry an internalized version of an evaluating gaze. [...] the technique of cane traveling comes with the initiation of a visually impaired individual into a panoptic scheme that follows her wherever she goes.” Blindness, in this example, can thus be understood as an interactional practice creating a social difference and forcing the non‐sighted to recognize it and to create a new identity. The non‐sighted are obliged to either accept or reject this disability identity, to respond to the stigma and thus becoming a self/group based on their response.