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Charlie Chan: the untold story of the honorable detective and his rendezvous with American history

about the ambiguities of sovereignty and flexible citizenship. Clayton pursued a multifaceted ethnography in the years before Macau handover was an insightful endeavour, and she accomplished it brilliantly. The work will become an appreciable souvenir for the city. Macau seems always in excess of itself. Macau in 450 years, not ‘Macau 99’, is an unusual vantage point witnessing the asymmetric rhythms of the evolving idea of modern sovereignty and citizenship: on the one hand, the first global lines (rayas) drawn in the Treaty of Saragossa (1526), the European model of nationstate and colonial forms of sovereignty in the nineteenth century, the Carnation Revolution and European integration; on the other hand, the Ming, the Qing, the Republic, and the People’s Republic, each period entailing a different mode of sovereignty and ideal of nationality. The evolving idea and practise of sovereignty may be seen as a longue durée construct on which the conjunctures orchestrated. The word ‘citizen’, as it is most often applied to people who owe allegiance to a government in which the sovereign power is exercised by the people, is a late emergence in China, and sounds transgression even today. As Joao de Pina-Cabral suggested, the contradiction between capacity to exercise rights of citizenship and the claims of sovereignty did not terminate with the handover to the PRC in 1999. The local Chinese know that their rights as citizens may be diminished at any moment. There’s not much of a choice. The ‘innermost thoughts’ Louis confessed were indeed not ‘peculiar’. They are structures of like sentiment shared by numerous Chinese, not only in Macau, Hong Kong, Taiwan, but also in China’s hinterland and heartland. The Party-State system, an exhausted Leninist legacy, that today self-righteously sanctions the official identity of Chinese, patriot and traitor with claims of sovereignty may appear as illegitimate as the bygone colonial authorities. It is not entirely beyond imagination that within a few decades people would wave happy goodbye, shouting obscenities at another departing regime, as Macau has witnessed many times before.