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Harnessing a droplet to orient and assemble diatom frustules

Diatoms possess exquisite natural 3D silica structures with nanometer to micrometer dimensions which have been used in a variety of applications. However, uniform arrangement and flexible manipulation of frustules with consistent orientation is still challenging. Here, a droplet-based strategy is proposed to solve the problem, three types of frustules assembly, including massive assembly, fractional assembly and regular array was achieved. The real-time microscopic monitoring revealed that both surface tension and the structure of frustules account for the orientation and assembly results. This strategy holds great potential in the free manipulation of frustules for their engineering applications.