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Comments on important genetic topics from papers in other journals

The mouse Pax gene family all code for a protein domain, the paired box, originally identified in the Drosophila mutation Paired. It is a DNA binding element important in gene regulation and embryonic pattern formation, similar in many ways to the homeobox. Pax-1 is expressed in the segmented prevertebral column from day 9 in the mouse embryo, and later in the thymus and sternum. Pax-1 maps to mouse chromosome 2, near to the un (undulated) locus. Undulated mutants show abnormal development of the vertebral column and sternum, and have alterations in Pax-1. In this paper the authors show that the DNA sequence change in one un mutant, which results in a glycine-serine replacement in a highly conserved region of the molecule, changes the DNA binding activity of the Pax-l protein. Affinity for normal receptor sequences is greatly reduced, consistent with a recessive loss-of-function mutation. In addition, the affinity for certain other sequences is much increased, suggesting there may also be dominant gain-of-function effects. Since human counterparts are known for this and some other Pax genes, it is clear that this represents an important avenue of investigation into human dysmorphic syndromes.