{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.015328019619865114, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.828451882845188, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Evolutionary Dynamics as a Component of Stage‐Structured Matrix Models: An Example Using Trillium grandiflorum

Evolution by natural selection improves fitness and may therefore influence population trajectories. Demographic matrix models are often employed in conservation studies to project population dynamics, but such analyses have not incorporated evolutionary dynamics. We project evolutionarily informed population trajectories for a population of the perennial plant Trillium grandiflorum, which is declining due to high levels of herbivory by white‐tailed deer. Individuals with later flowering times are less often consumed, so there is selection on this trait. We first incorporated selection analyses into a deterministic matrix model in three ways (corresponding to different methods that have been used for analyzing evolution in structured populations). Because it is not clear which of these methods works best for stage‐structured models, we compared each with a more realistic, individual‐based model. Deterministic models using fitness averaged over the phenotypic distribution gave trajectories that were similar to those of the individual‐based model, whereas the deterministic model using fitness at the mean phenotype gave a much faster rate of evolution than that which was observed. This illustrates that subtle differences in the way in which one splices evolution into demographic models can have a large effect on expected outcomes. This study demonstrates that, by combining demographic and selection analyses, one can gauge the potential relevance of evolution to population dynamics and persistence.