{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01936619718309859, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006602112676056338, 'mean_word_length': 4.997361477572559, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Characteristics of the pupillary light reflex in the macaque monkey: discharge patterns of pretectal neurons.

Anatomical and physiological data have implicated the pretectal olivary nucleus (PON) as the midbrain relay for the pupillary light reflex in a variety of species. To determine the nature of the discharge of pretectal light reflex relay neurons, we recorded their activity in monkeys that were fixating a stationary spot while a full-field random-dot stimulus was flashed on for 1 s. Based on their discharge patterns, neurons in or near the PON came in two varieties. The most prevalent neuron discharged a burst of spikes 56 ms (on average) after the light came on followed by a sustained rate for the duration of the stimulus (burst-sustained neurons). When the light went off, nearly all neurons (33/34) ceased firing, and then all the neurons with a resting response in the dark (n = 15) resumed firing. Both the firing rate within the burst and the sustained discharge rate increased with log light intensity and the latency of the burst decreased. The burst and cessation of firing were better aligned with the stimulus occurrence than with the onset of pupillary constriction or dilation. Taken together, these data suggest that burst-sustained neurons respond to the visual stimulus eliciting the pupillary change rather than dictating the metrics of the subsequent pupillary response. Electrical stimulation at the site of four of five burst-sustained neurons elicited pupillary constriction at low stimulus strengths after a latency of approximately 100 ms. When the electrode was moved 250 microm away from the burst-sustained neuron, the elicited response disappeared. Reconstructions of the locations of burst-sustained luminance neurons place them in the PON or its immediate vicinity. We suggest that PON burst-sustained neurons constitute the pretectal relay for the pupillary light reflex. A minority of our recorded pretectal neurons discharged a burst of spikes at both light onset and light offset. For most of these transient neurons, neither the burst rate nor the interburst rate was significantly related to light intensity. We conclude that these neurons are not involved in the light reflex but subserve some other pretectal function.