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Generational Local Ecological Knowledge on the Benefits of an Agroforestry Landscape in Mindanao, Philippines

Agroforestry landscapes in the Philippines provide benefits or ecosystem services that haveÂ traditionally and sustainably supported food production for rural communities and the protectionÂ of natural resources. However, the very continuity and sustainability of agroforestry is in questionÂ because of the rise of new generations of landscape users that can ascribe different valuesÂ toward these benefits. Thus, this study highlights age-based local ecological knowledge (LEK)Â on these agroforestry-based ecosystem services to understand differences in the generational persistence and sources of their LEK. A structured survey was conducted with 36 youth, 36Â middle-aged, and 36 elderly users of an agroforestry landscape in Libungan-Alamada WatershedÂ in Mindanao, Philippines. This survey focused on the presence of LEK on seven provisioning andÂ five regulating ecosystem services previously identified through multiple participatory exercisesÂ in the agroforestry landscape. Results indicated high LEK (more than 50% of knowledgeableÂ respondents in all age groups) across all the ecosystem services, highlighting strong socialecologicalÂ interdependence on the agroforestry landscape. While generational persistence ofÂ local knowledge was observed, the knowledge sources varied depending on the age group orÂ the ecosystem service. Intergenerational transfer of knowledge was prominent for provisioningÂ ecosystem services. However, institution-based learning was essential for regulating services (e.g., climate change mitigation), especially for the youth. Experiential learning was the primary modeÂ of knowledge acquisition for regulating services (e.g., biodiversity conservation) for the olderÂ generations. These results provide strong evidence to help guide policy actors, decision makers,Â and program managers as they promote, conserve, and restore agroforestry practices, especiallyÂ in production-protection landscapes such as the Libungan-Alamada Watershed. The revised policyÂ should be based on age-targeted interventions and proper learning entry points that have beenÂ found effective in this study.