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Color naming and categorization depend on distinct functional brain networks

Naming a color can be understood as an act of categorization, i.e. identifying it as a member of category of colors that are referred to by the same name. But are naming and categorization equivalent cognitive processes, and consequently rely on same neural substrates? Here, we used task and resting-state fMRI, as well as behavioral measures to identify functional brain networks that modulated naming and categorization of colors. Color naming and categorization response times were modulated by different resting state connectivity networks spanning from the color-sensitive regions in the ventro-occipital cortex. Color naming correlated with the connectivity between the left posterior color region, the left medial temporal gyrus, and the left angular gyrus; whereas color categorization involved the connectivity between the bilateral posterior color regions, the left frontal, right temporal and bilateral parietal areas. The networks supporting naming and categorization did not overlap, suggesting that the two processes rely on different neural mechanisms. Significance When we name a color, we also identify it as a member of a color category, e.g. blue or yellow. Are neural processes underlying color categorization equivalent to those of color naming? Here, we address this question by measuring how individual differences in color categorization and naming response times relate to the strength of functional connections in the brain. Color naming speed correlated with left-hemispheric connectivity between the color-sensitive visual regions and the anterior temporal lobe. Color categorization speed was modulated by a different brain network, encompassing bilateral color-sensitive visual areas, and high-level executive and semantic regions. Thus, color categorization and naming performance involved distinct, non-overlapping brain networks, suggesting that the two processes depend on different neural mechanisms.