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5: Does Schooling Matter? A Retrospective Assessment

Students of educational inequality would do well to heed the time-tested adage that it is one thing to get a job and another to keep it. In assessing the relationship between education and social attainment, it is one thing to ask about the effect of education on getting a job and another to ask how it affects the ability of a person to do well in the job. The two questions are quite distinct. They differ in the same way that access to jobs differs from performance on the job. Furthermore, they deal with different educational processes. Regrettably, research on the impact of educational inequality on social attainment has often failed to mark this simple yet important distinction. The two questions have often been confused as being one and the same. The result is that researchers have frequently defined questions and employed methods of research that were not particularly suited to the specific problem at hand. It is undeniable that we have made considerable advances in our understanding of how schooling is related to the system of social stratification (Duncan, Featherman, & Duncan, 1972; Sewell, Hauser, & Featherman, 1976). Yet a number of important questions remain unresolved. The intent of this review is as much to assess what else we need to do in the study of education and social attainment as it is to judge what has been done thus far. In this review we will first present a brief sociological overview of education as being tied into the wider system of social stratification in society. This