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HOW DO KOREAN RITUALS HEAL?: HEALING OF HAN AS COGNITIVE PROPERTY

A Korean feminist theologian Hyun Kyung Chung practiced a provocative healing ritual in the Royal Theatre of Canberra, Australia on the afternoon of February 8, 1991. This ritual was the major part of her plenary address for the Seventh General Assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC). Through a shamanic invocation, a common ritual act for shamans, Chung tried to soothe the departed souls (han). In the verbal part of her address, she focused on the Korean spirit of han. Han spirits are the wandering souls of those who are filled with anger, bitterness, and resentment since they were killed or died unjustly or for many other reasons. She said that these han spirits help Koreans "feel, touch and taste the concrete, bodily historical presence of the Holy Spirit in our midst." Furthermore, she claimed, "I no longer believe in an omnipotent God. I rely on the compassionate God who weeps with us in the midst of the cruel destruction of life." She concluded her address with her definition of the Holy Spirit. She compared the Holy Spirit with a bodhisattva, an enlightened being, a goddess of compassion and wisdom. According to Chung, the Holy Spirit "might also be a feminine image of the Christ." Her overall presentation was welcomed with both "thunderous applause and thunderous silence" (Cox, 1995, pp. 213-7; Gallagher, 1998, p. 62). After she performed the shamanic ritual, she was severely criticized for religious syncretism by major seminaries and churches in Korea. After engaging in hot, theological turmoil, she eventually left her university in Korea. She now teaches at the Union Theological Seminary in New York where she earned her Ph.D. in Liberation Theology.