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The Arctic ecosystem: A canary in the coal mine for global multiple stressors

TheArcticwaspreviouslyconsidereda last frontier forecosystems unimpacted by human activity. However, scientific evidence has increasingly demonstrated that the Arctic is at risk from various anthropogenic stressors, including environmental pollution. Environmental pollutants were identified in the Arctic several decades ago, and are still of concern for Arctic wildlife and indigenous peoples even though they have been subject to first national and then international regulation (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme 2018). In addition, new chemicals and substitutes for banned chemicals continue to enter use in society, and a number of these have been identified as chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEAC; Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme 2017). Most persistent organic environmental pollutants and CEACs reach the Arctic via long-range transport (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme 2018), although some have local sources (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme 2017). Recently, more than 1000 time-series of contaminants from the Arctic were summarized (Rig et et al. 2019). For many legacy contaminants that have been subject to regulation (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, whose main route to the Arctic is long-range transport), the temporal trends are generally decreasing. The temporal trends of CEACs and of contaminants with some local sources (such as long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and hexabromocyclododecane) are generally increasing. Thus, the Arctic not only accumulates globally transported environmental contaminants, it also responds to regional and international measures to ban or control contaminants. Good examples are polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, whose levels increased until the early 2000s followed by a rapid decline (Rig et et al. 2019). In fact, data on environmental pollutants from the Arctic are used for monitoring the effectiveness of regional and global regulatory actions, such as theGlobalMonitoring Plan under the Stockholm