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Problems and prospects for the application of microorganisms in the disposal of lignocellulose waste

The conversion of household and industrial wastes containing lignocellulose into a variety of target products (bioenergy sources, organic acids, sweeteners, etc.) involves one of the priority directions for the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation. However, the profitability of processing the substrates obtained by hydrolysis of such secondary sources of raw materials is determined by the possibility of microbiological utilisation for not only hexoses (D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose), but also pentose (D-xylose, L-arabinose). The aim of this review consists in a discussion of the prospects for using microorganisms in the disposal of lignocellulose pentoses, along with problems arising in the course of the technological implementation of this process. The review provides contemporary data on the spectrum of proand eukaryotic microorganisms ensuring the destruction of lignocellulose and the utilisation of its structural components in natural ecosystems. A brief description of action mechanism inherited to the enzymes of ligninase, cellulase and hemicellulase complexes is presented. The main problems hindering the enzymatic hydrolysis application to multicomponent household and industrial lignocellulose wastes are identified. The factors determining the selectivity of pentosis catabolism in mycelial fungi, bacteria and yeast are examined. The spectrum of target products in bioconversion of lignocellulose pentoses, is determined with regard of their economic importance. The methods of complex microbiological utilisation of various household and agricultural wastes, as well as the possibility of involving by-products from industrial destruction of wood (acid hydrolysates and sulphite liquors) in this process, are discussed.