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Cycling conjugated polymers with different cations

The ions present in the electrolyte in which a conjugated polymer actuator is cycled are known to affect performance. Understanding how force, response time, and strain are affected by ion size and other ion characteristics is critical to applications, but is not yet well understood. In this paper, we present the effect of alkali cation size on transport velocity and volume change in polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate, PPy(DBS), which is a cation- transporting material. Volume change measured by mechanical profilometry is greatest for Li+ and decreases in order of atomic mass: Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+. Ion transport, measured by phase front propagation experiments, is also fastest for Li+, contradicting the expectation that larger species would move more slowly.