{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0342749823929885, 'fraction_numerical': 0.027153924407230613, 'mean_word_length': 5.28009828009828, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 5, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Computational Approach to Search for Plant Homologues of Human Heat Shock Protein

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a class of functionally related proteins whose expression is increased when cells are exposed to elevated temperature or other stresses [1]. HSPs are found in virtually all living organisms, from bacteria to humans. Heat shock proteins, as a class, are among the most highly expressed cellular proteins across all species. As their name implies, heat shock proteins protect cells when stressed by elevated temperatures. They account for 1-2% of total protein in unstressed cells. However when cells are heated, the fraction of heat shock proteins increases to 4-6% of cellular proteins [2,3].


Introduction
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a class of functionally related proteins whose expression is increased when cells are exposed to elevated temperature or other stresses [1]. HSPs are found in virtually all living organisms, from bacteria to humans. Heat shock proteins, as a class, are among the most highly expressed cellular proteins across all species. As their name implies, heat shock proteins protect cells when stressed by elevated temperatures. They account for 1-2% of total protein in unstressed cells. However when cells are heated, the fraction of heat shock proteins increases to 4-6% of cellular proteins [2,3].
In eukaryotic organisms, the principal class of HSPs in human are HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP100 [4]. Another novel class HSP33 is also found exclusively, which interestingly absence in archaea or other eukaryotes [1]. In plants, Hsps are greatly varied in level of expression as well as their type [5]. The most prominent types are Hsp20, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp100 according to well studied plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Higher plants are characterized by the presence of at least 20 types of small sHsps, but one single species could contain 40 types of these sHsps [6].
In plants, most common class protein, Hsp70 has been characterised in diverse species [6,7]. The simplest flowering plant genome Arabidopsis thaliana includes at least 18 genes encoding members of the Hsp70 family, of which 14 belong to the DnaK subfamily and four to the Hsp110/SSE subfamily [3,8,9]. At least 12 Hsp70 members have been found in the spinach genome [10]. Expression profile analysis of the Arabidopsis and spinach Hsp70 genes demonstrated that members of Hsp70 chaperones are expressed in response to environmental stress conditions such as heat, cold and drought, as well as osmotic, salinity, oxidative, desiccation, high intensity irradiations, wounding, and heavy metals stresses [10][11][12][13].
On the basis of sequence and structure similarities in silico comparative studies have been performed between human HSPs and homologous plant protein. Most of the computer aided bioinformatics findings reveal that proteins for HSP70 family are mostly analogous to its plant homologues. BLASTp search of the entire Angiosperm plantae kingdom against all of the human HSP classes discover a protein of unknown function from Populus trichocarpa closely similar to human HSP70. By using different computational tools and software the sequence and structure of this unknown protein was intensely compared with human HSP70 which discovered a functional corelation between these two proteins.
The goal of the present work was to identify plant homologues of human HSPs that could play significant role in protein folding, assembly, translocation and degradation in many normal cellular processes, stabilize proteins and membranes, and could assist in protein refolding under stress conditions. They could also play a crucial role in protecting plants against stress by re-establishing normal protein conformation and thus cellular homeostasis [14]. It seems that the synthesis of these proteins require enormous energy that impact on the yield of the organism [15].

Sequence analysis
The full-length protein sequences of all the human heat shock proteins (HSPs) families except HSP33 were retrieved from NCBI protein Database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), with GI numbers, HSP60 (GI: 41399285), HSP70 (GI:123648), HSP90 (GI:92090606), HSP100 (GI:97536358). Detail protein information was retrieved from UniProt protein database (http://www.uniprot.org/) with accession number P10809(HSP60_Human), P11142(HSP7C_ HUMAN), P07900(HS90A_HUMAN), P07900 (HS90A_HUMAN), Q92598(HSP105_Human). The homologous sequences of human HSPs were identified from position specific iteration BLASTp (NCBI). Percent similarities and identities were computed by NCBI blast2seq program. Global alignment of the coding sequences was performed with the program AVID using a window size of 100 bp and a conservation level of 70%. The results were viewed with the program VISTA. To map sequence conservation, human HSP7c were aligned with several other plant proteins using multiple sequence alignment tool ClustalW2 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/tools/clustalw2). This program uses a progressive method to build its alignments using the BLOSUM 62 substitution matrix for proteins. Phylogenetic tree was also constructed for HSP7C_HUMAN and its plant homologues by using ClastalW.

Structure modeling
Secondary structures of the predicted Hsp_Populus1 and HSP7C_ Human were computed using the program Hierarchical Neural Network (HNN: http://www.expasy.org/tools/). The 3D structure of predicted protein and HSP7C were constructed by DeepView/ Swiss-PdbViewer v4.0.1 (spdbv) (http://www.expasy.org/spdbv/). SWISS-MODEL is a structural bioinformatics web-server dedicated to homology modeling of protein 3D structures. Homology modeling is currently the most accurate method to generate reliable threedimensional protein structure models and is routinely used in many practical applications. Homology (or comparative) modelling methods make use of experimental protein structures ("templates") to build models for evolutionary related proteins ("targets").

Function prediction
To comprehend the functional relationship between these two proteins, SVMProt was used to predict their functions. One approach for function prediction is to classify a protein into functional family. Support vector machine (SVM) is a useful method for such classification, which may involve proteins with diverse sequence distribution. SVMProt can be accessed at http://jing.cz3.nus.edu.sg/ cgi-bin/svmprot.cgi.

Homology study
The primary knowledge of Human heat shock proteins, whose expression rises when cells are unprotected to higher temperatures or other stress, were collected from public databases and published research papers in order to homology study [10]. NCBI protein blast (BLASTp) was carried out intended for scanning Human Heat Shock Proteins arranged in table 1, against the kingdom of flowering plants. A number of plant homologues (Angiosperm) of human heat shock protein 60, 70, 90 and 100 were identified on the basis of better E-value and higher percentage of similarity-identity (Table 2). Here, E-value means expect value that represents significance of sequence homology. It decreases exponentially with the Score (S) that is assigned to a match between two sequences. So, lower E-value is result for better match.
Most significant members of each family are tabulated here, however there are some species which may express additional chaperones, co-chaperones, and heat shock proteins. In addition, many of these proteins may have multiple splice variants (Hsp90α and Hsp90β, for instance) or conflicts of nomenclature (Hsp72 is sometimes called Hsp70) [16].
Since UniProt and NCBI database carries enormous sequence of human heat hock proteins, so prior to blast search, one candidate from each of the four classes were selected (Table 1). These are: Heat shock protein 105 kDa (GI: 97536358), Heat shock protein 90A kDa (GI: 92090606), Heat shock protein 70C kDa (GI: 123648), Heat shock protein 60 kDa (GI: 41399285).
Position specific iterated BLAST scanning of each of the HSP candidate hits a lot of predicted plant homologous proteins (those function is not identified yet). Two of those hypothetical members from each class were selected by filtering proteins with better E-values and higher percentage of similarities-identities (  (Table 2). In order to identify the closest homologues, these two potential candidates are allowed for pair wise sequence alignments with several other flowering plant proteins (Table 3), which were selected from BLAST result of HSP7C. The members of higher percentage of sequence similarity and identity were allowed for multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and finally a phylogenetic tree was constructed. According to this cladistic data, a common clade with human heat shock protein (HSP7C) is formed by protein gb|EEE71404.1| (gi|224115828|Hsp_Populus1) (Figure 1).

Sequence Conservation study
Global alignment of the coding sequence of Human HSP7C and predicted populas_Hsp (gi|224115828|) protein gene sequence was performed with the program AVID using a window size of 100 bp and a conservation level of 70%. Basically AVID aligns DNA sequences of arbitrary length for the purpose of annotation and biological discovery using syntenic genomic sequences from two organisms. Results were viewed with the program VISTA ( Figure 2). The VISTA plot is based on moving a user-specified window over the entire alignment and calculating the percent identity over the window at each base pair. From here it can be concluded that human HSP7C (gi|123648|) and populas_Hsp (gi|224115828|) are highly conserved with each other.
VISTA plot of the AVID alignment ( Figure 2) indicated that major part in predicted gene is highly conserved (more than 70%) in human HSP7C. Pair wise sequence alignment has also showed that the predicted protein is 77.3% identical and 86.7% similar with human    HSP7C. The score obtained from such alignment is 2581 with 1.4% gaps. Global sequence alignment of human HSP7C and other related flowering plant proteins including Populus Hsp70 was also performed and it showed strong full length sequence conservation. But sequence conservation result only for peptide binding domain was displayed here (Figure 3).

Secondary structure study
The Human HSP_7C includes two core functional domains: ATPase domain which located at N-terminal region and the peptide binding domain which consists of C-terminal region [17]. Helix and coil structure play strong role to form the architecture of these functional domains. It has already been established that structure determines corresponding function [18]. Here, secondary structure of this predicted protein was obtained by bioinformatics secondary structure prediction tool (HNN model) and successive comparative studies with Human_7C were carried on ( Figure 4). HNN model demonstrates that the hypothetical protein almost carries equal percentage of alpha helix, extended strands and random coils (Table 4).

3D structure modelling
Three dimensional structure of predicted populus Hsp70 and human HSP7C were constructed by using Swiss Pdb Viewer (SPDBV) ( Figure 5). 3D structures of these two proteins are quite similar and they have formed same functional clefts. Eletrostatic potential of their active sites are also alike that firmly indicates their equivalent function.

Hypothetical protein function
Prediction of protein function is of significance in studying biological processes. To comprehend the functional relationship between these proteins, function of predicted protein was retrieved by SVMProt. The results have revealed that all of the functional domain of Human HSP_7C exist in the predicted populus1 protein and showed similar modular function with almost equal p value (Table 5). Here, P-Value is expected classification accuracy (probability of correct classification) in terms of percentage.

Conclusion
Based on all the findings it can be concluded that the predicted protein may comprise human HSP_7C like function. Since plant Hsp70 show higher sequence and structure homology with Human HSP70 family, it can further be concluded that the predicted protein may take part in protein folding, assembly, translocation and degradation in many normal cellular processes, stabilize proteins and membranes, and assist in protein refolding under stress conditions like plant Hsp70 [19].
Even though these hypothetical functions of this predicted protein    (*P-Value is the expected classification accuracy in terms of percentage) (Hsp_Populus1) should be further characterized by laboratory means before their existence can be conclusively affirmed, the results presented in this study suggested and identified structurally similar protein of heat shock protein family. The findings can provide new insight in plant protein characterization.