{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.044075558099599316, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02633085289066972, 'mean_word_length': 4.75, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Aphorisms related to nephrological subjects in Rhazes ’ Kitāb al-Murshid aw al-Fuṣūl ( The Guide Book or The Book of Aphorisms )

Introduction Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (865–925 AD), also known as Rhazes in the Western world, was an eminent physician and philosopher during the golden age of the Islamic world in medieval times. He compiled over 200 works on various chemical, philosophical, ethical subjects, with over half of them on medicine (1). The founding father of the history of science, George Sarton (1884-1956), says that “Rhazes was the greatest physician of Islam and the Middle Ages” (2). His originality, clinical acumen and observational aptitudes are best known for his most celebrated works, the Liber Continens (Kitāb al-Ḥāwī fī al-Ṭibb), Liber medicinalis ad Almansorem (Kitāb al-Manṣūrī fī al-Ṭibb), and De Variolis et Morbilis (Kitāb al-Jadarī wa al-Ḥaṣba) (2). Less well known is his Kitāb al-Murshid aw al-Fuṣūl (3), which means The Guide Book or The Book of Aphorisms (4). Written late in his career this is a relatively short general treatise based on his earlier observations and meant as an introduction of basic principles for students of medicine (4). Although Salomon Negri (1665-1727), a teacher of Oriental Languages in Early Modern Europe, mentions this book as Liber directionis et vocatur Liber sectionum in his Latin translation of Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa’s ʿUyūn al-Anbāʾ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭibbāʾ (5), actually The Guide Book was never translated into Latin (4). Although it appears to have continued to be used in learning medicine as mentioned by Maimonides (11351204) as one of the books he read for his medical education after settling in Fustat in Egypt following his exile from Cordoba in 1148 (6).