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Galpha12 and Galpha13 as key regulatory mediator in signal transduction.

It is generally thought that Galpha(12) and Galpha(13)-induced responses are exclusively mediated by small G protein Rho. However, Galpha(12) and Galpha(13) elicit divergent cellular responses: phospholipase C-epsilon activation, phospholipase D activation, cytoskeletal change, oncogenic response, apoptosis, MAP kinase activation and Na/H-exchange activation. In addition to Rho activation through RhoGEF, it has been recently demonstrated that Galpha(12) and Galpha(13) interact with several proteins and regulate their activities. However, physiological importance of the interaction of Galpha(12) and Galpha(13) with these proteins has not fully established. I summarize the recent progress of Galpha(12) and Galpha(13)-mediated signaling cascade.