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History of anaesthesia: Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) - Do his accomplishments match his reputation?

The name of Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776– 1856) is associated with two fundamental laws in chemistry. The first states that 1 mol of every gas occupies 22.4 l at standard temperature and pressure; the second affirms that 1 mol of every substance has the same number of molecules (6.02 10), a value referred to as Avogadro’s number. We examine how these principles came to be associated with his name and the many incremental contributions made by several other European scientists in the 19th and 20th Centuries in this field. We provide examples of not only how these principles enhance our understanding of the behaviour of gases but also how they are applied in modern clinical anaesthesia.