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General, restricted and misleading forms of the First law of thermodynamics

The stored energy E and the internal energy U of a system are different. Delta E = Q - W is defined here as the general form, and Delta U = Q - W as the restricted form, of the First law equation. Forms involving Delta Q and Delta W are misleading. It is argued that the work done by a system on the surroundings should be taken as a positive quantity, in line with several, but not all, A-level syllabuses. Greater emphasis should be given to non-equilibrium processes in physics syllabuses.