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The Open Grid: Focalizing Narrative Studies

Abandoning the discrete research procedures of semantics, syntax, and phonology and adopting instead a unified perspective in which language, whether natural (made of words and scripts) or not, falls entirely within their purview, semioticians consider that language, all languages, operate as sign systems, claiming further that all sign systems function according to the model of language. In other words, language is only one of the sign systems that concern semiology, but it is also the model for all sign systems. What distinguishes straight linguists from semioticians is the interest the latter take in oppositional plays of signs along the chain of discourse. Language only means through the actuation of differences, and those differences concern more than syntax, vocabulary, the case system (if any), tenses, and moods. Taking into consideration the two axes along which language functions, semioticians articulate the mental construct of the signified on the basis of negative differences with opposites. The differences are syntagmatic to the extent that the order, the placing of signs along the chain of language, determines the metonymic alignment of a particular sentence. Those differences are also paradigmatic to the extent that in any exchange, the attention of both sender and receiver is directed at the sentence's metaphorical coherence and that, more often than not, a