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Beyond the thermal plume paradigm

Geodynamic models of thermo‐chemical plumes rising in a mantle wind suggest that we should abandon some paradigms based on the dynamics of purely thermal axisymmetric plumes. The head‐tail structure is possible but not unique and the lack of a plume head does not preclude a deep origin. Our results suggest that the surface expression of some thermo‐chemical plumes may be a headless, age‐progressive volcanic chain. Plume tails are laterally heterogeneous, rather than concentrically zoned, because deep heterogeneities are sheared into distinct and long‐lasting filaments that will be successively sampled by different volcanoes, as the oceanic plate moves over the plume tail. Finally, calculated S‐wave velocity anomalies are consistent with recent plume tomographic images, showing that compositional heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle favour the coexistence of a great variety of plume shapes and sizes.