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Thermospheric nighttime neutral temperature and winds over Fritz Peak Observatory: Observed and calculated solar cycle variation

Nighttime thermospheric winds and temperatures have been measured over Fritz Peak, Colorado (39.9°N, 105.5°W), with a high-resolution Fabry-Perot spectrometer for nearly 17 years between 1968 and 1985. We use data for two specific November periods, (1) 1984, near solar cycle minimum, and (2) 1979, near the peak of solar cycle 21, to illustrate the measured solar cycle variation of nighttime neutral gas temperature and winds over the station. In particular, we present data for November 11, 1979, the day following the day when the solar F10.7 radio flux emission reached its greatest daily value of 367 J (1 J = 1.0×10−22 W m−2 Hz−1). The nighttime measurements, all selected for geomagnetic quiet conditions, show a considerable variation of the thermospheric temperature between solar minimum and solar maximum of nearly 500 K but a relatively minor variation in the thermospheric winds. The recently developed National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE-GCM) is used to simulate the geomagnetic quiet time variation of global thermospheric properties for the two periods and also to perform a time-dependent simulation to calculate the thermospheric variation during November 9–12, 1979, when the solar F10.7 flux varied from 314 J, 367 J, 325 J, and 294 J, respectively. The TIE-GCM histories are used to construct the diurnal variation of thermospheric temperatures and winds as a function of altitude over Fritz Peak Observatory. The aeronomy calculated by the TIE-GCM is also used to predict the diurnal variation and height of the 630-nm volume emission rate. The station processor calculates the emission-weighted height-integrated Doppler line profiles and Doppler shift profiles as would be observed from a ground station. These profiles are reduced into winds and temperatures in a manner similar to the experimental measurements and can be compared with the actual observations. The results show that the TIE-GCM calculated Doppler temperature and winds are in reasonable agreement with the observations for the two periods representing solar minimum and extreme maximum conditions, suggesting that the solar flux model and aeronomic processes in the TIE-GCM can simulate the main thermospheric variations throughout the solar cycle. Furthermore, the time-dependent calculated variations of Doppler temperature and winds also remain in good agreement with the observations of November 11, 1979, which is the day following the maximum solar EUV perturbation of the Earth's upper atmosphere during the entire solar cycle 21. These results show the need for time-dependent calculations when geophysical parameters have large changes during the course of the period of simulation. The station processor results indicate that the altitude of the 630-nm emission varies during the solar cycle by keeping at a near-constant pressure surface, whose geometrical height changes with the solar cycle.