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Two-dimensional magnetic transition metal halides: MBE growth and physical property modulation

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials, which exhibit spontaneous magnetization maintained down to the monolayer limit, provide an ideal platform to understand and manipulate magnetic properties in the 2D scale and have potential applications in optoelectronics and spintronics. Transition metal halides (TMHs) are suitable 2D magnetic candidates owing to partially filled d orbitals and weak interlayer van der Waals interactions. As a sophisticated thin film growth technique, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) can precisely tune the growth of 2D magnetic materials reaching the monolayer limit. Herein, we introduce the crystalline and magnetic structures of 2D magnetic TMHs, and show the 2D magnetic TMHs grown by MBE and their electronic and magnetic characterizations, in particular, by scanning tunneling microscopy. Then, the MBE-based methods for tuning the physical property of 2D magnetic TMHs, including stacking tuning, defect tuning, and topological tuning, are discussed. Finally, we conclude with the opportunities and challenges for the future development of 2D magnetic TMHs.