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SITUATION THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS Volume 1 edited by

CSLI was founded early in 1983 by researchers from Stanford University, SRI International, and Xerox PARC to further research and development of integrated theories of language, Information, and computation. CSLI headquarters and the publication offices are located at the Stanford site. Although conditional sentences are important in all languages, and although their 'logic' has been thoroughly, if inconclusively, investigated by philosophers, our knowledge and understanding of them in the languages of the world is very poor. Introduction I don't think the Situation in the theory of conditionals is as bad as characterized by Palmer in the above quotation. In a companion paper to the present one (Zaefferer 1990) I have tried to show that cross-linguistic comparison of the constructions that encode conditional functions, together with the assumption that other functions encoded by the same or similar constructions tend to be structurally related, gives good support for those logical analyses of the natural language conditionals that treat them as encoding some kind of restricted modal function. In doing this I have argued that both the research in typology and linguistic universals on the one hand, and formal semantics and language-oriented logics on the other, will profit if they Start communicating with one another. Whereas the other paper emphasizes the typological data, while presenting the theory only in rough outline, the present paper will just summarize the typological findings and then spell out the core of the theory. 1 But it begins with some terminological clarifications and methodological remarks that may prove helpful. Situation Theory and Its Applications. First: What do I understand by a conditional? A conditional or more explicitly a conditional form is a grammatical structure or construction that encodes a conditional function as its primary purpose. And what is a conditional function? A conditional function is something that conditionalizes any proposition q, i.e., that converts q into the proposition that something, normally the holding of some given proposition p, is in a way sufficient for the holding of q. I will call the proposition that is to be conditionalized the consequent, the conditionalizing proposition the antecedent, and the result of the con-ditionalization the conditionalized proposition or c-proposition, reserving these Latin terms for the semantic level. On the syntactic level, I will use the Greek terms apodosis and protasis: 'apodosis' for the unmodified (but sometimes marked) superordinate linguistic form (main clause without subordinate clause), 'protasis' for the modifying subordinate form …