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NEW RECORD OF THE ATLANTIC POMFRET Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) (SCOMBRIFORMES: BRAMIDAE) FOR GHAZAOUET BAY, WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA

The present paper reports the first record of the Atlantic pomfret Brama brama for western Algerian waters in the Western Mediterranean Sea. It is a high migratory species, rarely met in Algerian fisheries. One specimen of B. brama was caught by a seiner operating in Ghazaouet Bay on September 6th 2018, measuring 672.5 mm of standard length (SL), and weighting 4,740 grams (g), constituting the new maximum length recorded for the species in the Mediterranean Sea. Accordingly, we describe biometrical and meristic characteristics, literature, databases and fish collections review of this bramid, firstly record for the Algerian waters.

Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) is a pelagic neritic and oceandromous species occurring at depths ranging from 0 to 1,000 meters (m), usual between 0 and 200 m, occasionally coming close to the shore (Smith, 1986). It lives in temperatures ranging from 12°C to 24°C, being a seasonal migrant species, occurring in small schools performing movements apparently related to the water temperature (Mead & Haedrich, 1965;Kells & Carpenter, 2011). This species usually feeds on small fishes, cephalopods, amphipods, and euphausiids (Haedrich, 1986).
This species possesses a widespread distribution, occurring along the Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific oceans, from 65°N to 70°S, and from 180°W to 180°E (McMillan et al. 2011). In Western Atlantic it is distributed from Nova Scotia, Canada and Bermuda (Robins & Ray, 1986) to Belize and the Antilles (Claro, 1994). It can also be found in Brazil and in Argentine (Menni et al. 1984), and lives from zero to 400 m depth in northern continent from Cape Cod (39°58'N, 70°46'W) to the Grand Banks of newfoundland, Canada and south to northern South America (Scott & Scott. 1988; Moore et al. 2003). In the Eastern Atlantic, B. brama occurs from central Norway to Algoa Bay, in South Africa. For West African coasts, it ranges from Morocco (30°N) to South Africa (35°S) (Haedrich, 2016in Carpenter & De Angelis, 2016. This species ranges from Walvis Bay, in Namibia, to the extreme south around the Cape of Good Hope to Algoa Bay, in South Africa, in depths from 50 to 1,000 m, rarely occurring near land (Heemstra & Heemstra, 2004). It could also be found in Pacific Ocean: in Australia (May & Maxwell, 1986) and New Zealand (Paulin et al., 1989).
The Atlantic pomfret is a cosmopolitan and highly migratory oceanic and epipelagic species. It is generally found on the continental slope (at depths down to 1000m) (Bianchi et al. 1993). In the Northeast Atlantic and western Mediterranean, B. brama is targeted as a seasonally important fisheries resource in semi-pelagic longline fisheries in Galicia (northwestern Spain), in Portugal and off northwest Africa (Lobo & Erzini, 2001). In Spain Brama brama has a great economic importance, being generally BOLETIM DO LABORATÓRIO DE HIDROBIOLOGIA, 31:2-8. 2020 marketed fresh (Pérez-Alonso et al. 2004). It also has been used as a replacement for higher-cost species in the production of smoked fish products (Pérez-Alonso et al. 2003). In a majority of fisheries this bramid is taken as bycatch, which is the case of south coast of Portugal, where B. brama is the second most abundant commercial species in the hake (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758) fishery . It is also taken as bycatch in legal and illegal tuna driftnet fisheries (Bănaru et al., 2010). Heemstra & Heemstra (2004) and Quigley (2008) argued that B. brama is a pelagic offshore species constituting an important prey item to large marine predators as tunas, mackerels and marlins. Despite its commercial importance, relatively little is known about the species' population dynamics. Although the species was first recorded for Irish waters in 1843, it was still regarded as scarce up until the late 1950s, but between 1960s and 1970s large numbers were recorded. Nevertheless, the species would appear to have made a comeback between 2003 and 2007, with increasingly significant quantities landed by commercial long-liners off the west coast. Significant numbers have been found stranded on North Sea coasts, possibly due to disorientation caused by decreasing water temperatures (<13 o C) (Quigley, 2008). The vast majority (>80%) of Ray's Bream recorded in Irish waters have been taken by commercial trawlers, and specimens were taken near the surface with feather/ mackerel/jigs during the hours of darkness (Quigley, 2008). In Eastern Atlantic (Galicia, NW Spain) Rodriguez, 1980 noticed the same phenomenon between 1969 and 1975 that B. brama became scarce and fleet was obliged to move to the North-West coasts of Africa. To evaluate population trends a first attempt was leaded by IUCN experts (Quignard et al., 2011) and concluded that the species is data deficient then a second report in 2015 concluded that the species is classified as LC (Least Concern) with a decline in mature individuals (Colette et al., 2015).
On 6 Table 1). The measures were carried out using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01mm.
FAO identification sheets (Gomes, 1990;Haedrich, 2016) was used to identify the specimen as Brama brama (Figure 1), and morphometric characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The species is characterized by having: a moderate body height and somewhat compressed; head very compressed with very convex back profile; very rounded interorbital space; large oblique mouth; wide and scaly maxillary extending at least up to the middle of the eye; lower edge of the mandibles in close contact on the ventral median line behind the symphysis, the isthmus not being visible between them; pectoral fins extending beyond the lobe of the anal; pelvic fin inserted under the base of the pectorals or slightly further back and surmounted by a large axillary scale; lateral line barely visible in adults; smooth scales, with unequal edges, covering the head, the body and extending on the odd fins; and a coloration characterized by a silvery black, odd fins slightly lighter (Gomes, 1990;Haedrich, 2016).

Morphometrical characteristic Measurement (mm) % of SL
According to Mead (1972), B. brama has specific temperature requirements. Quinzán et al. (2016) unveiled the influence of the environment on the migration pattern of the Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama), and obseved that during years with cooler surface waters the Atlantic pomfret is only available in restricted areas and yields are low while large migrations are observed in scenarios of high SSTs in the migratory area (above 14.7°C). Migrations, however, are constrained during years when temperatures are below this threshold. Migration is often driven by biological needs such as reproduction and food but is also often constrained by climate variability.
Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil (2010) argued that climate changes facilitate overcoming historic geographic barriers. Although, recent increases, over the last thirty years, in the sea surface temperature (SST) of the Canary Islands area, with records over 24ºC, can be observed, influencing the distribution of the species (Santos et al. 2012) due to global warming (Walther et al., 2002;Parmesan, 2006;González-Lorenzo et al., 2013). Moullec et al. (2016) have noticed the same phenomenon in the Mediterranean basin and deducted that temperature has a major direct effect on the physiology, growth, reproduction, recruitment and behavior of poikilothermic organisms such as fishes. The warming of the Mediterranean Sea affects the fitness of marine biota as already shown by records of changes in abundance, survival and fertility, phenology and species migration (Marbà et al. 2015).
This first record of B. brama in western Algerian waters can be explained by the fact that Algerian waters are located at the entrance of Gibraltar strait, being the second point after the first one in Morocco (Masski & Hammou, 2016), since the whole trajectory of this high migratory bramid movement is highly influenced by elevated water temperatures in this period of the year (Mead,1972). Consistent studies should be leaded to retrace real migratory pathway of this species and explain why its unusual presence is scattered throughout the Mediterranean basin, and at the same time concentrated around the Balearic Islands. It is also concluded whether this presence in the Mediterranean was not influenced only by temperature fluctuations, but also by other environmental factors namely nutritional or physiological needs such as the search for new spawning grounds for the species.
The largest specimen of B. brama ever reported was in Cuba (Claro, 1994) with 1,010 mm TL and with 6000g, while the largest specimen in the Mediterranean was recorded in Greek waters of the southern Aegean Sea, with 700 mm TL and 4,500 g (Corsini-Foka, 2009). In the Eastern Ionian Sea, Mytilineou et al. (2013) reported the largest specimen, measuring 643 mm TL and with 3,638 g; and in the Eastern Adriatic Sea Dulčič et al. (2003) reported a specimen measuring 4,062 mm TL and weighting 6,442 g. Recently, a specimen with 710 mm TL and 5,696 g was caught in Turkish waters (Akyol & Ulaş, 2019). Our specimen collected in Ghazaouet Bay has 850.5 mm TL and 4,740 g, constituting the new maximum record for the species in the Mediterranean Sea.  CLARO, R. 1994. Características generales de la ictiofauna. p. 55-70. In R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.