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Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) affect 15-60% of patients older than 40 years of age and can have a significant impact on their lives.1,2 According to the International Continence Society, LUTS can be classified as bladder storage, sensation, or voiding, symptoms.3 Specific symptoms associated with LUTS include frequency, urgency, nocturia, difficulty in initiating urination, a sense of incomplete bladder emptying, decreased force of stream and interruption of stream. These symptoms are often related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is the most common aetiology of male LUTS. These symptoms may also be associated with various unrelated syndromes, such as heart failure, urinary tract infections and diabetes, and certain neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and cauda equine syndrome.3-6 In many instances, multiple causes or no specific causes may be identified and it can impact negatively on the quality of life of the individual.7 Therefore, its management involves a focused history, physical examination and an assessment of bother.6