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Ecological risk assessment and probability of human health risk of two phenolic compounds in different watercourses and Oreochromis niloticus

This study aimed to detect the actual levels of phenol and nonylphenol ethoxylate 9 (NPEO 9) in some freshwater courses and muscles of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus , in three different Egyptian Governorates (Al-Giza, El-Dakahlya and Port-Said). Moreover, the ecological and probability of public health risks were evaluated for 6 sites in the three governorates. Results revealed that all the detected levels of phenol and those of total investigated compounds in water were above the reported permissible limits. Phenol had medium ecological risk in water at all sampling sites during the study period except in El-Mataria City at El-Dakahlya (Lake Manzala), where a high ecological risk was recorded. Meanwhile, high levels of ecological risk of NPEO 9 were observed in all water samples collected from the six investigated sites during the four seasons of the study period. In addition, the calculated hazard index (HI) for investigated phenolic compounds indicated high non-cancer risks for generalized habitual consumers at all sites during different seasons.