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Health as a battlefield: diseases and the healing arts in Brazil, 1750-1822.

This article explores how diseases were contemplated and faced in Portuguese America in the early 1820s, shortly before the consolidation of the political rupture with Portugal that made Brazil an independent country. It analyzes who the individuals called to treat the diseases of the suffering population were, along with their knowledge and their therapies. To achieve this, we must begin by taking a step back in time, emphasizing the influences of the reforms of the Portuguese Empire on medical knowledge in the second half of the eighteenth century. The first section of the article is dedicated to exploring the complex and multifaceted healing practices in Portuguese America, resulting from the mixtures between traditional concepts about the body and the diseases that were part of the cultural references of the local population. The article then moves on to analyze some of the institutional and political conflicts involved in the consolidation of scientific medicine in Brazil, especially after the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Rio de Janeiro. Despite the political prestige of academic doctors, practitioners of the healing arts had broad support from the population, in addition to finding social mobility in the breaches of clientelistic relationships that marked the political culture of the period.