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Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections: Hymenolepis, Taenia and Echinococcus

Differentiation and development of parasites, including longevity in host animals, are thought to be governed by host–parasite interactions. In this review, several topics on the developmental biology of cestode infections are discussed from immunobiological perspective with a focus on Hymenolepis, Taenia and Echinococcus infections. The basic premise of this review is that ‘differentiation and development of cestodes’ are somehow affected by host immune responses with an evolutionary history.