{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.034140969162995596, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03340675477239354, 'mean_word_length': 4.962800875273523, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Activation of coagulation during routine diagnostic coronary angiography.

AIMS
The role of anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention has been well established. However, the role of anticoagulation during diagnostic coronary angiography remains unclear. Prothrombin fragment1+2 (PF1+2) and D-dimer (DD) have been reported to be useful in evaluating thrombotic phenomena. This study was designed to determine whether activation of coagulation occurs during diagnostic coronary angiography as measured by DD and PF1+2.


METHODS AND RESULTS
Patients not on anticoagulation (except for aspirin) and with no documented coagulopathy undergoing elective diagnostic coronary angiography were enrolled in this prospective study. Blood samples for DD and PF1+2 were obtained serially after the femoral arterial sheath was placed. Peripheral venous blood was drawn along with an initial arterial blood sample from the sheath; thereafter, arterial blood samples from the sheath were obtained every 10 minutes for a maximum of 60 minutes or until the procedure was completed or when anticoagulation was initiated. A final venous sample was drawn at the end of the procedure. The data were analysed in time interval correlation to the DD and PF1+2 level.Forty-two patients were enrolled in this study, 15 were female (35%). There were 25 (59%) patients with diabetes. The mean fluoroscopic time was 8.8+/-7.81 minutes and the average time for the procedure was 29+/-22.70 minutes. There were 192 blood samples analysed. 67% of patient completed the procedure within 20 minutes and 91% within 30 minutes. Mean venous PF1+2 level was 0.20 nmol/L at baseline and 0.39 nmol/L (p=0.06) at the final interval, while the mean arterial PF1+2 level was significantly elevated. There was an increase of 0.2 nmol/L of arterial PF1+2 every 10 minutes (p<0.001). Mean venous DD at baseline and final levels were 0.41 ug/mL and 0.45 ug/mL respectively (p=0.68). There was a significant change in arterial DD with an increase of 0.02ug/ml every 10 minutes (p=0.023).


CONCLUSIONS
In diagnostic coronary angiography, there is an early rise in PF1+2 levels in blood drawn through the arterial sheath suggesting that the procedure triggers local activation of coagulation that is not observed systemically. Prophylactic anticoagulation may not be necessary in stable patients without other known risk factors who will be undergoing elective diagnostic coronary angiography for less than 30 minutes. For procedures that are prolonged, or anticipated to be prolonged greater than 30 minutes, it may be advisable to administer anticoagulation to prevent thrombus formation. These findings may not be pertinent to patients with thrombophilia.