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William Maker, Philosophy Without Foundations: Rethinking Hegel (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), pp. 298. ISBN 0-7914-2100-7.

There is no doubt that Maker's Philosophy Without Foundations: Rethinking Hegel is a bold work that challenges both contemporary Hegelian scholarship and contemporary philosophy in general. This is one of the most original works on Hegel's philosophy in the last couple of decades, that speaks to both a continental and an analytic audience. The achievement of this work — along with others in this school of thinking — is that it has had a significant impact on the whole landscape of Hegelian scholarship. So successful has the critique of foundationalism been that someone, like myself, who began their study of Hegel in the third millennium accepts Hegel's anti-foundationalism as fundamental to a true understanding of his philosophy. The work is divided into eleven essays, most of which have been published previously at least in part. This is however, far from a mere collection of essays (although at times there is some repetition); there is a tight argument that is developed consistently throughout the text as a whole. The work develops in two sections: The Relevance of Hegel' and The Transcendence of Contemporary Philosophy'. Of the two the first section is the more significant as it is where Maker develops his reading of Hegel's system as non-foundational and as therefore deserving of more attention than it is usually given. In the second section Maker applies his reading to contemporary philosophical problems and debates, along with several contemporary thinkers. Maker argues that only by reading Hegel's system as he does — non-foundationally — are we able to overcome the classic pitfalls of modern philosophy, and it is this non-foundational insight of Hegel's that has been missed by subsequent thinkers and traditions (Marxism, Critical Theory, Hermeneutics, Postmodernism and Theological Epistemology) in both Europe (Maker tackles Descartes, Nietzsche, Marx and Gadamer) and the United States (Rorty and Davidson). However, the success or failure of Maker's daring and thorough investigation in this second part depends on the success of his reading of the system and his overall project delivered in the first six chapters.