{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02292768959435626, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 4.68, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Is it the Language Model in Language Modeling ?

With the objective of supporting a more precise formulation of this question, and the discussion of the relevant issues, we begin with a formal definition of “language model”. We then propose a description of what “the Language Modeling approach” can be thought to consist of, in the context of IR research; first with a strict interpretation in mind, and then with a more informal view. We conclude with a brief exposition of research into the role of variance reduction in IR recently begun at The MITRE Corporation.