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II. METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR THE FAMILY TRANSITIONS STUDY.

Participants included 241 families, including mothers, fathers, and their firstborn children. Families were initially recruited through flyers posted in local obstetric clinics, hospitals, pediatricians’ offices, child care centers, child-birth education classes, and local newspaper advertisements. The majority of participants (64%) were recruited through obstetric clinics; local media provided 30% of our participants, and word of mouth accounted for 6%. To be eligible for the study, families had to meet the following criteria: (1) the mother was pregnant with her second child; (2) the father was the biological father of the second child (98% were also the biological father of the firstborn); (3) the mother and the father were living together (99% were married); (3) the older sibling was between the ages of 1 and 5 years at the time of the infant’s birth; and (4) the older sibling did not have chronic and severe physical, mental, or developmental problems. Upon birth, infants with chronic health problems or identifiable disabilities/anomalies, prematurity (< 37 weeks) or a birth weight less than 2500 grams were not included. All births were singleton. Of the 408 families who contacted the project office and met study criteria, 241 (59.1%) agreed to participate. Most families cited the time commitment as the major reason for not participating. During the first prenatal home visit, research staff explained the study in greater detail during which parents had the opportunity to ask questions before they signed consent forms for the study, which was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Medical School at the University of Michigan. Families were compensated $300 for participating in all phases of the study. The attrition rate was 15.8% across the 12 months of the study. The final sample of 241 families was chosen to account for a 15% attrition rate across the study period with the goal of having at least 200 families available for planned analyses. We chose 200 families in order to have an .80 power to detect small-to-medium effects using two-tailed alpha = .05 (e.g., r = .19, two group d = .4, two times d = .2, an ANOVA effect size f = .23 with 4 groups). At 12 months, 203 families remained in the study.