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Apparatus and experimental procedures for surface electron spectroscopies using incident ions, metastable atoms, and photons

Two major additions to our multiexperiment apparatus are presented in this article. They are a metastable beam apparatus which produces 108 metastables per s and a sample manipulator that provides cooling of the sample to liquid‐nitrogen temperature and flash heating to 1500 K following by rapid return to LN temperature. We also present new versions of our ion beam and photon beam apparatus. The ion beam source produces a 5×10−10A, focussed beam of noble gas ions at kinetic energies less than 10 eV. We discuss features of a K+ ion source, a Te evaporator, and our method of data presentation.