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Environmentalism then and now: from fears to opportunities, 1970-2010.

This article examines two different schools of environmental thinking which have dominated the environmental movements and policies of the past four decades, and argues why one is likely to provide more constructive guidance at this point than the other. The tension between what might be called the “Arcadian” and “Utilitarian” schools of environmentalism has a long history. Whereas the Arcadians emphasize the preservation of nature and have been often hostile to modern civilization, the Utilitarians have been pressing for a more efficient use of the natural resources with the help of science and technology. While the Arcadian school, with its message of guilt and fear, still remains influential among many environmentalists and some segments of the scientific community, the influence of the Utilitarian school of environmental thinking has also been on the rise, especially with the formulation of the concept of sustainability in the 1980s, which has been embraced ever since by a growing number of scientists and policymakers. The article draws on insights offered by the history of science and technology and environmental history to show why we could be heading toward a major paradigm shift, and argues that the government policy could help raise the probability of its occurrence by making a decisive switch from fear-based to opportunity-based environmental thinking.