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Discovery of an ultra-quantum spin liquid

Quantum ﬂuctuations are expected to lead to highly entangled spin-liquid states in some two-dimensional spin-1/2 compounds. We have synthesized and measured thermodynamic properties and muon relaxation rates in two related such compounds, one of which is the least disordered of this kind synthesized hitherto and reveals intrinsic properties of a class of spin-liquids. Its measured properties can all be simply characterized by scale invariant time-dependent ﬂuctuations with a single parameter. The speciﬁc heat divided by temperature and muon relaxation rates are both temperature independent at low temperatures, followed by a logarithmic decrease with increasing temperature. Even more remarkably, ∼ 57% of the magnetic entropy is missing down to temperatures of O (10 − 3 ) the exchange energy, independent of magnetic ﬁeld up to gµ B H > k B T . This is evidence that quantum ﬂuctuations lead either to a gigantic speciﬁc heat peak from topological singlet excitations below such temperatures, or to an extensively degenerate topological singlet ground state. These results reveal an ultra-quantum state of matter.

any conventional order in them. Despite extensive experiments, few precise conclusions about the nature of the ground state and low-lying excitations are available, because the results are almost always dominated by cooperative effects, however interesting, of the impurities [8][9][10][11] .
We have synthesized the S = 1/2 triangular lattice compounds Lu 3 Cu 2 Sb 3 O 14 (LCSO) and Lu 3 CuZnSb 3 O 14 (LCZSO), and measured their thermodynamic properties and muon spin relaxation (µSR) rates λ(T ) down to 16 mK. In LCSO magnetic impurities are estimated to be less than a part in 10 3 and other impurities or defects about a part in 10 2 . There are no signatures in either compound of conventional or spin-glass order, or any other cooperative effects of impurities down to the lowest temperature. However, a 5% concentration of Schottky defects (Cu/Zn site interchange) in LCZSO is shown to change properties from nearly defect-free LCSO very significantly. We believe the high purity of LCSO allows us to unearth the extraordinary intrinsic properties of a class of spin-liquids.
For T the Weiss temperature Θ W ∼ 20 K, the deduced specific heat C M = γT from magnetic excitations and λ(T ) are constants [λ(T →0) is related to γ −1 ], followed by logarithmic decreases with increasing temperature. These results are shown to be consistent with scale-invariant magnetic fluctuations. An even more surprising result is that the measured magnetic entropy in LCSO, obtained from the specific heat from 100 mK to its saturation at high temperatures, is only about 36% of the total entropy k B ln 2 per spin-1/2. µSR measurements effectively extend these results down to 16 mK. The missing entropy does not change in a magnetic field up to 9 T at any temperature up to Θ W . The implications of these results, discussed later, shed a completely new light on the nature of the ground and excited states of a nearly defect-free spin liquid.
We have also synthesized the isostructural nonmagnetic compound LCSO is extraordinarily defect-free, with less than 10 −3 "orphan" spins and negligible Schottky defects. Static magnetism, ordered or disordered, would be expected from orphan spins, but µSR experiments rule this out down to ∼16 mK. LCZSO has alternate planes with primarily Cu in the Lu layers and Zn in the Sb layers. We have not been able to make it with less than 5% substitutional defects, most likely site interchange of Cu and Zn. These are observed in XRD data and give rise to a low-temperature Schottky contribution to the specific heat; they also affect other properties significantly.
In SI Sec. II we discuss the symmetry of the orbitals where the spins reside, which we argue suggests the two-dimensional nature of magnetic interactions in both compounds. Although the details of the microscopic Hamiltonian are not known, the fact that the magnetic susceptibility, the specific heat and the muon relaxation rate in LCSO can all be separated into two distinct components, each characterized by the same two parameters, implies that the exchange interactions in the two layers interact dominantly only with other ions in the same layer. The slight distortions from equilateral of the triangles will lead to slight variations in the exchange interactions in the spatial directions. Figure 1a shows the measured zero-field specific heat C(T ) in LCSO and LCZSO from 60 mK to about 300 K, as well as that of the isostructural nonmagnetic compound LZSO; the latter allows a very accurate subtraction of the lattice contribution C latt . A weak bump in C(T ) at about 1 K and an increase below 0.2 K can be seen in both compounds. The low-temperature increase is the expected nuclear Schottky contribution (from quadrupolar splitting in zero applied field) ∝ T −2 , which can be isolated from the bump because the latter is negligible compared to the former at low temperatures. We have carefully investigated the bump. The variation of both the low-temperature increase and the bump with magnetic field are described in SI Sec. IV, where we show that the bump is a Schottky anomaly due to non-magnetic impurities 13 with an excited magnetic state. All of our conclusions are affected by less than 0.5% whether or not we subtract the Schottky contribution.  Fig. S7b). There is an approximately logarithmic decrease with increasing temperature at higher temperatures in both compounds. This and other features are examined in detail in SI Sec. VI, where the logarithmic behavior is shown to be characterized by parameters close to the respective Weiss temperatures.
The results of our specific heat and µSR measurements are central to the conclusions of this work. In low-temperature specific-heat measurements, especially in insulators, one must ensure that thermal equilibrium is reached in the measurements. The steps we have taken to achieve equilibrium and the evidence for it are described below in the Methods section.
We turn next to the measurable magnetic entropy. Fig. 2a shows the normalized magnetic The uncertainty in these numbers is less than 2%. From the proportionality of the µSR relaxation rate to C M /T from 16 mK to 4 K (Fig. 3), we infer that the constant C M /T also continues to at least 16 mK.
The lattice specific heat becomes very large for T > 20K (Fig. 1A), and it is not possible experimentally to obtain the magnetic contribution directly at any higher temperature. In SI Sec. V, we calculate the entropy at T ≈ Θ W from the high-temperature series expansion for a triangular lattice, and find it be about 0.07k B ln 2 for LCSO. We therefore conclude that either about 57%  (Fig. 2a). At temperatures above about 20 K its apparent saturation to a smaller value with field cannot be ascertained accurately by the above subtraction procedure, where as noted above the specific heat is dominated by the lattice contribution. We determine the entropy in a magnetic field by an alternate more accurate method, which also gives an estimate of the accuracy of the subtraction procedure below 20 K.
In the alternate method, the magnetization M (H, T ) is measured from 4 K to 300 K at various The results in Fig. 2b show that the available entropy loss due to magnetic fields at low temperatures is systematically recovered asymptotically at higher temperatures to its zero-field value.
However, the missing entropy is field independent up to 9 T over the whole temperature range.
From this behavior at gµ B H ≤ k B T it follows that the missing entropy is due to purely singlet excitations. Since it is unaffected even for gµ B H k B T for k B T larger than the (small) Θ W , local mutually non-interacting singlet states are also ruled out because their population would be replaced by the doublet states favored by magnetic polarization. We have checked by measuring in a field while both warming and cooling and in cooling in a field and then measuring that the behavior is unchanged; there is no hysteresis. So the phenomena appears not to be due to metastable singlet states.
µSR is a direct probe of low-energy spin dynamics. We have carried out zero-field (ZF) and longitudinal-field (LF) µSR measurements from 16 mK to about 20 K in both LCSO and LCZSO, the details of which are discussed in SI Sec. VII. Neither long-range order nor spin freezing were detected down to the lowest temperatures. The ZF dynamic muon spin relaxation rate λ ZF for LCSO is plotted as a function of temperature in Fig. 3. It is essentially constant below about 0.5 K, indicating persistent spin dynamics and a high density of magnetic fluctuations at low temperatures 14,15 . Also shown is the deduced C M /T , the temperature dependence of which closely follows that of λ. A temperature-independent relaxation rate as T → 0 is itself extraordinary. The measured specific heat and its relation to the µSR relaxation rate suggest a scale-invariant spectral function for magnetic excitations, as discussed below and in SI Sec. X.
We show in the inset in Fig. 3 that the measured C M (T )/T in LCSO can be separated into two parts for the two layers. The low-temperature constant values for the two layers are approximately inversely proportional to their respective values of Θ W , and they both decrease logarithmically approximately as ln(Θ W 1 /T ) and ln(Θ W 2 /T ). The integrated value, i.e. the entropy, is approximately the same for the two layers. These forms only pertain for the 'quantum region' below the respective Θ W 's. The knee region between the two logarithms requires fit to the semiclassical region T Θ W 2 . Details are given in SI Sec. VI.
A similar decomposition for LCZSO is given in SI Sec. VIII. Even with only 5% Schottky defects, which are site interchanges of Cu and Zn in the two layers, the ratio of the entropies of the two layers is no smaller than 30%. This emphasizes how important it is to have defect-free compounds to study spin liquids.
Theoretical results for spin liquids and their relation to our experimental findings are summarized in SI Sec. IX. We have not found theoretical results on any relevant model which correspond to the properties discovered here 8,9 .
Both the specific heat and the µSR relaxation rate λ(T ) follow from the scale-invariant density of states function A M (ω, T ) = γ M f (ω/T ) for magnetic fluctuations proposed in SI Sec. X.
Not only is the temperature dependence of λ(T ) given by this form, but its order of magnitude is obtained from the same coefficient γ M that reproduces the magnitude of the measured C M /T . As a function of imaginary time periodic in inverse temperature, A M (ω, T ) is equivalent to an algebraic decay ∝ 1/τ . A ground-state entropy, which should more accurately be called a temperatureindependent entropy, requires a more singular form A 0 (ω, T ), which corresponds to a correlation function of the singlets approximately proportional to 1/ log(τ ). This is as quantum as one can get. Some conceptual questions related to this are briefly discussed in SI Sec. X. This form is chosen in the belief that the missing entropy is due to a dynamical effect. The form can be modified easily by introducing a new scale if instead there are equally unexpected colossal ultra-low energy excitations.
In summary, two related phenomena have been discovered in the nearly defect-free compound LCSO.
(1) Quantitatively related constant C M /T and µSR relaxation rates λ(T ) are observed below a temperature related to the Weiss temperature Θ W , followed by the same logarithmic cutoff in both measurements. The excitations necessary for these are shown to be scale invariant. They carry finite spin quantum numbers because their entropy for gµ B H k B T is systematically reduced due to H; this leads to constant muon relaxation. They exhaust the measurable excitations at all temperatures up to 9 tesla. All measured properties can be related to just the one parameter in the scaling function.
(2) Conclusive evidence is found for missing entropy from a colossal density of singlet excitations below an ultra-low energy scale compared to the Weiss temperature. Very interesting is also the fact that the ultra-low energy excitations are not removed by a magnetic field as high as 9 Tesla, showing that they are not trivial local singlets but quite probably non-local and topological.
In a close look at the literature (a summary is given in SI Sec. XI), we find that such properties have not been previously observed in any spin-liquid candidates. We think this is because LCSO can be prepared with fewer defects than any other spin liquid investigated so far, so that determined from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data taken at room temperature using a Bruker D8 advance XRD spectrometer (λ = 1.5418Å). Rietveld refinement of the X-ray data was made using the GSAS program 16 .
LCSO belongs to the rhombohedral pyrochlore family 12,17  Specific heat measurements. Specific heats were measured by the adiabatic relaxation method, using a PPMS equipped with a dilution refrigerator. Data were taken at temperatures between 50 mK and 300 K for LCSO and LCZSO, and 0.2 K-300 K for the isostructural nonmagnetic compound Lu 3 Zn 2 Sb 3 O 14 (LZSO). We took special care to ensure that thermal equilibrium was achieved for the low-temperature measurements. As an example, at base temperature (∼50 mK), the measurement took 70 minutes. The specified PPMS thermal coupling factor between the sample and sample platform was 95% at 100 mK and 99% for temperatures above 0.6 K. Measurements were made during cooling down to base temperature as well as warming up. Similarly, when measuring the specific heat in a magnetic field, the sample was field-cooled and then measured on warming, and also zero-field cooled, field applied at low temperatures, and then measured during warming. The results were always consistent.
Muon spin relaxation experiments. The time-differential µSR technique 18 was used, in which the evolution of the ensemble muon-spin polarization after implantation into the sample is monitored via measurements of the decay positron count-rate asymmetry A(t). µSR experiments were performed down to 16 mK using the DR spectrometer on the M15 beam line at TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, and the Dolly spectrometer at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
Samples were attached to a silver cold-finger sample holder in the DR spectrometer, to ensure good thermal contact with the mixing chamber. Appropriate functional forms of A(t) were fit to the asymmetry data using the MUSRFIT µSR analysis program 19 .

Data availability
All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the main text or the supple- in Panel a. The lost magnetic entropy is fully recovered at high temperatures, proving that the missing entropy is independent of the applied field. The characteristic temperatures of the two logarithmic terms are also similar to the respective Θ W values. The knee between the two logarithms, for T Θ W 2 requires a semiclassical form, which we fit to the expression mandated for T >> Θ W . With this fit, the measured magnetic entropy is consistent with being the same for both layers.