{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.029871977240398292, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010668563300142247, 'mean_word_length': 5.965346534653466, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Melatonin alleviates d‐galactose‐decreased hyaluronic acid production in synovial membrane cells via Sirt1 signalling

Hyaluronic acid (HA) exerts a critical role in the lubricating and buffering properties of synovial fluid in joints. The production of HA is regulated by growth factors, hormones, inflammatory cytokines and mechanical load. The reduction of HA contributes to the progression of osteoarthritis. Herein, we found that d‐galactose (d‐gal) induced the senescence of rabbit synovial membrane cells, accompanied by decreased HA production. The mRNA level of HA synthase 2 (HAS2) was downregulated by d‐gal, as analysed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Melatonin, an endocrine hormone, can regulate the homeostasis of bone and cartilage. We found that melatonin treatment attenuated d‐gal‐induced cell senescence and decreased the expression of p21, p16 and pp65 proteins. Melatonin could reverse HA production and maintain HAS2 expression. Furthermore, we revealed that Sirt1 signalling was required for melatonin effects. Sirt1 inhibitor could counteract melatonin‐mediated HA production and HAS2 expression. Additionally, Sirt1 overexpression directly antagonized d‐gal‐induced cell aging and HA downregulation. Taken together, our results suggest that melatonin‐Sirt1 signal has a protective effect on synovial membrane cells, enhancing HA synthesis and interrupting cell senescence.