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Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity

In the sixth edition of The Origin ofSpecies Darwin says, "I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the most important, but not the exclusive, means of modification." Durham repeatedly alludes to this statement in summarizing his own views on both organic and cultural evolution. Modern evolutionary biology invokes additional means of modification, but not exactly the same ones that Darwin did. For instance, we reject inherited habit, the direct action of the environment, and use and disuse. Durham does not attempt to develop such "Lamarckian" mechanisms. One of Darwin's additional means of modification that remains valid today is "correlated variability." If two traits are somehow causally linked together, they will both evolve if the total effect is selectively advantageous. Durham (p. 363) refers to "side effects that are potentially maladaptive," but he seems to have other things in mind. Unknown to Darwin was drift, both genetic and cultural. There might be adaptivelyneutral, or even maladaptive, changes due to chanceespecially in small populations. Darwiri also emphasized modes of selection other than natural selection, namely sexual selection and artificial selection. All three Darwinian modes should at least in principle be effectual, whether it is a gene pool or a culture pool that gets modified. Durham mentions (pp. 17, 191) sexual selection, to which Darwin devoted most of The Descent ofMan, but only in passing. Durham does not even use the term "artificial selection," although he cites the books in which Darwin treated it at length. This omission seems altogether curious because, conceptually, Durham's theory is a theory of artificial selection. Because Darwin's thinking on such matters has not been generally understood, it seems a good idea to