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Nutritional Value and Physiological Effects of Some Proteinaceous Diets on Honey Bee Workers (Apis mellifera L.)

Sufficient nutrition in the honey bee colony is essential for the growth and development. The development and the survival of honey bee colonies are therefore intimately associated with the availability of those nectar and pollen sources (Brodschneider & Crailsheim, 2010; Haydak, 1970), which suggests that the alteration of bee foraging area due to the current intensification of agriculture and landscape changes might provide a deficient nutrition and therefore affect honey bee populations (Decourty, Mader, & Desneux, 2010). This is further supported by beekeepers, which are ranking poor nutrition or starvation as one of the main reasons for colony losses in Upper Egypt (Abdel-Rahman & Moustafa, 2012). Based on data collected for beehives in Egypt from 1960 to 2016, Al Naggar, Codling, Giesy, and Safer (2018) indicated that the number of beehives rose from 1961 to 1990, peaking at 1.7 million beehives, dropped thereafter and declined steeply between 2005 (~1.5 million) and 2015 (~800 thousand).