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Fundamental Theology and the Enlightenment

Fundamental theology was developed as an independent theological discipline in reaction to the Enlightenment during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Since the Enlightenment had challenged the very foundations of Christianity's dogmatic and confessional claims, the theological response was to construct a philosophical and apologetical theology that would either demarcate or secure the very foundations of Christian theology. Within Roman Catholic theology, these philosophical and apologetical endeavors came to constitute the new academic discipline known as "fundamental theology." It was structured as a theological discipline that would be not only distinct and independent from systematic theology but also prior to it. Johann B. Metz has more than any other contemporary German Roman Catholic theologian after Karl Rahner sought to reconceptualize the role of fundamental theology. Throughout the years, he has published many essays and encyclopedia articles that have now been collected in Faith in History (hereafter Faith) and in The Emergent Church