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Influence of plant bioactive compounds on intestinal epithelial barrier in poultry.

Natural plant bioactive compounds (PBC) have recently been explored as feed additives to improve productivity, health and welfare of poultry following ban or restriction of in-feed antibiotic use. Depending upon the types of PBC, they possess antimicrobial, enzyme secretion stimulation, antioxidant and many pharmacological properties, which are responsible for beneficial effects in poultry production. Moreover, they may also improve intestinal barrier function and nutrient transport. In this review, effects of different PBC on the barrier function and permeability of intestinal epithelia and their mechanism of actions are discussed focusing on poultry feeding. Dietary PBC may regulate intestinal barrier function through several molecular mechanisms by interacting with different metabolic cascades and cellular transcription signals, which can then modulate expressions of genes and their proteins in tight junction (e.g., claudins, occludin and junctional adhesion molecules) and adherens junction (e.g., E-cadherin), other intercellular junctional proteins (e.g., zonula occludens and catenins), regulatory proteins (e.g., kinases), immunomodulation via expression of several cytokines, chemokines, complement components, pattern recognition receptors and their transcription factors and cellular immune system, and alter mucin gene expression and goblet cell abundance in the intestine. The effects of PBC are not consistent among the studies depending upon the types and dose of PBC, physiological conditions and parts of the intestine in chickens. An effective concentration in diets and specific molecular mechanisms of PBC need to be elucidated to understand intestinal barrier functionality in a better way in poultry feeding.