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Title : Historic and prehistoric human-driven extinctions have reshaped 1 global mammal diversity patterns 2

18 Aim: To assess the extent to which humans have reshaped Earth’s biodiversity, by 19 estimating natural ranges of all late Quaternary mammalian species, and to compare 20 diversity patterns based on these with diversity patterns based on current distributions. 21 Location: Globally 22 Methods: We estimated species, functional and phylogenetic diversity patterns based on 23 natural ranges of all mammalian species (n=5747 species) as they could have been today 24 in the complete absence of human influence through time. Following this we compared 25 macroecological analyses of current and natural diversity patterns to assess if human26 induced range changes bias for evolutionary and ecological analyses based on current 27 diversity patterns. 28 Results: We find that current diversity patterns have been drastically modified by 29 humans, mostly due to global extinctions and regional to local extirpations. Current and 30 natural diversities exhibit marked deviations virtually everywhere outside sub-Saharan 31 Africa. These differences are strongest for terrestrial megafauna, but also important for 32 all mammals combined. The human-induced changes led to biases in estimates of 33 environmental diversity drivers, especially for terrestrial megafauna, but also for all 34 mammals combined. 35 Main conclusions: Our results show that fundamental diversity patterns have been 36 reshaped by human-driven extinctions and extirpations, highlighting humans as a major 37 force in the Earth system. We thereby emphasize that estimating natural distributions and 38 diversities is important to improve our understanding of the evolutionary and ecologically 39 drivers of diversity as well as for providing a benchmark for conservation. 40