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On three-dimensional boundary layer flow over surface irregularities

The three-dimensional pipeflow boundary layer equations of Smith (1976) are shown to apply to certain external flow problems, and a numerical method for their solution is developed. The method is used to study flow over surface irregularities, and some three-dimensional separated flows are calculated. Upstream influence in the form of so-called ‘free interactions’ requires an iterative solution technique, in which the initial conditions for the parabolic boundary layer equations must be determined to satisfy a downstream condition