{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03867102396514161, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009259259259259259, 'mean_word_length': 5.1438127090301, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Differences in Exercise‐Induced Blood Flow Patterns between Apparently Healthy Female and Male Subjects

Studies suggest that aerobic exercise (AX) induced endothelial shear stress (ESS) may be a preventive measure for atherosclerosis. However, ESS can be different based on blood flow patterns and between males and females. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to identify changes in blood flow patterns in relation to aerobic exercise (AX) intensity and identify if blood flow patterns are different between females and males. To accomplish these aims 17 young healthy subjects (9 females and 9 males) between the ages of 18–35 were recruited to perform two AX tests on a stationary bicycle. The First test was a graded exercise test (GXT) and was used to determine the exercise intensities for the second test via blood lactate (BL) levels. The second test was performed 48–72 hours later and consisted of three stages of steady‐state AX intensities based in BL (low: <2 mmol/L; medium: 2–4 mmol/L; and high: >4 mmol/L). During both test, artery diameter and blood flow patterns (i.e.: ESS, direction, and presence of turbulence) in the subject's brachial artery was recorded using Doppler and high definition ultrasound. Afterwards, exercise induced endothelial shear stress and presence of turbulence were calculated using Womersley's approximation and Reynolds number (Re) calculation, respectively. Blood flow pattern was mainly antegrade in both males and females. ESS (dynes/cm2) and Re were intensity depended in both males and females. In addition, ESS and Re were similar between sexes at baseline, low, moderate, and high workloads. Interestingly, brachial artery diameter (mm) did not change with exercise intensity in both males and females; however, baseline diameter was smaller in females than males (Table).