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Parisian infants and Norman wet nurses in the early nineteenth century: a statistical study.

in the Early Nineteenth Century: A Statistical Study Statistical studies of the wet-nursing business, a peculiarly French institution which flourished in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, have usually depended upon either of two types of sources, both of which have their weaknesses. First, there are the studies based upon a systematic exploitation of the parish register for a rural commune where urban babies were placed with wet nurses. The limitation with such studies is that they only inform us about those nourrissons who died while out to nurse, so there is no direct evidence concerning, for instance, the length of stay for the survivors nor the mortality rate for all nourrissons. Secondly, there are studies based upon the records of urban agencies which placed infants with wet nurses in the country. These records, although more informative about the survivors, generally encompass only a special section of the wetnursing business, namely infants receiving public assistance and, particularly, the foundlings. The bulk of the wet-nursing business was not charitable, but served the needs of urban mothers who were prevented from feeding their own infants by their employment and who therefore paid rural women monthly wages to replace them in this function. And most of the infants placed in the country did not die there, but returned to their natural mothers in the city after the period of their nursing. An examination of a register from the Direction or Bureau of Wet Nurses of the City of Paris provides new information. The municipal bureau was founded in 1769 and abolished in I876. Until about 1828 it had an exclusive legal right to operate a lodging and hiring center for rural wet nurses who came to the capital looking for infants. Parents, mostly of a modest artisanal or shopkeeping background, came to the bureau to select a wet nurse and to negotiate the wages they would pay her. The nurse then took