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Identifying the critical time window for the association of the early-life gut microbiome and metabolome with childhood neurodevelopment

It has been widely recognized that a critical time window for neurodevelopment occurs in early life, and that the host's gut microbiome plays an important role in neurodevelopment. While murine models have demonstrated that the maternal gut microbiome also influences offspring brain development, for humans it is still unclear if the critical time window for the association between the gut microbiome and neurodevelopment is prenatal, postnatal or both. Here we leverage a large-scale human study and compare the associations between the gut microbiota and metabolites from mothers and their children with the children's neurodevelopment. We show, for the first time, that the maternal gut microbiome is more relevant than the children's gut microbiome to the children's neurodevelopment in the first year of life. Interestingly, the roles of the same taxa with respect to neurodevelopment can be opposite at the two stages of fetal neurodevelopment. These findings shed light on potential therapeutic interventions to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders.