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Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Cortical Surface Development

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a robust MRI method that expands the capabilities of structural MRI beyond volumetric and morphometric investigations toward the characterization of tissue microstructure. The three-dimensional diffusion of water in brain tissue can be imaged using DTI and quantified by DTI indices. Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a commonly reported DTI index that quantifies the magnitude of asymmetric diffusion, or anisotropy, in tissue. This value is high in tissues with directionally oriented structural characteristics such as the myelinated axons in white matter. The magnitude of diffusion perpendicular to and along the axis of anisotropic tissue can be further characterized using DTI indices of perpendicular and parallel diffusivity, respectively. When used in combination with surface visualization, DTI measures provide a powerful tool to map structural characteristics across the entire cortex. Although DTI has gained substantial traction in human research, the application of DTI to animal studies is less common, but growing.