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Microscale analysis of mucin‐type O‐glycans by a coordinated fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis and mass spectrometry approach

The total glycan moiety was released in a single step from native glycoproteins by a nonreductive β‐elimination procedure. The generated oligosaccharides were further derivatized either with the hydrophobic fluorophore 2‐aminoacridone (AMAC) or the charged 8‐aminonaphthalene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (ANTS) fluorophore, and the resulting fluorescent derivatives were separated according to their hydrodynamic size or charge with high‐resolution gel electrophoresis. Both N‐ and O‐glycans released by this β‐elimination procedure might be analyzed simultaneously. AMAC derivatization allows a rapid separation of neutral and charged oligosaccharides without prior fractionation. Derivatized oligosaccharide species were then eluted from the gel slices and analyzed by mass spectrometry. This methodology allowed the rapid structural characterization of each glycan in term of monosaccharide composition and sequence. Using this technique we were able to screen several heterogeneous O‐glycan mixtures isolated at the picomolar range from reference glycoproteins or mucins.