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Emotion recognition in children and adults

An experiment was performed to assess whether Ekman and Friesen's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) could be used to construct facial expressions that portrayed with varying intensities each of the eight emotions of happiness, fear, disgust, sadness, surprise, shame, anger, and contempt. Based on detailed instructions from FACS, seven adults posed facial expressions that presumably varied in the conveyed emotion and emoticn intensity. Thirty-nine college student observers then viewed each of the videotaped facial expressions. Ratings were made of whether each expression connoted one of the eight emotions or no emotion and of the intensity of the perceived emotion. Observers' emotion classification and intensity ratings agreed with FACS-based predictions regarding the facial action units involved in expressing each of the emotions. Most perceived-predicted emotion discrepancies could be accounted for by facial action units shared by the different emotions. Moreover, except for disgust, observers' intensity judgments reflected a reliance on only one or two action units for each emotion. These findings corroborate the descriptive and predictive utility of FACS for studies on perception of emotions. Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth (1972) have suggested that at least seven discrete categories of universal expressions of emotion can be discerned. In their view, the seven basic emotions include This study forms part of a doctoral dissertation, financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO grant 56-103) The author wishes to thank Cornells F M van Lieshout, Tamara ) Ferguson, and Michael Katzko for their comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, and Arnold L van den Wollenberg for his useful suggestion for data analysis Thanks are extended also to the coders, posers, and observers who participated in this study Reprint requests may be addressed to the author at Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Psychologisch Laboratorium, Ontwikkelingspsychologie, Montessorilaan 3, Postbus 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands