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Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Advancement in Treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a heterogenous malignant tumor that is known as the deadliest cancer worldwide due to its complexities. Most of the time, it occurs with underlying liver complications, including cirrhosis. The most predominant risk factors in HCC development are cirrhosis and chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Its complexities pose multiple challenges in diagnostic and therapeutic measures. In recent years, a huge rise in cases is seen in non-traditional countries such as North America and European regions rather than Japan and China. Herein, our aim is to give an overview of the latest information about hepatocellular carcinoma regarding its epidemiology, risk factors, biomarkers, staging, diagnosis, and treatment.