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Amartya Sen on Future Development Policy and Program

The title of Amartya Sen's 1984 volume, Resources, Values and Development, might suggest that values (human quality inputs) stand important and independent in the development process alongside of resources (the quantity of traditional capital and labor inputs). Scholars immersed in Third World development lean increasingly to such a theme. Sen's preface opens cold on this interpretation of his title and turns only a bit warm soon thereafter. How different his view in the last chapters of the book! There, the real deterrents to output are the institutional and motivational attributes of most of the populations in poor lands; the real deterrents to progress are the moral and political bases of policies pursued by their public and private leaders. Sen's title here might be Values and Development, since new attributes of the society constitute basic preconditions for persistent national development. His analytic tools for the transformation are the entitlements and capabilities of the people. Their use will bring relative advance in well-being of the less advantaged masses of the populations, including their emancipation into freedom from their feudalistic states. Sen does not treat either the "how?" or the "how long?" of this achievement. It must be implemented through governments. Specific goals, policies, and programs still lie ahead, and only as their complex tasks are accomplished can significant changes take place in today's world development scene. This argument is of fundamental concern in future development of the world's poor nations. It finds strong support in the review volume. Amartya K. Sen, Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford University for a decade and professor of philosophy and economics at Harvard University since 1987, has enriched the literature of