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Predictive Genetic Testing of Children and the Role of the Best Interest Standard: Currents in Contemporary Bioethics

The genetic testing and screening of children has been fraught with controversy since Robert Guthrie developed the bacterial inhibition assay to test for phenylketonuria and advocated for rapid uptake of universal newborn screening in the early 1960s. Today with fast and affordable mass screening of the whole genome on the horizon, the debate about when and in what scenarios children should undergo genetic testing and screening has gained renewed attention. United States (US) professional guidelines — both the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG)/American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) statement (1995) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Statement on the genetic testing of children (2001) and the new AAP and ACMG joint policy statement (2013) and technical report (2013) — as well as the old UK guidelines by the Working Part of the Clinical Genetics Society (1994) and the new United Kingdom (UK) guidelines by the British Society of Human Genetics (BSHG) (2010) all give the same answer: genetic testing and screening should only be done if it is in the child’s best interest.