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A manager's guide to organizational change.

With the increasing use of consultants to facilitate organizational change, managers need to be better informed about the range of available consulting services. In an effort to help managers better understand the various consulting approaches, Kleiner describes five techniques: "socio-technical systems;" "contingency;" "MAPS;" "Michigan survey feedback," and "process consultation." The author compares these techniques along nine dimensions: assumptions about technology and people; targets; objectives and directions of change; and the data and data collection methods used. While conceding the complexity of these considerations, Kleiner concludes that the benefits of meticulousness and care in consultant selection justify the effort.