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Book Review: Village Justice: Community, Family, and Popular Culture in Early Modern Italy

give their children divine protection. Another image Haas allows us to see from a different perspective is wet-nursing. The practice of having infants nursed by woman other than their mothers has represented neglect to many historians and, in some cases, has been seen as a form of infanticide. Renaissance moral treatises condemned wet-nursing in favor of maternal breastfeeding, but in practice, Florentine urbanites overwhelmingly preferred wet-nursing. In fact, it was so commonplace that the Tuscany countryside was considered to be one big milk farm. One of the main reasons that Haas endorses for the high frequency of wet-nursing was that Florentines were aware of the contraceptive value of maternal breastfeeding. These urban families simply wanted to have more children. The health of the mother, especially after a difficult childbirth, was also a valid reason for employing a wet nurse. Parents could choose between hiring a wet nurse at home, in casa, or having an outside wet nurse. Having a wet nurse in casa was more expensive because she gave up more freedoms and was under the constant supervision of the family. When hiring a wet nurse, parents were only concerned with the health of their child. One treatise writer, Francesco da Barberino (12641348), described the ideal wet nurse to be