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Bank Risk Management with Value-at-Risk and Stress Testing: An Alternative to Conditional Value-at-Risk?

An optical displacement detecting apparatus is provided for detecting information on a relative displacement with respect to an object having a diffraction grating. The apparatus includes a light-emitting element for emitting a diverging light beam, a ball lens for converting the diverging light beam from the light-emitting element into a nearly collimated beam, a grating interference optical system for using the light beam from the ball lens to finally form interference light in such a form that two diffracted light beams from the diffraction grating are coupled, and a light detecting element for detecting the interference light from the grating interference optical system, wherein the relative displacement information with respect to the object is attained from a periodic signal from the light detecting element.