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Urban Autonomy in a Nomadic Environment

effect on the history of Western Asia, particularly on social and political structure. Even a preliminary survey of the problems involved will require at least six articles, of which the first three are now in the course of publication. An introductory article, the first in the series, is to appear in the 1973 volume of Orientalia. In this, the second article in the series, we shall concentrate on sketching in the role of the town in this process of interaction; we shall be reverting to the subject for further discussion in subsequent articles. A third article, to be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, deals with "Enclosed Nomadism." However, a few preliminary remarks on that subject will be necessary here. For although enclosed nomadism is basic to the kind of urban autonomy we shall be analyzing, discussion of the urban factor has to come first. This needs a word of explanation. In Western Asia, autonomy has one root in the city-state, the other in the tribe, particularly the nomadic tribe. As explained in the first article, nomadism in Western Asia is based on enclaves within the sedentary zone or on its fringe. It is therefore very different from nomadism in the wide open spaces of Central Asia and Arabia. Following Lattimore, we shall be using for it the term "enclosed nomadism."' The pastoral enclaves were either partly or completely surrounded by urban settlement. Even inside them there was a scattering of small towns and villages. We shall therefore be concerned here with polities of a hybrid type which represent a curious blend of city-state, tribe and nomadism. Now this pattern of urban autonomy in a nomadic environment provides the political