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The high affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilonRI is expressed by human intestinal epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND
IgE antibodies play a paramount role in the pathogenesis of various intestinal disorders. To gain insights in IgE-mediated pathophysiology of the gut, we investigated the expression of the high affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilonRI in human intestinal epithelium.


METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Fc epsilonRI alpha-chain, as detected by immunohistochemistry, was positive in epithelial cells for eight of eleven (8/11) specimens from colon cancer patients and 5/11 patients with inflammation of the enteric mucosa. The Fc epsilonRIalpha positive epithelial cells co-expressed Fc epsilonRIgamma, whereas with one exception, none of the samples was positive for the beta-chain in the epithelial layer. The functionality of Fc epsilonRI was confirmed in situ by human IgE binding. In experiments with human intestinal tumor cell lines, subconfluent Caco-2/TC7 and HCT-8 cells were found to express the alpha- and gamma-chains of Fc epsilonRI and to bind IgE, whereas confluent cells were negative for gamma-chains.


CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our data provide the first evidence that the components of a functional Fc epsilonRI are in vitro expressed by the human intestinal epithelial cells depending on differentiation and, more importantly, in situ in epithelia of patients with colon cancer or gastrointestinal inflammations. Thus, a contribution of Fc epsilonRI either to immunosurveillance or pathophysiology of the intestinal epithelium is suggested.


Introduction
Although immunoglobulins are important constituents of host defense in mucosal compartments [1], they have been ascribed opposing functions in various intestinal diseases. Increased levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) have been found during parasite infection with a putative beneficial host defense function [2,3]. In contrast, IgE plays a documented detrimental role in allergy. Significantly increased levels of IgE and anti-IgE autoantibodies might contribute also to the pathophysiology in Crohn's disease (CD) [4]. Interestingly, it has been suggested that food allergic reactions might be triggered as a consequence of gastrointestinal inflammation [5,6]. Additionally, growing evidence points towards a participation of IgE in antibody-dependent tumoricidal activities [7][8][9].
IgE function depends on its interaction with effector cells via specific surface-receptors. The high affinity IgE receptor (FceRI) is a multimeric cell-surface receptor, which binds the Fc domain of IgE with an affinity of 10 10 M 21 [10]. The conformational change of the IgE constant region that occurs upon binding to FceRI was proposed to contribute to the remarkably slow dissociation rate of receptor-bound IgE [11]. FceRI has been so far detected on human mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, eosinophils and platelets [12]. While the extracellular domain of the receptor a-chain carries the IgE binding site [13], the band c-chains are involved in signal transduction [14,15]. The abc 2 tetramer is expressed in effector cells such as mast cells and basophils, and ligand-engagement leads to cell activation by a defined signaling cascade. In contrast, the ac 2 trimer participates in antigen presentation [16].
The low affinity IgE receptor (FceRII/CD23) is a single chain glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 49 kDa [17]. In contrast to FceRI, CD23 binds IgE with a significantly lower affinity (10 7 M 21 ). CD23 was initially identified on B-lymphocytes [18] but subsequently also detected on various other cell types such as monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and Langerhans cells [17,19,20]. Interestingly, CD23 is also expressed on intestinal epithelial cells where it is elevated in inflammatory conditions such as CD and food allergies [21]. An IgE/CD23-dependent, transepithelial shuttle mechanism, regulated by interleukin (IL)-4, has been described, which mediates transport of intact food antigens [22][23][24].
Besides FceRI and FceRII/CD23, the IgE-binding protein (eBP, Galectin-3) also specifically interacts with IgE [25]. Due to its wide tissue distribution and expression on various cell types [26], a multifunctional role in cell growth regulation, cell adhesion and tumor metastases, among others, was suggested [27][28][29]. The intestinal distribution pattern of eBP is well established and it has been shown that it is downregulated in inflammation, whereas an elevated expression in colon cancer influences the neoplastic progression [30,31].
The presence of CD23 and eBP on intestinal epithelia is well documented, and functional studies have supported their biological importance. However, since no data were available concerning expression of FceRI on enterocytes to date, we screened the intestinal mucosa of patients with gastrointestinal pathologies and controls, as well as intestinal epithelial cell lines for FceRI expression. Herein, we report that both FceRI aand c-chains are expressed by intestinal epithelial cells, while FceRI b-chain could only be detected in the subepithelial stroma. The IgE binding found in aand c-chain positive tissues indicates the presence of a functional trimeric receptor FceRIac 2 in human intestine, which could contribute to IgE-mediated pathophysiology of the gut.

Results
The High Affinity IgE Receptor FceRI aand c-Chains Are Expressed on the Epithelium of Human Intestinal Tissue Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed positive staining for FceRI a-chain in the intestinal epithelium in eight of eleven (8/11) (73%) colon cancer patients and in 5/11 (45%) patients with gastrointestinal inflammation. In most cases, both small intestine and colon were positive for FceRI a-chain. However, one patient per group (No. 24 and 12, respectively) was positive only in the colon, and two tumor patients (No. 21 and 26) expressed FceRI a-chain only in the small intestinal epithelium. The four control samples from patients without gastrointestinal disorders were negative for FceRI a-chain, suggesting that receptor expression might be observed only with gastrointestinal pathology (Table 1). Figure 1 shows IHC analysis of tissue sections from a representative colon cancer (A-F) and a gastrointestinal inflammation patient (G-L). In the specimen from the tumor patient (No. 16), the FceRI a-chain was expressed in membrane and cytoplasm of the small intestinal epithelial cells throughout the entire intestinal villus and crypt. At the basal side of crypt cells, the positive staining was found also in the supranuclear region, most likely the Golgi apparatus ( Figure 1A). Staining serial sections with the Paneth cell marker defensin-5 identified FceRI a-chain positive cells in the small intestinal crypts as Paneth cells ( Figure 1D). The observed staining in the patient with colon cancer was comparable to that seen in the small intestine of the CD patient (No. 8, Figure 1G, J). Interestingly, we observed a positive correlation between FceRI staining in the epithelial cells of the ileum and colon: the majority of patients expressing the receptor in the small intestine ( Figure 1A, G) had positive staining also in the colon ( Figure 1B, H). In addition, we found FceRI a-chain positive cells in the tumor samples of colon cancer patients (6/11) and in the lesion areas of three patients with gastrointestinal inflammations (3/11) (Table 1; Figure 1C, I).
Surface membrane localization of FceRI a-chain on small intestinal epithelial cells was observed in tissue samples from 4/11 of cancer patients and in 4/11 of patients with gastrointestinal inflammations (one small intestine, two small intestine + colon, one colon). The IHC analysis as indicated in Table 1 was validated by immunofluorescence (IF) staining.
We further confirmed that FceRI a-chain is expressed in small intestinal, colonic and lesion/tumor epithelial cells by IF double-staining with the epithelial cell marker cytokeratin 8 ( Figure 2).
In addition to the a-chain subunit, a functional FceRI complex requires the presence of a c-chain subunit, with or without a bsubunit. Therefore, we conducted IF analysis to determine whether the FceRIa-chain was co-expressed with either the bor c-chains. These experiments revealed a double-staining for aand c-chain along or at the top of the villi in all seven FceRIa positive small intestinal tissue samples from tumor patients, as well as in 3/4 FceRIa positive small intestinal tissue samples from patients with gastrointestinal inflammation (Table 2; Figure 3A, D). In addition to the small intestine, co-expression of the aand cchain was observed in 4/6 FceRIa positive colon samples from tumor patients and in 2/3 colon sections from gastrointestinal inflammation patients (Table 2; Figure 3B, E). A correlation of cchain with a-chain co-expression was found in 4/6 FceRIa positive tumor samples as well as in all lesional tissues (Table 2; Figure 3C, F). Nevertheless, no positive staining for the FceRI cchain was observed in Paneth cells at the base of the crypts (data not shown). In contrast to aand c-chain co-expression, the bchain of FceRI could be detected, with one exception, only in cells of the subepithelial stroma, but not in the intestinal epithelial layer (Table 2; Figure 3G). The exception was colonic epithelial cells in tumor patient No. 25 (Table 2), where FceRI b-chain was detected exclusively in the supranuclear region, most likely the Golgi apparatus.
Analysis of various clinical parameters, including patients' age, sex and pathological disease classification showed no association with staining results for FceRI expression.

Epithelial FceRI Exhibits IgE Binding Properties
To determine whether the FceRIac 2 expressed in the intestinal epithelium had specific antibody binding capacity, we performed IgE binding experiments on paraffin-embedded intestinal tissue sections. Samples positive for FceRIa on the apical cellular membrane ( Figure 4A) showed specific binding of human serum IgE or humanized anti-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NiP)-specific IgE ( Figure 4B), with indistinguishable binding patterns. No epithelial binding was seen with unspecific human IgG antibodies or FITC-labeled dextran used as controls (data not shown). The observed IgE-FceRI interactions correlated with the FceRI achain expression in the epithelium, being expressed on the epithelial membrane as well as in the cytoplasm ( Figure 4A, B). The IgE binding was not inhibited by anti-CD23 preincubation or by lactose, indicating protein-rather than carbohydrate-mediated IgE binding.

High Levels of FceRI aand c-Chain mRNA Expression Are Detected in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines
To analyze the expression of the FceRI complex on the transcriptional level in human intestinal epithelial cells, total RNA was isolated from subconfluent and confluent Caco-2/TC7 and HCT-8 cell lines. Human HMC-1 mast cells and transfected RBL-SX38 cells were used as positive controls, because they are known to abundantly express FceRI a-, band c-chains. Realtime PCR analysis revealed the presence of the FceRI a-chain mRNA in all four intestinal cell lines, with highest expression in confluent HCT-8 cells ( Figure 5A). The expression level was approximately half that observed in the HMC-1 positive control cells (data not shown). The c-chain mRNA also was found in all four intestinal cell samples, with highest levels detected in confluent Caco-2/TC7 cells ( Figure 5B). In this case, the mRNA expression level of c-chain was 80-times higher in the HMC-1 cells (data not shown). None of these intestinal epithelial cell lines expressed detectable FceRI b-chain mRNA (data not shown). In the second positive control cell line, high mRNA levels of all three FceRI chains were observed, reflecting that these transfected RBL-SX38 cells over-express FceRI (data not shown). Together, these findings verify the presence of FceRI aand c-chain mRNA, the components of the trimeric FceRIac 2 complex, in human intestinal epithelial cells.

Highest Expression of FceRI aand c-Chains Is Observed in Undifferentiated, Subconfluent Intestinal Cell Lines
To screen intestinal epithelial cell lines for FceRI a-, band cchain protein expression we performed IF staining. We observed abundant a-chain expression in undifferentiated, subconfluent Caco-2/TC7 ( Figure 6A, B) and HCT-8 cells ( Figure 6E, F). To exclude intracellular staining signals for FceRIa, we confirmed membrane integrity by comparing Triton-X-100 permeabilized cells with untreated controls using lamin A/C staining ( Figure 6I, J). The total ( Figure 6A) and surface-membrane expression ( Figure 6B) were comparable in Caco-2/TC7 cells, whereas in subconfluent HCT-8, the surface expression of FceRIa was less pronounced ( Figure 6F) compared to the staining observed in the permeabilized cells ( Figure 6E). The expression levels decreased with confluency, as only a faint staining could be detected in the cytoplasma of confluent Caco-2/TC7 ( Figure 6C) and HCT-8 cells ( Figure 6G). No FceRIa positive staining was observed on the membrane of confluent Caco-2/TC7 cells ( Figure 6D). In the HCT-8 cells grown as multilayers with the new cells revealing a more immature phenotype, a scarce positivity was seen ( Figure 6H). We could not detect FceRIb in any intestinal epithelial cell line irrespective of the state of confluence (Figure 7A, D, G, J). In  contrast, a prominent FceRI c-chain expression was seen in subconfluent Caco-2/TC7 ( Figure 7B) and HCT-8 cells ( Figure 7H), but not after confluence ( Figure 7E, K). Consistent with these results, binding of IgE was high in the subconfluent Caco-2/TC7 ( Figure 7C) and HCT-8 cells ( Figure 7I), whereas only a background staining was seen in confluent Caco-2/TC7 ( Figure 7F) and HCT-8 ( Figure 7L) cells. The IgE binding was not inhibited by anti-CD23 preincubation.
The IF staining of Caco-2/TC7 and HCT-8 cells was confirmed by western blot analysis with cell lysates obtained from subconfluent and confluent cells. We observed a 45-kDa protein band of FceRI a-chain in all cell lysates, with a stronger signal in  the subconfluent cells ( Figure 8A). The band was rather sharp, even though FceRI a-chain is known to be glycosylated. In contrast, we could detect the 10 kDa protein band of FceRI cchain only in subconfluent Caco-2/TC7 and HCT-8 cells ( Figure 8B). Both the aand c-chains were detected in the positive control RBL cell line over-expressing the human FceRI ( Figure 8B). High amounts of expressed FceRI aand c-chain proteins were seen in the human mast cell line HMC-1 (data not shown). Thus, our data indicate that a functional high affinity IgE receptor is expressed by these cell lines when they are subconfluent and not after confluence.

Discussion
In the present study, we investigated the expression of FceRI in the human intestinal epithelium and analyzed the role of cell growth or confluency on receptor expression in intestinal epithelial cell lines. We observed pronounced FceRI a-chain expression in 73% of colon cancer patients and in 45% with gastrointestinal inflammations. In vitro experiments revealed only undifferentiated, subconfluent intestinal epithelial cells to express the aand cchains of FceRI. The functionality of the receptor was evident by the specific binding of IgE to the FceRI a-chain.
It is easy to speculate that IgE antibodies might contribute to gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders [4][5][6]. The expression of the IgE high affinity receptor in cancer patients could have beneficial or detrimental effects. On the one hand, IgE antibodies have been suggested to participate in tumor immunosurveillance [9]. However, other facts could argue for a role of FceRI in tumorigenesis. IgE binding to FceRI was previously reported to both stabilize the receptors on the surface leading to receptor accumulation [32], but also to enhance survival of FceRI bearing mast cells by autocrine cytokine secretion and induction of an antiapoptotic protein [33]. Additionally, FceRI signaling induces Ras activity, which in mast cells is associated with cell growth, differentiation and survival. Similarly, Ras initiates neoplastic cells proliferation via the inositol (1,4,5) triphosphate 3-kinase and ERK signaling [34,35]. Therefore, our data on FceRI expression in colon tumor specimens, as well as in subconfluent, proliferating cell lines, might reflect a role for this receptor in tumor cell growth and survival.
It is well known that intestinal epithelial cells express HLA class II antigens on their surface and therefore are able to function as antigen presenting cells [36,37]. Interestingly, the cross-linking of trimeric FceRIac 2 expressed on professional antigen presenting cells [12] by IgE and bound antigen was shown to induce endocytosis of the complex and uptake into MHC class II-rich compartments [16]. In this context, in IgE mediated disorders such as allergy a more enhanced efficiency of antigen-presentation to T cells was reported [38,39]. Thus, expression of FceRI might contribute to the antigen presenting function of intestinal epithelial cells.
It is also possible that intestinal epithelial expression of FceRI could exert a shuttle function for specific IgE through the intestinal epithelium. In diseases with elevated levels of IgE antibodies an increased intestinal transepithelial transport of IgE antibodies has been demonstrated, resulting in detectable amounts of IgE antibodies in feces [40]. From animal experiments, it is known that this IgE transport to the lumen occurs through intact  epithelial barrier [41]. To date, only scant information is available regarding the mechanisms of this transepithelial IgE transport, even though antibody-binding structures seem to play a defined role. So far, only CD23 has been implicated in enhanced IL-4 dependent antibody shuttling through the intestinal epithelium [22,23]. The same IgE/CD23 shuttle mechanism seems to be responsible for transepithelial food allergen uptake and protect the antigens from degradation during this transport [24]. Based on the data presented here, FceRI on enterocytes could contribute to IgE transfer through the gut epithelium. As no inhibition of IgE binding was seen in our experiments using anti-CD23 antibodies, the higher affinity of FceRI to the Fc domain of IgE [10] could possibly enhance IgE transport.
Upon screening of the intestinal epithelium for FceRI we found FceRI abut not c-chain expression at the base of the crypts at the level of Paneth cells, as suggested by previous work of our group [42]. Interestingly, intracellular expression and cellular release of FceRIa was reported for other cell types such as eosinophils [43] and soluble IgE receptors were found to exert distinct biological functions such as regulation of IgE production, T cell and granulocyte maturation and macrophage migration [44]. Thus, Paneth cells might be of special interest as they contribute substantially to innate immunity in the intestine [45]. Further, Paneth cells appear to have a central role in some forms of inflammatory bowel disease [46]. Paneth cells are primarily present in small intestinal tissue in healthy individuals. However, metaplastic defensin-5 positive cells were found in the upper gastrointestinal tract and the diseased colon, and are considered an early marker of epithelial dysplasia and cancer development [47,48]. In contrast to the absorptive epithelial cells, which migrate from the crypts to the top of the villi during their 4-6 days lifespan [49], Paneth cells are found adjacent to the rapidly dividing pluripotent stem cells. Thus, alternative maturation signals are crucial for Paneth cell differentiation [50]. Even though real-time PCR analysis revealed the presence of the FceRI aand c-chains mRNA in confluent intestinal cells, only undifferentiated proliferating cells expressed a functional FceRIac 2 as detected by cellular IF staining and Western blot experiments. This expression was decreased in confluent, differentiated cells. Thus, protein expression of FceRI aand c-chain in intestinal epithelial cells might be mainly regulated on the translational level.
Our data demonstrate that the FceRI aand c-chains, which are crucial components of the heterotrimeric FceRIac 2 isotype, are expressed in intestinal epithelial cells of patients with colon cancer or gastrointestinal inflammation. Although these data do not elucidate the precise function of FceRI in the intestinal epithelium, the novel findings suggest that FceRI may contribute to immunosurveillance or pathophysiology at the intestinal mucosa.

Patient Samples
Four-micron sections of formalin fixed (buffered formalin, pH 7.5) paraffin-embedded tissue of small intestinal and colon specimens were investigated. The samples were obtained from eleven patients with gastrointestinal inflammations and eleven patients with colon cancer. In each case, mucosa with pathological changes as well as regular mucosa without any histological signs of abnormality was investigated. Additionally, sections of biopsies from four patients without gastrointestinal diseases served for control purposes. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The inclusion of human specimens for the present study was approved by the ethic's committee of the Medical University Vienna (number: 317/2007). The protocol permitted only usage of numerically coded human tissue sections from therapeutical interventions. The authors of the study had no access to patients' data except the information given in Table 1. Thus, the ethic's committee of the Medical University Vienna waived informed consent.

Immunohistochemical Staining of Intestinal Tissue Sections
The IHC staining procedure is described elsewhere [51]. Briefly, sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated. After antigen retrieval with 10 mM citrate buffer pH 6, the endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched by exposure to 3% H 2 O 2 in methanol. Sections were permeabilized with PBS/0.2% Tween, and unspecific antibody binding was blocked with 5% horse serum. The primary antibodies used were mouse monoclonal anti-FceRI a-chain (Cosmo Bio), and mouse monoclonal anti-defensin-5 (clone 1G11) [47]. Murine IgG1 and IgG2b served as negative controls. After washing, the sections were further processed with a Vectastain Elite ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Color reaction was developed with a DAB + chromogen kit (Dako). After counter-staining with hematoxylin the sections were dehydrated and mounted with Eukitt, and then analyzed using a Nikon Eclipse E400 microscope (Nikon, Vienna, Austria).

Immunofluorescent Double-Staining
Sections were treated as described above with slight modifications. After antigen unmasking with 10 mM citrate buffer pH 6 and permeabilization with PBS/0.2% Tween, the sections were blocked with 5% goat serum. For the FceRI a-chain/ cytokeratin 8 double staining, the first primary antibody applied was mouse anti-FceRI a-chain (Cosmo Bio) overnight at 4uC. Mouse IgG2b served as negative control. After washing goat antimouse AlexaFluor 568 was applied for 1 h. After washing and blocking again with 5% goat serum, the second staining was performed using rabbit anti-keratin 8 as the second primary antibody (or rabbit IgG as negative control) for 1 h. After washing, goat anti-rabbit AlexaFluor 488 secondary antibody was applied for 1 h. For the double-staining of FceRI a-chain with FceRI bor c-chain the first primary antibody applied was goat anti-FceRI bor c-chain overnight at 4uC after blocking with 5% rabbit serum. Goat IgG was used as negative control. After washing the sections were incubated with biotinylated polyclonal rabbit anti-goat Ig for 30 min at 37uC. The sections were again washed and incubated with FITC-Streptavidin for 30 min at room temperature. After washing and blocking again with 5% goat serum, the second staining was performed using the mouse anti-FceRI a-chain as the second primary antibody (or mouse IgG2b as negative control) for 1 h. After washing goat anti-mouse AlexaFluor 568 was applied for 1 h. The sections were washed and counterstained with 49,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole 0.1 mg/ml (Molecular Probes). Afterwards, sections were mounted in Vectashield medium (Vector Laboratories) and investigated in a Zeiss Axioplan 2 microscope (Carl Zeiss Göttingen, Germany).

Human IgE Binding in Intestinal Tissue Sections
For IgE binding experiments, human intestinal sections were cleared in xylene, rehydrated and subjected to heat-mediated antigen retrieval as described above. Residing antibodies were stripped by low pH treatment, and unspecific binding sites were blocked with 5% BSA/PBS for 30 min. To block IgE binding to Galectin and CD23, a-Lactose 25 mM and anti-CD23 (clone BU38) were applied overnight at 4uC. Thereafter, slides were incubated with 10 mg/ml NiP-IgE, serum IgE or PBS for 2 h at 37uC. For controls, either 5 mg/ml FITC-labeled IgG or dextran in PBS/1% BSA were incubated overnight at 4uC under light protection. The sections were then incubated with either FITClabeled NiP-BSA (NiP-IgE) or goat anti-human IgE (NiP-IgE and serum IgE). The sections were further processed for IF or IHC analysis as described above. Only the results generated with NiP-IgE/FITC-labeled anti-human IgE are shown.  minimal essential medium + GlutaMAX-II with high glucose (4500 mg/ml), supplemented with 1% non-essential aminoacid, 10 mM HEPES. Cells were used at subconfluent stage (60% confluence) or 10 days after confluency. For all experiments RBL-SX38 cells which are transfected with the complete human FceRI (kindly provided by Jean-Pierre Kinet, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Boston, MA) and human HMC-1 mast cells (kindly provided by Joseph H. Butterfield, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN) served as a positive control. RBL-SX38 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, HMC-1 cells were grown in IMDM.

RNA Isolation, Reverse Transcription and Real-Time PCR Analysis
Total RNA was isolated from subconfluent and confluent human Caco-2/TC7 and HCT-8 intestinal cell lines by using the RNeasy RNA isolation Kit (Qiagen, Vienna, Austria), including on-column DNase digest following the manufacturer's instruction. RNA integrity was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. RNA concentration and purity was determined using a Biophotometer (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). RNA isolated from HMC-1 and RBL-SX38 cells was used as a positive control for evaluation of target gene (human FceRI a-, b-, and c-chain) expression. Two mg of total RNA were transcribed into cDNA using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, Vienna, Austria).
Expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR on a StepOne Plus real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems). The analysis was carried out with a two step protocol starting with 20 seconds at 95uC, followed 40 cycles of 1 second at 95uC and subsequent 20 seconds at 60uC. In all experiments triplicates were set up containing the POWER SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) reagent. Primers were designed using ''Primer Express 2.x'' software (Applied Biosystems) and span, when possible, exon-intron boundaries to avoid signals from contaminating genomic DNA. The forward (fwd) and reverse (rev) primers consist of the following sequences: beta Actin fwd: tggctcccgaggagcac, rev: ccttaggtttctgagggactgcta; RPLP0 fwd: cctcatatccgggggaatgtg, rev: gcagcagctggcaccttattg; FceRIa fwd: catggaatcccctactctactgtgt, rev: ccttaggtttctgagggactgcta; FceRIb fwd: gagaaatgcaacatatctggtgagag, rev: aggttgatgatcaggatggtaattc; FceRIc fwd: caagtgcgaaaggcagctataa, rev: tgctcaggcccgtgtaaac.
Based on melting curve analysis no primer-dimers were generated during the PCR amplification. For relative quantification, data were analyzed by DDCT method using ''StepOne software 2.0'' (Applied Biosystems). Expression levels of target genes were normalized to the average of house keeping genes, beta-actin and RPLP0, and are shown relative to the value of subconfluent Caco-2/TC7.

Cell Immunostaining
Cells grown on glass cover slips were fixed for 20 min in 3% paraformaldehyde. After washing, the cells were incubated for 15 min with 50 mM NH 4 Cl to reduce spontaneous fluorescence.
Unspecific binding sites were subsequently blocked by incubating cells with 5% goat serum. Cells were treated with mouse monoclonal anti-FceRI a-chain (clone CRA1), goat polyclonal anti-FceRI b-chain or goat polyclonal anti-FceRI c-chain (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) overnight at 4uC. Unspecific Mouse IgG2b or goat IgG were used as negative control. After washing the cells incubated with anti-FceRI a-chain were treated with goat anti-mouse AlexaFluor 568 for 1 h. The cells incubated with anti-FceRI b-chain or anti-FceRI c-chain were treated with biotinylated polyclonal rabbit anti-goat Ig for 30 min at 37uC followed by FITC-Streptavidin for 30 min at room temperature. For the cellular IgE binding assay a blocking step with anti-CD23 antibodies (clone BU38) applied overnight at 4uC was followed by incubation with 10 mg/ml NiP-IgE, serum IgE or PBS for 2 h at 37uC. The cells were then incubated with either FITC labeled NiP-BSA (NiP-IgE) or anti-human IgE antibodies (NiP-IgE and serum IgE). The cells were further processed for immunofluorescence analysis as described above. Only the experiments conducted with NiP-IgE/FITC labeled anti-human IgE are shown.
To analyze for membranous or total expression of FceRI achain, cells were either permeabilized with 0.2% Triton-X-100 for 30 min, or left with PBS. Goat anti-lamin A/C antibody was used as positive control.

Cell lysate and Western Blotting Analysis
Total protein cell extract and western blot analysis was performed as described before [52]. Briefly, after washing cells were homogenized in 1 ml lysis buffer (10 mM TRIS pH 7.4 containing 1% SDS). The lysate was boiled for 5 min, centrifuged at 1000 g, and then stored at 280uC. Equal amounts of protein were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and blotted to a nitrocellulose membrane. Nonspecific binding sites were blocked with dried milk powder in PBS/0.1% Tween. The antibodies used were rabbit polyclonal anti-FceRI a-chain (Upstate), rabbit polyclonal anti-FceRI c-subunit (Abcam), or mouse monoclonal anti-actin. As secondary antibodies HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (Amersham Biosciences) or HRP-conjugated anti-mouse antibody (Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories) were used. Bands were detected with the SuperSignal CL-HRP Substrate system (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and quantified by densitometry (EasyWin, Herolab, Wiesloch, Germany).