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Tools for Ensuring and Assessing the Economic Security of Enterprises of the Fuel and Energy Sector of the Northern Resource-Extracting Region Based on their Network Interaction

The article outlines the role of the economy of the northern resource-extracting regions in the system of national and economic security of the country, examines the current problems of the fuel and energy sector that pose threats to the economic security of enterprises of the fuel and energy sector of the northern resource-extracting region, as well as considers the need to apply new approaches to the issues of ensuring the economic security of enterprises. The reasons and advantages of using network interaction to neutralize the threats that have arisen in the industry are identified based on the abstract-logical approach. The expert assessments, as well as tools for ensuring the economic security of enterprises of the fuel and energy sector of the northern resource-extracting region, have been developed using the methods of statistical and economic analysis. This concerns the developed algorithm for assessing the economic security of an enterprise, a system of indicators, and threshold values for economic security, criteria for determining the level of economic security, and a corresponding conceptual model, allowing to quickly identify threats to the economic security of the internal environment, near and far environment (network), identify strategies and measures to maintain or improve economic security. Key-words: Economic Security, Fuel And Energy Sector Enterprises, Economic Security Indicators, Threshold Values, Network Interaction, Inter-Firm Cooperation, Northern Resource-Extracting Regions, Economic Security Model.


Introduction
The global economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic has jeopardized network interactions between enterprises in Russia and the world in general. As a result, the level of economic The problems of economic security in the system of enterprise-industry-region-state have led to the need to address issues related to forecasting risks and threats, creating mechanisms to counter threats, designing models for managing economic objects that would provide competitive advantages, and leveling adverse events in the real sector of the economy through the cooperation of economic entities of the value chain [Osipov, 2013].
Ensuring the economic security of enterprises of the fuel and energy sector (FES) in the northern resource-extracting regions, which act as a guarantor of the national, economic, and energy security of the country, is of particular relevance. In recent years, there has been a permanent threat of falling oil production in the northern territories, particularly, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug -Yugra (hereinafter -KhMAO-Yugra)the oil base of the country, which produces about 4% of the global oil production volume and more than 40% of oil production in Russian. This threat is caused by the following conditions and factors [Bogomolova, Ustyuzhanceva, 2020;Larchenko, Kolesnikov, 2017;Islamutdinov, 2016].
the low share of innovation-active enterprises (about 6%); deterioration of the quality of oil reserves; reduction of investment volume; imposition of international economic sanctions; lack of in-house technologies for the development of hard-to-recover oil reserves and deposits of the Bazhenov formation; reduced oil recovery rate; the effect of institutional traps (investment, pseudo-innovation activity, catch-up development and copying, education, etc.). Therefore, in the context of the qualitative complication of oil production, the transition to the development and production of new types of resources, an approach toward the development of northern resource-extracting regions based on the economically safe functioning of fuel and energy sector enterprises, as well as the need for specific regional innovations, whose development and implementation should be entrusted to the local innovation and scientific and educational complex, and the service sector [Kryukov, 2017], which is possible with a properly built system of relations.
Thus, today's threats and challenges to the enterprises of the fuel and energy sector of the northern resource-extracting region determine the urgency of maintaining the economic security of the sector enterprises at a high level by developing tools to ensure it, considering the factors of network interaction.

Methods
To ensure economic security, one of the key objectives is to identify signs of weaknesses and strengths of the enterprise based on the assessment of changes in quantitative and qualitative indicators allowing getting the final result, that is, the level of economic security of the economic entity. To manage economic security, it is necessary to have a certain sample, comparing with which will allow drawing a conclusion about the current level of economic security of the company, and making appropriate managerial decisions, which is based on the use of the integrated assessment method.
According to S.V. Kazantsev, Professor of Economics, the assessment of the level of security of the object is "determining the measure of proximity of the actual state of this object to the state of its complete security". The lack of quantitative and qualitative indicators of economic security makes it impossible to monitor and reflect the implementation of certain priorities [Gorodetsky, 2017]. The problems of determining economic security at any level "need to determine the boundaries of the safe functioning of the system and develop threshold values that would allow assessing the maximum level of changes in its parameters, beyond which there are dangers in a particular field..." [Mityakov, 2017].
Indicators are a key tool for identifying possible threats and risks and contain thresholds, failure to comply with which leads to the formation of negative trends, and the weakening of the level of economic security of the enterprise. The upper and lower limits of the threshold level create a "security corridor" [Pozdeyev, 2015], the exit from which requires prompt action.
According to the works of Professor of Economics V.K. Senchagov, threshold values are understood as "limit values, whose ignoring prevents the normal development of the economy... and leads to the formation of destructive trends in the field of production...". They must be used to "separate the normal level of economic security from the insufficient one. The greater the degree of failure of the indicator to reach the threshold value, the greater is the level of risk, and the lower is the protection from possible threats" [Senchagov, 2012]. Therefore, the use of the indicator approach allows determining the deviation of economic security indicators from the threshold values, which serve as indicators of possible threats.
Since the indicative analysis serves as the basis for methodological approaches to economic security, important is to justify the threshold values of the economic security components that indicate the transition from a safe state of the system to a dangerous one. The threshold values of economic security indicators are based on the proactive nature of threats since one of the main goals of economic security is to ensure preventive measures to neutralize possible negative events. Limit values can describe the desired state of the economic system at the reporting date, whose achievement will indicate the stability and efficiency of the enterprise, or represent the value, proposed and supported by most experts, and characterizing the "breaking point" [Vissarionov, Gumerov, 2017], beyond which adverse consequences may appear in the form of crisis developments, reduced competitiveness, and loss of development opportunities.
The quantitative assessment of economic security based on the indicator approach was first applied at the state level and the regional level. For example, the indicators and threshold values of the region proposed in the article [Rudenko et al., 2019] were based on the theoretical and practical developments of the Professor of Economics S.Yu. Glazyev dealt with the assessment of the country's economic security. Then this approach was applied to economic entities. Thus, some authors [Samochkin, Barakhov, 2014] propose to assess the economic security of an economic entity by three groups of indicators, namely, production, financial-and-economic, and social. The authors of the work [Gaifullina, Khaliullina, Hafizova, 2017] have developed indicators and thresholds for the economic security of oil and gas extracting enterprises, considering industry specifics.

Results
Based on the studies discussed above, we propose tools for ensuring economic security for enterprises of the fuel and energy sector of the northern resource-extracting region, considering the specifics of the industry and the factors of network interaction, particularly, a system of indicators for assessing economic security, threshold values, as well as an algorithm and a conceptual model for ensuring economic security of economic entities.
The algorithm for conducting a comprehensive assessment of the economic security of a fuel and energy sector enterprise based on network interaction is presented in Fig. 1 and includes six stages. At this stage, it is proposed to use the developed system of indicators for assessing the economic security of the internal environment of the fuel and energy sector enterprise, consisting of six indicator blocks, and including threshold values (Table 1). 24. Availability and implementation of the energy-saving and energy efficiency improvement program 1 (Yes -1 No -0) Source: Compiled by the authors using the works [Gaifullina, Khaliullina, Hafizova, 2017;Ovechkina, 2013] The assessment of the economic security of the internal environment of the enterprise (without considering network factors) is carried out based on the indicator approach and includes the following stages: Calculating indicators that characterize various types of enterprise security.
Determining the threshold value for each indicator.
Calculating deviation degree of the actual value of each indicator from the threshold. If the indicator's optimization tends to increase, then the actual indicator is divided by the threshold.
Otherwise, the threshold indicator is divided by the actual one. To ensure that a particular indicator does not overestimate or underestimate the level of economic security, the following is suggested: if the actual value exceeds 1, a value equal to 1 is taken in the calculation; if the indicator has a negative value, a value equal to 0 is taken in the calculation.
4. The level of each of the economic security blocks (S) is calculated using the formula (1): where x i is the indicator value; t is the security block; r x is the weight coefficient of the indicator in the evaluation block; n is the number of indicators reflecting a particular type of enterprise security.
The closer is the value of S t to 1, the higher the level of a particular type of economic security of the enterprise.
5. The level of economic security of the internal environment of the fuel and energy sector enterprise (without considering the influence of network factors) is determined by the formula (2): where ES is the level of economic security of the fuel and energy sector enterprise; N is the number of security types.
To determine the level of economic security of the fuel and energy sector enterprise without considering the influence of network factors, the following criteria ranges were proposed: • The authors' analysis of the inter-firm interaction theory [Granovetter, 1973;Hakansson H., Johanson J., 1993] has shown that each enterprise as a business entity has a "strategic identity", whose formation is the result of enterprise role and its relationships with network agents. Without an interactive environment, an enterprise loses its uniqueness, which is manifested in its "attractiveness" for a particular counterparty, due to the system of connections, actions, and resources of business partners. Therefore, the assessment of the economic security of an enterprise in the current context cannot be carried out separately from the network context. At that, it was revealed that in the network context, two status hierarchies in the network can be distinguished that need to be taken into account when assessing network interaction.  Table 2. -providing mutual assistance on a formal basis; -providing mutual assistance on an informal basis; -the level of trust between network partners. 3. Block for assessing the level of cooperation -development of joint projects; -the propensity of network participants to innovate; -common interests and goals; -the duration and stability of the network participants' relationships. 4. Block for assessing the profitability of relationships -sales volume dynamics (growth rate); -the degree of satisfaction with the network interaction; -access to unique resources; -improving/maintaining the market position. The indicators for assessing the micro position of the enterprise with respect to the central agent are presented in Table 3. -providing discounts; -convenience of the payment system; -providing payment deferrals; -providing the ability to change the product, the terms of its delivery, work performance, and rendering services at the request of the counterparty. 2. Block for assessing the power of influence (degree of dependence) of the supplier/buyer -the uniqueness of the product, works, and services; -obtaining/granting loans; -the quality level of products (works, services); -the complexity of replacing the supplier (buyer). 3. Block for assessing the coordination level of network agents' actions -ensuring fast and accurate response to requests; -executing the contract terms; -distributing risks on transactions. 4. Block for assessing the stability of mutual relationships -the review period of the contract terms; -terms of contract validity; -the duration of the mutual relationships.

Source: Compiled by the authors
The network factors of each block are assessed using the formula (3): where B i is the degree of influence of individual block on the enterprise's position in the network; p x is the actual value of the assessment block indicator; p x n is the threshold value of the assessment block indicator; n is the number of indicators in the assessment block; r x is the indicator weight coefficient in the assessment block; i is the number of blocks.  Table 4. Searching and building relationships with new counterparties that have a high level of economic security based on the results of a preliminary assessment, establishing new contacts, increasing the importance of a particular buyer's/supplier's activity.
2. From 0.5 to 0,75 An alarming level of economic security. The company has a medium or high level of economic security and an average position in the network.
Conducting resource analysis (VRIO), externalizing idle resources and capabilities, concentrating and developing key resources that provide a competitive advantage.
3. Above 0.75 A stable level of economic security. The company has a high level of economic security, a strong position in the network.
Holding a position in the network, maintaining connections with existing network agents.  First of all, to achieve the strategic goals of the industry and the northern resource-extracting region, the most important thing in the network approach is to integrate the goals of network participants who possess a "strategic identity" and use long-term connections to gain advantages. At the same time, these goals should not contradict the goals of the economic security system of an individual enterprise.
Further, the tasks, aimed at increasing or maintaining the level of economic security of the company are formulated. At the internal environment level, these include managing the risks of  physical specificity (access to equipment and assets); image specificity (reputation).
The degree of involvement of the enterprise in the network allows reducing the uncertainty of the environment by timely obtaining information about possible threats and future trends (the field of unpredictable alternatives).
It should be noted that the success of the fuel and energy sector enterprises of the northern resource-extracting region and their economic security depends not only on the interaction in the network but also on the conditions imposed by the external environment, such as financial, personnel, institutional, technological and territorial, of which some can be regulated with properly built relationships in inter-firm network structures.

Conclusion
The current status of the fuel and energy sector of the northern resource-extracting region, as well as the identified threats and challenges to the economic security of its enterprises, have led to the need to shift the attention of researchers from protecting assets (resources) to obtaining benefits from network interaction. It was revealed that the enterprises of the fuel and energy sector of the northern resource-extracting region need to change the existing strategies towards interaction with economic entities both within the industry and in other industries by forming common business networks that would allow accessing new resources controlled by other enterprises, sharing technologies, and implementing innovative projects.
Considering the network interaction factors, caused by the trends of the conventionality of corporate boundaries and increasing competition, tools for ensuring the economic security of enterprises of the fuel and energy sector of the northern resource-extracting region were proposed.
These tools include an algorithm for assessing economic security, a system of economic security indicators of the internal environment, gradation of the economic security levels of the enterprise and interpretation of the results, a conceptual model for ensuring the economic security of enterprises,