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The Status of Literature

In the early 1990s literature's sphere of influence in Russian society underwent changes so abrupt that to this day, because of the lag time built into public perceptions, those changes are seen as catastrophic.1 In the cultures of North America and Western Europe, the same process came about gradually and with a lot less trauma. Literature became established as a value of the highest order (a term coined by Jean-Paul Sartre that has been repeated approvingly, with only minor modifications, by numerous scholars) in the mid-nineteenth century and lost its central position in American and European culture about a century later. In Russia, however, that position was preserved for several more decades, partly because Russian literature had been forced to exist outside the global context.