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Voltage control of skyrmions: Creation, annihilation, and zero-magnetic field stabilization

Voltage manipulation of skyrmions is a promising path toward low-energy spintronic devices. Here, voltage effects on skyrmions in a GdO x / Gd/Co/Pt heterostructure are observed experimentally. The results show that the skyrmion density can be both enhanced and depleted by the application of an electric ﬁeld, along with the ability, at certain magnetic ﬁelds to completely switch the skyrmion state on and off. Further, a zero magnetic ﬁeld skyrmion state can be stabilized at a negative bias voltage using a deﬁned voltage and magnetic ﬁeld sequence. The voltage effects measured here occur on a few-second timescale, suggesting an origin in voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy rather than ionic effects. By investigating the skyrmion nucleation rate as a function of temperature, we extract the energy barrier to skyrmion nucleation in our sample. Further, micromagnetic simulations are used to explore the effect of changing the anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction on skyrmion density. Our work demonstrates the control of skyrmions by voltages, showing functionali-ties desirable for commercial devices. skyrmions are topologically non-trivial spin textures, which are widely observed in thin magnetic trilayers