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Solomon and Son, British Style

In different ways the four books under review all reflect two trends in the recent historiography of the early (or, in the Scottish context, late) Stuarts: the move towards returning political and court history to centre stage, and the move towards seeking to understand developments in a broad perspective which gives proper attention to the interactions of events in all three kingdoms. In these four works Ireland gets little attention, but the importance of Scottish history is fully recognized, not just for Scotland, but also for understanding England's traumas. The old orthodoxy in which only England was worth consideration, as the significant development of the period was that of the emergence of her parliamentary constitution, has gone. So too has its replacement, which leapt from the confines of England to the world perspective by making this a crucial period in the emergence of the bourgeoisie and capitalism. Now a middle focus in geographical terms seems the most stimulating to many historians. England's immediate neighbours, so strangely neglected by previous generations of researchers, are coming to be seen as essential to understanding events. The change is more than just an adjustment of emphasis. The one thing that English historians have seemed in the past to have agreed on (tacitly) was that Scotland and Ireland were essentially irrelevant to what went on in England. It was true that events in them sometimes influenced developments in England (the Scottish revolt of 1637; the Irish rising of 1641). But such influences seem to have been regarded as falling into much the same category as natural disasters. Like earthquakes or tidal waves, they were powerful forces, but almost random, not requiring detailed historical examination. Scottish invasions of England (there were after all four in 1640-51) undoubtedly affected events in England, But they were like lava flows or falls of volcanic ash. They happened, but just as one may study Pompeii without seeking detailed knowledge of the geological dynamics of Vesuvius, so one could assess the disruptive effects of such Scottish eruptions into English history without having to look closely at why they happened. Happily this no longer applies. The renaissance which has taken place in the research and publication of Irish and Scottish history in the past thirty years has been remarkable and exciting, and has demonstrated that the interactions of events in the three kingdoms were far more complex and significant than previously realized. Crises