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Alginate Coating of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Xenopus laevis eggs were coated, immediately after squeeze‐stripping and fertilization, with a thin layer (∼50 μm) of film based on one of three different types of alginates which varied in their mannuronic/guluronic acid ratio. The alginate was cross‐linked with either Ca or Ba ions at three different concentrations. The developmental, survival, and hatching of these embryos and the swelling of their natural jelly coats or hydrocolloid coatings were studied over 7 days, while embryos were maintained in flowing aerated water at a ratio of 85 mL per embryo or at a very diminished ratio of 1.6 mL of sterile or nonsterile MMR solution per embryo. All experiments were conducted in triplicate at 20 ± 1 °C. Oxygen was monitored continuously. Mineral content was determined in the alginate‐jelly coat and within the embryos over time. The coating conferred major advantages when the ratio between the embryos and the surrounding medium was at a minimum under nonsterile conditions, perhaps as a result of the film's resistance to diffusion. In the studied systems, the coating seemed to postpone embryo hatching to a more developed stage. In addition, the coating served as a barrier to microbial contamination and thus improved survival prospects.