{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.024942566458811946, 'fraction_numerical': 0.012881522809320643, 'mean_word_length': 5.1622851365015165, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Structural Studies on the Radio-Protective Effect of Lycopene (Tomato Supplementation) Against Hepatic Cellular Injury Induced by Chronic Doses of Gamma Radiation

Background and aim: Antioxidants are substances that may protect our bodies against the effects of freeradicals. Free radicals are molecules produced when our body breaks down food, or by environmental exposures like radiation. Free radicals can damage cells, our goal of this work is to study the damage resulted by chronic low doses of gamma radiation using natural antioxidant like Lycopene that found in tomato that are available to most of the people especially those that work in the field of radiation.


Introduction
Biological effects of radiation results mainly from oxidative stress that leads to both DNA damage and cell death [1,2]. When cells are exposed to ionizing radiation the standard physical effects between radiations and the atoms or molecules of the cells occur first and biological damage to cell functions follows later [3]. Radiation exposure alters the balance of endogenous defense system through generation of ROS resulting in an imbalance in prooxidant, antioxidant status in the cell [4,5]. The degree of protection against γ-radiation injuries depends on many complex factors such as dosage, time and distance [6]. Natural antioxidants play a recent source of protection against γ-radiation. Antioxidants may protect cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals, which involved in several disorders [7]. Appropriate antioxidant may inhibit or reduce free radical toxicity and offer protection against radiation damage. A number of dietary antioxidants have been reported to decrease free radical attack on biomolecules like Lycopene [8]. Which is a dietary carotenoid synthesized by plants and microorganisms. It occurs primarily in red fruits, vegetables and tomatoes [9]. Lycopene was found to exhibited local anti-inflammatory activity, attenuated liver injury and suppress liver cancer [10,11].
The present study aims to evaluate the beneficial effect of lycopene, which is a relatively carotenoid found mainly in tomato against pathological changes induced by accumulated doses of γ-radiation.

Materials and Methods
The present study was done on healthy adult male albino rats in the weight range from (150-200 gm), selected from an inbred group housed in specially designed cages and maintained under standard conditions of light and temperature all animals were cared for according to the Guiding Principle in the Care and Use of Animals. They were divided in to 4 groups each of 10 rats on the basis of initial weight and kept in individual cages. Group 1: considered normal Control, group 2 considered irradiated animals exposed to fractionated doses of gamma radiation, (1/2Gy ) every two days for one month . Group 3: considered control animals delivered Lycopene alone orally at a dose of (5 mg/kg per day) for two months. The last group was group 4 which considered irradiated animals given Lycopene for two months at the same dose of group 2 started from the first day of experiment and extent for to last day. Animals of groups 1 and 2 were sacrificed after one month while groups 3 and 4 were sacrificed after 2 months. Samples were taken and prepared for microscopic studies.

Natural antioxidants
Lycopene Extract Liquid Alcohol Free was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. and used at dose (5 mg/kg per day).

Radiation facility
Fractionated dose of 0.5 Gy gamma irradiation was performed at the National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority (NCRRT), Cairo, Egypt, using Cesium -137 in a Gamma cell-40 Irradiator (Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Canada). Animals were exposed to radiation every 2 days, at a dose rate of 0.61 Gy min-1 for one month.

Light microscopy
Liver tissue biopsy was immediately taken and cut into pieces of desired size and fixed in Bouin's fixative (saturated picric acid 75 ml + conc. Formalin 25ml + glacial acetic acid 5 ml) for 24-48 hrs. Tissues were removed from fixative solution and washed thoroughly with distilled water for few hours so as to remove extra Bouin's fixative. After washing, samples were washed with 70% alcohol to remove excess of picric acid from the tissues and dehydrated in graded series of ethanol 5 μm thick histological sections were cut and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin and examined under bright field light microscope [12].

Electron microscopic investigation
Liver were removed from the anesthetized animals and killed by decapitation, sliced into one mm pieces in a drop of 3 % glutareldehyde. Tissue was then immersed in fresh ice cold fixative for two hours and then in 0.1M cacodylate buffer for next 4 hrs and post fixed in 1% osmic acid for one to two hours. Liver sections was then dehydrated in an ascending series of alcohol, followed by propylene oxide and finally embedded in araldite resin that was polymerized at 60°C. Selected blocks were cut with a diamond knife, picked up on copper grids and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate for final viewing [13].

Light microscopy
Examined liver sections of Group 1which considered normal control animals showed normal pattern of cellular structures ( Figure  1), meanwhile examined sections of Group 2 which was exposed to accumulated dose of 0.5Gy of γ-radiation every 2 days for one month showed sever changes the cytoplasm was disintegrated and vacuolated, area of necroses, pyknosis, fatty change and inflammation could be seen (Figures 2,3). Atrophy, hemorrhage, apoptosis, pyknosis and hyperplasia are common features (Figures 4,5). Examined sections from Group 3 which delivered Lycopene alone showed no remarkable pathological changes ( Figure 6). On the other hand examined section from group 4 which was supplemented by Lycopene as radio protectors, showed a trend toward lowering incidence of hepatic pathological changes induced by γ-radiation, a remarkable restoration of normal cell structure. The cells retain its regularity and sizes, normal homogenous cytoplasm with rounded nucleus (Figures 7a and 7b).

Electron microscopic investigation
Fine structure examination of group1 which considered normal control showed normal pattern of cellular structures , healthy nucleus, with homogeneous cytoplasm, healthy mitochondria with double membrane .The rough endoplasmic reticulum was well designed with ribosome and few glycogen rosette forms were observed (Figures 8 and  9).
Mean while examined sections from (Group 2) which exposed to accumulated dose of gamma radiation revealed an obvious pathological    cell changes. The cytoplasm lost its normal organization, contained some necrotic areas and many lipid vacuoles (lipoma). Amorphous polymorphic mitochondria were found to be malformed, in some hepatocytes like degradation the outer mitochondrial membrane ( Figure 10). Rough endoplasmic reticulum was seen as elongated ruptured and fragmented with detachment of ribosome. Collagen fiber was also noticed in many areas of cytoplasm as a feature of liver fibroses ( Figure 13). Also, the nucleus showed many morphological alterations like irregular and dilated envelope, and obvious clumping of heterochromatin (Figures 11 and 12).
Liver sections from group 3 which delivered only Lycopene showed no remarkable cellular changes (Figures 14-15). From the other side of view those examined from (Group 4) which was treated by Lycopene showed an ameliorant sign of Lycopene, The nucleus retains its normality, semi-rounded and contained permanent, heterochromatin tightly packed form of chromatin (Figures 16 and 17). The cytoplasm was homogeneous and granulated with well designed strands of      rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER) and ribosome ( Figure 18). On the other hand further examined sections revealed that lipid droplets still recognized in the cell but not as in the treated sections. Also some sections shows that the cytoplasm still vacuolated (Figure 19 and 20).

Discussion
Ionizing radiation is known to induce oxidative stress through generation of ROS resulting in an imbalance in prooxidant, antioxidant status in the cells [14]. When radiation is absorbed by a living cell, the primary damage is caused by ionization and excitation of the atoms and molecules of that cell resulting in changes in cellular structure, damage to essential constituents, and observable biological injury [15].
Light microscopic observations in the present study showed much cellular destruction and several pathological changes like conspicuous disorganization of the nucleus including morphological alterations in irradiated animals. This is could be explained by that radiation       is a well-known inducer of free radicals caused to chromosomal damages [16]. The cytoplasm was ill defined and lost its normality containing necrotic areas and pyknosis. Disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum and malformed, shrieked mitochondria were also recognized. This is may attributed to that oxidative stress induced by radiation through generation of ROS that damages proteins, lipids and nucleic acids [17]. Exposure to γ-irradiation inducing organelle dysfunction induced by cytochrome P450 2 E1 (CYP2E1) in the liver, which might be associated with mitochondrial damage [18,19]. Also radiation may affect mitochondrial protein complexes. The present results also showed that Lycopene ameliorate the injuries induced by γ-radiation. The cells nearly retain its normal structure, regularity, size and normal homogenous central rounded nucleolus. This is may be due to that the use of antioxidants (Lycopene) may help in decreasing the geno-toxicity created by radiation and may inhibit mutagenesis and carcinogenesis [16]. These were in accordance with studies which come to the fact that the imbalance in antioxidant status in the cells as a result of ionizing may be ameliorated as result of administration of Lycopene [20]. Lycopene significantly restored the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), and Glutathione Reductase (GR); Reduced Glutathione (GSH); and decreased levels of the lipid peroxide Malondialdehyde (MDA) in hypertensive patients [21]. Lycopene was found to have a favorable effect in reducing MDA levels and increasing GSH levels in coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women [22]. Lycopene also has been found to inhibit proliferation of several types of cancer cells [23].
Epidemiological studies have suggested that regular consumption of tomatoes, the most common source of lycopene in human diets is associated with a reduced risk of certain forms of cancer and other diseases. This postulated protective effect of Lycopene is thought to be due to the various antioxidant properties of this compound [24].
Electron microscopic investigation in the present study showed that supplementation with Lycopene offers great amelioration in  the structure of the cellular organoids against γ-irradiation induced cellular damage. The cytoplasm retained its granulation. The ER gained its normal pattern with restoration of ribosomes. The nucleus, mitochondria get its normality [25,26]. These results run barrel with Srinivasan [21], who showed that pretreatment with Lycopene offers protection to normal lymphocytes against γ-radiation-induced cellular damage due to free radical released by radiation reaction inside the cell. The ameliorative effect of Lycopene may be resulted from; it acts as a scavenger to the free radicals that causes damage to the cells and tissues. It has been found to be effective against oxidation by atmospheric oxygen (auto oxidation) [27]. Other interesting finding in this study was that lipid droplets still found in Lycopene treated animals in considerable averages compared to γ-irradiated rats [28]. This is may be due to the antioxidant sparing action of Lycopene in decreasing lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant status preventing the damage to the cell [21].

Conclusion
Lycopene may have considerable therapeutic potential as a cheap natural antioxidant that was available to most people especially those who worked in the field of radiation.