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Polysaccharides with zwitterionic charge motifs of Bacteroides fragili can affect both the development and homeostasis of the mammalian immune system

Bacterial colonization of the intestine is critical for the normal function of the mammalian immune system. Polysaccharides are characterized as T-cell-independent antigens that are not typically recognized by the full array of immune cells-specifically T cells. However， Bacteroides fragilis zwitterionic polysaccharides charge motifs are processed and presented by the MHC class ll pathway and activate T cells. Namely， Polysaccharide A (PSA) is capable of activating T cell-dependent immune responses that can affect both the development and homeostasis of the host immune system. This molecule also stimulates the innate immune system as a ligand for Toll-like receptor 2 and as such promotes interactions with the adaptive immune system that are required for T cell activation. The study of PSA reveal that polysaccharides of the bacterial microbiota can affect both the development and homeostasis of the mammalian immune system.