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Implementation of MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture in online submission and reporting process at official travel warrant information system based on web application

An official travel warrant (SPPD) is a type of assignment letter needed by an employee as evidence of an order from the manager in carrying out work assignments to other areas. At the end of the assignment, employees must make a report on the tasks assigned to their manager. In general, SPPD services are still carried out manually, both in the process of submission, approval, reporting and data storage. This manual service requires a long processing time, large resources and must be performed in rigid places and times. In addition, storing letters manually creates difficulties when retrieve data is required. This research aims to provide an online official travel warrant information system based on a web application. With web-based applications, information system services are faster and can be done anytime anywhere, not limited by time and place. The storage of letter data in the database concept also facilitates the retrieving process. The information system is designed to serve the complete service flow of official travel warrant starting from submission, approval to reporting. The design of the application system is carried out by PHP programming with the MVC (Model-View-Controller) concept using the Codeigniter framework. Data is stored on the MYSQL database. The design results are tested for functionality using the black-box method. From the test results, it was found that all the functions designed including submission, approval, reporting and retrieval of data could go well as expected. The assignment letter create by system and send to employee online. The task report can create online on the system. Approval of the task report is also carried out online in the designed information system.


Introduction
E-Government is a transformation form of conventional business processes to automation processes in public services [1]. E-government is defined as a way for institutions to use the most innovative information and communication technologies, especially web-based internet applications to improve service quality [2]. In E-Government there is a service called E-Office. E-Office is an administrative and centralized component of an organization where data, information, and communications are stored and disseminated via several forms of telecommunications [3][4].
One of the services in the E-Office is a service in creating and managing official travel warrants. Official travel warrants or known as SPPD are a type of assignment letter needed by an employee in carrying out work tasks and serve as evidence of orders from manager in carrying out work assignments to other areas [5][6][7]. In general, SPPD services are still carried out manually. This manual service requires a long processing time, large resources and must be performed in a rigid place and time. In several previous studies, application design has been carried out to serve the management of official travel warrant automatically and online. However, the application that is designed has not yet served all process of the official travel warrant [6][7][8][9][10][11]. In general, applications made only serve in the letter submission process. This research aims to provide an information system service for the complete management of official travel warrant online based on web application, starting from the submission process, approval and reporting. With web-based applications, information system services are faster and can be access anytime anywhere, not limited by time and place. Storage of letter data in the database concept also facilitates the data search process.

Methods
Application design is carried out in several stages. These stages are system analysis, design and testing [12]. System analysis is needed to collect data and information needed in application development. The design stage is needed to provide references in developing information systems based on the analysis. This stage includes process design, database design, interface design and application architecture design. The application was built using MVC (Model-View-Controller) concept with the PHP programming language and MYSQL database. The MVC concept is designed using a codeigniter framework. The testing stage is carried out by the black-box method to determine the application functionality.

System analysis
The analysis stage is focused on finding out existing business process models as a reference for offering new business process models according to needs [12]. The results of this analysis are displayed in a data flow diagram as shown in Figure 1. In this information system there are 3 main processes, namely login process, submission and approval process, reporting process. The login process is used to determine the access rights of each user who uses the information system. In this case there are 2 main user groups, namely department and official group. Official group consists of Dean, Vice Dean -Chief and Finance Supervisor. Department group has access to submit and report official travel warrant, view the status of submissions and reports that have been submitted. Meanwhile, official group have access to view submissions and reports made by the department, verify and approve or reject these applications.

Process design
Process design is made to describe the flow of the information system to be designed. The two processes of the information system are displayed in the activity diagram as shown in Figures 2 and 3.

Database design
Database is useful for managing the existence of data needed by the application such as create, edit and update [13][14]. This phase began by arranging database structures based on table used and its connection with other table. The connection between table is displayed in an ERD. Each table is related one another [12]. Relationship diagram each table on this information system shown at Figure 4.

Interface Design
Interface design is used to build a user friendly interface for users, but still provide the function as desired [14]. This is one of the important steps in information system development [14]. There are 3 main interfaces in the information system, namely the main page, submission form and reporting form. The example of interface designs for the page is shown in Figure 5. In the MVC concept, information system design is divided into three layers, namely model, view and controller [15][16]. Models are used to manage information and notify observers when information changes. Only the model contains data and functions related to data processing [15][16]. View is responsible for mapping graphics to a device. View usually has a 1-1 relationship with a screen surface and knows how to create it [15][16]. The controller receives input from the user and instructs the model and view to take action based on that input [15][16]. Separation between model and view allows multiple views to use the same model [17]. In many research showed that application development using the MVC concept was better than conventional development [18]. With MVC web applications can be developed in accordance with the capabilities of the developer so as to improve maintainability and easier code organization [19].
This research uses a codeigniter framework to translate the MVC concept in information system design.
Codeigniter is an open source web application that built using the concept of the Model-View-Controller (MVC) development pattern [20]. Codeigniter framework is built using the PHP programming language. The browser interacts through the Controller. The controller will receive and reply to all requests from the browser. When Controller needs data, it will ask to Model [20]. Data stored in the MYSQL database. To serve and manage web pages the Apache web server is used. The architecture of an official travel warrant information system application using the MVC concept is shown in Figure 6.

Results and discussion
The results of the official travel warrant information system application display are shown in Figure 7. What is shown in Figure 7 is a recap of reports on official travel activities carried out for 1 year.
To ensure that the information system works as expected, testing of the information system is designed. Testing is carried out using the black-box method which is focused on testing the functionality of the system. Tests were carried out on 3 main processes of the information system, namely login, submission for official travel warrant and reporting on official travel. The test results are shown in Table  1.

Conclusion
There are several groups of users in the information system, namely employee/department, dean, vice dean -chief and finance supervisor. Each user group has access rights as defined. In addition, there are 3 main processes in the information system, namely login, submission and approval of official travel warrant and reporting of official travel. From the test results, it was found that all the functions designed including submission, approval, reporting and retrieval of data could go well as expected. The assignment letter creates by system and send to employee online. The task report can create online on the system. Approval of the task report is also carried out online in the designed information system.