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First intention high-frequency jet ventilation for periviable infants

Purpose of review Ventilation of periviable infants born at 22–23 weeks gestation remains a challenge in neonatology. This review highlights the evidence surrounding the use of first intention high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) in infants born near the limits of viability with a review of pulmonary fetal development and a focused overview of HFJV strategies including an in-depth analysis of the management strategies used in the initial randomized trials. Recent findings A paucity of recent trials exists, with no randomized control trials assessing the use of first intention HFJV performed in the last 25 years. A retrospective observational cohort trial of the use of HFJV for infants born at less than 750 g has been recently published demonstrating the efficacy of HFJV for this population even with 2.0-mm endotracheal tubes. Summary The lack of recent randomized trials contributes to the controversy surrounding the use of first intention HFJV. Although new research is needed in the area, this review includes the ventilation strategy of an experienced center with a focus on the use of first intention HFJV for the care of premature infants born less than 24 weeks gestation.