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Relationship of Body Mass Index with Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Collegiate Females of West Bengal

Cardio respiratory fitness and body composition are associated with the risk of emergence of cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, these factors as related to health have been the focus of researchers in the field of Health and Physical Education. The incidence of cardiovascular disease is statistically and physiologically related to obesity. For example, the obese individual has a mortality rate from cardiovascular disease is 21⁄2 times greater than the individual with an average or below average body weight [Fox and Browers, (1989)].

functional capacity of the oxygen system or cardio-respiratory system or the oxygen transport system [Koley, (2007)]. Research has indicated the importance of exercise in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, through reduction of blood lipids, body fat, and blood pressure, improvement in myocardial function and as an independent risk factor [(Fletcher et al., 1990 andNational Heart Foundation, 1991)]. Thus, the concept of fitness being defined as good condition or good health, tells us that, while we do not expect the general population to compete with athletes, an above average Vo2 max score indicates a healthy level of cardio respiratory fitness and that an individual is fit to cope with the general demands of living [(Zuluaga, 1995)]. Civilization and industrialization make our life pleasant, jubilant and luxuriant. Indeed, automation and other technologies have contributed greatly to lessening physical activities at work place and home. The assessment of cardio respiratory fitness in children and adolescent has been growing in importance because several data link the VO 2 max with CVD risk factors [(Sallis, 1988 andAnderson, 1992)]. The evidence from longitudinal studies indicate that early identification of cardio vascular risk factors in children, particularly for body fat %, blood lipids, hypertension and cardio respiratory fitness should be addressed as preventive measure in public health perspectives [(Kemper, 1989)].
A sincere attempt is made to know the research work already done in this area, the gaps and weakness of the past research, the methodology used and procedure followed from professional literature. Considering the research work in this field it can be concluded that a very little effort has been taken so far on the estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness in terms maximum oxygen consumption of female populations of West Bengal. Accordingly the present project was planned to initiate research work to evaluate cardiovascular fitness in terms of VO 2 max in young healthy women of West Bengal. So, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness in terms of VO 2 max and its relation with body mass index in young healthy college female of West Bengal.

Subjects
Thirty eight (N=38) young healthy college female were selected as subjects for the study from Acharya Prafullay Chandra college, New Barackpore, Kolkata-131. The age of the subjects were ranged from 18 to 23 years. Those students were not included as subjects for the present study having history of cardiac disease and history of lung disease. The subjects were not any history of sports participation they were basically habituated with sedentary life style. Informed consent was taken from all the subjects. The study was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee.

Variable Studied
In this project two variables were studied viz.: 1) Body Mass index (BMI) 2) Cardiorespiratory fitness in terms of VO 2 max.

Measuring Procedure
Height and Weight were measured by Anthropometric rod and Digital Weighing machine (Tanita TM , Model: BC-554). Body mass index was measured as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared i.e.
Cardiorespiratory fitness in terms of VO 2 max was measured by Queen's College Step Test (QCT). Prediction of VO 2 max: Participants were asked to take complete rest for half an hour before performing the exercise so that pulmonary ventilation and pulse rate might come down to a steady state. Direct estimation of VO2max is exhaustive, laborious and difficult experimental protocol (Fox, E.L., 1973). In brief the step test was performed using a stool of 16.25 inches (or 41.30 cm) height.
Stepping was done for a total duration of 3 minutes at the rate of 24 cycles per minute which was set by a metronome. After completion of the exercise, the subjects were asked to remain standing comfortably and the carotid pulse rate was measured from the fifth to the twentieth second of the recovery period. This 15 second pulse rate was converted into beats per minute (15 sec pulse rate x 4) and the value thus obtained was put in the following equation to predict VO2max in ml/kg/min, as proposed by McArdle et al., 1986.

International Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IJSPE)
Page | 21 VO2 max (ml/kg/min) = 65.81 -(0.1847 × pulse rate in beats per min) All experiments were performed at a room temp varying from 27-29°C and at a relative humidity ranging between 70 and 85%.

Statistical Analysis
In the present study for the sake of analysis of data mean and standard deviation of the variables were calculated. To test the relationship within the variables Pearson's co-efficient of correlation were calculated. The level of significance was set at p<0.01 level of confidence. For statistical calculations Excel Spread Sheet of windows version 7 will be used.

RESULT
In Table-1

DISCUSSION
Results showed a significant negative correlation between BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness. This is in accordance with the previous studies which reported an inverse relation between body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness. This suggests the striking effects of increasing BMI on cardiorespiratory function. Excessive amount of body fat exerts an unfavourable burden as well as hindering action towards cardiac function during exercise. Reduced cardiac function during progressive exercise results in decreased oxygen uptake. Due to deposition of proportionately high amount of fat mass, body musculature fails to uptake sufficient amount of oxygen. These findings demonstrate the importance of low cardiorespiratory fitness in young adults with increasing BMI which could be a factor for developing cardiovascular malfunctioning later in middle age.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of result & discussion following conclusions were drawn -:  There was a significant negative correlation between BMI and VO2max (ml.kg -1 .min -1 ). This suggests the possibility of effect of body fat on cardiorespiratory functions.
 These findings demonstrate the importance of low cardiorespiratory fitness in young adult female with increased body fat which could be a factor for developing cardiovascular malfunctioning later in middle age.
 It is important to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in young women by engaging them in physical activities is the solution to cope up from cardiac risk.