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Biointerface: a nano-modulated way for biological transportation

Abstract The concept of biointerface emerges in the fields of biochemistry, genomics, cellular biology and life science. The integration of nanoparticles and biointerfaces creates the scope in different areas like biology, biochemistry, biotechnology and microbiology. The mode of action of nanoparticles through biointerface involves the formation of the protein corona, cellular contact, endocytosis and intracellular transport. The article highlights the complexation of host-guest and types of biointerfaces based on the principles of light, pH, redox reaction and competitive binding. Three major theories include Arrhenius theory, interfacial theory and electron theory. Apart from electron transfer, polymer complexation and kinetic drug release, the energy of activation play an important role in the formation of biointerface. The applications of nano-biointerface include cell patterning, gene delivery, blood-contacting device and cancer therapy. The review article focuses on the potential of biointerface in nano-based systems due to longer contact time, higher surface area, better drug loading efficiency and adhesion for increasing lift-off force, cell penetration, drug delivery of nanocarriers and on-targeting effect to the infected cells. Further, advancement in this field will increase the efficiency of gaseous systems like nanobubbles, nanodroplets, nanoshells, nanocages and nanopopcorn.