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The relative/indefinite theme: from Hittite enclitic position to the SC de Cn. Pisone patre

Abstract In Hittite (habitually), in Vedic and Sanskrit (very frequently), in Greek and Latin (sometimes) a relative/indefinite theme is placed in an enclitic position after the referred noun, e.g., Virg. Aen. 1,573 urbem quam statuo uestra est. In the SC de Cn. Pisone patre relative clauses are employed with an incredible frequency (88 relative clauses in 176 lines, 37.76% of all pronouns) and even placed within one relative clause, or within another inside it. Subordination is a topic of many papers and books produced in recent years, nevertheless the key point of the relationship coordination∼subordination as well as of other types of linking calls for further refinements. There are points still remaining relatively unexplored, namely the enclitic position of the relative theme (better to say of the *kwe/o- theme), the case/position relationship of the word at a time when the case system was not yet constituted and the main + relative clause pair was not yet clearly made up. Without rejecting different methods of linguistic explanation such as transformational grammar, typological and functional approaches, cross-linguistic analysis, or Asymmetry Assumption, I think that we must explore the collected data more in depth. In this sense I would like to show that at least three steps may be distinguished in the syntactic use of the relative/indefinite theme: firstly, the use of an enclitic to produce a kind of clause; secondly, an introduction of a couple of clauses, the first of which is considered a relative clause; thirdly, its use as an adjective similar to the use we meet in classical Latin. It is however not excluded that other steps took place and were overwhelmed; at any rate it is presupposed that “there are languages that at a certain stage in their history, do not have any specific construction for the expression of particular cognitive relations between States of Affairs” (S. Cristofaro 2004: 49). Anyhow we must start from the enclitic relative(-indefinite) pronoun after excluding the attractio inversa, albeit upheld until now by some great scholars.