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Integrated analysis of expression profiles with meat quality traits in cattle

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in improving meat quality by binding to messenger RNAs (mRNAs). We performed an integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiling between bulls and steers based on the differences in meat quality traits. Fat and fatty acids are the major phenotypic indices of meat quality traits to estimate between-group variance. In the present study, 90 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) and 18 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified. Eighty-three potential DEG targets and 18 DEMs were used to structure a negative interaction network, and 75 matching target genes were shown in this network. Twenty-six target genes were designated as intersection genes, screened from 18 DEMs, and overlapped with the DEGs. Seventeen of these genes enriched to 19 terms involved in lipid metabolism. Subsequently, 13 DEGs and nine DEMs were validated using quantitative real-time PCR, and seven critical genes were selected to explore the influence of fat and fatty acids through hub genes and predict functional association. A dual-luciferase reporter and Western blot assays confirmed a predicted miRNA target (bta-miR-409a and PLIN5). These findings provide substantial evidence for molecular genetic controls and interaction among genes in cattle.

A total of 75 matching target genes has been shown in the expression network. Among them, 26 target genes overlapped between DEGs and negative co-expression genes. These genes were an intersection gene for integration, as presented in Supplementary Fig. S6. In the 26 intersection genes, four down-regulated miRNAs were associated, and the relative expression of 12 genes increased, whereas the expression of 14 genes decreased in the bulls compared with steers. Most (14/26) genes associated with the 11 up-regulated miRNAs showed relatively increased abundances in steers, but the transcripts of 12 genes were down-regulated (Supplementary Table S9).
Hub genes and Co-expression predict the functional association. Four intersection genes, namely PLIN5, ANGPTL4, FABP4, and IRS1, were primarily observed in fat and fatty acid significantly enriched pathways. To further understand the intersection genes' function, we analyzed the top 10 hub genes using the cyto-  Fig. S7).
In the triangle matrices above, the intensity of the color indicates the level of confidence that two proteins are functionally associated, given the organism's overall expression data based on STRING (Version 11.0). Figure 4 shows the red genes representing strong confidence, their associations were specific and meaningful, and these genes jointly contributed to a shared function.
A total of seven genes were critical genes, namely, PLIN5, DGAT2, ANGPTL4, CIDEC, THRSP, FABP4, and IRS1. Although DGAT2, CIDEC, and THRSP were not found in the pathways, they presented in the interaction network, intragroup co-expression, and UniProt. To visualize and understand the interaction between them and their corresponding DEMs, we constructed an interaction network between miRNAs and genes in Fig. 5, and the involved genes included in IRSI were further validated by qRT-PCR (Fig. 6).
According to the predicted binding sites on the miRNA regulation of target genes, the transcripts of the PLIN5 gene may be targets consistent with miRNAs. This finding was explored by the co-transfection of luciferase reporter vectors containing the wild-type or mutant 3′ UTR of genes. As shown in Fig. 7, the luciferase activities of the wild-type gene reporter co-transfected with the miRNA mimic were reduced significantly compared with that co-transfected with the negative control mimic or in mutated-type reporters co-transfected with the miRNA mimic. Compared with the negative control, the mRNA level significantly decreased in bovine adipocytes at 48 h after transfection with the miRNA mimic.

Discussion
MiRNA, fat and fatty acid in mammals. MiRNAs are small RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by repressing the translation and promoting the degradation of target mRNAs 51 . A miRNA typically has hundreds of evolutionarily conserved target sites, yet only very few predicted targets are downregulated more than twofold in miRNA transfection experiments [51][52][53] . Thus identifying target mRNAs is crucial to the understanding of the biological functions of miRNAs. At present, microarray-based techniques have been used in identifying mRNA-miRNA interactions, and negative expression correlations between miRNAs and their target mRNAs can be determined 54,55 . This strategy can significantly decrease the false-positive rate for identifying the miRNA with mRNA targets and improve laborious and time-consuming validation processes 56 . To date, the expression of miRNAs related to fat and fatty acid is still rarely reported between steers and bulls 58 .  Tables S1, S2). It provides strong evidence to support the data of the experiment group that can be used for further analysis. The DEMs quantified, bta-miR-365-3p, bta-miR-122, bta-miR-200c, bta-miR-374b, bta-miR-15a, and bta-miR-671 were up-regulated in the LD of steers, and RT-qPCR confirmed the results. These significantly expressed miR-NAs also were frequently reported in mammals. For example, A study identifies that activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) could be a direct target of miR-365-3p and further elucidate that miR-365-3p inhibits proliferation but promotes differentiation of primary bovine myoblasts by targeting the activin A receptor type I 59 . In human overlapping QTL for obesity, miR-365-3p is recognized in brown adipose tissue 60 . MiR-122 represents about 70% of the total miRNA in the liver, and its down-or up-regulation can modify fatty acids and cholesterol metabolism 61,62 . MiR-122 also associates lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation in cattle [63][64][65] , regulated PPAR-γ signaling and adipocyte differentiation in vitro and human adipose tissue 66 . MiR-200c is mentioned high expression in the mammary gland and present in milk whey 67,68 . MiR-374b has higher expression in the Longissimus lumborum muscle of grazing cattle than grain-fed Japanese Black cattle, as analyzed by qRT-PCR 69 . MiR-15a is reported more intensively in bovine mastitis. The studies indicate that miR-15a constitutes potential miRNA-mRNA regulatory pairs with target gene (IRAK2) for use as biomarkers to predict a mastitis response or indirectly affects the expression of CD163 gene in E. coli-infected mastitis cows [70][71][72] . MiR-671 and miR-7 largely interact with circRNA CDR1 antisense RNA (CDR1as; also known as ciRS-7) 73,74 . MiR-671 is up-regulated in the tissues from cows with mastitis 75 and highly expressed in intermuscular fat 65 . MiR-7 and miR-15a may play a role in the variation of residual feed intake 76 .
In summary, these findings indicated that they might play essential or potential regulatory roles in lipid mechanisms in cattle. In comparison, changes in the three lipid-related DEMs (bta-miR-216b, bta-miR-409a,   77,78 . MiR-409a is up-regulated in bovine follicular atresia relative to healthy follicles 79 and significantly down-regulated in preovulatory dominant follicles 80 . However, miR-409a related to lipid metabolism was down-regulated in the LD of  , and PLIN5 were significant in PPAR signaling pathway (bta03320). FABP4 and IRS1 appeared in the regulation of lipolysis in the adipocytes pathway (bta04923). Bovine ANGPTL4 is a critical enzyme in lipolysis that stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids and inhibits fat accumulation by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase activity and is high in subcutaneous adipose tissue 81 . DGAT2 gene acts in the deposition of saturated fat in the adipose tissue 82 and is identified as a functional candidate gene affecting milk production, especially for fat content in milk 83 . THRSP is expressed in mature adipocytes rather than in the early stages of adipogenesis, demonstrate that an increased expression of THRSP in Longissimus dorsi is a consequence of but not the reason for a higher number of intramuscular adipocytes in cattle with enhanced intramuscular fat deposition 84 . FABP4 is identified as a lipid transport protein in adipocytes and belongs to the FABP family, is a relevant candidate gene for beef quality. It correlates with intramuscular fat content 85 , fatty acid compositions 86,87 , and inhibits the expression by miR-130a/b in adipocyte differentiation 88 . Among the other rarely reported critical genes, CIDEC was mentioned maybe a potential earlier predictor of the marbling potential of differential intramuscular fat 89 and lipid droplet 90 . IRS1 may be related to yak milk protein synthesis during the lactation cycle 91 . PLIN5 involved the regulation of lipid and was widely reported to relate to maintaining the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis in humans 92 . A study suggested that PLIN5 may play a crucial role in regulating lipids deposition as code for proteins coating intracellular lipid droplets surfaces in pigs, and further pointed out that variations in the PLIN5 sequence may be linked to Hormonesensitive lipase (LIPE) gene expression through a still poorly known regulative molecular process 93 . However, the knowledge of the PLIN5 gene in the lipid metabolism of cattle is still incomplete 94 . Given that they displayed significant differential expression except for critical genes, these genes must be further studied. Additional genes identified here include ATG4A, CCNE2, CSNK1A1, ABAT, HES1, and ROCK2. The effect of these genes on lipid metabolism or fat accumulation is not apparent; thus, these genes require further study in bovine fat and fatty acids.
In the interaction network of miRNA-mRNA, three DEMs, namely, bta-miR-2407, bta-miR-409a, and bta-miR-216b, up-regulated the critical genes. They may be strong candidates for regulating fats and fatty acids because independent qRT-PCRs between bulls and steers differentially express these three DEMs. Under the influence of bta-miR-409a, the activity of the wild-type of PLIN5 decreased in the dual-luciferase reporter assay. After the 3′ UTRs of genes were mutated artificially, the mutated-type activity was higher than that of the wildtype. This finding indicated that mutations were essential for miRNAs binding. Therefore, we supposed that PLIN5 is perhaps involved in lipid transport and storage protein in adipocytes or has aroused binding to lipid droplets, regulates their enlargement, and promotes incorporating endogenously synthesized fatty acids into triglycerides by down-regulating bta-miR-409a in cattle [95][96][97] . In brief, FABP4 and DGAT2 may play a central role www.nature.com/scientificreports/ in regulates lipid adipocytes and fatty acids. CIDEC and PLIN5 may be closely associated with lipid droplets and regulate their enlargement, highlighted in intragroup co-expression of steers and UniPort. In addition, PLIN5 is probably involved in lipid droplet homeostasis by regulating the storage of fatty acids in the PPAR signaling pathway ( Fig. 1 and Supplementary Fig. S5) 95 . A close interaction relationship may exist among the four genes from hub genes, co-expression predicts, and intragroup co-expression. However, because part of anti-gene antibodies suited for bovine were lacking, changes in the level of some protein expression were not measured. Therefore, these actual results showed in Fig. 7.
In conclusion, differences between steers and bulls in the mRNAs and miRNAs related to fats and fatty acids were demonstrated. The integrated analysis of DEMs and DEGs suggests that three miRNAs (bta-miR-409a, bta-miR-2407, and bta-miR-216b) and seven critical genes (FABP4, IRS1, ANGPTL4, THRSP, CIDEC, DGAT2, and PLIN5) are strong candidate miRNAs and genes involved in regulating the fat and fatty acids in cattle. Potential miRNAs (bta-miR-365-3p, bta-miR-122, bta-miR-200c, bta-miR-374b, bta-miR-15a and bta-miR-671,) and genes (ATG4A, CCNE2, CSNK1A1, ABAT, HES1, and ROCK2) related to lipid metabolism were also identified. The study results indicate that bta-miR-409a that interacted with PLIN5 may play an important role in lipid droplets and fatty acid composition. The challenge for future studies is to identify the other relevant targets of miRNAs and determine the interaction among genes and contribute to the regulation of lipid droplets and fatty acid compositions.

Materials and methods
Ethics declarations. Following the protocols approved by Jilin Province, P. R. China for Biological Studies Animal Care and Use Committee, all experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Yanbian University and conducted in strict compliance with the recommendations (approval number: 2018062815-4). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering.
Animals. Six-month-old Yanbian cattle were selected from a Jixing farm in Jilin province. After 30 days of fattening, 60 bulls were selected for castration. All experimental cattle in the same feeding conditions (Supplementary Table S10) were fattened to slaughter under the commercial standard at 36 months. The carcass was stored at 0-4 °C and bio-acid treated for three days. The 60 bull and 60 steer samples were obtained from LD between the 12th and 13th right ribs and stored at − 20 °C for meat quality determination. Three bull and three steer fresh tissue samples were randomly selected and cut into small 0.3 cm 3 blocks, immediately placed in frozen tubes, and stored in liquid nitrogen to further detect miRNA and mRNA expression profiling. RNA extraction. Total RNA was isolated from frozen tissue samples (n = 6) using mirVana™ RNA Isolation Kit (Applied Biosystem, Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions and treated with RNase-free DNase I to remove genomic DNA contamination. RNA integrity (RIN ≥ 7, 28S/18S ≥ 0.7) was assessed using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer Lab-on-chip system (Agilent Technologies, USA). The same samples were used in all experiments.
Fat and fatty acids. Crude protein and crude fat were analyzed based on the semi-micro Kjeldahl method and the classic Soxhlet method. The composition analyses of fatty acid (2 g of freeze-dried sample collected from LD) were performed with a gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies 7890A, Wilmington, DE, USA). The conditions of chromatography are as follows: column, Supelco sp-2560, 100 m × 250 μm × 0.2 μm; starting temperature, 130 °C, maintained for 3 min; after 5 min, the temperature increased to 240 °C at 4 °C/min for 50 min; and inlet temperature, 240 °C. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS 9.4. The phenotypic data of meat quality was estimated using ANOVA and expressed by mean ± standard deviation (Supplementary Tables S1 and S2). To observe genes that we predicted and cloned in advance, we preliminarily showed that the expression levels of ANGPTL4, FABP4, and DGAT2 genes in the LD are significantly higher than in bulls on predictions for previous work (15 bulls and 15 steers). The results are consistent with this study (Supplementary Table S3 and Fig. 8).
miRNA and mRNA expression profiling arrays. miRNA and mRNA profiling using microarrays was performed on individual RNA samples (n = 3) isolated from the bull and steer, respectively. Sample labeling, microarray hybridization, and washing were performed based on the standard protocols of the manufacturer.
GeneChip™ miRNA 3.0 Array (Affymetrix, miRNA Profiling) was used to perform miRNA expression profiling. In brief, total RNA was tallied with Poly A and then labeled with biotin. The labeled RNAs were hybridized onto the microarray. The slides were washed and stained, and the arrays were scanned using a GeneChip Scanner 3000 TG system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The GeneChip Command Console software (version4.0, Affymetrix) was used to analyze array images for capturing raw data. Expression console (version1.3.1, Affymetrix) was used in RMA normalization. The Genespring software (version 12.5; Agilent Technologies) was used for probe filtration. DEMs were identified through fold change (FC). P-value (P) was calculated using the t-test. The threshold of significance for the differential expression set was FC ≥ 2.0 and P ≤ 0.05. Hierarchical clustering was performed to show the distinguishable miRNA expression pattern among samples.
GeneChip™ Bovine Genome Array (Affymetrix, Transcriptome Profiling) was applied to analyze mRNAs expression. The total RNA of mRNA samples was primarily transcribed to double-stranded cDNA, and cRNA was synthesized and labeled with biotin compared with the miRNA profiling procedure. The labeled cRNAs were hybridized onto the microarray. The processing of sample labeling, microarray hybridization, and washing was consistent with miRNA profiling.
The Affymetrix GeneChip Command Console (Version 4.0, Affymetrix) and Genespring software (Version 12.5; Agilent Technologies) were employed to capture the raw data for Probe filtration. The raw data was Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Part of the miRNA and intersection genes associated with fats and fatty acids were selected for verification. qRT-PCR was performed with a PCR Kit (LightCycler® 480 SYBR Green I Master, USA), and a miRNA-specific primer was used in quantifying nine relevant DEMs (Fig. 8a). U6 was selected as an internal control for the correction of analytical variations. Each primer was 10 μmol/μL. Then differentially regulated mRNAs as integration genes were used for validation (Fig. 8b). The primers used are shown in Supplementary Tables S4 and S5. The reacting system was 20 μL and used with an SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ II kit (Tli RNaseH Plus, Japan). The universal reverse primer that provided GAPDH was selected as a control for the correction of analytical variations. The final concentration of each primer was 10 μmol/μL. qRT-PCR experiments were performed in triplicate for each sample as described above. The relative expression was calculated using the 2 -ΔΔCt method 98 . Differences between groups were analyzed using the Student's t-tests for independent samples and visualized as a histogram in R (Version 3.5.3).
Bioinformatic analysis. The miRanda algorithm was employed to predict the potential targets of all the DEMs. The transcript paired with miRNA information was extracted from the prediction results, and the annotation was obtained from the NCBI bovine (Bos taurus) database. Pathway, GO, and UniPort terms were ana-