{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01694915254237288, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 6.065217391304348, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Paternalism as A Predictor of Leadership Behaviors: A Bi-Level Analysis

This study investigated whether cultural values of paternalism measured at the leaders’ individual and societal level relate to leadership behaviors of managers. The findings indicated that paternalistic values are important determinants of leadership behaviors; however, the influence of paternalism on leaders’ behavioral choices was not common across the two levels of analysis. Societal level paternalism was related with structural leadership, while self-referenced ratings of paternalistic values showed a significant linkage with human resource and symbolic leadership.