{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.027440633245382585, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0031662269129287598, 'mean_word_length': 5.038216560509555, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Correcting Two-Sample z and t Tests for Correlation: An Alternative to One-Sample Tests on Difference Scores

In order to circumvent the influence of correlation in paired-samples and repeated measures experimental designs, researchers typically perform a one-sample Student t test on difference scores. That procedure entails some loss of power, because it employs N – 1 degrees of freedom instead of the 2N – 2 degrees of freedom of the independent-samples t test. In the case of non-normal distributions, researchers typically substitute the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for the one-sample t test. The present study explored an alternate strategy, using a modified two-sample t test with a correction for correlation, analogous to the “z test for correlated samples” used at one time for paired observations. For non-normal distributions, the same modified t test was performed on rank-transformed data. Simulations disclosed that this procedure protects the Type I error rate for moderate and large sample sizes, maintains power for normal distributions and several symmetric non-normal distributions, and substantially increases power for various skewed nonnormal distributions. Statistical analysis of paired-samples or repeated-measures experimental designs typically employs the one-sample Student t test on difference scores in place of the independent-samples t test. This method, widely used in the past, entails some loss of power, because the test on differences is necessarily based on N – 1 instead of 2N − 2 degrees of freedom. In the first part of the last century, data from paired-samples was often analyzed in a different way. Many introductory textbooks in that period, focusing mainly on large-sample studies for which the z-test is appropriate, presented methods of analyzing what were called correlated samples, using a modification of the familiar two-sample z test. These