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Phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor alters SMAD signaling in vocal fold fibroblasts

Direct glucocorticoid (GC) injection for vocal fold (VF) scarring has evolved as a therapeutic strategy, but the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effects remain unclear. GCs act via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is phosphorylated at multiple serine residues in a hormone‐dependent manner to affect bioactivity. We hypothesize that GCs regulate SMAD signaling via GR phosphorylation in vocal fold fibroblasts (VFFs).