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SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF NEONATAL CALVES TO DIARRHOEA AND PNEUMONIA IN ORGANISED DAIRY FARM

The aim of the study was to compare the susceptibility pattern in respect to Diarrhoea, Pneumonia and or combination of both in Vrindavani, Tharparkar and Murrah buffalo calves from 0-3 months of age. During the study of 132 calves, 38.63% were susceptible to diarrhoea, Pneumonia or its combination. However, 61.36% were resistant and 12 calves died, constituting 9.09% of the total calves born during the study period. The species wise indicates, Murrah buffaloes (54.54%,) are more susceptible than cattle (37.19%), breed wise indicates, Tharparkar (46.42%) are more susceptible than Vrindavani (34.40%) and in sex wise, male (44.77%) are more susceptible than female (32.30%). The maximum fatality rate was expressed in Murrah buffalo calves (27.27%), followed by Tharparkar (17.85%) and Vrindavani cattle calves (4.30%). The analysis revealed that the overall mean for average age at first infection was at 11.47±1.3days and highest age of death was expressed in calves infected with Diarrhoea (23.67±5.24 days) followed by pneumonia (3.00±1.00 days). It can be concluded that Murrah calves are more susceptible to calfhood disease compared to Tharparkar and Vrindavani calve.


I. INTRODUCTION
Survival of neonatal calf is imperative for livestock propagation, however a large number of calves die due to diarrhoea and pneumonia during the first 3 months of life causing heavy drain on economics of livestock production. Calf morbidity and mortality represents an irrefutable and irrecoverable financial and genetic loss to the dairy industry. It is roughly estimated that 20% calf mortality resulted in reduction of 38% profit of a livestock farm Khan and Khan, 1991(12). Digestive problems followed by respiratory disorders are the killer diseases of young calves and together accounted for 70-80% of the total deaths Shivahre et al., 2014 (21). The knowledge of prevailing neonatal calfhood disease is very important for managing dairy farms efficiently. This will not only ensure constant profitability of dairy farm, but will also assist regular and time bound replacement of heifers in maintaining a constant ratio of milch to dry females in a herd i.e. 70:30. The study was taken up to compared the susceptibility pattern in young one of Vrindavani and Tharparkar cattle and Murrah buffalo calves with respect to diarrhoea, pneumonia and its combination.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The relevant data were collected based on the observations from the study on Vrindavani and Tharparkar Cattle and Murrah buffalo calves (0 to 3months) from Cattle and Buffalo Farm of Livestock Production and Management Section of Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India. The climatic condition was extremely hot during summers, 43-45 °C (May to June) and Diagnosis was done based on signs and symptoms. The disease calves was separated from the herd and kept in isolation ward to prevent further infection to its counterpart and treatment was giving based on disease. Vrindavani calves were weaned at birth and nursed artificially as per scientific recommendation. However, in Murrah and Tharparkar calves weaning was not practised and allowed to suckle before and after milking for short period of time. Calf starter were offered ad libitum from fourth days of life onwards.
A standard statistical analysis procedure was used for analysis of the data generated in the experiment as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994). The susceptibility between the species, breed and sex wise was analysed in the study.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis indicates that the species, breed, season of calving and type of infection are highly significant (P≤0.01) in susceptibility to diarrhoea, pneumonia and its combination however, sex of calves doesn't show significant effect in respect to diarrhoea and pneumonia or its combination ( Table  1).
The overall mean for age at first infection was 11.47±1.31 days where pneumonia, diarrhoea and its combination were 1.  (8), who reported that diarrhoea was the most common infectious and killer disease of neonatal diary calves that cause major economic lose with high morbidity and mortality in the cattle industry worldwide. Breed wise analysis indicated, Murrah calves are more susceptible (54.54%) than its counterpart of Tharparkar (46.42%) and Vrindavani (34.40%) towards Diarrhoea and Pneumonia ( Figure 3) and the findings was in agreement to the reports of by khan and khan 1991 (12) and Kumar et al., 2001 (14) who reported Murrah buffaloes calves are more susceptible to neonatal infectious diseases. Similarly, species wise indicated that Murrah calves are more susceptible than cattle calves (Figure 2). Though sex wise break up doesn't indicate any significant effect, however, it is observed that that males were comparatively more susceptible to different diseases (44.77%) in contrast to their female counterparts (32.30%) and the finding is supported by Islam et al., 2005 (7), Raboisson et al., 2013 (16) and Uetake 2013 (23).  The study indicated that season of calving has a significant effect (P≤0.01) on calves morbidity and mortality. The overall season wise susceptibility pattern indicated that winter born calves were more crucial to Diarrhoea and Pneumonia (61.36%) as compared to summer born calves (22.72%).The findings were in agreement with the reports of Raboisson et al., 2013 (16), Uetake 2013 (23) and Jobst et al., 2015 (11). Higher susceptibility in winter season might be due to sever cold, therefore, management of calves specifically during winter season should be strengthened by providing dry and thick floor bedding along with fitting of heaters/heat convectors etc. to make the temperature comfortable for calves so as to overcome winter stress and increase its survivability The study shows that suckling groups or un-weaned groups (Murrah and Tharparkar calves) expressed higher susceptibility rates as compared to weaned Vrindavani calf ( Figure 3) and the present findings is in support of Bartels et al., 2010 (1) and Bunter et al., 2013 (13). Higher percentage of susceptibility in un-weaned group could be due to over fed or under fed as exact amount of milk suckle by them was not known, thus leading to digestive problem particularly diarrhea. However, in Vrindavani calves, weaning was practiced on the first day of life and rise artificially by feeding based on their live body weight or scientific recommendation, thus overfeeding and or underfeeding problem was not encounter. Hence either weaning should be implemented in Murrah buffalo and Tharparkar cattle or Breeds % Susceptibility every care should be taken at the time of suckling to ensure the calves get sufficient colostrum and whole milk to nourish the nutrient required for growth providing best conditions of hygiene and sanitation to avoid infections.

IV. CONCLUSION
Calf mortality is an important economic factor in dairy production. Hence, identification of factors such as individual risk factors, cause specific factors, herd level risk factors, managemental factors, meteorological factors etc. that cause high morbidity and mortality is an important prerequisite for the design of healthy calf rearing programme and this will also assist in getting regular and time bound replacement of heifers.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors sincerely acknowledge Dr. A.K.S. Tomar and Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, for guiding and providing necessary facilities throughout the study period which was done in fulfillment of Master of Veterinary Science (M.V.Sc.).