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Archaeological Survey of the Crystal City Municipal Landfill Extension, Zavala County, Texas

At the request of Ozuna and Associates, Inc., Consulting Engineers of San Antonio, Texas, an archaeological survey was conducted by the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) for a proposed 40-acre extension to the Crystal City Municipal Landfill, under Texas Antiquities Committee Archeology Permit Number 2298. The pedestrian survey was conducted in early January 2000. One prehistoric site (41ZV445), a sparse scatter of burned stone and chipped lithics, was identified and documented. Shovel testing revealed no subsurface cultural deposits. The site does not meet the criteria for potential eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places nor does it warrant State Archaeological Landmark designation. Cultural resource clearance is recommended for the proposed landfill extension.


Introduction
On January 6-7, 2000, personnel from the Center of Archaeological Research (CAR) at The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) conducted an archaeological survey of 40 acres (403 meters x 402 meters) located within the northwestern confInes of the Crystal City Municipal Landfill. The landfIll is located approximately 6 kilometers north-northwest of Crystal City, Texas (Figure 1). The goal of this survey was to identifY and document any Historic or Prehistoric cultural resources that may be impacted by the proposed extension to the existing landfIll.

Natural Setting
The Crystal City Municipal landfIll project area is situated in an upland setting (620-640 feet above sea level) and is located in the western portion of the Nueces-Guadalupe Plain biogeographical area of the South Texas Plains (Black 1989a:39). The Nueces-Guadalupe Plain has a semi-arid sub-tropical climate featuring mild winters, an annual precipitation of21.54 inches, and an average 272 day frost-free growing season (Black 1989b). The project site is located on a north-south sloping colluvial surface (640-620 feet). Surface runoff flows into an unnamed ephemeral creek situated immediately south of the project area. This creek then empties into the Nueces River which is located approximately 4.5 kilometers east.
Cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus Sp.) and whitetail deer -(Odocoileus virgin ian us) comprise the fauna noted within the project area during the survey.
The project area falls within the Cotulla series clay -loams (Stevens and Arriaga 1985: 51). While a 5-20 cm layer of colluvial sandy loam covers the surface, deeper deposits consist of relatively compact clay loam.

Cultural Chronology
This section provides a brief cultural and historical context for south Texas. For a more detailed discussion the reader is referred to Black (1995), Hester (1995), and Vierra (1998).

Paleo indian
This period lasted from 11,200 to 7,950 B.P. in south Texas (Hester 1995:433-436). As is the case in Central Texas (Collins 1995), the Paleoindian period can be divided into early and late segments. Diagnostic artifacts of the early Paleoindian segment include Clovis and Folsom projectile points. Within Texas's political boundaries, Meltzer and Bever (1995:47-81) have documented the presence of 406 Clovis points in 128 of 254 counties. Other artifacts associated with the Clovis culture include bifaces, prismatic blade cores 2 and blades, engraved stones, bone and ivory points, stone bolas, ochre, and shaft straighteners. Folsom points are also widely distributed throughout the Southern Plains and in Texas (Chandler and Kumpe 1994;Largent et al. 1991). Other elements of Folsom lithic technology include ultra-thin bifacial knives, spurred end scrapers, and gravers. Late Paleoindian projectile points include the Golandrian-Barber series and the St. Mary's Hall type (Collins and Kerr 1993).

Tile Early Arcllaic
The Early Archaic ranges from roughly 7950 to 4450 B.P. (Hester 1995:436-438). Early Comer Notched and Early Basal Notched dart points are the two projectile point series commonly considered as representative of the period. Recently, the Angostura type has also been grouped with Early Archaic forms (Collins 1995). The extinction of large herds of mega-fauna and the changing climate at the beginning ofthe Holocene led to changes in land-use strategies by the hunter-gatherers of South Texas ( McKinney 1981). Hunter-gatherer land-use strategies were based on high mobility and the exploitation of a wide range of resources such as prickly pear, rodents, rabbits, and deer (Story 1985:38-39, Weir 1976.

The Late Archaic
The Late Archaic extended from 2350 to 1250 B.P. (Hester 1995:441). Although inhabitants of the South Texas Plain near Brownsville and Rockport had begun to make pottery by about 1750 B.P., the northern part of the plain was still "preceramic" until 1,000 years later (Story 1985:45-47). Late Archaic points tend to be much smaller than Middle Archaic specimens. The most common types include Ensor, Ellis, Edgewood, Fairland, and Frio (Turner and Hester 1993:114,122).

The Transitional Archaic
The Transitional Archaic represents the last of the Archaic adaptations in Texas. Turner and Hester (1993 :62-63) place the Transitional Archaic between 2250-1250 B.P., and Weir (1976) defines the Terminal Archaic, his version of the Transitional Archaic,-as occurring between 1650 to 1150 B.P. Weir (1976) be-" lieves that this period represents the disappearance of burned rock middens and bison, and a reappearance of highly mobile hunters and gatherers. Others (Black and McGraw 1985;Peter 1982;Skelton 1977) argue that the use of burned rock middens did not cease in all regions of Texas.

Late Prehistoric
The date of 1200 B.P. marks the beginning of the Late Prehistoric in central Texas. A series of distinctive traits marks the shift from the Archaic to the Late Prehistoric lifeways, including the technological shift to the bow and arrow and the introduction of pottery to Central Texas and the northern South Texas Plain (Black 1989c:32;Story 1985:45-47). The Late Prehistoric period has been divided into two phases.

The Austin Phase
The Austin Phase was a time of popUlation decrease (Black 1989c:32). Even though small burned rock middens associated with Edwards and Scallorn points have been found (Goode 1991:71;Houk and Lohse 1993:193-248), they are rare.

The Toyah Phase
The Toyah phase, beginning around 650 B.P., is characterized by the introduction of bladelet technology, the appearance of the first ceramics in Central Texas (bone-tempered plainware), and the use of a lithic tech-nology consisting of Perdiz arrow points, alternately beveled knives, and tear-shaped end scrapers (Black 1989c:32;Huebner 1991 :346). Prewitt (1985) and Black (1989c) suggest that this techno logy encroached from north-central Texas. Hester (1995:444) recognizes this phase as the "best documented Late Prehistoric pattern" throughout south Texas, with dates ranging between ca. 650/700 to 300/350 B.P. Historic Collins (1995:386-387) identifies the Historic period as ca. 260 B.P. in central Texas. Hester (1995:450-451) suggests that indigenous groups may have been affected by European influence even prior to the ap-". pearance ofthe first written records. He proposes that 3 . this period be more appropriately labeled as the "Protohistoric." A wealth of information is emerging on the lifeways of indigenous groups inhabiting and exploiting different portions of Texas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Campbell andCampbell 1981, 1988;Foster 1995). Used with care (McGraw and Corbin 1999), these and other sources can provide excellent sources of analogies and models for prehistoric adaptations throughout Texas.

Archaeological Background
Numerous archeological surveys and excavations have taken place in Zavala County. Regional surveys under the direction of T. R. Hester in the 1970s on Chaparossa Ranch (located in northwestern Zavala County approximately 15 km NW of the current proj ect area) documented numerous open campsites, lithic procurement areas, and temporary campsites (Black 1989c:44-46;Hester 1995:430). Similar site types were observed on excavations done on Tortugas Ranch and Nelson farm (41ZVI-8), located approximately 18km east of the current project area. The Sonny Harkey site (41ZVI37), located 5-km SSE of Crystal City, is perhaps the closest archaeological site to the project area. The site was described as a 457 x 183 meter occupation area that was comprised ofnurnerous surface scatters of artifacts (hearth stones, flakes, bifaces). The site has been heavily collected since the 1930s (Site Survey Form on file at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin).

Field Methodology
The 40-acre pedestrian survey of the proposed landfill extension was carried out using 20 meter transect intervals. A total of 21 transects were traversed in surveying the project area. In conjunction with the pedestrian survey, a total of 21 shovel tests were excavated ( Figure 2). Of these, 20 (STs 1-20) were systematically spaced on a 90-meter grid. ST 21 was excavated in the vicinity ofST 18, within a sparse scatter of burned rock and lithic debitage (41ZV 445) The STs were excavated in 10 cm levels to a depth of 60-cm bs. All matrix was screened through 1I4-inch hardware cloth. All artifacts recovered from shovel testing were returned to CAR for laboratory processing and curation. No surface artifacts were noted. It was felt that the moderate surface visibility throughout much of the area, in conjunction with the inspection of recently disturbed soils and animal burrows in the lower visibility areas, offered a good strategy to _ ensure that surface cultural materials would be noted when present.

Results of the Investigations
The eastern two-thirds of the project area had been heavily disturbed by brush clearing operations that left deep tire tracks, large soil piles, and furrows throughout the area. The construction of an 8-10 meter wide gravel road that parallels the eastern boundary of the 40-acre tract also resulted in subsurface disturbances along the eastern edge of the property (Figure 2). A small (3_5 meter), recently constructed, square structure is present in the northeast corner of the property adj acent the gravel road. Its construction has also contributed additional subsurface disturbances. A moderate to thin carpet of grasses covers the. eastern two-thirds of the property. Surface visibility ranges from moderate to relatively low. Throughout the project area, and in particular in the lower surface visibility sections, all furrows and soil piles were carefully inspected for evidence of cultural materials.
The brush clearing operations, as well as the road and building construction, did not appear to have occurred immediately prior to the survey conducted by CAR.

4
Based on vegetation regrowth, and erosion ofthe dirt road, these construction and clearing activities may have occurred within the past one to three years.
The western one-third of the tract is covered by a thin carpet of short grasses, and intermittent brush and mesquite trees. Numerous mesquite trees, up to three meters in height with diameters of20-35 centimeters, were observed within this portion of the project area. Surface visibility here ranged from moderate to high. Back dirt from all animal burrows was carefully inspected for indications of cultural materials.
The 100% pedestrian survey of the proposed 40-acre Crystal City Landfill Extension resulted in the identification and documentation of one site (41ZV445). In addition, three isolated STs (STs: 1,3, and 5) contained . modern cultural material or material of questionable origin.

41ZV445
This site is located in the west-central portion of the project area ( Figure 2) and consists of a 20 x 25 meter sparse burned rock and lithic debitage scatter (see Figure 3). Six pieces of fme-grained quartzite debitage were encountered on the west-central portion of the site. They consist of primary and secondary flakes and represent core preparation and the early stages of core reduction for flake blank production. A light scatter of fire-cracked quartzite (e.g., extremely sharp, angular edges and convex exfoliated surfaces) is present across the site forming no particular concentrations. Two shovel tests (STs 18, 21) were placed within the site boundaries to ascertain the presence and extent of buried cultural deposits. With the exception of burned rock ( quartzite) observed on the surface ofST 21 (n=5), the two shovel tests revealed no buried cultural deposits. This page has been redacted because it contains restricted information.  (Table 1). Table 1 lists the artifacts recovered together with their horizontal and vertical proveniences.
A total of 21 artifacts were recovered from the three shovel tests. All but one of these, a flake from ST 3 (Level 5), are of modem origin. The plastic bag and asphalt recovered at 30-40 cm below surface (bs) in ST 1, and the additional modem artifacts from higher levels, are obvious indicators of recent disturbances in the eastern portion of the project area.
The single prehistoric artifact recovered during shovel testing came from ST 3, LevelS (40-50 cm bs). The specimen is a tertiary [me-grained quartzite medial f.1~e fragment. The light gray to yellow mottled material was not heat-treated. Although the specimen came from 40-50 cm bs, it is likely that it was introduced to this depth through the numerous cracks and fissures noted in the clay loam of the immediate area. A number of nearby mounds of soil resulting from brush clearance were closely examined for evidence of other historic or prehistoric artifacts. In addition, a systematic surface inspection within a 50-meter radius of the shovel test also was conducted. This surface inspection revealed no other artifacts of note and, given the likelihood that the single flake was displaced from the surface as the area had been significantly disturbed, it was decided to continue the survey without conducting additional shovel tests in the immediate vicinity of ST 3. No additional surface or subsurface artifacts were recovered during the survey.

Summary and Recommendations
At the request of Ozuna and Associates, Inc., Consulting Engineers of San Antonio, Texas, in early J anuary of2000, personnel from CAR-UTSA conducted a pedestrian survey of a proposed 40-acre extension to the Crystal City Municipal Landfill. The survey was carried out using 20 meter transect intervals. A total of 21 transects were traversed. In conjunction with the pedestrian survey, a total of 21 shovel tests were excavated. One prehistoric site (41ZV 445), a sparse scatter (20 x 25 m) of burned rock (n=5) and chipped lithics (n=6), was identified and documented. Shovel testing revealed no subsurface cultural deposits. Given the absence of in situ hearth features, the apparent disturbed nature of the former hearths, and the low density of artifacts, the site does not appear to meet the criteria for inclusion into the National Register of Historic Places nor does it warrant State Archaeological Landmark designation. A total of three shovel tests, located in the western two-thirds of the project area, yielded subsurface cultural materials. All but one of these artifacts is of modern origin. Their presence is indicative of heavy disturbance resulting from vegetation clearance and road construction. Cultural resource clearance is recommended for the proposed landfill extension.