{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.012113055181695828, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.469565217391304, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Metallurgical Strategies for the Joining of Titanium Alloys with Steels

Welding of titanium alloys with steels presents a high risk of cold cracking because of the formation of extremely brittle intermetallic phases associated with residual stress. The use of solid state and diffusion‐based methods as well as a high power beam welding allow so far to achieve good tensile properties through the control of a local phase content. This review summarizes existing approaches for the creation of defect‐free joints between titanium alloys and steels: direct joining without a filler material, the use of insert having full metallurgical compatibility with titanium, the use of insert compatible with stainless steel, and multilayer engineering.