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Can continual interictal epileptiform discharges cause persistent memory disturbances?

Epilepsy has previously been defined as when at least two unprovoked seizures occur >24 h apart, but a recently developed practical definition of epilepsy indicates that it can also be present in individuals in whom one seizure occurs and who exhibit other factors associated with a high risk of recurrence. Furthermore, this recent definition suggests that epilepsy can be present if there is evidence of an epilepsy syndrome in which no obvious seizures occur, as can be the case with continuous spikes and waves during sleep and Landau–Kleffner syndrome. Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a special type of temporal lobe epilepsy. Two types of memory disorders develop at high frequencies in TEA patients—accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) and autobiographical amnesia (AbA)—and both have been well characterized. TEA patients are often complicated with complex partial seizures, but some cases of ALF and/or AbA have been clinically observed for many years despite the absence of complex partial seizures and TEA attacks. Based on the current terminology, it is inaccurate to refer to these cases as TEA, and as no other appropriate term is available, we previously proposed that this condition should be named ‘broad TEA’ or ‘TEA syndrome’.