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A New Approach to Solar Hydrogen Production: a ZnO–ZnS Solid Solution Nanowire Array Photoanode

Due to increasing global demand for energy and environmental concerns, energy resources and conversion pathways to replace the burning of fossil fuels are urgently being sought. Hydrogen produced by water splitting using solar energy clearly represents an attractive direction for the production of clean energy. [ 1 ] Numerous attempts have been made to construct suitable architecture for metaland semiconductor-based nanostructured devices. [ 1–5 ] One innovative study used titanium dioxide in the photoelectrochemical splitting of water. [ 6 ] Many investigations have been conducted to develop photocatalytic materials or photoelectrochemical cells for hydrogen generation. [ 7–17 ] With respect to photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting, metal oxide photoelectrodes with wide bandgaps, such as ZnO and TiO 2 , are severely limited by their poor absorption of visible light. Various schemes have been adopted to increase absorption in the visible region, including doping with impurities and sensitization with quantum dots (QDs). [ 12 , 16 , 18 , 19 ] Semiconductor quantum dots, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, and InP, have been assembled on metal oxide semiconductor nanostructures as sensitizers of photoelectrodes. [ 11 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 ] However, little work has been done on solid solution as a photocatalytic material and sensitizer in photoelectrochemical devices. Zinc oxide is a multifunctional semiconductor material with a direct bandgap of approximately 3.2 eV; furthermore, the addition of impurities frequently causes dramatic changes in its electrical and optical properties. The formation of a solid solution in ZnO–ZnS (ZnOS) is expected to modify the electrical and