{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.032475490196078434, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0055147058823529415, 'mean_word_length': 5.025830258302583, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Circadian and photic regulation of clock and clock‐controlled proteins in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of calorie‐restricted mice

In mammals, behavioural and physiological rhythms as well as clock gene expression in the central suprachiasmatic clock (SCN) are phase‐shifted by a timed calorie restriction (T‐CR; animals receiving at midday 66% of their daily food intake). The molecular mechanism of SCN depends on feedback loops involving clock genes and their protein products. To understand how T‐CR mediates its synchronizing effects, we examined the rhythmic expression of three clock proteins, PERIOD (PER) 1, 2 and CLOCK, and one clock‐controlled protein (i.e. vasopressin; AVP) in the SCN of mice either fed ad libitum (AL) or with T‐CR. Moreover, we evaluated expression of these proteins in the SCN of AL and T‐CR mice following a 1‐h light pulse. The results indicate that, while PER1 and AVP rhythms were phase‐advanced in T‐CR mice, the PER2 rhythm showed an increased amplitude. CLOCK was expressed constitutively in AL mice while in T‐CR it was significantly reduced, especially after feeding time. A light pulse produced a delayed increase in PER1 and a larger increase in PER2 expression in the SCN of T‐CR mice than in AL animals. In addition, light exposure triggered an increase in AVP‐ir cells in both AL and T‐CR mice, and also of CLOCK expression but in T‐CR mice only. The circadian changes in clock and clock‐controlled proteins and their acute responses to light in the SCN of T‐CR mice demonstrate that metabolic cues induced by a calorie restriction modulate the translational regulation of the SCN clock.