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IMMIGRATION NATION: RAIDS, DETENTIONS AND DEPORTATIONS IN POST-9/11 AMERICA

who consistently advocated equality and suffrage for all women as well as for African Americans and other disenfranchised groups (p. 70). His challenge, Buccola suggests, ‘was to close the gap between the ideas of liberty for all and the reality of . . .nineteenth century America’ (p. 75). The final chapters of Buccola’s exposition of Douglass’s political thought focus on his ideas of mutual responsibility and obligation in the context of a broader ‘moral ecology’ of freedom. One of the key issues for Douglass, as Buccola repeatedly underlines, was how to generalize ideas of individual freedom and self-ownership within a society still structured on the basis of the ownership of others. While there were routes for individual self-emancipation, Douglass was concerned with the development of a ‘moral atmosphere’ which would facilitate collective emancipation and bring about a genuine democratic republic. With this, Douglass expands the classical liberal tradition to focus also on moral and civic engagement as necessary conditions to secure liberty, both individual and collective. Buccola provides a comprehensive exposition of Frederick Douglass’s contribution to political thought. It is a valuable study of a neglected thinker and a timely reminder following President Obama’s election to a second term of the importance not just of African-American experience, but also African-American thought to the realization of a fully inclusive North American republic.