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Pt Carbide Formation During Graphitic Carbon Growth Studied Using in situ TEM

Improved understanding of structure-activity correlations are crucial to increase our knowledge of the fundamental workings of catalysts. However, despite extensive research efforts, the graphitization process of carbon is not understood in-depth yet. One hindrance is the difficulty to experimentally assess intermediary steps of the reaction due to a lack of temporal, analytical and spatial resolution. The second hindrance is that most conclusions on dynamical catalytic processes are drawn from static observations. This does not allow insights into the underlying, often unstable intermediary steps leading to the final structures. An important piece of the puzzle to understand graphitization is the role of the dissolution of carbon into the catalyst structure to form carbides. Whereas many growth studies are based on iron and nickel catalyst nanoparticles, platinum (Pt) is a standard catalyst in industrial reactions where catalyst coking is a major cause for deactivation. Iron carbide and nickel carbide has been observed experimentally. However, Pt carbide formation has been observed experimentally at very high pressure/temperatures 1 or under ethane treatment of confined Pt nanoclusters 2 only. TEM studies of catalysts have frequently been done not in relevant conditions (mostly in vacuum, low pressure and room temperature). 3 However, using in situ transmission electron microscopy techniques allows to study dynamical processes live as they happen and at high spatial resolution. 4-7 In the present work, we studied Pt particles catalysing the growth of graphitic carbon structures using in situ TEM in a gas cell. Imaging (as shown in Figure 1) and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis ( Figure 2 ) were combined to detect and track the formation of Pt carbide. This was complemented with computational multivariant