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Suppressing the Host Inflammatory Response Experimental Cerebral Malaria in Mice by Vitamin D Inhibits the Occurrence of

In animal models of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), neuropathology is associated with an overwhelming inﬂammatory response and sequestration of leukocytes and parasite-infected RBCs in the brain. In this study, we explored the effect of vitamin D (VD; cholecalciferol) treatment on host immunity and outcome of ECM in C57BL/6 mice during Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection. We observed that oral administration of VD both before and after PbA infection completely protected mice from ECM. VD administration signiﬁcantly dampened the inducible systemic inﬂammatory responses with reduced circulating cytokines IFN- g and TNF and decreased expression of these cytokines by the spleen cells. Meanwhile, VD also resulted in decreased expression of the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 and cytoadhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD36) in the brain, leading to reduced accumulation of pathogenic T cells in the brain and ultimately substantial improvement of the blood–brain barriers of PbA-infected mice. In addition, VD inhibited the differentiation, activation, and maturation of splenic dendritic cells. Meanwhile, regulatory T cells and IL-10 expression levels were upregulated upon VD treatment. These data collectively demonstrated the suppressive function of VD on host inﬂammatory responses, which provides signiﬁcant survival beneﬁts in the murine ECM model. The Journal of Immunology , 2014, 193: 000–000.