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MMEA WP 2 : Measurement and sampling uncertainty – a literature review

All measurements include some level of uncertainty. The uncertainty should always be taken into account when using a measurement result in decision making or process control. There are well defined methods of evaluating the measurement uncertainty both at instrument level and at system level. Metrology is a branch of science that focuses on the uncertainty estimation at instrument level and many guides regarding the topic have been published. Partly the same statistical methods are also applied to empirical system level uncertainty evaluation and some practical guides are well known and widely used for analytical measurements. Theory of sampling extends the uncertainty evaluation and error avoidance to the sampling process as well. This review presents the central features of the methods related to measurement uncertainty and sampling error estimation. Also the uncertainties in digital signal processing and virtual measurements, and the alternative methods in evaluating those, are addressed.