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Analyse et modélisation de l'utilisation de signaux GNSS en environnement marin. (Analysis and Modeling of GNSS Signals in Marine Environment)

For many years now, passive observation of the ocean surface, using in particular, sources of opportunities from positioning satellites (GNSS), has been a very dynamic research and development topic. Several research teams have already demonstrated the relevance of such approaches for airborne observations. The aim of this thesis is to address the feasibility of passive measurements from GPS system signals near the sea surface (a few meters) for recovering oceanographic information in coastal zones. The sea surface cannot anymore, in this case, be considered as a stationary rough surface. GPS reflected signals must consider the kinematic evolution of the sea surface and the wave motion. The processing of these signals can reveal the temporal variation of the surface, and identify the displacement of the main scatterers (wave crest, buoy on sea surface). The motions described here are very slow (some Hz), with respect to the incident wave frequencies (some GHz). The movement amplitude is limited, which induces very short time delay differences.