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The soluble forms of CD28, CD86 and CTLA‐4 constitute possible immunological markers in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

Objective.  The T cell co‐stimulatory factors CD28 and CTLA‐4 and their ligands CD80 and CD86 occur as receptors on T cells and antigen‐presenting cells and also in soluble forms in the circulation. We determined the levels of soluble co‐stimulatory molecules in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and normal individuals. We further correlated these soluble co‐stimulatory molecules to other clinical parameters of importance such as age of the patient, presence of hypertension, size of the aneurysm and levels of matrix metalloproteinases‐9 and C‐reactive protein.