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Fluorescent H2 Receptor Squaramide-Type Antagonists: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications.

Fluorescence labeled ligands have been gaining importance as molecular tools, enabling receptor-ligand-binding studies by various fluorescence-based techniques. Aiming at red-emitting fluorescent ligands for the hH2R, a series of squaramides labeled with pyridinium or cyanine fluorophores (19-27) was synthesized and characterized. The highest hH2R affinities in radioligand competition binding assays were obtained in the case of pyridinium labeled antagonists 19-21 (pK i: 7.71-7.76) and cyanine labeled antagonists 23 and 25 (pK i: 7.67, 7.11). These fluorescent ligands proved to be useful tools for binding studies (saturation and competition binding as well as kinetic experiments), using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and high content imaging. Saturation binding experiments revealed pK d values comparable to the pK i values. The fluorescent probes 21, 23, and 25 could be used to localize H2 receptors in HEK cells and to determine the binding affinities of unlabeled compounds.