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Terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea) of the White Carpathians (Czech Republic and Slovakia)

Abstract This paper summarizes data regarding the terrestrial isopods of the White Carpathians range in the Western Outer Carpathians based on field research undertaken during the past several decades in natural meadow pasture and forest localities. Using a combination of four collection methods 19 species belonging to nine families were recorded. The most common representatives were ProtracheoniscuspolitusTrachelipusrathkii and Ligidiumhypnorum. In general the biodiversity of isopod communities in the studied area was considerable with half of the localities explored inhabited by six to ten species. The composition of the isopod assemblages was determined by the character of the biotope and its geographical location. Forest habitats were considerably richer in species than the meadow and pasture ecosystems. Some xerotermic localities in the Slovak part of the area were inhabited by Trachelipusnodulosus and Orthometoponplanum thermophilic species typically associated with warmer parts of Europe. Two relic species (Hyloniscusmariae and Ligidiumgermanicum) were confirmed for this area. Except for only one finding of Porcellioscaber no other evidently introduced or synanthropic species were recorded. Based on the data analyzed the high nature conservancy value of the given area is emphasised.


Introduction
The Carpathian range measures approximately 1,500 km and covers ca. 203,000 km 2 . The entire Carpathian chain is usually divided into three major parts: the Western Carpathians (Austria, the Czech Republic, southwestern Poland, Slovakia and Hungary), the Eastern Carpathians (southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania), and the Southern Carpathians (Romania and Serbia). The Western Carpathians comprise ca. 70,000 km 2 and are divided into the four geological zones: 1) an outer flysch zone; 2) a zone with isolated limestone outcrops; 3) a central zone with transformed and underground igneous rocks; 4) a zone with limestone sediments as well as an inner zone with overground igneous rocks. In the Czech Republic, only a part of the Outer Western Carpathians (Figure 1) is situated in the south-eastern Moravia, constituted from west to east by the South-Moravian Carpathians, Central Moravian Carpathians, Slovak-Moravian Carpathians, West-Beskidian Piedmont and, in part, the Western Beskids. Due to its geological and geographic development, this area is (with the exception of other parts of the Central European Hercynian Mountains) distinctive in its vegetation as well as faunal composition.
Research regarding isopod fauna in the Czech part of the Carpathians was initiated by Frankenberger (1941Frankenberger ( , 1942Frankenberger ( , 1944Frankenberger ( , 1954Frankenberger ( , 1959. He subsequently published data about several species from the Pálava Hills (South-Moravian Carpathians), Chřiby Hills (Central Moravian Carpathians), Vsetínské vrchy Hills, the surroundings of the town of Vizovice, the White Carpathians (all within the Slovak-Moravian Carpathians) and the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains (Western Beskids). One of the most interesting findings was the record of Hyloniscus mariae, on the Solánec peak (located in the Vsetínské vrchy Hills), a Carpathian species that at the time was known only in Slovakia. Later, Frankenberger (1944) identified Trachelipus difficilis in the Beskydy Mountains (mentioned as T. waechtleri). Flasarová (1958) investigated isopod fauna in the Vsetínské vrchy Hills and the Chřiby Hills and announced 10 species, including the species Hyloniscus mariae. Spitzer et al. (2007), who investigated soil fauna in fir-beech forests of the Vsetínske vrchy Hills through the sole use of pitfall trapping, found four isopod species.
The White Carpathians are geographically located along the border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and constitute one of the westernmost parts of the entire mountain range, with a relatively high altitude that reaches above 900 m a.s.l. in the peaks. A large part of the territory of the White Carpathians on both the Czech and Slovak sides is designated a Protected Landscape Area (PLA).
In Slovakia, the isopod fauna of the White Carpathians has yet to be studied. Only in the 1990s, selected localities of importance to conservation in the Slovak part of the White Carpathians, were sampled for terrestrial isopods by †Pavel Deván. These were submitted to the first author of this contribution for study, but have not been elaborated. The Little Carpathians, which lie along the southern part of the White Carpathians but are orographically linked to the Inner Carpathians, were surveyed by Flasarová (1980Flasarová ( , 1986 and Flasar and Flasarová (1989) via intensive sampling at more than 50 localities. Flasarová recorded a total of 27 species from both natural and synanthropic habitats, and reported noteworthly species Hyloniscus transsilvanicus (Verhoeff, 1901) at a single locality in Slovakia, as well as Armadillidium zenckeri Brandt, 1833. Moreover, Kuracina and Kabátová (2005) investigated the locality Devínska Kobyla, which also belongs to the Little Carpathians. Unfortunately, their data regarding 12 species are rather dubious owing to their apparently inaccurate determination and the researchers' inability to verify missing material (A. Mock pers. comm.). Other research (Tuf and Tufová 2005) primarily targeted isopod communities in oak-hornbeam forests in this area. Štrichelová and Tuf (2012) recorded 10 species in the city of Bratislava and its surrounding whilst investigating localities belonging to the Little Carpathians (except for two urban ones). To date, 30 species have been recorded in the Little Carpathians.
The Czech part of the White Carpathians PLA was explored for terrestrial isopods by Tajovský (2008). He studied meadow and grassland habitats, focusing on the effects of grazing on soil biodiversity. He recorded 14 species, and demonstrated that intensive grazing had a negative impact on the abundance and species richness of soil fauna. Recently, the last author and his students explored predominantly forest localities in the White Carpathians within a series of faunistic inventories of soil fauna in protected areas, but this work has yet to be published.
In this paper, we summarize data from a wide spectrum of biotopes in both the Czech and Slovak parts of the White Carpathians, based on the published records and elaboration of all available material regarding terrestrial isopods. Our results provide basic information about the isopod fauna of this part of the Western Carpathian, facilitating comparison with other areas of the Carpathian mountain range as a whole.

Materials and methods
The target area, which is protected as the bilateral White Carpathians PLA in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia, is situated along the border of these countries. The Czech part is 70 km long, with a northeast-southwest orientation and an altitude ranging from 175 to 970 m a.s.l. The PLA was established in 1980 on a territory measuring 747 km 2 . Typical of the southern part is a vast complex of species-rich calcareous meadows with dispersed, solitary trees. The landscape in the central part of PLA was created between the 17 th and 18 th centuries during the Wallachian colonization. It is characterized by scattered houses, alternating forest and non-forest areas, with a mozaic of wetlands, small forests, shrubs and patches of grassland. The northeastern part is situated at a higher altitude and is mainly covered by old-growth beech forests (Mackovčin et al. 2002).
In the present contribution, we surveyed terrestrial isopod fauna in 26 localities representing different natural habitats of the White Carpathians in the Czech Republic between 2002 and 2009, as well as 17 localities with meadow and forest habitats in the Slovak part of the range (Figure 1). The investigations were undertaken during a series of research and monitoring projects with a large variety of methodological approaches. Here we only briefly summarize the four main methods used for the collection of isopods: 1) repeated individual sampling at favorable microsites; 2) pitfall trapping (different numbers of traps per locality, different time of exposition); 3) heat extraction of isopods from soil samples (usually 3-5 samples taken several times per year); 4) heat extraction of isopods from sieved litter sampled in selected (primarily forest) localities. The majority of the localities were intensively studied for one or two years. Most are under nature protection as National Nature Reserves (NNR), Nature Reserves (NR) and Nature Monuments (NM). Short descriptions of the sites are provided below and are distinguished into either Czech or Slovak subgroups. The localities are listed alphabetically. For more detailed characteristics, see Kuča et al. (1992), Mackovčin et al. (2002) and Jongepierová (2008).
Localities in the Czech part of the White Carpathians: 1 Bílé potoky NR -49°06'56"N, 18°01'39"E, 380-500 m a.s.l., two meadow enclaves surrounded by mixed deciduous forests, 120 years old. Given that the data were attained in different years using different methods, it was not possible to compare all parameters of isopod assemblages in detail. Therefore, this paper presents a general overview of the fauna of terrestrial isopods in the study area. For analysis of isopod assemblages according to their presence or absence, the programme CANOCO 5, unconstrained analysis, DCA (Lepš and Šmilauer 2014) was used.

Results
In total, 19 species of terrestrial isopods belonging to nine families (see Appendix 1) were recorded for the whole area of the White Carpathians. For the region belonging to the Czech Republic, 16 species were found (Table 1), and in the Slovak region, 14 species were found ( Table 2). Assemblages of isopods at individual localities consisted of one to ten species. The species with the highest frequency of occurrence within the whole study area was Protracheoniscus politus (22 and 12 localities in the Czech and Slovakian parts, respectively), Trachelipus rathkii (22 and 8 localities), Ligidium hypnorum (19 and 12 localities) and Porcellium collicola (13 and 10 localities). These species appear to be typical of the White Carpathians. Two species categorized as relic species (i.e., species that exclusively inhabit undisturbed, nature closest habitats with low level of human impact, cf. Tuf and Tufová 2008) were recorded: the Carpathian endemic Hyloniscus mariae at the locality Javořina, and Ligidium germanicum in eleven forest localities. In the Czech part, the community with the highest degree of species richness was found at the locality Pod Hribovňou (locality 13 with 10 species), containing a mozaic of meadows, pastures and solitary trees. In addition, other speciesrich communities, with nine isopod species, were recorded in the localities with a mosaic vegetation structure, Pod Žitkovským vrchem (locality 15) and Čertoryje (locality 3), or in the well-preserved beech forest of the Javořina (locality 9). In the Slovak part of the territory, the highest species richness with ten species was recorded in the meadow restored from an abandoned field at Kožíkov vrch (locality 34). High number of species was also found in the narrow alluvium of the Chvojnica brook and in the mozaic of mesophilous and wet meadows at Grúň (localities 31 and 33, both with eight species). Evidently, in the study area, well-preserved natural habitats support a relatively rich isopod fauna.

Similarity of assemblages of the White Carpathians
Given that the analyzed data came from different studies, we compared the assemblages of terrestrial isopods at individual localities according to the presence or absence of the species only. Frequently occurring species were clustered in the first and second quadrat, primarily along the y-axis (Figure 2). A more isolated position was typical of relatively rare species with a small number of records, such as Orthometopon planum, Cylisticus convexus, Trachelipus nodulosus, and H. mariae.
The dense clustering of localities ( Figure 3) corresponds with relatively high rates of similarity of isopod assemblages in most of the studied meadow and forest sites. Nevertheless, a certain gradient from meadow to forest localities can be distingushed. Isopod assemblages in herbaceous-rich natural meadow localities (numbers 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 19, 20, 25, 28) Table 2.
Further down (closer to the intersection of the axes) are clustered many sites of forest and non-forest character; forest localities are generally situated in the lower half of the whole biplot as a whole. The analysis separated out several localities, which probably represent most xerothermic and open habitats. Locality 6, Hrozenkovský lom quarry, was partly separated to the right of the others owing to the presence of Cylisticus convexus. A distinct separation of two localities, xerothermic forest-steppe habitats at Babinná (locality 27) and meadow on tufa terraces at Kurinov vrch (locality 36), corresponds only with the finding of individual species of T. nodulosus (at both localities) and C. convexus (locality 27).

Discussion
A total of 43 species of terrestrial isopods are currently known in the Czech Republic, hence our material pertaining to the Czech part of the White Carpathians represents 37 % of Czech fauna. Similarly, in the Slovak part of the White Carpathians, the 14 recorded species represent approximately 31 % of total known Slovak fauna (45 species). Given that in half of the localities, isopod communities were composed of six to 10 species, we can consider the White Carpathians rich in woodlice fauna. The data from localities with only three or fewer species should be considered an underestimation due to the sampling method and effort. Additional surveys would certainly increase total numbers through other frequently occurring species.
It must be mentioned that our study summarizes data only from natural and not synanthropic habitats. In comparison with other areas heretofore explored in the Western Carpathians, this represents another rich area after the Little Carpathians (30 species, Flasar and Flasarová 1989, Flasarová 1980, 1986, Bükk Mts (24 species, Allspach 1996, Forró and Farkas 1998, Kontschán 2004), Aggtelek and Slovak Karst (both 20 species, Forró and Farkas 1998, Kontschán 2004, Vilisics et al. 2008, Frankenberger 1940, Flasarová 1994) and Pieniny (19 species, Hudáková and Mock 2006. The Little Carpathians constitute the neighboring area, and so we can expect more species to be present in the White Carpathians. Thus the White Carpathians, especially their Slovak part, deserve further attention. However, it should be acknowledged that the large number of species in the Little Carpathians can also be linked to the fact that Flasarová (1986) collected material both in natural and anthropogenic habitats, whereas in all other species-rich regions isopods were collected in more or less natural biotopes. The urban environment offers higher microhabitat diversity and favorable conditions for synanthropic species, illustrated by the fact that more species-rich communities can be found in the cities (Riedel et al. 2009). Given that the access to calcium represents an important factor influencing the distribution of terrestrial isopods (Sutton 1972), karstic regions are richer in species than others (Vilisics et al. 2008). In forest habitats, the number of species at one locality usually varies from three to seven (Farkas et al. 1999, Tajovský 2002, hence the forest localities of the White Carpathians with species ranges of six to 10 are very rich in isopod fauna. In the present study, we surveyed a relatively wide spectrum of biotopes in the White Carpathians. In total, we sampled a range of forest, meadow and pasture sites as well as sites with a mixture of habitats. Differences in isopod species composition were observed, including between forest biotopes, cultivated sites and pastures (e.g., Paoletti 1987). However, some species in Central Europe are eurytopic, very common and widely distributed. For example, Trachelipus rathkii is typical of disturbed and open habitats in the initial phases of succession on colliery heaps (Tajovský 2001), as well as being common in wetlands and the floodplain forests in Hungary (Farkas 1998) and the Czech Republic (Tajovský 1998), yet in other areas it can avoid forests (Schmidt 1997). In our study area, it was present in nearly all forest sites. It has been acknowledged that other species typical of forests (Lepidoniscus minutus, Trachelipus ratzeburgii, Protracheoniscus politus) rarely penetrate open habitats. This statement was confirmed in our study, with the exception of P. politus, which was found in almost all localities. Typical inhabitants of the White Carpathian meadows and pastures include Armadillidium vulgare and T. rathkii. Both are ubiquitous and able to colonise forest habitats. Armadillidium vulgare, a species introduced in numerous parts of the world by human activities, is often connected with stony habitats (Schmalfuss 2003) and is viewed as less common in forest stands (Allspach 1996). Given that it was only present in one forest locality, Vápenky (protected as a Nature Monument, albeit somewhat influenced by human activities), we consider the White Carpathian forest localities more or less undisturbed and thus of high conservation value. Species with high levels of affinity to woodlands with moist and shady sites (Hyloniscus riparius, Trichoniscus pusillus) can also be found in grasslands (Sutton 1968). Their occurrence in the meadows and pastures studied corresponds with wet patches typical of some White Carpathian grasslands (Mackovčin et al. 2002). We can conclude that despite being open ecosystems the meadows in highland areas support hygrophilous and forest species similar to those in forest sites (Tomescu et al. 2005).
From a zoogeographical point of view, European and Central European species predominated (Schmalfuss 2003). Lepidoniscus minutus, P. politus, H. riparius, Porcellium collicola, and Ligidium germanicum form a group that is distributed from Central Europe to the Balkan Peninsula. Their common occurrence may be explained by the fact that following the last glaciation, a significant proportion of contemporary Central European fauna migrated from the Balkans to the Carpathian Basin (Farkas 2007).
The meadows and pastures of the White Carpathians have in fact been formed and influenced by humans for numerous centuries (cf. Mackovčin et al. 2002). Nevertheless, a lack of introduced and synanthropic species reveals a weak influence on present-day isopod fauna. Only one species, Porcellionides pruinosus, which can be considered introduced, was recorded. Nevertheless, its presence is faunistically interesting because the White Carpathians appear to represent the northernmost limit of its apparently original South European or Mediterranean distribution. Further north, this species is known only in synanthropic sites (Frankenberger 1959). The presence of the synathropic species Porcellio scaber at the locality Kožíkov vrch can be related to this habitat, representing an old, abandoned field that had been transformed into a regularly mown meadow.
The record of the Carpathian endemic Hyloniscus mariae is very important. It was found at the Javořina National Nature Reserve, a locality with great biodiversity, predominatly including old and partly krummholz-like beech forest at the peak of the highest mountain. According to the current Red List of Threatened Species in the Czech Republic (Tajovský and Tuf 2017), this species is categorized as endangered. The presence of Orthometopon planum and Trachelipus nodulosus confirmed the spread and penetration of termophilous or xerothermic species to this area from the South.
When evaluating the (dis)similarity of communities of the White Carpathians, a northeast-southwest geographical as well as ecological gradient (meadow -pasture -forest) was observed. The analysis divided the localities into herbaceous-rich meadow sites and other meadows and forests with relatively rich isopod fauna, and distinguished several specific (and mostly xerothermic) sites (Figs 2 and 3). Indeed, the White Carpathians were deemed a valuable area due to their considerable biodiversity (Webster et al. 2001).
In conclusion, the recorded number of species, their distribution within meadows, pastures and forests, the occurrence of species-rich communities (especially in forest habitats), and the presence of the relic species, Hyloniscus mariae and Ligidium germanicum, together with the absence of introduced and ubiquitous species, indicate the high nature conservancy value of the whole area. The diversity of habitats in the White Carpathians presents a favorable environment for rich communities of terrestrial isopods in the Central European region.