{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02610759493670886, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00949367088607595, 'mean_word_length': 5.388888888888889, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
La(III) coagulated graphene oxide for phosphate binding: mechanism and behaviour

Abstract A phosphate locking material was developed by coagulating graphene oxide (GO) through La3+ (La-GO). La3+ activates the graphene oxide to enhance the phosphate binding capacity and to coagulate graphene oxide. This achieves better separability during the coagulation process. The resulting La-GO was used to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions. The phosphate removal process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum binding capacity was estimated to be 141.38 mg g−1. Furthermore, the removal process could attain equilibrium within 20 min and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The pH of the initial solution had a powerful effect on the phosphate removal capacity: La-GO worked efficiently in neutral and alkaline solutions, but not in extremely acidic solutions. Analysis of the binding mechanism showed that phosphate was trapped and transformed into LaPO4 during the removal process. Our empirical and theoretical findings indicated that phosphate could be effectively removed by La-GO. Consequently, La3+ coagulated GO holds great promise for the advanced treatment of phosphate from wastewater and warrants further research.