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REVIEW AND STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CLIDEMIA IN HAWAI`I

Efforts to control clidemia (Clidemia hirta) in Hawai`i with phytophagous insects began in 1952. Several attempts have been made since then to introduce potential biological control agents to reduce the spread of this weed into forest areas, and other control measures have been tried by various groups and agencies. It was not until recently, however, through the enactment of significant legislation and subsequent funding, that explorations and studies were conducted specifically on clidemia insects in Trinidad, West Indies. Fourteen species of insects were evaluated, including Carposina bullata, Mompha trithalama, a midge or cecidomyiid, two Eurytoma species, Piesmopoda sp., and Compsolechia seductella, which feed on the flowers and fruits; Lius poseidon, Antiblemma acclinalis, Druentia sp., prob. inscita, Ategumia matutinalis (formerly Blepharomastix ebulealis but originally thought to be Sylepte matutinalis), Penestes n. sp., and a leaf beetle or chrysomelid, which feed on the leaves; and a long-horned cerambycid beetle, which bores into the stem. Studies indicated that several species were sufficiently host specific to warrant introduction into Hawai`i for the biological control of clidemia.