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A Cambrian framework for the oriented cycle

This paper completes the project of constructing combinatorial models (called frameworks) for the exchange graph and g-vector fan associated to any exchange matrix B whose Cartan companion is of finite or affine type, using the combinatorics and geometry of Coxeter-sortable elements and Cambrian lattices/fans. Specifically, we construct a framework in the unique non-acyclic affine case, the cyclically oriented n-cycle. In the acyclic affine case, a framework was constructed by combining a copy of the Cambrian fan for B with an antipodal copy of the Cambrian fan for -B. In this paper, we extend this"doubled Cambrian fan"construction to the oriented n-cycle, using a more general notion of sortable elements for quivers with cycles.


Introduction
The close connection between exchange matrices and Cartan matrices leads naturally to the construction of combinatorial models for cluster algebras in terms of the root systems and Coxeter groups. Such models have appeared, for example, in [3,4,12,15]. This paper completes a project, begun in [15,16], to construct explicit combinatorial models for the principal coefficients cluster algebra A • (B) for every B whose Cartan companion Cart(B) of finite or affine type. The key ingredients throughout the project are; (1) the notion of a framework for B; and (2) the combinatorics and geometry of sortable elements. These two ideas are enough, in [15], to produce combinatorial models, called Cambrian frameworks, for A • (B) when Cart(B) is of finite type. When Cart(B) is of affine type, another idea is needed: (3) doubling the Cambrian framework. This third idea was applied, in [16], to produce a doubled Cambrian framework that serves as a combinatorial model for acyclic exchange matrices B such that Cart(B) is of affine type. There is one infinite family of non-acyclic exchange matrices B such that Cart(B) is of affine type: the oriented n-cycles. In this paper, we use the notion of sortable elements for quivers with cycles [14] and a variant of the doubling idea to construct a combinatorial model for A • (B) when B is an oriented cycle.
For the remainder of this introduction, we briefly elaborate on these three ideas, with the goal of putting the present work into context, and then state the main results of this paper and some of their consequences for cluster algebras.
The Cartan companion of B is the matrix A = Cart(B) with entries a ij = −|b ij | for i = j, and a ii = 2. The information contained in B is equivalent to the Cartan matrix Cart(B) and an orientation Ω of the diagram of Cart(B). The orientation Ω is obtained by directing i ← j if b ij > 0. We say that B is acyclic if Ω has no directed cycles.
Nathan Reading was partially supported by NSF grant DMS-1101568. David E Speyer was supported in part by a Clay Research Fellowship.
A framework is a labeled graph, which, under certain conditions, is isomorphic to the exchange graph of A • (B) and from which one can read off combinatorial data such as the c-vectors, exchange matrices, g-vector fan and exchange graph. Specifically, each vertex v of the framework is labeled with a set of vectors that encode the c-vectors. The labels on v define a cone Cone(v) whose rays encode the g-vectors. One of the conditions required for a framework to model the exchange graph and g-vector fan is that it be complete. A framework that is not complete models only part of the exchange graph and g-vector fan.
In [15], we built on work in [9,12,13] to construct a Cambrian framework for any acyclic B. Given a Coxeter group W , choosing an acyclic orientation of the Coxeter diagram of W is equivalent to choosing a Coxeter element c in W . The c-sortable elements are certain elements of W , characterized in terms of the combinatorics of reduced words, or in terms of inversion sets. The c-Cambrian framework Camb c , as a graph, is the Hasse diagram of the restriction of the weak order to c-sortable elements. The labels in the c-Cambrian framework are certain roots that can be read off from the canonical reduced words (c-sorting words) for c-sortable elements. For each c-sortable element v, we write Cone c (v) rather than Cone(v) to emphasize the dependence on c. The fan whose maximal cones are Cone c (v) for all vertices v of the c-Cambrian framework is called the c-Cambrian fan.
The c-Cambrian framework is complete when W is a finite Coxeter group, but otherwise it is not complete. The obstruction to completeness is that, for a sortable element v, the cone Cone c (v) contains the cone vD (the image of the fundamental chamber D under the element v). In particular, each cone Cone c (v) meets the interior of the Tits cone w∈W wD. However, in infinite type, the g-vector fan has cones that don't meet the interior of the Tits cone. Thus we cannot expect the Cambrian construction to describe the entire g-vector fan when Cart(B) is of infinite type.
We now describe a strategy, introduced in [16], to escape the Tits cone when Cart(B) is of affine type. In finite type, the c-Cambrian fan and the c −1 -Cambrian fan are related by the antipodal map. (See [10,Proposition 1.3], [16,Corollary 3.25], [16,Remark 3.26], and [11,Proposition 7.1].) In affine type, this suggests the following strategy: Take the graphs Camb c and Camb c −1 . If v is a vertex of Camb c and v is a vertex of Camb c −1 such that Cone c (v) = −Cone c −1 (v ), then glue v to v , to form a graph DCamb c . Since Cone c (v) = −Cone c −1 (v ) if and only if the labels on v are the negatives of the labels on v, the combined graph can be labeled consistently to form a framework and an associated fan, the doubled c-Cambrian framework and doubled c-Cambrian fan. The doubled c-Cambrian fan covers all the points of the Tits cone and the antipodal Tits cone. When A is of affine type, the Tits cone is essentially a halfspace, so the doubled c-Cambrian fan covers all of space except for part of the boundary of the Tits cone. We obtain, when B is acyclic and Cart(B) is of affine type, a complete framework for B.
Most affine Coxeter diagrams are trees, so all of their orientations are acyclic. The exception is the Coxeter groupÃ n−1 , whose Coxeter diagram is an n-cycle and can thus be oriented cyclically. In this paper, we analyze the case of the cyclically oriented n-cycle. In [14], we explained how to define sortable elements for any orientation of a Coxeter diagram, with cycles or not, and the basic idea for the oriented cycle is the same as for the acyclic affine case: glue together two antipodal combinatorial structures, each built on sortable elements.
The lack of acyclicity complicates matters, however. In the non-acyclic case, the combinatorics of sortable elements does not provide enough labels to define simplicial cones Cone(v). Thus many of the cones Cone(v) are defined by fewer than n inequalities (in an n-dimensional vector space). In particular, the cones do not combine to form a fan, and there is no Cambrian framework covering the Tits cone. We solve this problem by taking another view of how to double the Cambrian fan. In the affine acyclic case, we can describe the glueing of vertices in a different manner: Applying the same gluing criterion for the oriented cycle, several surprising things happen: the combined vertices all have exactly n labels (the combined label sets of the two identified vertices); the glued graph with combined label sets forms a framework; and the labels define a complete simplicial fan (which is therefore the g-vector fan).
There is an alternate approach to the cluster algebra defined by the oriented n-cycle. This cluster algebra is of finite type D n so, if one is willing to change the base seed, one can study the cluster algebra of the cyclically oriented n-cycle using type D combinatorics. In this paper we will not do this. Rather, we work with the combinatorics of the affine Coxeter groupÃ n−1 , thus preserving the rotational symmetry and making the oriented n-cycle our base seed.
We conclude this introduction with a more detailed summary of the main results and their consequences. Let Ω be the cyclically oriented n-cycle, considered as a quiver. Let B be the corresponding B-matrix. So Cart(B) is of affine typeÃ n−1 . We will also refer to B itself as the oriented n-cycle.
We construct a regular graph DCamb Ω and a labeling DC Ω such that: is a complete, descending, exact, well-connected, polyhedral, simply connected framework.
The main significance of Theorem 1.1 is in its consequences for the combinatorics of the principal-coefficients cluster algebra A • (B) associatd to B. In particular, the graph DCamb Ω is isomorphic to the exchange graph of A • (B), and the exchange matrices, c-vectors, g-vectors, and the g-vector fan can be read off from (DCamb Ω , DC Ω ). In addition, Theorem 1.1 gives a proof, in the case of B, of many of the standard conjectures for cluster algebras, although most of these are known in this case by other methods. We now explain these consequences in greater detail, assuming the most basic definitions and facts about cluster algebras as found, for example, in [5]. For an exposition in the context of frameworks, see [15,Section 3].
We use the set I(v) of edges incident to v as an indexing set both for labels on v and for the associated cluster variables. The labeling DC Ω associates to each vertex v of DCamb Ω a set DC Ω (v) = {DC Ω (v, e) : e ∈ I(v)} of vectors that form a basis for the root lattice. We write Cone Ω (v) for β∈DCΩ(v) {x ∈ V * : x, β ≥ 0}. We also write R Ω (v) for the basis of the weight space that is dual to DC Ω (v) and write R Ω (v, e) for the vector in R Ω (v) that is dual to DC Ω (v). The symbol ω stands for the bilinear form defined by B. The following corollary of Theorem 1.1 follows from [15,Theorem 3.25], [15,Theorem 3.26], and [15,Corollary 4.6].
DCamb Ω to the principal coefficients exchange graph Ex • (B), where B is the oriented n-cycle. If v is a vertex of DCamb Ω , then: is an isomorphism from DCamb Ω to the dual graph of the fan defined by g-vectors of clusters in A • (B).
Many of the standard conjectures for cluster algebras are collected in [15, Section 3.3]. We will not restate them here, but we point out that the construction of the framework (DCamb Ω , DC Ω ) establishes them in the case of the oriented cycle. (Most of these conjectures are known in this case by other methods.) Corollary 1.3. If B is the oriented n-cycle, then Conjectures 3.9-3.20 from [15] all hold for B.
The conjectures referenced in Conjecture 1.3 include, among others, the following assertions: the sign-coherence and basis properties hold for g-vectors; the g-vectors define a fan; each c-vector has a sign; and a seed is determined by its c-vectors. Sections 2 through 5 provide relevant background on Coxeter groups, frameworks and Cambrian combinatorics. Section 6 introduces our main construction. Sections 7 and 8 provide the combinatorial lemmas which prove that our main construction is well defined. Section 9 proves that our construction has the promised properties.

Root systems and Coxeter groups
In this section, we fix our notation surrounding root systems and Coxeter groups. We assume a basic familiarity with the topic. Standard references include [1,2,6,7]. For more background from the same point of view as this paper, see [15,16].
Let A be an n × n symmetric generalized Cartan matrix, meaning that a ii = 2, that a ij ≤ 0 for i = j, and that a ij = a ji . We will write I for an n-element set that indexes the rows and columns of A. When A is of typeÃ n−1 , we take I to be the cyclic group Z/nZ, so objects indexed by I have indices which are cyclic modulo n. For example, in this case, a i(i+1) = a (i+1)i = −1 and a ii = 2.
All of the objects considered in this paper (cluster algebras, root systems, Coxeter groups and frameworks) work more generally with a symmetrizable Cartan matrix rather than a symmetric one. Our goal in this paper is to study the case where B corresponds to the oriented n-cycle, in which case A is symmetric. Accordingly, we will simplify our notation by describing the case where A is symmetric and (later) where B is skew-symmetric. Roots and co-roots are the same when A is symmetric, so our notation will not distinguish them.
Let V be a real n-dimensional vector space with a basis Π = {α i : i ∈ I}, let V * be the dual vector space, and write x, y for the pairing between x ∈ V * and y ∈ V . The vectors α i are called the simple roots. The lattice spanned by the simple roots is called the root lattice. When A is of typeÃ n−1 , the positive roots are the vectors of the form α i + α i+1 + · · · + α j−1 with i ≤ j and i ≡ j mod n, indices interpreted modulo n. For example, if n = 3, then one of the positive roots is The Cartan matrix also encodes a symmetric bilinear form K on V given by K(α i , α j ) = a ij . As usual, we define the simple reflection s i to be the reflection orthogonal (with respect to K) to α i , so that s i (α j ) = α j − a ij α i . We write W for the Coxeter group generated by the set S of simple reflections. The action of W preserves the form K. There is also a dual action of W on V * as usual.
We write Φ for the (real) root system w∈W w·{α 1 , . . . , α n }. Each root β defines a reflection t by tx = x − K(β, x)β for all x ∈ V . We write β t for the positive root associated to a reflection t.
We write D for the fundamental chamber {x ∈ V * : α i , x ≥ 0} and write Tits(A) for the Tits cone w∈W wD. In this paper, we are concerned with A of affine typeÃ n−1 . In this case, Tits(A) is {x ∈ V * : δ, x > 0} ∪ {0}, where δ is the imaginary root α 1 + α 2 + · · · + α n . The kernel of K is Rδ, so in particular, δ is fixed by the action of W . The set of real roots Φ is invariant under translation by δ, and the image of Φ in V /Rδ is a root system of finite type A n−1 (that is to say, the root system for the Coxeter group S n ).
Given a Coxeter group W with simple generators S, we use the term weak order to refer to what is often called the right weak order, with cover relations w < · ws when (w) < (ws).
For each subset J ⊆ S, we write W J of W for the standard parabolic subgroup generated by J. For each w ∈ W and J ⊆ S, we write w J for the projection of w to W J , the unique maximal element of W J below w in the weak order. We will often take J to be S \ {s}, which we denote by s .
Let w be an element of W . An inversion of w is a reflection t such that (tw) < (w). We write inv(w) for the set of inversions ot w. For any J ⊆ S, we have inv(w J ) = inv(w) ∩ W J . A cover reflection of w is t ∈ inv(w) such that tw = ws for some s ∈ S. In this case, tw is covered by w in the weak order. We write cov(w) for the set of cover reflections of w. When t is a cover reflection of w, we have inv(tw) = inv(w) \ {t}.

Frameworks for skew-symmetric exchange matrices.
In this section, we give definitions and basic results on frameworks, in the special case where the initial exchange matrix is skew-symmetric. For a discussion of the general skew-symmetrizable case, see [15,Section 2].
The underlying structure of a framework is a simple regular quasi-graph. This is a structure obtained from a simple graph by placing some number of half-edges on each vertex. Half-edges "dangle" from a vertex without connecting that vertex to any other. Ordinary edges, i.e. edges connecting two vertices, will be called full edges. A quasi-graph is regular of degree n if each vertex is incident to exactly n-edges. (That is, each vertex v has k half-edges and n − k full edges for some k ∈ {0, . . . , n} that depends on v.) A quasi-graph is connected if, when half-edges are ignored, it is connected in the usual sense. An incident pair is a pair (v, e) where v is a vertex v and e is an edge containing v. We write I(v) for the set of edges e containing a vertex v.
A skew-symmetric exchange matrix B = [b ij ] is a skew-symmetric integer matrix with rows and columns indexed by a set I with |I| = n. The exchange matrix B has a Cartan companion A = Cart(B) = [a ij ] with diagonal entries 2 and off-diagonal entries a ij = −|b ij |. We define ω to be the skew-symmetric bilinear form with ω(α i , α j ) = b ij for all i, j ∈ I.
A framework for an n × n exchange matrix B is a pair (G, C) such that G is a connected, n-regular quasi-graph and C is a function called the labeling from incident pairs (v, e) in G to the vector space V , satisfying certain conditions, called the Sign, Base, and Transition conditions. We write In the general setting of [15], a framework is a triple (G, C, C ∨ ), where C and C ∨ are two labelings of G, one by vectors in the root lattice and one by vectors in the co-root lattice. In the skew-symmetric case, the two labelings coincide [15,Remark 2.2]. Thus for skew-symmetric B, a framework is (G, C, C), and we abbreviate this to (G, C) in this paper.
Sign condition: For each incident pair (v, e), the label C(v, e) is a nonzero vector, and either C(v, e) or −C(v, e) is in the nonnegative span of the simple roots.
For a nonzero vector x, we write sgn(x) = 1 if x is in the nonnegative span of the simple roots and sgn(x) = −1 if −x is in the nonnegative span of the simple roots. A natural way to satisfy the Sign condition is if all the C(v, e)'s are roots, but in general, the labels need not be roots. However, in the framework we will construct for the cyclically oriented n-cycle, all labels will be roots. In [15, Section 2.2], we defined a notion of reflection framework; the reflection condition implies that all labels are roots. However, our framework for the cyclically oriented n-cycle will not be a reflection framework.
Base condition: There exists a vertex v b such that C(v b ) is the set of simple roots.
We identify the indexing set I with Transition condition: Suppose v and v are distinct vertices incident to the same edge e.
One can easily check that the transition condition is symmetric in v and w.
We warn the reader that the inverse function I(v ) → I(v) is also denoted µ e . For each vertex v in a framework (G, C), define Cone(v) to be the cone in V * given by β∈C(v) {x ∈ V * : x, β ≥ 0}. By [15,Proposition 2.4], each Cone(v) is a simplicial cone.
In [15], several global conditions on frameworks are defined, and the consequences of these conditions are discussed. Here, we wish to bypass precise definitions of some of these conditions. We can do this because we will establish one global condition, the descending condition, which implies many of the others. For a full discussion, see [15,Section 4]. The for v ∈ G are the maximal cones of a fan and if the map v → Cone(v) is injective. The adjectives well-connected , simply connected , ample, and exact can also be applied to a framework as explained in [15,Section 4].
A framework is descending if it satisfies the following three conditions.
Full edge condition: If (v, e) is an incident pair and sgn(C(v, e)) = −1 then e is a full edge.
In light of the Sign and Transition conditions, we can orient the edges of G as follows: If e is an edge incident to a vertex v, then we direct e towards v if sgn(C(v, e)) = 1 and away from v if sgn(C(v, e)) = −1.

Descending chain condition: There exists no infinite sequence
For us, the descending property is the key to proving most of the other key properties of the framework (DCamb Ω , DC Ω ) for the oriented n-cycle. This is because [15,Theorem 4.20] says that a descending framework is exact, polyhedral, well-connected, and simply connected. This reduces the proof of Theorem 1.1 to the following assertion: The rest of the paper is devoted to constructing (DCamb Ω , DC Ω ) and proving Theorem 3.1.

Cambrian frameworks
In this section, we review the construction of a Cambrian framework for any acyclic exchange matrix B. (See [15].) The information contained in an acyclic exchange matrix B is equivalent to (A, c), where A = Cart(B) and c is the Coxeter element obtained by ordering S such that s i precedes s j whenever b ij > 0. We will use the data (A, c) to define a framework for B. Since the exchange matrix B of interest in this paper is skew-symmetric and thus A is symmetric, we present the Cambrian framework construction in the special case of symmetric A.
As before, let Φ be the root system associated to A. Let W be the Coxeter group associated to A and let s 1 s 2 · · · s n be a reduced word for c. We write c ∞ for the infinite word (s 1 s 2 · · · s n )(s 1 s 2 · · · s n ) · · · in the simple generators s i . Let w be an element of W . The c-sorting word for w is the lexicographically leftmost subword of c ∞ which is a reduced word for w. Let I r ⊆ S be the letters from the r-th copy of (s 1 s 2 · · · s n ) that occur in the c-sorting word for w. The group element w is c-sortable if and only if I 1 ⊇ I 2 ⊇ I 3 ⊇ · · · . (See [9,Section 2].) The subword of s 1 · · · s n consisting of the letters indexed by I r is called the r-th block of the c-sorting word for w.
Given w ∈ W , there is a unique maximum element, denoted π c ↓ (w), among all c-sortable elements below w in the weak order [13,Corollary 6.2]. The restriction of the weak order to c-sortable elements is a meet semilattice called the c-Cambrian semilattice, and π c ↓ is an order preserving map from the weak order to the c-Cambrian semilattice [13, Theorem 6.1].
We will define a set of labels C r (v), indexed by the simple reflections, for each csortable element v. See [13, Section 5] for more information, including an alternate recursive definition.
Let s i1 s i2 · · · s i N be the c-sorting word for v. Viewing this as a subword of c ∞ , there is some first occurrence of r in c ∞ which is not in s i1 s i2 · · · s i N . Suppose this occurrence falls between s it and s it+1 . Then we say that s i1 s i2 · · · s i N skips r between s it and s it+1 . (If t = 0, we mean that the skip is before s 1 and if t = N , we mean that the skip is after To realize C c as a labeling on incident pairs, we use the following lemma, which is part of [15,Lemma 5.11]. Lemma 4.1. If v < · v in the c-Cambrian semilattice, then there exists a unique root β such that β ∈ C c (v ) and −β ∈ C c (v). The root β is positive.
For each edge e corresponding to a cover relation v < · v in Camb c , we define C c (v, e) = −β and C c (v , e) = β. The degree of each vertex of Camb c is at most n. If the degree is less than n, then we attach half-edges to v to make the degree n. These half-edges are labeled with the labels in C c that were not already associated to full edges. We overload the notation Camb c to also denote the quasi-graph with these added half-edges, and also re-use the symbol C c for the labeling of incident pairs in Camb c . The following is [15,Theorem 5.12].
. Finally, we gather some properties of the labeling C c . Recall that r is S \ {r}.

Lemma 4.5.
If v is in the parabolic subgroup W r , then C r c (v) ∈ Φ + . Proof. If the c-sorting word s i1 s i2 · · · s i N for v skips r between s it and s it+1 , then the root C r c (v) is positive if and only if s i1 s i2 · · · s it r is reduced. If v is in W r , then each simple reflection occurs at most once in the word s i1 s i2 · · · s it r, so this word is reduced.
. Proof. Proposition 4.7 implies that the notation C c (v) makes sense. The c -sorting word for v coincides with the c-sorting word for v, and thus skips each r ∈ J in the same place.
We conclude this section with a lemma about c-sortable elements in type A. Lemma 4.9. Suppose W is of type A k , with vertices numbered in order along the Coxeter diagram, and let c be the Coxeter element s 1 · · · s k . If v ∈ W is c-sortable and has full support, then v = cu where u is a c -sortable element in W s k for c = s 1 · · · s k−1 .
Proof. By definition of c-sortability, v = cu for some c-sortable element u of W with (v) = (c) + (u). So u ≤ c −1 w 0 . One computes that c −1 w 0 is the longest element in W s k , so u ∈ W s k . The result follows by Proposition 4.7.

Cambrian combinatorics with cycles
The construction of the Cambrian framework (and the "doubled" Cambrian framework described in the introduction) relied crucially on the hypothesis that B is acyclic. However, the object of study in this paper is a non-acyclic exchange matrix: the oriented cycle. In [14], the notion of sortable elements was generalized to allow for non-acyclic orientations of the Coxeter diagram of W . In this section, we review the main results of [14].
Let B be an n × n skew-symmetrizable integer matrix, W the corresponding Weyl group and S the simple generators. Let Ω be the directed graph with vertex set S and edges s i ← s j whenever b ij > 0. For a subset J of S, we say that J is Ω-acyclic if the subgraph of Ω induced by J is acyclic. If J is Ω-acyclic, we write c(Ω, J) for the product of the elements {s i } i∈J , ordered with s i before s j if there is an edge s i ← s j . This is a Coxeter element of W J .
For w ∈ W , define J(w) to be the unique minimal subset J of S so that w is in the parabolic subgroup W J . We define w to be Ω-sortable if J(w) is Ω-acyclic and w is c(Ω, J)-sortable. In [14], we define an idempotent map π Ω ↓ from W to the Ω-sortable elements, mapping w ∈ W to the unique maximal Ω-sortable element below w. We restate the defining property of π Ω ↓ as a lemma: Lemma 5.1. If x is Ω-sortable and y ∈ W , then x ≤ y if and only if x ≤ π Ω ↓ (y). We also show that the Ω-sortable elements and the map π Ω ↓ have the same latticetheoretic properties as in the acyclic case. The Ω-Cambrian semilattice is the subposet of the weak order on W induced on the Ω-sortable elements. We define the graph Camb Ω to be the Hasse diagram of the Ω-Cambrian semilattice.
Let v ∈ W be Ω-sortable and let r be a simple reflection of W .
is Ω-acyclic}. In particular, C Ω (v) can have fewer than n elements. When Ω is acyclic, the set C Ω (v) = {C r Ω (v) : r ∈ S} has n elements for every v, and furthermore, setting c = c(Ω, S), we have C Ω (v) = C c (v). We will repeatedly want the following lemma: is an edge of the Hasse diagram Camb Ω , corresponding to a cover v < · v, then we can apply Lemma 4.1 within standard parabolic subgroups to conclude that there exists a unique root β such that β ∈ C Ω (v ) and −β ∈ C Ω (v), and that β is positive. We thus label the incident pairs (v, e) and (v , e) by ±β as in the acyclic case. We can add half-edges to Camb Ω to make an n-regular quasi-graph as in the acyclic case, but some vertices do not have enough labels to put on the added half-edges. Thus we cannot define a framework when Ω is acyclic without some additional information.
Each Ω-sortable element v defines a cone Cone When Ω is not acyclic, these cones are not the maximal cones of a fan; they do not even have the same lineality space. However, it is still true [14,Theorem 4.1] that, for any Ω-sortable v and any w ∈ W , we have π Ω ↓ (w) = v if and only if wD ⊆ Cone Ω (v).

Constructing a framework for the oriented cycle
In this section, we give the construction of (DCamb Ω , DC Ω ). The proof that it is a framework is given in Section 9. We begin by illustrating our construction for n = 3. . The corresponding operation in the dual space is to assign the cone Cone Ω (v 1 ) ∩ −Cone −Ω (v 2 ) to v. These cones form the maximal cones of a fan DF Ω , pictured in Figure 2. We draw codimension-1 faces in the closure of Tits(A) in black, codimension-1 faces contained in the closure of −Tits(A) in blue, and codimension-1 faces that cross ∂Tits(A) in dotted blue and black. The red circle indicates ∂Tits. This will be the fan of our framework for the cyclically oriented triangle.
Remark 6.2. If all walls in Figure 1 are extended to lines, the result is a drawing of the Shi arrangement of type A 2 , first studied in [17]. Indeed, one easily deduces from the results of this paper that the roots appearing as c-vectors for the oriented n-cycle are exactly the roots ofÃ n−1 that define the Shi arrangement of type A n−1 .
We now show how the above example generalizes to the cyclicly oriented n-cycle for n > 3. From now on, Ω is the oriented graph s 1 ← s 2 ← · · · ← s n ← s 1 and −Ω is the reverse orientation. Indices should always be treated as cyclic modulo n.
In Section 7, we will prove the following proposition.  Let DCamb Ω be obtained from the disjoint union Camb Ω ∪(− Camb −Ω ) by identifying each v ∈ Camb Ω having |C Ω (v)| = n − 1 with −η(v) ∈ − Camb −Ω . We define a labeling DC Ω of DCamb Ω as follows: η(v))). We have described DC Ω in terms of the label sets DC Ω (v). It is straightforward now to work out labels on incident pairs. In Sections 7 and 8, we elaborate on and prove Proposition 6.3. Then we continue on to the proof of Theorem 3.1.

The bijection η
In this section, we define the map η of Proposition 6.3. We begin by giving a much more precise description of when C Ω (v) has n − 1 or n roots. Recall the notation s for S \ {s}. Proof. The equivalence of (1•) and (2•) is immediate in each case, as is that of (3•) and (4•). Also, in each case, exactly one of the paired conditions holds. Thus it is enough to establish the implications (1a) =⇒ (3a) and (1b) =⇒ (3b).
(1b) =⇒ (3b): The n−1 roots of C Ω (v) all lie in the sub root-system associated to the parabolic subgroup W si . Thus Cone Ω (v) contains the entire line j =i α ⊥ j . In particular, Cone Ω (v) lies on both sides of ∂Tits(A).
We introduce the following notations: Let w → w + be the automorphism of W with s + i = s i+1 . We also use the superscript + for the corresponding permutation of Φ and, when C is a set of roots, write C + for {β + : β ∈ C}. The inverse of + is written − .
For integers i and j, let c[i, j] denote the product s i s i+1 · · · s j−1 s j if i ≤ j and s i s i−1 · · · s j+1 s j if i ≥ j, with indices taken modulo n.
Write U Ω (s i ) for the set of Ω-sortable elements v described in case (b) of Proposition 7.1, and similarly U −Ω (s i ). The union i∈[n] U Ω (s i ) contains exactly the vertices of Camb Ω which will glue to vertices in Camb −Ω . We will now define the bijection η : U Ω (s i ) → U −Ω (s i+1 ). Taking the union of these bijections for all i gives the bijection η from Proposition 6.3.
Let  The map η composes these four bijections, and is thus a bijection.
The bijection η is constructed in order to make the following result hold: The proof uses several lemmas.
Similarly, Proof. Write the first block of the c[i + 1, i + n − 2]-sorting word for u in the form s i1 s i2 · · · s ip s g s g+1 · · · s i+n−2 where i p ≤ g − 2. (If s i+n−2 does not occur in u, then g = i + n − 1.) Here i + 1 ≤ g ≤ i + n − 2. We calculate Similarly, write the first block of the c[i + n − 2, i + 1]-sorting word for u in the form s j1 s j2 · · · s jq s g s g −1 · · · s i+1 with j q ≥ g + 2. We have In Section 8, we will prove that g = g − 1 (Proposition 8.4). This computation is elementary but lengthy, which is why we have given it its own section. Accepting this result for now, −C (v) equals (α i+n + α i+n−1 + · · · + α g+1 ) + (α i+1 + α i+2 + · · · + α g ) = δ. These two lemmas also show that the roots normal to the walls of Cone Ω (v), and the roots normal to the walls of −Cone Ω (η(v)), differ only by adding δ to one root. Therefore, both sets of roots define the same cone in δ ⊥ . Since ∂(Tits(A)) = δ ⊥ , we deduce that Cone Ω (v) ∩ ∂Tits(A) = −Cone Ω (η(v)) ∩ ∂Tits(A).
8. Proof that g = g − 1 We now verify the equation g = g − 1 needed in the proof of Lemma 7.5. We begin by stripping down the notation. Let t 1 , t 2 , . . . , t k−1 be the simple generators of S k , numbered in order along the Dynkin diagram. Let S [1,k−1] be the subgroup of S k generated by t 1 , t 2 , . . . , t k−2 and let S [2,k] be the subgroup generated by t 2 , t 3 , . . . , t k−1 . Let c denote the Coxeter element t 1 t 2 · · · t k−1 . When we apply the results of this section to prove Lemma 7.5, we will have k = n − 2 and t j = s i+j .
The left cosets of S [1,k−1] are intervals in the weak order on S k . The minimal elements of these intervals are products of the form t g t g+1 · · · t k−1 , for 1 ≤ g ≤ k.
These minimal elements are c-sortable.
Proof. Since u ∈ t g t g+1 · · · t k−1 S [1,k−1] , we know that u has a reduced word which begins t g t g+1 · · · t k−1 . In particular, the generators t g , t g+1 , . . . , t k−1 are contained in any reduced word for u, so the first block of the c-sorting word for u contains these generators. We now need to show that t g−1 is not in this leading block. Suppose, for the sake of contradiction, that the leading block of the c-sorting word contains t f t f +1 · · · t k−1 and not t f −1 , for some f < g. Then u ≥ t f t f +1 · · · t k−1 . But the upper order ideal of elements above t f t f +1 · · · t k−1 is disjoint from the interval t g t g+1 · · · t k−1 S [1,k −1] .
Recall that D is the fundamental domain {x ∈ V * : α i , x ≥ 0}.
. Let x be the unique element of S k so that xD = −x D. Then x lies in the coset t g−1 · · · t 2 t 1 S [2,k] .
We combine the above lemmas to prove: If t i1 t i2 · · · t ir t g t g+1 · · · t k−1 is the first block of the c-sorting word for u (with i r ≤ g − 2), and t j1 t j2 · · · t js t g t g −1 · · · t 1 is the first block of the c −1sorting word for u (with j s ≥ g + 2), then g = g − 1.
Proof. By Lemma 8.2 and its image under the automorphism t i → t k−i , the permutations u and u lie in the cosets t g t g+1 · · · t k−1 S [1,k−1] and t g · · · t 2 t 1 S [2,k] . Write x for the permutation so that −uD = x D, so Lemma 8.3 shows that x is in the coset t g−1 · · · t 2 t 1 S [2,k] . We have x D = −uD ⊆ −Cone c (u) = Cone c −1 (u ) so, by Lemma 8.1, the permutation u also lies in the coset t g−1 · · · t 2 t 1 S [2,k] . We see that g = g − 1, as desired.
Remark 8.5. The results of this section can be given alternate proofs using the combinatorial descriptions of type-A Cambrian combinatorics from [8]. The reader who wishes to attempt this should note that, if we write w in one line notation as a 1 a 2 · · · a k , then u lies in the cosets t a k t a k +1 · · · t k−1 S [1,k−1] and t a1−1 · · · t 2 t 1 S [2,k] . 9. Proof of Theorem 3.1 In this section, we complete the proof of Theorem 3.1, which asserts that the pair (DCamb Ω , DC Ω ) is a complete descending framework. As discussed in Section 3, this also completes the proof of Theorem 1.1.
Proof of Theorem 3.1. The Co-label and Base conditions are obviously satisfied, and the Sign condition holds because the labels are roots, so we need to check the Transition Condition to establish that (DCamb Ω , DC Ω ) is a framework. That check is the hardest part of the proof and we leave it to the end.
Once the Transition condition is checked, the framework is complete by construction. We now show that it is a descending framework. To see that the Unique minimum condition holds, we need to show that every v in DCamb Ω has a negative label, except for the identity in Camb Ω . First, suppose v is a vertex of Camb Ω .
If v is not the identity, then it has at least one cover reflection, and thus Proposition 4.6 says that v has at least one negative label. Now, suppose that v is a vertex of − Camb −Ω . By Proposition 7.1, v lies in some parabolic W r and thus Lemma 4.5 implies that v has a negative label.
The previous paragraph establishes the Unique minimum condition. The Full edge condition holds because the framework is complete. The Descending chain condition holds because neither Camb Ω nor − Camb −Ω has any infinite chains. Thus, to show that (DCamb Ω , DC Ω ) is a descending framework, we must check the Transition condition. To check this, we make use of the symmetry of the Transition condition and the antipodal symmetry of switching Ω with −Ω while applying the antipodal map.
Let e be an edge connecting vertices v and w, with DC Ω (v, e) = β. We first check that −β = DC Ω (w, e). Either v and w are both in Camb Ω , or both in − Camb Ω . By the antipodal symmetry, we assume the former. By the symmetry of the Transition condition, we may assume that v ≥ w, so β is a negative root. Since β is a negative root, it is not the extra root added to C Ω (v) to make DC Ω (v) (see Lemma 7.5). So β = C sp c(Ω,J(v)∪{sp}) (v) for some s p . Moreover, since β is a negative root, we have s p ∈ J(v) (see Lemma 4.5). Since v ∈ W J(v) and w ≤ v, we have w ∈ W J(v) . Writing c for c(Ω, J(v)), the Cambrian framework (Camb c , C c ) is a framework, so −β ∈ C c (w) and, by Lemma 5.2, −β ∈ DC Ω (w). This trick of reducing to an acyclic parabolic will be used repeatedly.
Then u r is an inversion of v for g + 1 ≤ r ≤ i + n − 1. Thus, u r is also an inversion of t g v for r in this range, and we deduce that t g v ≥ c[g + 1, i + n − 1]. Using once again that π Ω ↓ is order preserving, this implies that w = π Ω ↓ (t g v) ≥ c[g + 1, . . . , i + n − 1]. On the other hand, s i ∈ J(w). So the c[g + 1, g + n − 1]sorting word for w begins s g+1 s g+2 · · · s i+n−1 , before skipping s i+n . This shows that C si+n c[g+1,g+n−1] (w) = α g+1 + · · · + α i+n = γ as promised.