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Sound production in larvae of Diurnea fagella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

Sound production in insect larvae is much less common than in adult insects. The larvae of some Coleoptera and Heteroptera have stridulatory apparatus which they use for intraspecific aggregation (e.g. Passalidae; Arrow, 1904) or audio Batesian mimicry (e.g. Reduviidae; Dumortier, 1963). Although adult and pupal Lepidoptera may produce rasping sounds thought to deter natural enemies, sound production in lepidopterous larvae is rare. Mandibular cracking has been noted in some Sphingidae and Saturnidae (Packard, 1904), and Drepana spp. Shrank (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae) have their anal prolegs repaced by chitinous teeth which they scrape across the leaf surface (Federley, 1905). Diurnea fagella H.&S. (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is a polyphagous moth. the larvae of which feed on a variety of deciduous trees from July until October. The larvae sew leaves together with silk and feed inside these refuges. When disturbed, they produce a scraping noise, and I have made some preliminary investigations into the mechanism and ecological relevance of their sound production.