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Target haemoglobin levels for the treatment of the anaemia of chronic renal failure

Without compelling evidence for a speciﬁc level, theappropriate target haemoglobin concentration forpatients with chronic renal failure has been debated virtually since recombinant human erythropoietin(epoetin) ﬁrst became available. Controversy has arisenparticularly concerning the relative beneﬁts and risks of maintaining haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) atphysiological levels. A number of studies have found signiﬁcant improvements in various parameters as the[Hb] is increased in anaemic subjects with and withoutassociated chronic renal failure.