{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.019801980198019802, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011315417256011316, 'mean_word_length': 5.156521739130435, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Managers in the command economy: Case studies from Poland, 1956-1970

Abstract In the Soviet-type centrally planned economies the enterprise was an element of a centralised hierarchical structure, where managers faced pressures for the fulfilment of the plan. The plan could be interpreted as a kind of contract inside the hierarchical organisation; therefore, this study applies the contractual approach to examine the strategies of socialist managers in Poland, showing that their behaviours were similar to those of mid-level managers in U-form corporations. It is also stressed that managers preferred safe strategies, moving on to more risky ones only when it was necessary in order to fulfil the plan.