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Life Cycle Assessment and Quality of Utilization of Paint Waste as a Raw Material of Paving Block

The paint waste from the cosmetics packaging industry was sent to the third party for disposal by paying several management fees for hazardous waste. The use of paint waste as raw material for paving block products can reduce the environmental impacts and provide economic benefits. The life cycle assessment is a tool for measuring the environmental impact of this utilization compared to the management carried out by the third party. There are four scenarios reviewed that consist of third-party management, utilization as raw materials for paving block by the concentration of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% respectively. The analysis shows that the utilization of dry paint waste as a raw material for a paving block can reduce the impact of global warming and photo oxidant. The compressive strength value of paving blocks increased with the addition of the dry paint waste with the concentration of 1 and 2%, then a slight decrease in proportion occurred with the addition of paint waste concentration up to 5%. The addition of dry paint waste does not affect the water absorption with a range of 2%, meeting the standard for a paving block.


INTRODUCTION
Sustainable development is an issue related to economic, social and environmental aspects. Sustainable industrial development is directed to manage the environmental problems faced by the industry. Proper environmental management will reduce and minimize the negative environmental impacts, including the fulfillment of the environmental quality standards.
The environmental management approach evolved from a passive phase to a reactive approach by treating waste to meet the quality standards and obey laws and regulations, then towards proactive management based on pollution prevention, cleaner production and eco-efficiency models.
Industrial wastes are generally solid, liquid and gaseous with non-hazardous characteristics as well as hazardous and toxic wastes. The handling of the two types of waste is different, particularly in the case the hazardous waste, requiring high costs.
The waste management hierarchy begins with preventing the waste generation directly from its source, reducing the quantity of waste, managing it with reuse, recycling and recovery, and waste treatment is the last stage (Wenston and Stuckey, 1994).
The target of waste treatment is generally intended to comply with laws and regulations, thus contributing to the company's operational costs. The combination of environmental management with the economy known as eco-efficiency provides concurrent benefits both environmentally and economically in the form of savings in the operational costs (WBCSD, 2006). Utilization of waste by turning it into useful products (waste to product) is an encouraging trend for industries, especially the use of hazardous waste as a raw material. In the cosmetics packaging industry, the waste generated from the packaging painting activities is hazardous and toxic. The industry, which is still having a problem for processing paint waste, sends it to a third party to be managed. The costs of having third parties manage the hazardous waste are high.
Some researchers studied the utilization of paint waste as raw material for manufacturing products (Johnson and Slater, 1990;Burton, 1993;McCarty,1993;Citra et al., 2018;Louis, 1996;Louis and Johnson, 1998;Nakouzi et al.,1998). The paint waste is used as a fuel that produces heat and as raw material for making ceramics and paving blocks. The processing for paving blocks involves a mixture of sand and cement with the addition of water, stirring and then compressing mechanically (Citra et al., 2018). The paint waste generated by the cosmetic packaging industry can be used as a mixture for making paving blocks This paper discusses the use of LCA to evaluate the environmental impact of the paint waste management and utilizing it as raw material in paving block production with various composition scenarios. The decision making on the use of paint waste for creating a paving block is using the evaluation result.

Characteristics of paint waste
The paint waste is generated from the cosmetic industry located in Central Java Province. Then, through the LCA system, sand, cement, water and electricity are added to the paint waste from the cosmetic industry as inputs. The paint used in the packaging is an organic compoundbased paint, with the main ingredients consisting of ethylbenzene, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, n-butyl acetate, 2-propenoic acid 2-ethyl xz and 1,2,3 propanetryiltris xy, and other ingredients to reach 100% composition. Table 1 shows the composition and characteristics of the paint waste used in this study.

Waste management in the cosmetic packaging industry
The management of the paint waste in the cosmetic packaging industry starts from reducing the waste that generated from the source, specifically the painting production process through improving the spray equipment and controlling the painting process. The system uses directional spraying with a precision setting of on-off time system to prevent the emergence of waste that is not attached to the packaging.
Currently, the paint waste in the liquid form is collected into special containers for hazardous waste and can be used as boiler fuel. However, the constraint is licensing the use of hazardous waste as fuel and monitoring the air emissions produced.
Delivering the paint waste to a third party is an easy solution for the company. However, this will be costly to transport from the industrial locations to the third party disposal locations. Furthermore, the environmental impacts during transportation, such as the greenhouse gases from the fuel combustion cause global warming, as well as other impacts during the treatment and disposal of the paint waste at a third-party location are unavoidable.

Waste to product approach
The waste management approach to the waste transformed into a useful product is a combination of economic and environmental aspects. The waste paint can be utilized as a useful product including fuel, a mixture of ceramic and paving blocks. In this study, dried paint waste was used as raw material for paving block in which the mixtures varied from 1, 2, 3, 4 to 5% concentration.

Life Cycle Assessment for Paint Waste
In this research, LCA determines the environmental impact through processing the paint waste into paving block products with variations of 1,2,3,4 and 5%. Then, it compared the impact during the paint waste transportation and disposal. The environmental impact calculations use the SimaPro Education version, based on the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data. It calculates the impact of climate change and photo oxidant.
Utilization of the paint waste as a mixture of paving blocks uses four scenarios: • First scenario if a third party takes paint waste for disposal • The second scenario if the paint waste is used directly as a mixture of paving blocks with a mixture composition of 1%. • The third scenario if the paint waste is used directly as a mixture of paving blocks with a mixture composition of 2%. • The fourth scenario if the paint waste is used directly as a mixture of paving blocks with a mixture composition of 3%. • The fifth scenario if the paint waste is used directly as a mixture of paving blocks with a mixture composition of 4%. • The sixth scenario if the paint waste is used directly as a mixture of paving blocks with a mixture composition of 5%.
LCA mainly emphasizes the environmental impact on the climate change in the form of the greenhouse gas potential that is expressed in tons of CO 2 equivalent and photochemical oxidants in the form of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Life Cycle Assessment
Licensed waste management companies perform management of paint waste through third parties. The paint waste is sent using land transportation, treated and disposed of, as shown in Figure 1. The environmental impact expressed by the potential for climate change through global warming is stated by the generation of greenhouse gases and photooxidant.
• Scenario 1: a third party takes paint waste for disposal The distance of the location of the cosmetics packaging industry to the disposal site by a third party is 488 km, using a truck vehicle with gasoline fuel. Then, the paint waste is managed on a 12 tons basis, causing the CO 2 emissions of 1.7334 tons. Each kg of the paint waste will cause emissions during transportation of 0.1445 kg CO 2 eq. The environmental impacts of the climate change from transportation per 1 kg of the paint waste amounted to 0.163 kg CO 2 eq and 39.7285 kg of CO 2 eq caused by the paint waste (sludge).
• Scenario 1-5: paint waste as a raw material for paving block The production of paving blocks requires raw materials of sand and cement in a ratio of 4:1 mixed with water. The mixture is stirred evenly, then pressed on the paving machine. The paving  The results of the impact study using LCA in Table 2 were calculated for every 1 kg of paving blocks. The paving produced with a percentage of waste paint mixture of 1,2,3,4 and 5%, has an impact on two categories, specifically the climate change and photochemical oxidant formation. The potential impact of the greenhouse gases decreases very significantly if the paint waste is used as a raw material for a mixture of paving blocks. Likewise, the effects of the photochemical oxidant formation decreased as well. From the environmental point of view, the use of the paint waste as raw material for these products yields positive benefits.

Compressive strength of paving block
The use of the paint sludge as a raw material for making paving blocks shows a decrease in the environmental impact, both as an impact of the climate change expressed in the generation of greenhouse gases as CO 2 eq and in photochemical oxidants. Thus, the use of the paint waste as raw material for paving block provides a positive benefit for the environment, and the optimization of the percentage that can be used is measured by the compressive strength standards of paving blocks. The results of utilization are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows that the average compressive strength value of paving blocks has increased with the addition of dry paint waste at 1 and 2%, then it slightly decreases in proportion to the addition of the paint waste concentration up to 5%. The average compressive strength of paving with 5% paint waste content is 244.55 kg/cm 2 compared to the paving without the paint waste mixture of 256.67 kg/cm 2 or a decrease of 4.72%. Relatively, the use of 5% dry paint waste does not change the compressive strength of paving. On the basis of SNI 03-0691-1996, the paving blocks with a mixture of dry paint waste with a maximum content of 5% meet the quality of B, C and D can be used as parking equipment, pedestrians, parks and others, but cannot be used as road pavement. Figure 3 shows the compressive strength of the paving block between 244-390 kg/cm 2 . It is the highest compressive strength of the paving block with the paint waste mixture of 2% by weight.

Water absorption of pavinbBlock
The water absorption test for the paving block with a mixture of dry paint waste is presented in Figure 4. It shows that the addition of the dried paint waste does not affect the absorption of water with a range of 2%, due to the grains of paint and grinding sifting waste has a uniform size, resembling the sand used as the main ingredient of paving blocks. The use of paint wastes up to 5% levels yields the same compressive strength results as the case without the addition of paint waste and also does not change the absorption of water. Therefore, the dry paint waste that has been made in uniform size particles can be used as a mixture of making paving blocks. The water absorption standard, according to SNI 03-0691-1996 for category A, is for the use of road pavement by 3%.

CONCLUSION
The use of paint waste as raw material for paving blocks production can reduce the negative impact on the environment, particularly the potential of global warming and photochemical oxidants. Using paint waste into paving block mixture with a maximum of 5% composition fulfilled the standard of compressive strength and water absorption. The waste to product approach provides economic and environmental benefits as an alternative to managing the industrial environment.