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Pseudomonads infecting Musa spp. and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) in South East Asia: phylogeny and nomenclature of the causative agents and significance in plant quarantine

Two destructive bacterial diseases occurring in Indonesia, blood disease of banana (Musa spp.) and Sumatra disease of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perr.), have recently become the subject of intense scrutiny. Blood disease of bananas was described by Gaumann in the 1920s and attributed to 'Pseudomonas celebensis', which is an invalid name because type or reference cultures do not exist and it was not included in the Approved Lists (Skerman et al. 1980). The disease was confined to the island of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), but in 1987 similar disease symptoms were seen in West Java by Eden-Green (1994). Sumatra disease of clove was first seen in the early 1960s in West Sumatra, one of the main clove producing areas of Indonesia. Subsequently bacterial etiology was established and the causative organism described as Pseudomonas syzygii (Roberts et al. 1990). A third bacterial disease known as Bugtok or Tapurok is endemic on dessert banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) in the southern Philippines and has until recently been of uncertain etiology. There are two principal reasons for interest in these disease conditions. They are all absent from northern Australia and pose a threat to the banana industry and in the case of Sumatra disease to native relatives of clove in the Myrtaceae. The bacteria involved all show some measure of relationship to Pseudomonas solanacearum, including race 2 causing moko disease of banana, which raises questions about phylogeny which can now be addressed using molecular methods. In this review current developments in understanding of phylogenetic relationships, problems of nomenclature, and quarantine importance are assessed.