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Localized Arc-Plasma Phenomena for High-Voltage Photovoltaic Power Systems

Photovoltaic (PV) system certifications and codes have been modified to allow 1,500 V products onto the market which facilitate the plant engineering, procurement, and construction; however, the codes inadequately address the increased hazards to people and equipment in a high-voltage, photovoltaic plant that emanate from the rapid release of thermal energy, pressure waves, and electromagnetic interference of an arc-fault event. Existing calculations can contradict one another and are rooted in theory, not in physical testing. For this investigation, a localized arc-plasma model for a cylindrical geometry arc was developed from coupled electrodynamic, thermodynamic, and fluid mechanics equations, that were convolved together based on previous arc-discharge models [1]. The model was developed to assess incident energy, used for determining appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), as a function of spark-gap current. To validate the model, preliminary experiments were performed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) with voltage levels as high as 1,500 V. Further utility-scale PV experiments were also conducted with current levels as high as 1,607 A to provide further data. Arc-stability, plasma column spectral features and radiative temperature rise were all evaluated during each respective test to provide radiated power values for validation. Overall preliminary results suggest a logarithmic increase in radiative power between 250 and 2800 W/cm for a current increase from 100 to 300 A.