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"How People Go to Hell": Pessimism, Tragedy, and the Affinity to Schopenhauer in The Sun Also Rises

This paper suggests a way of relating Hemingway's work to pessimism as a philosophical tradition and to tragedy as a literary genre. The first section summarizes the thinking of Arthur Schopenhauer, the most important representative of pessimism in philosophy. The aesthetics of this German philosopher give us the concept of the "tragedy of circumstances," extremely useful in the study of texts which are not tragedies in the classic sense of the word. The second section applies the terms pessimism and tragedy to Hemingway's first novel, The Sun Also Rises.