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Computer-Based Discovery in Federal Civil Litigation

the pervasive use of computers. More and more cases involve e-mail, word-processed documents, spreadsheets, and records of Internet activity. In some cases, computerbased discovery can be routine and uneventful. The parties may agree simply to exchange computer disks of documents instead of paper. In many cases, however, computerbased discovery generates disputes over the scope of disclosure, form of production, privilege, and alleged spoliation. The costs associated with computer-based discovery procedures can be extraordinary. In many of the re-