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Reproducing Women: Medicine, Metaphor, and Childbirth in Late Imperial China by Yi‐Li Wu

This study investigates the nature of miraculous xenoglossia, the sudden ability to speak, write or read in another language. Cooper-Rompato considers this surprisingly overlooked yet significant miracle found in Acts 2 and 1 Corinthians to assess what it may reveal about gendered experiences of spoken and written translations in the late Middle Ages. In chapter one, a broad range of male and female saints’ lives which contain examples of vernacular xenoglossia are examined. It is established that vernacular xenoglossia appear more often in the lives of holy men than in female vitae. Miraculous xenoglossia among men sometimes occurred during large-scale preaching events. For example, the founder of the Premonstratensian order, the German-speaking Norbert of Xanten, was able to preach in French one day after his arrival in Valenciennes. Miraculous xenoglossia could also be in the ear of the listener rather than in the mouth of the preacher. This is clearly demonstrated in the vita of the Spaniard Vincent Ferrer. He preached to a mixed crowd comprising several linguistic groups, including Greeks, Germans and Hungarians, yet the entire audience was able to understand him although he spoke in his mother tongue. The few cases of vernacular xenoglossia which appear in female lives are normally on a smaller scale, one-off events whereby a woman is given the temporary ability to speak and/or understand a language in order to give spiritual counsel to a foreign person in need; this is seen in the case of Bridget of Sweden who successfully gave advice to a Finnish man although each did not speak the other’s language. Chapter two examines miraculous Latin xenoglossia in female saints’ lives. In vitae of holy women, Latin xenoglossia occurred more frequently in comparison to vernacular xenoglossia. However, Cooper-Rompato establishes that women’s Latin abilities were limited when compared to their male counterparts. For example, women’s Latin xenoglossia frequently entailed their ability to recite the Psalter or to translate well-known liturgical sequences into the vernacular, while their male counterparts gained a complete mastery of the Latin language. Cooper-Rompato also examines