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Effects of Exercise Before and During Pregnancy on Microbiomes in High‐Fat Fed Pregnant Mice

Gut microbiota profile changes from first to third trimester and is associated with mild insulin resistance that typically occurs in late pregnancy. It has been shown that diet‐induced obesity negatively changes gut microbiota profiles, while exercise normalizes the gut microbiota in high‐fat diet‐induced obesity. However, the beneficial effects of exercise on gut microbiota during pregnancy have not been investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of exercise on gut microbiota in high‐fat fed pregnant mice. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high fat diet (HFD) or a low fat diet (LFD) for twelve weeks. Four weeks prior to pregnancy initiation, the HFD group was split into sedentary (HFD) or exercised (HFD+Ex) Mice in HFD+Ex continued to exercise throughout the pregnancy. All mice were sacrificed at gestation day 19, and fecal samples were collected. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed from DNA extracted from cecum. Voluntary exercise did not alter HFD induced body weight gain. Both HFD and HFD+Ex had impaired glucose tolerance compared to LFD at 15 days of gestation. However, serum insulin levels were significantly reduced in HFD+Ex compared to the HFD. HFD decreased Bacteroidetes as well as the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes. Exercise (HFD+Ex) further decreased BacteroidetesCe and the ratio of Bacteroidetes /Firmicutes. In addition, increase in Verrucomicrobia phylla induced by HFD was suppressed by exercise during pregnancy. Our findings suggest that alteration of gut microbiota may facilitate fuel needed for exercise and prevent the hyperinsulinemia that is associated with a HFD.