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Growth Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression

The cellular effects of growth hormone (GH) are initiated through binding to a membraneassociated receptor. Depending on the cell type, this binding can be followed by a set of rapid responses, such as transport of metabolites into the cell, and a set of delayed responses, including induction of mRNA and protein synthesis, and mitogenesis. The identity of the intracellular second messengers that mediate these responses is unclear, and clarification of the mechanisms involved in GH action is subject to active research. While most investigations have concentrated on the metabolic effects of GH, it is now clear that GH can also directly influence the expression of specific genes (Table 1). Several different types of proteins, including growth factors, receptors, enzymes and protooncogenes, have been shown to be GH-regulated, suggesting that the hormone is involved in regulating different cellular events important for normal cell function. The availability of molecular clones for these genes has been vital to these studies, providing tools for the analysis of the relationship between GH and gene expression. The best studied GH-responsive gene is insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which is described in more detail below.