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Short- and long-range effects of gamma irradiation on charge transfer and photosensitivity in single- and double-doped LiNbO3 single crystals

Especially doubly doped LiNbO3 single crystals were irradiated with different doses of gamma rays. The short and long-range effect of the irradiation processes on the photosensitivity of these crystals was studied. For short range effect, the photosensitivity was increased in particular the phase conjugate signal became more stronger and the rising time for the phase conjugate signal was increased except for LiNbO3 doped Mn and Fe. For the long-range effect, the phase conjugate signal was found to increase for the crystal doped Cu and Ce then decreased after 220 days. On the other hand, the response time for the crystal doped Ni and Mn was found to decrease drastically after 150 days. Other crystals doped Fe and Mn, Fe did not show much change between short and long range effect up to 300 days. Almost all the crystals after 320 days showed oscillations on the phase conjugate signal.