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Seismic Response Study of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Under the Effect of Varying Frequency Content

Earthquake causes damage to living things particularly people and harms the fabricated and common habitat. Keeping in mind the end goal to play it safe for the death toll and harm of structures because of the ground motion, it’s essential to sense the qualities of the ground motion. The most essential unique qualities of seismic tremor are peak ground acceleration (PGA), frequency content, and duration. These qualities play a vital role in respect to the response of structures under seismic loads. The quality of ground motions is estimated in light of the PGA, frequency content and to what extent the shaking proceeds. Ground motion has distinctive low, intermediate, and high-frequency contents. Current research involves studying seismic frequency components of reinforced concrete structures. Time history analysis is performed in the extended three-dimensional analysis of building system (ETABS) software. The proposed strategy is to think about the response of low, mid, and highrise reinforced concrete buildings under low, intermediate, and highfrequency content ground motions. The response of the structures because of the ground motions as far as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and base shear is found. The reactions of each ground motion for each sort of building are contemplated and looked at. The outcomes demonstrate that low-frequency content ground motions have the noteworthy impact on both regular as well as irregular RC structures. However, high-frequency content ground motions have very less effect on responses of the regular as well as irregular RC buildings.


INTRODUCTION
A quake is the aftereffect of a fast arrival of strain vitality put away in the world's hull that produces seismic waves. Structures are defenceless against seismic tremor ground movement and harms the structures. With a specific end goal to play it safe in preventing damage to structures because of ground movement, it's essential to know the aspects of ground motion. The utmost vital unique attributes of seismic tremor are peak ground acceleration (PGA), frequency content, and duration. These qualities play transcendent run in concentrate the conduct of structures under seismic tremor ground motion. Ellen Rathje et al (1998) three streamlined frequency contents are considered: mean period (T m ), predominant period (T p ), and smoothed spectral predominant period (T o ). They recorded frequency parameters of 306 motion records from 20 earthquakes. They use this information to model the site dependency, size and distance of frequency content specifications. Model coefficients and standard error terms were evaluated by nonlinear regression analysis. Their results show that the traditional T p parameters have the most shocking vulnerability to their expectations, suggesting that predicting the previous relationship of T p is questionable for current information gathering. Furthermore, the optimum frequency content rendering parameter is Tm. David M. Boore (2003) Probabilistic technology is an important and epoch-making strategy for simulating terrestrial movements. Changes in mixing parameters or functional descriptions of the amplitude spectrum and the random phase spectrum of the seismic motion are determined such that the behaviour is distributed over a time span associated with the magnitude of the earthquake and the distance from the source. This technique is useful for simulating high frequency seismic motion (e.g., 0-1 Hz) and chronicles of possibly harming seismic tremors are not open, it is IS 1893 (PART 1): 2002 defines re-entrant corner as a location in a structure where in the projection of the building component beyond that point outreach 15 % of its plan dimension in the given direction as shown in figure 1.1 and table 1.1 demonstrates its classification. When the building is subjected to ground motion inertial forces are mobilized. These forces travel along different paths known as "load paths" through various structural components and finally being transferred to the soil through foundation.

Objective
The main objective is to investigate the reflex of frequency content of ground motion on seismic response of structures with and without re-entrant corners.

Scope
Consider two ground motions in each frequency content category, six ground motions, and investigate the influence of frequency response on dynamic response. The motivation behind this undertaking is to consider the response to low, medium and high frequency seismic motion of low, medium and high level conventional and irregular 3D RC buildings in terms of story displacement, velocity, acceleration, and base shear with the help of ETABS software.  6-story, and 20-story are considered low, middle and high rise buildings modeled as 3 dimensional regular and irregular reinforced concrete buildings within ETABS. After that, above ground motions are introduced to the software and linear time history analysis is executed. The premise of this research is to study the behavior of reinforced concrete buildings within a variable frequency range. This survey shows how low, mid and high-rise reinforced concrete buildings function with low, medium and high frequency earthquake motions.

Irregular RC Buildings
2-story, 6-story, and 20-story irregular reinforced concrete buildings, which are low, mid, and skyscraper, are considered. The beam in (x) transverse course is 4m and in (y) longitudinal direction is 5m. Figure 2.5 demonstrates the plan and figure 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 demonstrates 3D view of the three buildings having five bays in x-direction and five bays in y-direction. Story height of each building is assumed 3.5m.

GROUND MOTION RECORDS
Records are chosen based on the peak ground acceleration (PGA) to the peak ground velocity (PGV), i.e. the ratio PGA/PGV. The justification behind this is close -source shallow quakes or records estimated on rock, will display high acceleration peaks of short duration, prompting low -velocity cycles. These records will give high estimations of PGA/PGV. Deep or distant earthquakes or records estimated on delicate ground will have lower acceleration values, however individual cycles are of longer duration, leading to high -velocity waves. These will yield low PGA/PGV ratios. Intermediate scenarios in both senses will yield intermediate values of PGA/PGV. Structures are exposed to ground motions which has dynamic attributes i.e. peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground displacement (PGD), frequency content, and duration. These qualities play dominating principle in concentrate the response of RC structures under seismic loads. The structure steadiness relies upon the structure slenderness, and also the ground motion amplitude, frequency and duration. Based on the frequency content, which is the ratio of PGA/PGV the ground motion records as appeared in table 3.1 are classified into three classes:

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
Time history investigation is a well ordered strategy where the loading and the response history are assessed at progressive time increments. During each progression the reaction is assessed from the initial conditions existing toward the start of the progression (displacements and velocities and the loading history in the interval). In this technique, the non-linear behavior might be effectively considered by changing the structural properties (e.g. stiffness, k) from one stage to another. Accordingly, this strategy is exceptionally viable to decide the non-linear response. However, in linear time history analysis, the structural properties are assumed to remain constant and a linear behavior of structure is assumed during the entire loading history. In structural analysis, the number of possible modes must be over 90% of the total seismic intensity. Tables 3.2-3.7 show that the number of modes considered here is more prominent or close to the standard. Table 3.2 demonstrates the dynamic characteristics of the 2-story regular reinforced concrete building for mode 1. The fundamental frequency of the structure is 9.3646 rad/sec and fundamental period is 0.671 sec.  Table 3.3 shows the dynamic characteristics of the 6-story regular reinforced concrete building for mode 1. The fundamental frequency of the structure is 2.679 rad/sec and fundamental period is 2.345 sec.   Table 3.5 shows the dynamic characteristics of the 2-story irregular reinforced concrete building for mode 1. The fundamental frequency of the structure is 9.5121 rad/sec and fundamental period is 0.661 sec.  Table 3.6 shows the dynamic characteristics of the 6-story irregular reinforced concrete building for mode 1. The fundamental frequency of the structure is 2.7071 rad/sec and fundamental period is 2.321 sec.  Table 3.7 shows the dynamic characteristics of the twenty-story irregular reinforced concrete building for mode 1. The fundamental frequency of the structure is 1.4867 rad/sec and fundamental period is 4.226 sec.  1-4.2 shows story displacement, velocity and acceleration of 2-story regular RC building due to six ground motions. The story displacement is maximum due to low frequency content time series and least because of high frequency content time series in both X and Y direction. The story velocity is greatest because of intermediate frequency content time series and least because of high frequency content time series in both X and Y direction. The story acceleration is most extreme because of intermediate and low frequency content time series in X and Y direction respectively and least because of high frequency content time series in X and Y direction. In figure 4.3, base shear is maximum due to low frequency content time series and minimum due to high frequency content time series along X and Y direction.                 shows story displacement, velocity, and acceleration of 2-story irregular RC building due to six ground motions. The story displacement is maximum due to high and low frequency content time series in both X and Y direction respectively and least because of intermediate and high frequency content time series in both X and Y direction respectively. The story velocity is greatest because of intermediate frequency content time series and least because of high frequency content time series in both X and Y direction. The story acceleration is most extreme because of high and low frequency content time series in X and Y direction respectively and least because of low and high frequency content time series in X and Y direction respectively. In figure 5.3, base shear is maximum due to low frequency content time series and minimum due to high frequency content time series along X and Y direction.   Figure 5.4-5.5 shows story displacement, velocity, and acceleration of 6-story regular RC building due to six ground motions. The story displacement is maximum due to high and intermediate frequency content time series in X and Y direction respectively and least because of low frequency content time series in both X and Y direction. The story velocity is greatest because of high and intermediate frequency content time series in X and Y direction respectively and least because of low and high frequency content time series in both X and Y direction respectively. The story acceleration is most extreme because of intermediate frequency content time series in X and Y direction and least because of high frequency content time series in X and Y direction. In figure 5.6, base shear is maximum due to intermediate and low frequency content time series in X and Y direction respectively and minimum due to high frequency content time series along X and Y direction.      figure 5.9, base shear is maximum due to low frequency content time series in X and Y direction and minimum due to high frequency content time series along X and Y direction

CONCLUSIONS
Here, low, mid, and high-rise regular as well as irregular 3D RC buildings are studied under low, intermediate, and high-frequency content ground motions. Linear time history analysis is performed using ETABS software. The responses of the buildings are shown in terms of story displacement, story velocity, story acceleration, and base shear. Then the results of each RC building due to each ground motion are studied and compared. It is found that time period of building increase with increase in the height of the building on the other hand frequency and circular natural frequency of the building decreases with increase in the height of the building. For all the models lateral displacement of the building increases with increase in the height of the building along both X and Y directions for different time series function. Low-frequency content ground motion has significant effect on responses of regular as well as irregular RC buildings irrespective of the building height. However, high-frequency content ground motion has very less effect on responses of both regular and irregular RC buildings regardless of the building height. Furthermore, the effect of the intermediatefrequency content ground motion is less than the low-frequency content ground motion and more than high-frequency content ground motion on responses of the RC buildings.