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The Therapeutic Potential of the “Yin-Yang” Garden in Our Gut

The gut microbiota is made up of trillion microorganisms comprising bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota living in an intimate relationship with the host. This is a highly diverse microbial community and is essentially an open ecosystem despite being deeply embedded in the human body. The gut microbiome is continually exposed to allochthonous bacteria that primarily originates from food intake. Comprising more than 1000 bacterial species, the gut microbiota endows so many different functions—so many that can be considered as an endocrine organ of its own. In this book chapter, we summarize the importance of gut microbiota in the development and maintenance of a healthy human body. We first describe how the gut microbiota is formed during the birth of a human baby and how a healthy microflora is established overtime. We also discuss how important it is to maintain the microbiota in its homeostatic condition. A discussion is also given on how alterations in the microbiota are characteristic of many diseased conditions. Recent investigations report that reestablishing a healthy microbiota in a diseased individual using fecal microbial transplant can be used as a therapeutic approach in curing many diseases. We conclude this chapter with a detailed discussion on fecal microbial transplants.