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Factors associated with resistant hypertension in a large cohort of hypertensive patients: the Pol-Fokus study.

INTRODUCTION
 Patients with resistant hypertension (RHT) are at high risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), compared with the general hypertensive population.


OBJECTIVES
 The aim of the study was to evaluate factors associated with RHT in a large sample of hypertensive patients under the care of general practitioners and specialists in Poland.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
 We included 12 375 patients (mean age, 64.0 ±12.3 years; age range, 18-98 years; women, 59%) with hypertension treated for at least 1 year. Patients were divided into 3 groups: with controlled hypertension, uncontrolled hypertension (not fulfilling the criteria for RHT), and RHT.


RESULTS
 Controlled hypertension, uncontrolled hypertension, and RHT were found in 47.3%, 27.9%, and 24.7% of the patients, respectively. The RHT rate was higher in patients visiting specialist offices (29.8%) and in patients with diabetes (32.5%), CAD (31.5%), CVD (33.3%), and impaired renal function (31.9%). Patients with RHT were characterized by the highest rate of high (23.5%) and very high (60.5%) added cardiovascular risk. An underuse of preferred antihypertensive drug combinations and aldosterone antagonists in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and RHT was observed. In a multivariate analysis, RHT was independently associated with male sex, higher pulse pressure, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, CAD, CVD, diseases requiring treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2.


CONCLUSIONS
 The vast majority of patients with RHT carry a high or very high cardiovascular risk. In addition, the underuse of preferred antihypertensive drug combinations and aldosterone antagonists has been observed.