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Is the Agricultural Utilisation of Treated Urine and Faeces recommendable ?

One big advantage of source control sanitation, like dry sanitation, is the possibility of fertiliser re-utilisation in agriculture. Due to limited fossil resources of phosphate this is needed to aliment people in the future. The utilisation of treated faecal matter and urine can help communities with limited economical resources to produce food more efficiently. Beside the ecological, economical and social benefits, there are remaining some risks. This paper presents result of accumulation of pharmaceutical residues in plants fertilised with urine and of an “earth worm avoidance response test” on different media produced in resources orientated sanitation. INTRODUCTION The resulting material from dry sanitation has a great potential to substitute mineral fertiliser in agriculture and to enrich soil with organic matter. The great advantage for units with urine diversion is the separation of pathogens and most of the parasites from the fertiliser substances. But a major part of the pharmaceutical residues and in particular water soluble substances are excreted via urine. Many of those do not show good biodegradability. Therefore, a database was set up with data from literature to analyse the behaviour of pharmaceutics in urine and the environment (www.tuhh.de/aww/pharma/) [1,2] and greenhouse experiment with rye grass1 were conducted [3]. The appearance of earth worm in the fertile top soil is considered favourable for the plant growth and health and is an indicator for a healthy soil environment. The reduction of earth worms due to human activities like manuring or ploughing is considered as unfavourable. To study the behaviour of earth worms in the presence of fertiliser product from resources orientated sanitation, an experiment was set up to investigate the preferences and avoidances of earth worms regarding these fertilisers. Different commercial mineral fertilisers as well as fertilisers from urine, blackwater and dry toilet matter were compared. Moreover, many developing countries are suffering from a lack of health services, awareness and educational possibilities, beside other elementary things like food, houses and adequate 1 The greenhouse experiments were conducted in cooperation with Joachim Clemens, Department Plant Nutrition, INRES, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany income. For this reason many organisations are promoting dry toilet or other “ecosan” systems to reduce these lacks. This is thought to be very positive, but the fact that many people are seriously affected by parasites is easyly underestimated due to the lack of experience in Northern countries. To avoid the spread of parasites due to the use of faecal matter form dry toilets, a proper qualified treatment is required. METHODS To obtain an overview of the relevance of pharmaceutical residues in water bodies and excreta, data from literature and own data where collected and fed into a database [4]. This allowed to receive statistical data for the active agents if sufficient information could be collected. Due to the web interface [5] the public has access to the database as well. For the pot experiments three substances were selected: Carbamazepine CZ (anti epileptic), Ibuprofen IBU (analgesic) and 17α-Ethinylestradiol EE (contraceptive) that were found in human urine. Finally for the green house experiments the pots with rye grass were fertilised with spiked male urine. The concentration range of the pharmaceuticals was chosen as expected values in Middle Europe urine as well as enhanced by the factor 10 (EE by factor of 40). The main idea is, to implement an easy applicable bio-test for fertilisers from urine and faeces. As organisms Earth worms (Eisenia foetida ) were selected as organisms. Four buckets were placed, filled with garden soil and covered with soil in a way that all buckets were connected with each other via soil. 1 g N from urine, ammonia solution or mineral fertiliser spiked with 10 mg 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine, 50 mg Dicolfenac sodiumsalt and 100 mg 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid dissolved in 500 ml water was applied to each bucket. This amount corresponds with the normal fertiliser dose of 150 kg N /ha. As reference a mineral N,P,K fertiliser was chosen. 50 to 100 earth worms were placed in the mid between the four buckets. 24h later the worms were counted in every bucket. To become statistical sure, every experiment was repeated 9 to 10 times. Figure 1 shows the experimental setup and a photograph respectively. Figure 1. Experimental set-up of the “Earth-worm Avoidance Response Test”