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Diode Lasers: A Versatile Clinical Tool (A Technical and Clinical Review)

Diode lasers have been a singular innovation and invention that has transformed scenarios in optical fiber based telecommunications, information technology and inevitably augmented and enhanced medical and dental practice. Theodore Maiman in 1960 (at Hughes research laboratory) heralded the birth of modern laser science with the epoch breakthrough of the Ruby laser (694 nm), but the first successful operation of diode laser was reported only in 1962 by several research groups (one of them being GE). Albeit the first emission of light by a semiconductor was by HJ Round in 1907 (Elect World 1907, 19:309) using the compound silicon carbide by the phenomenon of electroluminescence, Basov et al had suggested in 1961 that stimulated emission could occur in a semiconductor by the recombination of charge carriers across a p-n junction or homojunction diodes (Chow and Koch, semiconductor-laser fundamentals: Physics of the gain materials, Springer). Subsequent innovations saw the advent of the heterostructure/ heterojunction diode laser in 1969 from the combined research of Herbert Kroemer and Zhores Alferov (Nobel Prize in 2000).1