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Challenge to Transnational Loyalties: International Scientific Organizations after the First World War

Since the Second World War, more than ever before, the political bearing of international scientific co-operation has been proclaimed. Scientists like to view themselves as spearheading international understanding, building bridges that 'can later be crossed and enlarged by politicians and others to solve economic and political problems among their nations'.' There is little evidence available to assess the ultimate political value of these scientific contacts. It may not be surprising that the most vocal advocates of their usefulness are the groups who are the direct beneficiaries from these international circuits, and who see their socio-professional status enhanced by having attributed to their rehearsal of a New Atlantis, world-wide political significance. No anniversary celebration of an international scientific organization can possibly forego glorifying the international scientific community's role in the advancement of mutual understanding and world peace. In the late I96os, the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) had to consider whether it should prepare for celebrating its fiftieth anniversary in I969, or postpone the event until I98I. The Bureau decided to postpone.2 This is surprising, considering ICSU's general tendency to date its beginnings back from the creation, in 1919, of the International Research Council. The present name, together with a number of organizational changes, was only adopted in I93I. Although it is, therefore, not entirely without foundation to consider i98I as an appropriate year for celebrating ICSU's fiftieth anniversary, it still remains important to under-