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Semi-infinite plates dragged through granular beds

We perform physical experiments and 2D discrete element method (DEM) simulations of semi-infinite plates dragged through granular beds at low speeds. The plate’s displacement, x, creates a growing surcharge in front of the plate (pile-up) that takes the shape of a wedge. The cross-sectional area of the pile-up wedge is proportional to xZ where Z is the immersion depth and the drag resistance increases from its yielding value with xZ. We extend the classical Coulomb earth pressure theory for yielding walls to account for the piling-up effect and find good agreement with simulations and physical measurements.