{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02498580352072686, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0017035775127768314, 'mean_word_length': 5.013651877133106, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Control of proteoliposomal cytochrome c oxidase: the overall reaction.

The control of cytochrome c oxidase incorporated into proteoliposomes has been investigated as a function of membrane potential (delta psi) and pH gradient (delta pH). The oxidase generates a pH gradient (alkaline inside) and a membrane potential (negative inside) when respiring on external cytochrome c. Low levels of valinomycin collapse delta psi and increase delta pH; the respiration rate decreases. High levels of valinomycin, however, decrease delta pH as valinomycin can also act as a protonophore. Nigericin (in the absence of valinomycin) increases delta psi and collapses delta pH; the respiration rate increases. On a millivolt equivalent basis delta pH is a more effective inhibitor of activity than is delta psi. In the absence of any ionophores the cytochrome oxidase proteoliposomes enter a steady state, in which there are both delta pH and delta psi components of control. Present and previous data suggest that the respiration rate responds in a linear way ("ohmically") to increasing delta pH but in a nonlinear way to delta psi ("non-ohmically"). High levels of both delta psi and delta pH do not completely inhibit turnover (maximal respiratory control values lie between 6 and 10). The controlled steady state involves the electrophoretic entry and electroneutral exit of K+ from the vesicles. A model is presented in which the enzyme responds to both delta pH and delta psi components of the proton-motive force, but is more sensitive to delta pH than to delta psi at an equivalent delta mu H+. The steady state of the proteoliposome system can be represented for any set of permeabilities and enzyme activity levels using the computer simulation programme Stella.