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ON THE SEMANTICS OF ESTAR + PARTICIPLE SENTENCES IN PORTUGUESE

Linguists diverge as to how sentences of the first type should be analyzed. Some authors, such as Dunn (1928), Ipola and Ras (1962), and Almeida (1963), regard them as instances of passives. Others take a different position. For instance, Ellison et aL (1971: 541) state that "only ser is used to form the passive voice. Other verbs meaning to be such as estar, ficar, andar, and so on, are never used to form the passive; past participles used with those verbs function as adjectives, and an agent is not expressed." However, the last part of the above quotation is questionable, in view of acceptable sentences such as those in (1), in which the phrases pelo pai 'by his father', ana pela policia 'by the police' can only be interpreted as agent phrases, just as in (2). There is no reason to interpret acompanhado 'accompanied' and vigiado 'watched' in (1) as adjectives, since they express actions rather than (or at least as much as) states. A true surface adjective ordinarily expresses a state, thus precluding the presence of