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In Defiance of the Law: From Ann Hutchinson to Toni Morrison, and: Race, Citizenship, and Law in American Literature (review)

translated with a predetermined vision of contemporary Chinese politics, and thus the English version lacks the complexity and richness of the original. The strength of Huang’s study is in his challenge not only to those who translate Chinese literature but also to all who read cultural translations: we must keep in mind the ethnographic tendencies behind the use of Chinese representational practices. As Huang focuses on the ‘‘multirouted, multidirectional trajectories across the Pacific’’ (184), he hopes to uncover textual practices that can reconceptualize American literature so that it is no longer confined to national, cultural, or linguistic boundaries. If Huang is successful in this endeavor—and he provides an engaging and convincing start—his work, alongside Giunta’s and Moya’s, provides us new texts and new critical approaches that promise new scholarly directions in the field.