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Long-term nitrogen isotope dynamics in Encelia farinosa reflect plant demographics and climate.

While plant δ15 N values have been applied to understand nitrogen dynamics, uncertainties regarding intraspecific and temporal variability currently limit their application. We used a 28-year record of δ15 N values from two Mojave Desert populations of Encelia farinosa to clarify sources of population-level variability. We leveraged >3,500 foliar δ15 N observations collected alongside structural, physiological, and climatic data to identify plant and environmental contributors to δ15 N values. Additional sampling of soils, roots, stems, and leaves enabled assessment of the distribution of soil nitrogen content and δ15 N, intra-plant fractionations, and relationships between soil and plant δ15 N values. We observed extensive within-population variability in foliar δ15 N values and found plant age and foliar %N to be the strongest predictors of individual δ15 N values. There were consistent differences between root, stem, and leaf δ15 N values (spanning c. 3‰), but plant and bulk soil δ15 N values were unrelated. Plant-level variables played a strong role in influencing foliar δ15 N values, and interannual relationships between climate and δ15 N values were counter to previously recognized spatial patterns. This long-term record provides insights regarding the interpretation of δ15 N values that were not available from prior large-scale syntheses, broadly enabling more effective application of foliar δ15 N values.