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Identification of cell types producing Interferon‐gamma (IFN g) in the brain and periphery of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infected macaques

Animal models of HIV infection are important in studies of organs such as the brain, which are inaccessible in humans until death. One consistent animal model is the accelerated SIV/macaque model, in which Macaca nemestrina (pigtailed macaques) are dually inoculated with a neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV/17E‐Fr) and an immunorepressive SIV swarm (SIV/Delta B670). Ninety percent of the animals develop nervous system disease within three months of infection. Here, we examine IFN g during the acute, latent, and terminal stages of infection. IFN g is prominently involved in the stimulation of cellular immunity. However, the identities and relative contributions of cell types producing IFN g during SIV infection, especially in the CNS, have not been fully characterized. This study uses locked nucleic acid (LNA) in situ hybridization to identify sources of IFN g mRNA in the CNS and the periphery of SIV infected macaques. Additionally, the effects of treatment with minocycline and Highly Active Anti‐Retroviral Therapy (HAART) on IFN g production were examined. Surprisingly, neurons and astrocytes appeared to be producing IFN g in uninfected macaques. In the spleen, the white pulp expressed high levels of IFN g. Further cellular co‐localization studies may confirm these results.