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Multiple factors contribute to acetylcholine-induced renal afferent arteriolar vasodilation during myogenic and norepinephrine- and KCl-induced vasoconstriction. Studies in the isolated perfused hydronephrotic kidney.

Acetylcholine (ACh) elicits vasodilation by releasing a number of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs). We used the isolated perfused hydronephrotic rat kidney to examine the characteristics of ACh-induced vasodilation of renal afferent arterioles during different types of underlying vasoconstriction. Basal arteriolar tone was increased by either elevating perfusion pressure to 180 mm Hg (myogenic), administering 0.3 mumol/L norepinephrine (NE), or elevating medium potassium concentration to 30 mmol/L (KCl). ACh (10 mumol/L) completely reversed myogenic and NE-induced vasoconstriction and reversed KCl-induced vasoconstriction by 80 +/- 5%. However, whereas ACh produced a sustained vasodilation during KCl- and NE-induced vasoconstriction, only a transient reversal of myogenic vasoconstriction was observed, and myogenic tone recovered within 5 to 10 minutes. ACh-induced vasodilation of arterioles preconstricted with KCl was markedly inhibited by either indomethacin (100 mumol/L) or nitro-L-arginine (100 mumol/L) and was completely abolished by pretreatment with both inhibitors. In contrast, indomethacin and nitro-L-arginine had no effect on the transient response to ACh observed during pressure-induced vasoconstriction. In vessels preconstricted with NE, nitro-L-arginine converted the normally sustained response to ACh to a transient vasodilation, which was refractory to both nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibition. Since this component was not observed during KCl-induced vasoconstriction, it may reflect the actions of an, as yet unidentified, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Our findings thus suggest that prostanoids, nitric oxide, and EDHF all contribute to ACh-induced renal afferent arteriolar vasodilation and that the relative contributions of these individual EDRFs depends on the nature of the underlying renal vascular tone.