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From Urgency to Reflection: Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance in Roberto Rossellini’s post-neorealist films

In the late 1950s, director Roberto Rossellini returned to the themes of his neorealist war trilogy ( Rome Open City, Paisa, Germany Year Zero ) to make Il Generale Della Rovere (1959) and Era Notte a Roma (1961). Far from being simple retreads of old material, these films were an opportunity for a more measured, contemplative reflection on the tumult and tragedy of the war years that also allowed Rossellini greater freedom for formal experimentation. Existing very much outside the Rossellini canon and therefore very rarely discussed in scholarly detail, both Il Generale Della Rovere and Era Notte a Roma are nonetheless important examples of the filmic representation of Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance and look toward the demythologising war films of the mid-1960s and beyond such as Jean-Pierre Melville’s L’Arm ee des Ombres (1969). Through close formal analysis and engagement with the writings of Enrique Seknadje-Askenazi and Jacques Ranciere amongst others, this paper will call for a long overdue reappraisal of two significant works in Rossellini’s career.