{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02391904323827047, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03219871205151794, 'mean_word_length': 4.467336683417085, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Characterization of tissue processing with a continuous-wave Tm:YAG laser at 2.06-μm wavelength

Laser radiation in the mid infrared region is a promising tool for soft tissue processing due to its strong absorption in water. In this study, a cw Tm:YAG laser emitting at 2.06 micrometer was used for basic investigations. The laser has a maximum output power of more than 30 W. Fresh pig skin, liver and heart tissue were irradiated at different intensities (up to 65 kW/cm2) and irradiation times (400 ms to 20 s). As a delivery system a 400 micrometer quartz fiber was used in contact as well as in non-contact mode. The irradiated samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. The ablation efficiency on soft tissue was determined to about 0.3 mg/J. The thermal induced damage covered a region of 100 to 500 micrometers lateral and 500 to 1000 micrometers axial to the crater. With regard to its compact dimensions and high efficiency the cw Tm:YAG laser appears to be a promising alternative to the CO2 laser especially when fiber transmission of the radiation is required.