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FT-IR Investigations Into The Fluidity Of Lipopolysaccharide And Lipid A Membrane Systems

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the major amphiphilic components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of a poly- or oligosaccharide portion being covalently linked to a lipid moiety called lipid A. LPS are also called endotoxins because of their ability to induce harmful effects in organisms. However, they also exhibit beneficial ('adjuvant') activity for example by stimulating the immune system and inducing the production of e.g. the tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1. The mechanisms leading to a stimulation of the cells of the immune system should mainly be governed by the fluidity and/or the supramolecular structure of the LPS and lipid A assemblies interacting with the cell membrane. In this contribution we report on FT-IR measurements of the fluidity of various LPS and of some lipid A's, and on the influence of the concentration of divalent cations, pH and water content on this parameter. The LPS differ in the headgroup conformation/composition, i.e in the length of the sugar moiety. The lipid A's show variation in their acylation patterns.