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Justice and fairness in resource governance: Conflicting views on allocation and access

In order to develop the concepts of access and allocation – central to the Earth System Governance project – we define and describe three dimensions of justice and fairness that need to be recognised in ESG. The dimensions are international, intergenerational, and intersectional justice and fairness. Each dimension of justice and fairness is illuminated with the help of case studies. The international dimension highlights the global governance system of the United Nations and the conflict representativity vs efficiency; the increasing conflicts over land as land based resources become ever more crucial for ESG, as exemplified by the race for biofuels and the production of their feed stocks; the attempt to exploit Africa's raw material riches (oil for the US economy) as well as South East Asia's (hydropower, exploited for the benefit of China). Intergenerational fairness and justice is discussed with the help of the conflicting views of what weight to give to the future and the needs of future generations; we conclude that the underlying favouring of the present at the expense of the future needs to be rethought which will have decisive effects on discount rates and cost-benefit exercises. Finally, intersectional justice and fairness is illustrated by the conflict between shrimp farmers and fisher-men and women caused by "development" projects in Honduras. We conclude that access and allocation issues need to be framed in the context of conflicts and contradictions. Earth System Governance cannot be designed, let alone improved, without due consideration to justice and fairness.