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The Serra da Cangalha astrobleme as revealed by ASTER and SRTM orbital data

Structural features caused by the impact of celestial bodies at the surface of the Earth always stir scientific interest. Different from natural geological processes like earthquakes and volcanic activities, these impacts instantaneously release huge quantities of kinetic energy that depends only on the mass and the velocity of the cosmic body. French (1998) postulates that the impact of a celestial body only a few kilometres in diameter can release more energy than the whole Earth releases in hundreds or thousands of years. Like a stone thrown at the surface of a pond, the impact of a cosmic body at the surface of the Earth radiates shock waves outward from the impact point. As a result, a crater is formed in a very short time, with rock being deformed, shattered, pulverized, and melted. These ordinary cosmic events hold not only a geological interest. Scientists postulate that the shock of an asteroid or comet about 65 million years ago might have caused a dramatic change in the evolution of the terrestrial life. The Chicxulub crater in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico (Hildebrand et al. 1991, Morgan et al. 1997) is believed to be the site of that event. The impact would have released a large amount of dust as well as CO2 and SO2 gases from the melted sedimentary rocks. The resulting greenhouse effect suppressed photosynthesis and caused dramatic environmental changes at a global scale. The main consequence was the extinction of species, redirecting the biological evolution and favouring the subsequent domain of our ancestors, the mammals. This cover shows the Serra da Cangalha astrobleme, the best preserved impact crater found in Brazil, as depicted by two modern sources of orbital remote sensing data: multispectral images acquired by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), and terrain elevation data collected by the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) (figure 4) . As exemplified in the Serra da Cangalha astrobleme, the use of multiple products generated from highresolution remote sensing multispectral images and radar-derived digital elevation models (now available on a quasi-worldwide basis) can substantially improve structural interpretation of geologically complex terrain.