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Increasing Knowledge and Compassion About Breast Cancer: A View from Both Sides

over the past three decades. In addition to providing fascinating individual accounts, the genre also provides probing insights into the social as well as personal contexts in which women have experienced their lives. At the same time, biographies and autobiographies humanize the contextual frame with detail and deeper meaning. By focusing on women in a (more-or-less) single scientific profession, the series of autobiographies of women psychologists of which this is the third volume also sheds light on the profession itself and women’s changing place and status in psychology during the 20th century. These published autobiographies evolved in part from programs first presented at annual conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA). For the 1977 meeting Elizabeth S. Goodman organized and chaired a session for Division 26 titled “Women in American Psychology: Retrospective Views,” which included Dorothy H. Eichorn, Florence Denmark, Anne Roe, and Leona E. Tyler. “Retrospective Views II” followed in 1978 with Anne Anastasi, Eleanor J. Gibson, Irene M. Hulicka, and Marie Pollard. Then in 1979 Agnes N. O’Connell organized what became a long-standing series of presentations at regional meetings and national conventions devoted to reflections of eminent women in psychology. Fortunately the stories of women included in the oral presentations have been preserved through the dedicated editorial work of O’Connell, who along with Nancy F. Russo, produced the first two volumes of Models of Achievement (O’Connell & Russo, 1983; O’Connell & Russo, 1988). The third volume honors 19 women who constitute a younger birth cohort than the 34 included in the earlier volumes. All but one of these earned their doctorates between 1959 and 1979. Their experiences thus reflect those of women participating in the change of psychology’s gendered face during the last half of the 20th century. The 19 women whose autobiographies comprise Volume 3 are prominent researchers, clinicians, educators, activists, and policymakers whose careers span the various areas of 20th-century psychology. They include: Frances Mitchell Culbertson, Patricia M. Bricklin, Frances Degen Horowitz, Norine Johnson, Sandra Wood Scarr, Dorothy W. Cantor, Diane J. Willis, Elaine Hatfield, Phyllis A. Katz, Linda M. Bartoshuk, Patricia Keith-Spiegel, Kay Deaux, Judith E. N. Albino, Margaret W. Matlin, Pamela Trotman Reid, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Diane F. Halpern, Janet Shibley Hyde, and Lillian Comas-Diaz. As in the first two volumes, O’Connell adds chapters that set the historical context in which the women gained their preparation, entered the field of psychology, and pursued their careers. A concluding chapter describes “profiles and patterns of achievement” reflected in the women’s lives. By presenting a great deal of detailed information in tabular form (on topics such as families of origin, marital patterns and children, educational attainment, and professional positions) following the autobiographies, the stories as told by the women themselves are not hampered by a weight of detail but rather flow according to the individualized experiences and interests of the authors themselves. In the third volume, O’Connell also incorporates data drawn from the earlier volumes, to achieve a description of the entire group of 53 women who have been featured as eminent women in psychology. “Eminent women” here is used to identify those who achieved as pioneers, groundbreakers, and innovators. O’Connell includes an extensive table that lists the innovations and “firsts” of the women and another that lists their awards, honors, and professional positions. These are indeed impressive and the women themselves clearly rank as psychology’s “women worthies,” those who have “helped shape the science and professional of psychology, the history of the 20th century, and the quality of our lives” (p. 418). One must acknowledge that they are not truly representative of psychology’s “rank and file,” and yet it is likely that many of their experiences and “the barriers they faced and the coping strategies they employed” are shared by the multitude of less recognized women psychologists who are also dedicating themselves to careers in the enterprise that is American psychology as it enters its 2nd century. One of the significant indicators of women psychologists’ improved status in recent decades is the increased presence of women in leadership positions in the APA. This is documented in some detail in Scarborough (1992). Of special note is the fact that, of the nine women who have served as APA president, seven were elected in the last 30 years. Their autobiographies are included in Models of Achievement, Volume 2 (Anne Anastasi, Leona Tyler, Florence Denmark, Janet Spence, and Bonnie Strickland) and Volume 3 (Dorothy Cantor and Nadine Johnson). Autobiographies by the two earlier women presidents, Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn, are published in the long-running, multivolume series titled A History of Psychology in Biography (Calkins, 1930; Washburn, 1932).