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Geophagy in India: a qualitative exploratory study on motivation and perception of female consumers

BACKGROUND
Geophagy, the consumption of soil, is well documented in Africa and other continents, but is rarely investigated in Asia and even less so in India. The main aim of this exploratory qualitative study was therefore to understand the motivation for clay consumption, the social perception of the habit, the mode and quantity of consumption, as well as subjectively perceived effects of clay consumption in Himachal Pradesh, North India.


METHODS
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 female geophagists aged 18-80 years.


RESULTS
We could show that geophagy exists across all ages and social groups. The main type of consumed soil is yellow clay used for house wall plastering. Geophagy is usually practised because of a craving for soil despite various fears of negative health effects. It is normally done secretly and under-reported to local doctors. The most common self-reported positive effect of geophagy was the feeling of relief. Geophagy was generally considered as harmful to health and various complaints were associated with it. It is not practised because of food shortages or as a remedy. On the contrary, it is generally seen as an addiction detrimental to health.


CONCLUSIONS
Awareness of geophagy has to be ameliorated in the Indian population and specifically among health workers to improve support for affected individuals. Geophagy should be routinely included in national antenatal care guidelines.