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Harvesting energy into lithium-ion batteries

Modern portable micro-systems like biomedical implants and ad-hoc wireless transceiver micro-sensors continue to integrate more functions into smaller devices, which result in low energy levels and short operational lives. Researchers and industry alike are therefore considering harvesting energy from the surrounding environment as a means of offsetting this energy deficit. The fact is, even with power efficient designs, low duty-cycle operation, smart power-aware network architectures, and batteries with improved energy density, the stored energy in micro-scale systems is simply not sufficient to sustain extended lifetimes [1]. What is more, the ubiquity of sensor nodes within a network and their limited accessibility prohibit the use of external energy supplies and the maintenance of micro-scale rechargeable batteries, creating the need for in situ long-lasting and self-renewable chip-compatible energy harvesting sources, in other words, self-sustaining and self-powered micro-scale system-inpackage (SiP) solutions.