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Population Pressure and Human Fertility Response: Ohio, 1810–1860

The fertility experience of the white population of antebellum Ohio during a time when the economy of the state was primarily agrarian was investigated. The basic unit of analysis was the county and the major source of data was the U.S. Census. The "refined fertility ratio" i.e. ratio of white children aged 0-9 to white women aged 16-44 was calculated for both the state and counties and was found to decline like the decline in the U.S. ratio. 3 separate indices of stress were negatively associated with county fertility ratios. Secondary determinants of fertility included the areas of origin in American migrants. It is concluded that the availability of nearby land was the primary determinant of both the cross-sectional variations and the secular decline in human fertility in Ohio counties before the Civil War.