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Electrochemical formation of transparent nanostructured TiO2 film as an effective bifunctional layer for dye-sensitized solar cells.

A bifunctional TiO(2) layer having an inner compact layer and an outer anchoring layer coated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass could reduce the charge recombination and interfacial contact resistance between FTO and the main TiO(2) layer; photoelectron conversion efficiency of cell was increased from 7.31 to 8.04% by incorporating the bifunctional layer.