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Epizootiology and Epidemiology of Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease that is naturally transmitted between animals and man. Some of the synonyms of leptospirosis are Weil’s disease, canicola fever, hemorrhagic jaundice, mud fever, and swineherd’s disease. For many years this disease was associated with rats and dogs. At the present time, while rodents such as rats, mice, voles, nd shrews remain as major host species, infections have been found in numurous wild mammals, including opossums, skunks, raccoons, foxes, bats, mongooses, bandicoots, jackals, hedgehogs, wildcats, squirrels, deer, beaver, nutria, armadillos, apes, and rabbits. Leptospirosis continues to cause major losses in domestic animal reservoirs, such as cattle, swine, and dogs. Since 1959, the number of cases of leptospirosis reported to the U.S. Department of Agriculture has decreased by 68 percent in cattle, 88 percent in swine, and 49 percent in horses, but has declined only 10 percent in dogs.’ In many host animals, Leptospira organisms become localized in the kidneys. After either acute or inapparent infection, these animals may become carriers, shedding organisms in their urine and serving as important foci of infection. Because of the varied clinical picture in animals, a definite diagnosis in domestic animals is frequently not made and many remain as carriers. Man and other animals become infected from direct contact with infected animals or their tissues, or indirectly from contact with urine-contaminated water or soil. There are over 130 individual serotypes of Leptospira. Certain serotypes have been associated with specific host species although these organisms are not host specific. Serotype icterohaemnorrhagiae is often found in rats, pomona is common in cattle, and canicola is more frequently isolated from dogs. On the other hand, each host species may be infected with a number of different serotypes. Leptospirosis, although not a common human disease, has been reported from all regions of the United States. In 1947 it was made a nationally notifiable disease. The disease in man occurs in swimmers exposed to waters contaminated by the urine of infected domestic or wild animals; it is an occupational hazard to farmers, sewer workers, miners, veterinarians, animal husbandrymen, abattoir workers, and those who work in rat-infested environments. During the period 1960-1968, the number of cases remained relatively constant at about 70-80 cases a year, except for 1964, when 142 cases were reported. Peaks in the number of reported cases were due to epidemics which were attributed to swimming in contaminated water. In 1952, 26 people were infected by canicola after swimming in contaminated water; the possible sources of the contamination included cattle, swine and dogs. Forty-two persons in 1959 were infected by pomona from water contaminated by cattle. Two separate outbreaks in 1964 affected a total of 76 people, all of whom were infected with pomona; in both instances cattle were implicated. In reviewing 277 cases reported to the National Communicable Disease Center during the period 1965-1968, we found cases reported from 33 states. Ten patients died, and leptospirosis was a contributing cause of death. Hawaii recorded the most cases, 42 of the 277 cases (15 percent). From the continental states, Iowa reported the greatest number of cases; however, this large number of cases, 28, compared