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Evidence for stunned myocardium in humans: a 2001 update

This article describes clinical situations in which stunning occurs and updates previous reviews on the topic. Stunning following angioplasty, angina and exercise‐induced ischemia, infarction, and after cardiac surgery are described. In addition, newer concepts regarding stunning, including neurogenic stunned myocardium, are discussed. Left atrial stunning following cardioversion is a recently recognized phenomenon with important clinical implications, but differs from the original concept of post‐ischemic stunning.