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Philanthropy and the Emergence of Women's Studies

One of the major achievements of women in higher education over the last two decades is the initiation and growth of women’s studies as a formal area of teaching and research. Although women’s studies as such did not come into being until the late 1960s, there had been a stream of research on women since at least the early nineteenth century. Historical works on the condition of women and their contributions to society, for example, were published in the 1830s, a period that coincides with the rise of the women’s movement in America.’ Social science research about women dates from the latter part of the nineteenth century when female social scientists launched the modern study of sex differences.2 In the early decades of the twentieth century there was a further expansion of scholarly research on women under the impetus of the suffrage movement. In addition to the efforts of individuals on campus, a series of studies about working women was initiated in 1910 by the Russell Sage Foundation, which had been established three years earlier as a private organization funding social science research.3 These important precursors to women’s studies suggest that the academy historically turned its attention to women when the struggles for women’s rights gained center stage in the broader society. This phenomenon was especially true in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The idea of women’s studies emerged in the late 1960s as feminist scholars on campus, reflecting the concerns of the women’s movement, began to question the portrayal of women and their underrepresentation in the college curriculum. In 1969 a group of faculty members at Cornell University organized a conference that was concerned with issues raised by the women’s movement and their implications for higher education. One of the outcomes of the conference was the formation of a faculty seminar to examine to what extent and how women and their role in society were reflected in the curricu-