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Oxygen isotopic evidence for high-magnitude , abrupt climatic events during the Lateglacial Interstadial in northwest Europe : Analysis of a lacustrine sequence from the site of Tirinie

The Last Glacial to Interglacial Transition (LGIT) is a period of climatic instability. δO records are ideal for investigating the LGIT as this proxy responds rapidly to even minor climatic oscillations. Lacustrine carbonates offer the opportunity to investigate spatial diversity in patterns of climatic change during the LGIT but this requires the generation of δO records from a range of latitudinal and longitudinal settings. This study presents a coupled pollen and stable isotopic study of lacustrine carbonates spanning the Windermere Interstadial (the British equivalent of GI1, the Lateglacial Interstadial) from the site of Tirinie in the Scottish Highlands, a region where δO records are currently absent. The Interstadial is characterised by three δO peaks, warm intervals, and two δO declines, cold episodes, the timing of which is constrained by the presence of crypto-tephra. The landscape at Tirinie was highly responsive to these climatic oscillations as the sedimentary and pollen record respond to each isotopic shift. The paper concludes by highlighting that, across the British Isles, lacustrine δO records of the Interstadial have a consistent stratigraphy/structure, however, the magnitude of the isotopic shifts are regionally variable. Potential causes of this variability are discussed.