{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0284890010818608, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01694915254237288, 'mean_word_length': 5.205816554809844, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The TACE’s role in the management of primary liver cancer

Objective:  Identify the most effective and safe method of transcatheter hepatic artery chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with primary liver cancer.

Methods:  Overall, 139 patients, who underwent 558 TACE procedures were included in the study. Gender in the group of patients was distributed approximately equally and amounted to 72 men (52%) and 67 women (48%), the average age was 57.8 (9.9) years (range from 23 to 92 years). In most patients, the underlying disease for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma was cirrhosis of the liver in the outcome of hepatitis C or B. Characteristics of liver tumors were examined by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography and ultrasound. For verification of the diagnosis, a percutaneous liver biopsy was performed under ultrasound guidance, and the level of alpha-fetoprotein was also determined. All patients were considered unresectable due to cirrhosis and / or local spread of the tumor. Chemoembolization was performed by following scheme: one procedure in 2 months, not less than 3 procedures. 

Doxorubicin was used for chemotherapy. As a carrier of chemotherapy, Lipiodol (Guerbet, France) or saturable Hepaspheres (Merit Medical, USA) were used. Each patient received from 3 to 13 procedures. 

Results: Postembolization syndrome occurred in all cases, but was effectively treated. One patient died due to acute liver failure with the borderline stage of the disease according to the BCLC classification (EASL 2012) and the multinodular form of HCC. There were no serious complications in the treatment process. In two patients in the area of the puncture of the femoral artery, pseudoaneurysm was formed, which was eliminated by compression under ultrasound guidance. About 10% of patients developed subacute cholecystitis in the postoperative period and were associated with non-targeted chemoembolization in the cystic artery. In all patients, the symptoms of cholecystitis at the time of discharge were relieved  conservatively.

Survival median – 19 months. Dynamics of tumors was assessed by RECIST criteria. In the group of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after first 3 TAСEs partial response and stabilization were observed in 83%, progression in 17%. In 18 cases (13%), histologically proved tumor necrosis after TAСE was achieved, without progression during follow-up.  Three patients after reducing of tumor size was resected, 32 patients continue treatment.

Conclusion: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma shows high efficacy, low mortality and the development of postoperative complications in patients with concomitant liver cirrhosis and locally advanced tumor lesion.
