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A novel inflammation-based prognostic score for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: the c-reactive protein/prognostic nutritional index ratio

Background Inflammation plays a critical role in cancer prognosis. In the current study, we proposed a novel inflammation-based prognostic score, named c-reactive protein/prognostic nutritional index ratio (CRP/PNI ratio), for predicting the prognosis for patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Results The optimal cut-off value was 0.10 for CRP/PNI ratio according to the ROC curve. Patients with CRP/PNI ratio ≤0.10 had a significantly better 5-year CSS compared to CRP/PNI ratio >0.10 (44.5% vs. 15.7%, P<0.001). On multivariate analyses, we revealed that CRP/PNI ratio was a significant predictive factor of CSS (P=0.009). A nomogram could be more accuracy for CSS. The Harrell's c-index for CSS prediction was 0.688. Materials and Methods A total of 308 patients with resectable ESCC were enrolled in this retrospective study. The optimal cuf-off value for CRP/PNI ratio was calculated by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to analyse the cancer-specific survival (CSS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were evaluated for CSS. A nomogram was also established to predict the prognosis for CSS. Conclusion The CRP/PNI ratio is a novel and useful prognostic score for CSS in patients with resectable ESCC.


INTRODUCTION
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers, leading to over 406,800 deaths worldwide and more than 200,000 deaths in China every year [1,2]. There are two major histological types of EC: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) [3]. The predominant pathological type in China is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which covers more than 90% of all cases [3,4]. Radical esophagectomy remains the treatment of choice, however, the prognosis is still poor. Therefore, it is important to detect simple and effective biomarkers regarding prognosis for patients with ESCC.
It has increasingly been recognized that inflammation plays a critical role in cancer [5,6].
As mentioned above, previous reports have indicated that both CRP and PNI are related to cancer prognosis. However, to our knowledge, no study so far has assessed the clinical significance of the CRP/PNI ratio in other cancers as well as EC. In the current study, therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of CRP/PNI ratio for patients with resectable ESCC. In addition, we attempt Research Paper www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget to establish a predictive nomogram to predict the survival prediction in patients with ESCC.
To predict the risk for patients with ESCC, a novel nomogram model was established by prognostic factors (TNM stage, PLR and CRP/PNI ratio) combined with age and sex ( Figure 6). It can predict the probability of death for patients with ESCC. The Harrell's c-index for CSS prediction was 0.688.

DISCUSSION
In the present study, a novel inflammation-based prognostic score (CRP/PNI ratio) was conducted based on CRP and PNI and was shown to be an independent predictor for patients with resectable ESCC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the prognostic value of CRP/PNI ratio in predicting prognosis for patients with resectable ESCC.
There is strong linkage between inflammation and cancer. CRP was initially identified as a substance reacting with pneumococcal C-polysaccharide, which appeared in inflammation [16]. Previous published studies have shown that serum CRP is a predictor of survival in several cancers, including EC [7,8,12,13]. A meta-analysis conducted by Huang et al. [17] revealed high levels of CRP were significantly associated with poor survival in patients with EC. In our study, patients with CRP ≤10.0 mg/l had a significantly better 5-year CSS than patients with CRP >10.0 mg/l (38.5% vs. 13.6%, P<0.001). However, CRP was not an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analyses (P=0.355).
The PNI is calculated based on the serum albumin and lymphocyte count. It was originally proposed to assess the perioperative nutritional conditions for patients with gastrointestinal tumors [10]. Recently, the PNI has been shown to be a prognostic marker for various malignancies [10,11]. However, few studies regarding PNI in patients with EC are available, and the clinical significance and prognostic value of this marker remain uncertain. Nozoe et al. [15] showed that PNI is associated with tumor progression and survival in patients with EC. However, Sun et al. [18] showed that PNI does not correlate with    Figure 5: Comparison of the AUC for ROC curves. The AUC of the CRP/PNI ratio was higher than other inflammation-based biomarkers, indicating that the CRP/PNI ratio was superior to the GPS, CRP or PNI for prognosis. prognosis in patients with ESCC. In the current study, however, PNI was not an independent prognostic factor (P=0.761). As we know, both CRP and PNI are influenced by various non-cancer-related conditions, and the ratio of CRP and PNI could therefore minimise the potential basis. The prognostic value of the CRP/PNI ratio for ESCC patients would be more reliable than the effect of either CRP or PNI. In the current study, therefore, we firstly investigated the prognostic significance of CRP/ PNI in assessing the outcomes in ESCC patients. Patients with CRP/PNI ratio ≤0.10 had a significantly better 5-year CSS compared to CRP/PNI ratio >0.10 (44.5% vs. 15.7%, P<0.001). On multivariate analyses, we demonstrated that CRP/PNI ratio was a significant predictive factor of CSS (P=0.009). Neither in other cancer nor in ESCC had the significance of CRP/PNI been investigated before. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the CRP/PNI ratio has been found to be a predictor of CSS in patients with ESCC.
In the current study, we used the GPS, a wellknown inflammatory parameter, in the Cox regression model, while multivariate analyses showed that the CRP/PNI ratio (P=0.009), but not GPS (P=0.531), was an independent prognostic factor. From this point of view, the CRP/PNI ratio may have additional prognostic value over the GPS with regard to predicting CSS in ESCC patients. In ROC analyses, our findings revealed that the AUC was higher in CRP/PNI ratio (0.671), than GPS (0.622), CRP (0.632) or PNI (0.569), indicated that the CRP/PNI ratio was superior to other inflammation-based prognostic scores in terms of its prognostic ability in patients with ESCC.
It is well know that nomogram could establish a simple graphic representation of a statistical predictive model [19]. Moreover, several reports revealed that nomogram has been shown to be more accurate than the conventional methods for cancer prognosis [20,21]. In the current study, therefore, we attempt to establish a predictive nomogram to predict the probability that the death risk for ESCC patients based on TNM stage, CRP/ PNI ratio combined with age and sex. The nomogram performed well in predicting CSS by c-index (0.688).
The potential limitations of the present study should be acknowledged. Firstly, our study was a retrospective analyses with a short duration of the mean follow-up. Secondly, we excluded patients who had received neoadjuvant treatment, which may have influenced the result. Thirdly, the difference was large between sex ratio in the current study and esophageal cancer epidemiological data, which may have influenced the result. Finally, we initially used a nomogram to predict prognostic value of CRP/PNI ratio in patients with ESCC, however, it should be better to use external study cohort to validate the nomogram. Therefore, larger prospective studies will need to be performed to confirm these preliminary results.
In summary, there was a significant association between the CRP/PNI ratio and clinical characteristics. Based on the results of the current study, we beleve that CRP/PNI ratio is a novel and useful predictive factor for CSS in patients with resectable ESCC.  Between January 2005 and December 2008, a  retrospective analysis was conducted for patients with  histopathologically confirmed ESCC with no distant  metastasis (TNM stage I-III). All patients underwent curative esophagectomy and standard lymphadenectomy. The standard surgical approach consisted of the Ivor Lewis procedure and the McKeown procedure. In our institute, the majority of patients underwent two-field lymphadenectomy. Three-field lymphadenectomy was used only if the cervical lymph nodes were thought to be abnormal upon preoperative evaluation. Patients who had received preoperative therapy were excluded. At last, 308 patients were enrolled in our study. In the current study, a cancer-specific survival (CSS) analysis was ascertained. The last follow-up was 30 June 2013. This study was approved by the Ethical Committees of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital (Hangzhou, China). Patients were staged according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging [22].

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Routine laboratory results were extracted in a retrospective medical records. The GPS was calculated as follows [9,14]: patients with elevated CRP (>10 mg/l) and hypoalbuminemia (<35 g/l) were assigned to a score of 2. Patients with one or no abnormal value were assigned to a score of 1 or 0, respectively. The PNI was calculated using following the formula: 10 × serum albumin (g/dl) + 0.005 × total lymphocyte count (per mm 3 ) [10,11,15]. The cutoff value for CRP and PNI were 10 mg/l and 45 according to the previous studies [7,8,[10][11][12][13].

Statistical analysis
A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for CSS prediction was plotted to verify the optimal cuf-off value for CRP/PNI ratio. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to analyse CSS. The CSS was defined as the time from the cancer diagnosis until occurrence of cancerrelated death or the end of follow up. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to analyse the prognostic factors. The areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated and compared using the method reported by DeLong et al. [23]. A nomogram model was established and the predictive accuracy was evaluated by Harrell's concordance index (c-index) [19]. All of the tests were two-sided, and P <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and R 3.2.3 software (Institute for Statistics and Mathematics, Vienna, Austria).