{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.029367950627793148, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02113924948570618, 'mean_word_length': 4.139628144367481, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 3, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Precision Neutron Polarimetry for Neutron Beta Decay

The abBA collaboration is developing a new type of field-expansion spectrometer for a measurement of the three correlation coefficients a, A, and B and the shape parameter b. The measurement of A and B requires precision neutron polarimetry. We will polarize a pulsed cold neutron beam from the SNS using a 3He neutron spin filter. The well-known polarizing cross section for n-3He has a 1/v dependence, where v is the neutron velocity, which is used to determine the absolute beam polarization through a time-of-flight (TOF) measurement. We show that by measuring the TOF dependence of A and B, the coefficients and the neutron polarization can be determined with a small loss of the statistical precision and with negligible systematic error. We conclude that it is possible to determine the neutron polarization averaged over a long run in the neutron beta decay experiment with a statistical error less than 10−4. We discuss various sources of systematic uncertainty in the measurement of A and B and conclude that the fractional systematic errors are less than 2 × 10−4.

The abBA collaboration is developing a new type of field-expansion spectrometer for a measurement of the three correlation coefficients a, A, and B and the shape parameter b. The measurement of A and B requires precision neutron polarimetry. We will polarize a pulsed cold neutron beam from the SNS using a 3 He neutron spin filter. The well-known polarizing cross section for n- 3 He has a 1/v dependence, where v is the neutron velocity, which is used to determine the absolute beam polarization through a time-of-flight (TOF) measurement. We show that by measuring the TOF dependence of A and B, the coefficients and the neutron polarization can be determined with a small loss of the statistical precision and with negligible systematic error. We conclude that it is possible to determine the neutron polarization averaged over a long run in the neutron beta decay experiment with a statistical error less than 10 -4 . We discuss various sources of systematic uncertainty in the measurement of A and B and conclude that the fractional systematic errors are less than 2 × 10 The decay spectrometer that detects coincidences between electrons and protons, measures simultaneas a function of t, the neutron TOF, here N↑ (N ↓) are the measured proton and electron TOF spectra for neutron spin up and down. Low-energy electron events are selected for the B asymmetry measurement. For low-energy electrons, the proton recoils against the neutrino. The quantity ∆ includes small corrections to polarization as discussed below. We show that ∆<2 × 10 -4 and the uncertainty in ∆ is less than 10 -4 . The neutron energy dependence of the measured asymmetries arises from the energy dependence of the polarization. Since Β ≈ -1, less counting statistics are required for an accurate determination of the polarization than from A ≈ -1. The coefficient B and the combination of parameters τ can be determined without an auxiliary neutron polarization measurement by performing a two-parameter fit to the measured asymmetry as a function of TOF, ε Β = Β tanh(t/τ). Then τ for the same data set can be used to obtain A. This approach has the distinct advantage that the neutron polarization is determined by the same neutrons that are also used to determine A and B.
The approach is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows the yield for a 10 min run vs TOF bin for an assumed decay rate of 100 Hz for a 17 m long flight path. In Fig. 2 we show pseudo-random asymmetry data generated for P 3 = 0.7, cell thickness of 7.5 bar cm, and B = -1 over the time range from 0 ms to 50 ms. The fitted asymmetry is -0.993 ± 0.011, the fitted 3 He polarization is 0.72 ± 0.11, and the fitted average neutron polarization is 0.989 ± 0.002. If the combination of parameters that determine τ were known a priori rather than determined from the two-parameter fit, the uncertainty of the asymmetry would be a factor of 0.79 smaller than from the fit. The price for the elimination of systematic errors is an increase in the statistical error by a factor of 1.27-a price well worth paying. The time-average neutron polarization is determined from the time dependence of the asymmetry signal and B is determined from the average asymmetry. In the abBA experiment, B will be determined from a large number of such runs. Although the neutron polarization has a statistical uncertainty of ≈1.5 % in each run, the asymmetry B can be determined to 0.1 % in ≈120 runs. The (uninteresting) time-average neutron polarization averaged over all runs would have an error of 0.0002. Although the neutron polarization in any given 10 min run is uncertain by 0.11 %, B can be determined with an uncertainty of 0.1 % by averaging over many runs. The determination of A will require 1.2 × 10 4 10 min runs or 6 × 10 6 s. In the following sections we discuss various systematic uncertainties in the determination of the polarization and correlations.

Systematic Uncertainties From Time
Drifts in the 3

He Polarization
Drifts in the neutron polarization introduce corresponding drifts in the measured asymmetries ε A and ε B .The 3 He polarization in the spin filter cell may change by 1 % in a few hours. The time scale is set by typical 3 He polarization build-up and decay rates, which are intrinsically slow because the coupling of the 3 He spin to its environment is weak. However, we seek   In the pseudo-random data the coefficient B was assumed to be -1, the count rate 100 Hz, the cell thickness 7.5 bar-cm, and the to measure B (and A) ten times better than the typical drift. In order to understand how this can be done, first, consider a set of asymmetry data taken over a long period of time, T, with a constant 3 He polarization. One could analyze the complete data set, or divide the data set into N subsets and analyze the N subsets separately and then average to obtain the asymmetry, B. The error in B for each subset would be increased by when the results are averaged over the N subsets, the value of B and the error in B would be the same as for the analysis of the complete data set. Next, consider a data set where the polarization is a slowly varying function of time. As the time span of subsets, T/N, approaches zero, the polarization may be taken to drift linearly. There is no loss in the statistical precision associated with subdividing the data. We estimate the shift in the asymmetry caused by the linear drift and show that the shift in A or B is negligible. If the 3 He polarization is constant, the neutron polarization as a function of t is given by P n (t) = tanh (t /τ). Assume that the 3 He polarization is changing linearly with time within the run, s, ie., neutron polarization as a function of TOF, t, and s is Next average this expression over the run time interval -S < s < S and insert the expression for the second derivative of polarization with respect to P 3 to obtain the run average neutron polarization as a function of t. The second term gives zero because the average value of s is zero. The average of the third term gives a nonzero correction and is given by Note that, the correction term does not depend on whether the 3 He polarization is decreasing or increasing with s. The largest value attained by the correction term term is 2.8 × 10 -7 . A change in the form neutron polarization versus t is completely negligible.

Inhomogeneous 3 He Thickness
If the 3 He cell length, l, is not equal across the neutron beam, then the relationship between the beam polarization and TOF is modified. Let Q(l) be the probability density function of cell thicknesses, l. Then variation in the thickness.
value of the correction term is 4 × 10 -5 at t = 9.3 ms. A small variation in the 3 He thickness can be measured by observing the attenuation of a pencil beam of cold neutrons as the cell is scanned across the beam. This source of uncertainty is small and easily manageable.

Depolarization of the Neutron Spin in Material
After being polarized in the 3 He cell the neutron spin can be depolarized when interacting with nuclei with non-zero-spin or with unpaired atomic electrons. This can take place when the neutrons passing through material like the exit wall of the 3 He glass cell or aluminum windows of the RFSF or the entry window of the spectrometer. GE180 glass [2], used in the 3 He spin filter cells, has several metal oxides, most of them as small residuals. The spin-flip cross sections (2/3 of the incoherent cross sections) were used to calculate the probabilities for the spin flips for a 3 mm thickness of GE180 glass. The largest spin-flip probability of 1.24 × 10 -4 is for BaO 2 which is 18.2 % by weight in the glass. The total spin-flip probability for the GE180 glass is 3.05 × 10 -4 . However, the neutrons are scattered into 4π and the solid angle of the decay volume is ≈4π × 10 -3 . The depolarization of the beam from nuclear scattering in the cell walls is thus ≈3 × 10 -7 and is negligible. The spin-flip cross section of aluminum is 6.5 mb which gives a beam depolarization probability of ≈4 × 10 -7 for a thickness of 1 cm and an acceptance of 4π × 10 -3 . GE180 has also a small amount of where is the fractional RMS l l σ 3 For 0.7, 6.90 ms, and 1%, the maximum l P l = = = σ τ gyromagnetic ratio of the neutron, e is the charge of the electron, and m e c 2 is the electron mass), which gives a spin-flip scattering probability of order 6 × 10 -6 . The depolarization by scattering from un-paired electrons is negligible.

Depolarization in Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields
We have studied neutron spin depolarization in inhomogeneous magnetic fields. The neutron beam is polarized by the 3 He spin filter, then the beam passes through the adiabatic radio frequency spin flipper and finally enters the high-field decay region in the fieldexpansion spectrometer. The function of the RFSF is to provide a fast spin flip with efficiency very close to unity. It is necessary that the spin be transported from the RFSF to the decay region with negligible loss of polarization. Depolarization can take place when a neutron passes through the fringing field of the spectrometer and/or in the adiabatic RFSF. We have developed approximate expressions for the neutron spin wave function and the projection of the spin on the field as the neutron moves in space where the field direction and magnitude changes. The basic adiabaticity requirement is that the rate of a change of the field direction, has to be smaller compared to the Larmor frequency ω = µB/h (µ is the magnetic moment of the neutron) then the projection of the spin on the field direction is approximately conserved; the projection of the neutron spin on the field direction is an adiabatic invariant. In the design of the abBA experiment we will have a field configuration of where the x-axis is the axis of the spectrometer magnet and the z-axis is the beam axis, in two situations. First, the polarized neutrons must make transition through the zero in the vertical component of the spectrometer magnet when entering the spectrometer. We plan to apply an additional horizontal field that transports the spin adiabatically through the zero region. Second, we will flip the neutron spin using an adiabatic RF spin flipper. In such a device, the vertical field has a small gradient. The RF is applied horizontally at a frequency that matches the Larmor frequency at some point along the neutron trajectory. In the Larmor frame, the neutron spin adiabatically follows the combination of the RF and vertical field. A perturbative solution for the spin wave function in the coordinate system with the magnetic field in the z direction yields an asymptotic form for the depolarization, D = (π /6) exp [(4/3)-(πλ/2)], where the adiabaticity parameter λ is and ω 1 /B = 1.8 × 10 8 rad s -1 T -1 (1.8 × 10 4 rad s -1 G -1 ) is the angular precession rate of the neutron spin in a magnetic field. The gradient in the vertical field for our magnet design is ≈0.2 T/cm (2 × 10 3 G/cm). A 10 meV neutron has a velocity of ≈1.4 × 10 5 cm/s. Solving λ = 6 or D = 1.6 × 10 4 gives B 0 = 0.043 T (0.43 kG) for a horizontal guide field in the neighborhood of the vertical field zero. A practical RF field strength is a few tenths of a mT (a few G). For B RF = 0.5 mT (5 G), we obtain a field of dB/dz = 0.027 mT/cm (0.27 G/cm). Neither of these numbers presents difficulty.

Neutron Energy Calibration and Intrinsic Neutron Pulse Width
In addition to the proton pulse width of about 1 µs at the SNS, further time broadening is introduced by the neutron moderation process. In a simplified model a shape of a cold neutron pulse for a single neutron energy is a Maxwell-Boltzmann TOF distribution. The width of the pulse is about 250 µs with a 600 µs tail. A number of the neutrons in the 600 µs tail has a 1/E dependence. The width of the neutron pulse has to be considered when determining the neutron energy by a TOF measurement. A 5 meV neutron has a 17 ms TOF for the 17 m long flight path. The first order shift in the TOF is ≈400 µs/17 ms ≈0.023. The moderation time can be measured in situ with a single crystal that scatters a monochromatic portion of the neutron beam or using a single free running chopper [4]. TOF of monochromatic neutrons gives the time profile for moderation of the neutrons of this energy. The moderation time profile will be measured for several neutron energies and the results fitted by adjusting parameters needed to describe the moderator. For the above example, the first order correction to the average polarization is 2 × 10 -3 and the second order correction is 1 × 10 -7 . A measurement of the TOF with an accuracy of 5 % will reduce the uncertainty of the polarization from the neutron moderation time to 10 -4 .
[2] Certain trade names and company products are mentioned in the text or identified in an illustration in order to adequately specify the experimental procedure and equipment used. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or