{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.024725274725274724, 'fraction_numerical': 0.021367521367521368, 'mean_word_length': 4.969034608378871, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The age of the oldest aeolian sand in the Otindag sandland

The Otindag sandland, located at the boundary of the East Asian monsoon area, is sensitive to climate change and is therefore an ideal place to investigate past environmental evolution. Due to frequent volcanic eruptions that have occurred since the Cenozoic, numerous interbeds of multi-stage basalt and sand exist in the stratigraphic sequence, which allowed older sand to be preserved due to the protective effect of the overlying rock. Previous studies of climate change in the sandland mainly focused on the time interval since the last glacial period, and information is lacking regarding climate change over longer timescales and younger volcanic activity. The key reason for this is that suitable geological carriers are rare, which prevents the expansion of the desired sediment chronological scale. In order to establish the chronological framework, samples of the sandy paleosoil, aeolian sand, lacustrine sand and volcanic baked layer were collected and dated by the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method. The conventional SAR, TT-OSL and pIRIR (200,290) procedures were used to obtain equivalent doses of quartz and feldspar. To ensure the accuracy of the dating data, the age of the feldspar dating of the oldest aeolian sand sample (TBB) was compared with the quartz result, and the quartz and feldspar ages were found to be consistent with each other within the error range. Considering the error of the age measured by TT-OSL (384.2±68.0 ka) exceeded 10%, the age measured by the pIRIR (200,290) method (321.2±11.5 ka) was adopted to represent the deposition age of the aeolian sand sample. In addition, the age of the oldest sand deposition in the three sections of the Otindag sandland may reach 300 ka, mainly due to the different thermal history and provenance from other areas such as Loess Plateau, resulting in the different saturation dose and dose rate lever of quartz or feldspar. The sedimentary age framework established by OSL dating enabled the reconstruction of the evolution process of the Otindag Sandland. The climate was cold and dry during the periods corresponding to 321.2, 160.3−151.6 and 4.4 ka, and the aeolian sand material quickly accumulated during these times, as dunes were activated and the sandland expanded. During the periods corresponding to 5.0 ka and 2.4−1.3 ka, sandy soil developed efficiently, implying the dunes were fixed. The oldest lacustrian sand age is 320.4±16.0 ka for quartz dated by the SAR method. Hence, aeolian sand and lacustrine sand developed in the same period, which indicates that there was a landscape where dunes and lakes coexisted around 320.4 ka, such as at present. The Optical Stimulated Luminescence dating results of the volcanic baking layer and the underlying coarse sand layer confirm that volcanic activity occurred around 321.2 and 155.0 ka. Combined with results of previous research, this study indicates that the northeast and northwestward basement faults of the northern margin of the North China Craton and the Central Asian orogenic belt are characterized by extensional tectonic properties in the background setting of plate subduction, and relative uplift and settlement occur in the sandland formation zone.