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Impacts of HBV rtH55R Polymerase Substitution on Viral Replication and rtM204I/V Resistance to Nucleoside/Nucleotide Antiviral Drugs

Background High genetic variability at the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of HBV could confer resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NUCs). The aim of this study was to identify new RT amino acid (AA) substitutions related to NUC resistance. Methods HBV RT sequences of genotype C from 501 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients were analysed to identify potential RT substitutions related to NUC resistance. In vitro studies without and with NUCs were performed in a HepG2 cell line transfected by clones with RT harbouring wild-type or substituted AA(s) of interest. Results Among 261 NUC-treated CHB patients, we found a high detection rate of rtM204I/V substitution (30.7% [80/261]). We identified a new substitution of rtH55R, and its detection rate had a significantly increasing trend from 3.8% (9/240) in the untreated group to 7.2% (13/181) or 33.8% (27/80) in the treated group with rtM204 or with rtM204I/V substitutions (P<0.0001). In vitro studies showed that rtH55R had a similar HBV DNA level compared to wild type. The rtH55R+rtM204I clone had a significantly better replication capacity than the rtM204I clone without NUCs (P<0.05). The replication capacity of the rtM204I clone was found to significantly decrease under lamivudine treatment, but this was not found in the rtH55R+rtM204I clone. Conclusions We identified a new HBV RT substitution of rtH55R in genotype-C-infected CHB patients. It is frequently found in combination with rtM204I/V substitution under NUC treatment. In vitro studies suggest that it might play some replication compensatory role in rtM204I mutants under lamivudine treatment.