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Individualized training as a biopsychosocial challenge – interlinking epigenetics, social sciences and psychology in sport scientific research1

In recent years, the individualization of training in both elite sports and health-promoting exercise has steadily gained importance. Research has shown that people react to the same training stimuli in different degrees; consequently, individually tailored training strategies are required. However, the mechanisms of training adaptation are very complex. The acute physiological reaction to a training stimulus, which eventually triggers adaptation, is not only influenced by genetic factors, but also by the subjective–affective experience of training and the psychosocially conditioned training motivation (Bryan et al., 2011). In order to better understand training adaption, but also initiation, acceptance and maintenance of training, researchers and experts in the field increasingly emphasize the need for interdisciplinary research strategies.