{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03462260608336463, 'fraction_numerical': 0.025159594442358244, 'mean_word_length': 5.24870952604411, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 2, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
HSP27 is Commonly Expressed in Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions of Brazilian Women

In Brazil, 4986 women died of carcinoma of the uterine cervix in 2010 (www.inca.gov.br. 2012). Cervical cancer has a slow progress, from pre-invasive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive phases (Grubisić et al., 2009). It is widely accepted that cervical infections by human papillomavirus (HPV) cause virtually all cervical cancer worldwide (Powell et al., 2013). Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are evolutionary conserved, are ubiquitous and have multiple functions in cellular homeo-stasis including gene expression regulation, DNA replication, signal transduction, differentiation, apoptosis, and cellular senescence or immortalization. They also protect cells from various stresses such as hypoxia or ischemia, as well as sudden increases in temperature (Arrigo et al., 2013). Hsp27 belongs to the HSP family, which plays essential functions in cells under physiological conditions and prevents stress-induced cellular damage. It works as a molecular chaperone which supports cells to keep their homeostasis under extrinsic or intrinsic stress conditions, such as heat shock, irradiation, oxidative stress, ER stresses and anticancer chemotherapy (Ma et al., 2013). Evidence indicates that Hsp27 protein, in addition


Introduction
In Brazil, 4986 women died of carcinoma of the uterine cervix in 2010 (www.inca.gov.br. 2012). Cervical cancer has a slow progress, from pre-invasive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive phases (Grubisić et al., 2009). It is widely accepted that cervical infections by human papillomavirus (HPV) cause virtually all cervical cancer worldwide (Powell et al., 2013).
to its protective role during heat shock and other forms of environmental and pathophysiological stress, reveals a wide spectrum of functions including regulation of cell growth and differentiation (Adly et al., 2006) and of cytoskeletal dynamics (Hirano et al., 2004), signal transduction and protection against apoptosis induced by different agents (Ma et al., 2013).
HSPs have been recognized for regulating apoptosis and Hsp27 is antiapoptotic by several different mechanisms. This protein could increase the antioxidant defense of cells by increasing glutathione cell content neutralizing the toxic effects of oxidized proteins by its chaperon activity (Uçar et al., 2012). The yours cytoprotective effects has also been attributed to its capacity to bind and stabilize actin polymerization (García-Arguinzonis et al., 2010). The localization of Hsp27 been demonstrated in bovine endothelial cells, in which it probably contributes to the regulation of membrane associated F-actin polymerization (Lavoie et al., 1995).
Hsp27 are abundantly expressed in malignant cells, and have been accused of participating in oncogenesis or chemotherapy resistence (Ma et al., 2013), presumably due to its capacity to disable apoptosis. In breast, gastric and endometrial cancer, the high expression of Hsp27 has been associated with metastasis, poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy or radiation (Ma et al., 2013;Svensson et al., 2013).
Changes in Hsp27 expression observed in the HPVinfected tissues have been suggested that this protein might have a role in virus-host biology . In the cervix Hsp27 has been suggested as a marker of cell differentiation, and is highly expressed during the process of squamous metaplasia (El-Ghobashy and Herrington, 2009). Moreover, Hsp27 expression seems to protect cells from apoptosis during inflammation (Acunzo et al., 2012). Lo Muzio et al. (2000) found that Hsp27 expression is associated with more aggressive and poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ono et al. (2009) showed overexpression of Hsp27 not only in squamous cell carcinoma but in various stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, including dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.
In this study, we evaluate the expression of Hsp27 in tissue diagnosed as non neoplasic lesion (NN), as cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia I (CIN I=synonymous with productive viral infection), as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II (CIN II), as cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia III (CIN III=cervical precancer), as in situ carcinoma and as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Tissue specimen and histophatogy
The tissues specimens of benign cervical lesions and cervical cancer were obtained by punch biopsy, cone biopsy or radical hysterectomy. Tissues were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin according to standard procedures in Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina. For each case, all available hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were examined and a representative block was selected after careful screening for quality of fixation and representative pattern of lesions. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the local Ethics Committee (The Resolution no 196 of National Health Council).

Immunohistochemistry
Immunostaining was performed on sections of 3 μm mounted on 3-aminopropylotrimetoxy-silane (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) coated slides. Briefly, sections were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated through graded ethanols, followed by blocking of endogenous peroxidase activity in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes at room temperature. Antibody-binding epitopes were retrieved by pressure-cooking for 2.5 minutes in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 6,0). Sections were then incubated with mouse monoclonal antibody for Hsp27 (clone: 2B4, dilution 1:40) obtained from Novocastra Laboratories Ltd (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK), overnight at 4 o C in humid chamber. After washing twice with phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS), slides were incubated with biotinylated second-stage antibody for 30 minutes, followed by incubation with streptavidinbiotin-peroxidase complex (LSAB, Dako, Carpinteria, California, USA) for further 30 minutes, at room temperature. Staining was carried out using a solution 3-3'diaminobenzidine tetrahydrocloride (DAB-Dako, Carpinteria, California, USA). Washes with PBS were performed between each step. The Hsp27 was diluted in PBS containing 5% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin. Nuclei were counterstained with Harris hematoxylin before mounting slides in Entellan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Negative and positive controls were included in each batch of immunohistochemistry. Section of skin known to express high levels of Hsp27 was included as positive control, while in negative control the primary antibody was omitted.
Analysis of immunostaining was performed by two investigators. The positive pattern was cytoplasmic and was analyzed according to the criteria of intensity. The intensity of immunostaining was considered as no immunostaining or weak (negative), and moderate or strong (positive). The Dunn test was used for multiple comparisons. The p≤0.05 was considered significant.

Results
As illustrated in Figure 1, predominantly diffuse and heterogeneous cytoplasmic staining for Hsp27 was observed of NN until SCC. Rare nuclear staining was observed. The immunostaining was observed in 30 (100%) samples of NN, 46 (92%) in CIN I, 50 (100%) in CIN II, 52 (98.11%) in CIN III/CIS, and 46 (97.87%) in SCC. The pattern and intensity of immustaining did not show differences of NN until SCC (Table 1). The results of multiple comparisons of Dunn are showed in the Table 2.
The following were the most salient features. In group NN the Hsp27 immunostaining was heterogeneous, more Metaplastic cells, when present, were strongly stained. Apart from epithelial cells of the groups analyzed, a distinct cytoplasmic immunostaining was observed in the cells of blood vessels, stroma and glands.

Discussion
The most HSPs are constitutively expressed in eukaryotic cells and participate, mainly through their function as molecular chaperones, in numerous physiological processes, such as three-dimensional folding and intracellular translocation of denatured or newly synthesized proteins, assembly and trafficking of signaling complexes, protein secretion and degradation as well as regulation of growth and differentiation. HSPs are expressed in abnormal levels when correlated with pathological process, such as autoimmune disorders and malignant diseases (Foster et al., 2009).
The Hsp27 is an actin-associated protein, particularly expressed in cells of normal oestrogen target organs (Stice et al., 2012). The response of the normal uterine cervix to estrogenic influence is found heterogeneous in different cervical cell types and in different sites within the same cell layer. This would to explain because the NN lesions showed very heterogeneous Hsp27 expression.
The hormone modulation of Hsp27 in normal and tumor tissues were examined, particularly in breast, endometrium and glandular epithelium. Studies showed that, in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, the presence of Hsp27 is independent of the presence of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. Usually, these neoplasia is negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors, and no association among Hsp27 and these receptors were observed (Stice et al., 2012). In oral cancers, this protein have been overexpressed in more differentiated tumors (Liu et al., 2011).
The Hsp27 expression is observed in the HPV-infected tissues. The cytoplasm of the cells with koilocytotic changes to show very low Hsp27 content independent on a particular HPV type infection (Stice et al., 2012). However, we observed moderate to strong expression of Hsp27 in the most of samples independent the presence or not of HPV infection. We had a limitation in our study. We did not have sufficient material for HPV testing (ISH or PCR). Therefore, we believe that virtually all the cervical lesions were infected by high risk HPV.
We also observed a strong Hsp27 immunoreactivity in areas with squamous metaplasia. Such data are in fully in line with others (Tozawa- . In the cervix Hsp27 is a marker of cell differentiation, and is highly expressed during the process of squamous metaplasia (Liu et al., 2011). Romanucci et al. (2005) suggested that Hsp27 should be regarded as a differentiation marker for keratinocytes, both in normal and in neoplasic canine skin.
In this study, Hsp27 expression was strong and homogeneous in the most of CIS and SCC in according with Lambot et al. (2000), which studied human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma by immunochistochemistry. Hsp27 is abundantly expressed in malignant cells, and have been accused of participating in oncogenesis or chemotherapy resistence (Slotta-Huspenina et al., 2013), presumably due to its capacity to disable apoptosis.
In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, expression of HSPs and p53 showed correlation suggesting a role in the development of carcinogenesis in this cancer (Cheng et al., 2003). Another study showed that induction of Hsp27 expression was wild-type p53-specific and was not due to non-specific effects of cell growth arrest and/ or apoptosis (Gao et al., 2000). The nature of p53 and Hsp27 interactions in the regulation of apoptosis and/ or cell growth needs to be further defined; however the studies showed evidences that Hsp27 has a role in cell cycle, and maybe to increase the stimuli to cell growth in cooperating with the p53 degradation in HPV lesions.
In stressful condition, Hsp27 can favors p27Kip1 ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome, and favors progression through the cell cycle (Parcellier et al., 2006). In human epidermal cell carcinoma cell line (A431), immunoblotting analysis demonstrated that Hsp27 associates with actin, the mutant form of p53, hsp70 and hsp90. Immunofluorescence analysis showed a co-localization between hsp27 and p53, and concluded that hsp27 is a part of a complex system of molecular chaperones in epidermal keratinocytes (Kindas-Mugge et al., 2002).
HSPs may exert an antiapoptotic, or pro-apoptotic activity, thus being implicated in the control of cell growth, differentiation, carcinogenesis and biological behaviour of many neoplasms. Due to its apoptosis-inhibitory effect, Hsp27 seems to play an important role in the process of carcinogenesis (Jolly and Morimoto, 2000).
The precise role of increased expression of Hsp72 in tumor cells remains to be determined. This overexpression may indeed reflect a biological stress condition, such as lack of nutrients or hypoxia, experienced by neoplasic cells . Increased expression of Hsp72 may be associated with an increased cellular activity or cell proliferation rate . In this respect, the cell cycle related regulation of Hsp27 synthesis in mammalian cells suggests a role for this protein in the control of cell growth; in fact, Hsp72 interacts with several components of the eukaryotic cell cycle and is particularly expressed during the S-phase (Helmbrecth et al., 2000).   In summary, we found increased expression of Hsp27 of NN to SCC, suggesting an activation of the stress response to infection by HPV. The study of Hsp27 in carcinogenesis is beginning, and information on how Hsp27 regulation is subverted in cancer and how its deregulation affects the molecular events involved with cell growth, invasiveness and metastasis will be essential in directing the studies in cancer therapy.