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A perspective on the use of light as a driving element for bio-hybrid actuation

Bio-hybrid actuators are devices based on muscle cells or tissues, designed to exploit the force generated by the biological element to execute an action or a movement. Typically, cells and tissue control are achieved electrically by using metal electrodes implanted in living elements. In this Perspective, we focus our attention on an alternative stimulation approach based on light. We highlight the potential of light stimulation in terms of performance and discuss the comparison with classical electrical stimulation. Finally, we discuss future challenges and possible applications of light-controlled actuators.