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An early warning system for detecting intruders in a territorial animal

. In red-capped cardinals, Paroaria gularis, territorial birds form an 'early warning system' that serves to alert territory owners to the presence of an intruder in the area. Territorial cardinals were relatively likely to detect immediately intruders that were just evicted from a neighbour's territory, probably as a result of the conspicuous patterns of behaviour used in evictions. Intruders that came from a non-adjacent territory were less likely to be detected immediately, and intruders that were undetected on a neighbour's territory had the lowest probability of being immediately detected. Intruders developed a strategy to counter the higher probability of detection after being evicted: intruders that were evicted tended to avoid entering an adjacent territory.