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A Sustainable Framework to Reduce Traffic Accidents in Baghdad City

Traffic accidents are the most critical problems related to safety and security in the city, and they have negative effects on human life and psychological, health, and economic impacts on people, society, and the city. After 2003, the number of cars increased in Iraqi cities and traffic accidents increased, as the number of traffic accidents in Iraqi cities reached between 8-11 thousand accidents annually during the period 2012-2018. The percentage of accidents in Baghdad Governorate 12.1 % of all incidents in Iraq, 66% of accidents in Baghdad Governorate are inside the Baghdad city (the capital), divided by 70 % in Rusafa and 30% in Karkh in 2017 and 2018. By preparing a questionnaire on the causes of accidents in Iraqi cities, it showed that the most important reasons are the lack of adherence to traffic laws and the weak knowledge of them and old laws and their non-conformity with technological developments and communications in the transport sector. The research proposes to develop an integrated framework that adopts sustainable transport along its social, institutional, and economic aspects to solve the problem of accidents in Baghdad city.


Introduction
Traffic accidents are one of the most important causes of the problems of cities that lead to an increase in the number of deaths in cities and cause various economic, environmental, and social damages that have different health and psychological effects on society and individuals. 750-880,000 people died prematurely in road traffic crashes in 1999. Some 85% of these occurred in developing countries, and urban road networks contributed to a significant proportion of countries' national road traffic crash problems. Between 35-70 % of all crashes occur in urban areas [1].
In 2010, the states presented in the World Health Report (WHR) documented road traffic injuries as the ninth most common reason for the disability of people. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) [2], about 1.24 million casualties and 50 million injuries were reported globally. Automobile accidents are rated as the eighth cause of injuries and death toll worldwide [3].
These road traffic accidents cause an increased death toll or injury and result in communal and financial damage to the state [4]. The deaths or disabilities of youngsters caused by accidents have a solemn effect on families and more widely on society [5]. The loss or disability of an earner causes financial suffering for family members and changes the domestic dynamics [3].
After 2003, the number of cars in Iraq increased, and traffic accidents increased, causing an increase in the number of dead and injured, requiring a framework to reduce these accidents. Traffic regulation by the concerned authorities is very weak. Therefore there is an overlap in the movement of vehicles in a confusing way for the drivers. This may increase the possibility of traffic accidents [6].

Statistics of Traffic Accidents in Iraq
Statistics of traffic accidents in Iraq shows the research statistics of accidents at three levels: 2 Government reports of traffic accident statistics in Iraq during the period 2012-2018 showed that there is a discrepancy in the number of traffic accidents in Iraq during this period, and amount to accidents account for 1% of the total number of cars in Iraq, and the results of traffic accidents are 22% the death rate and 78% of injured (Table 1).  [11] and [12]. Figure 1 shows that the highest incidents were in 2012, began to decline and stabilize during 2013-2017, and then began to increase in 2018.

Province level (Baghdad province)
Reports indicated the total number of cars in Iraq reached (6439332), and the number of cars in Baghdad province reached (2291149), i.e., 36% of the total cars in Iraq. Government reports of traffic accident statistics in Baghdad governorate during the period 2015-2018 indicated a slight decrease in the number of traffic accidents and that the percentage of accidents in Baghdad province represents 12.1% of all traffic accidents in Iraq. Traffic accidents are 27 % of the deaths and 73 % of the number of injured (Table 2).

City level (Baghdad City) (capital)
The Baghdad city is divided into two parts (Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa), and government reports of traffic accident statistics in Baghdad during the period 2017-2018 indicated that 66% of the incidents were in the Baghdad city of the total accidents in Baghdad province. 30 % of the incidents occurred in al-Karkh area, and 70% occurred in al-Rusafa. Traffic accidents are 26 % of the deaths and 74 % of the number of injured (Table 3). Figure 3 shows that the number of incidents in the karkh area decreased in 2018, while the Rusafa area rose in 2018.

Causes of Traffic Accidents in Iraqi Cities
The research to find out the causes of traffic accidents in Iraqi cities was based on a questionnaire for transport specialists from academics and traffic men, the Secretariat of Baghdad, Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works, and the Ministry of Planning, with 150 samples to show the most essential reasons affecting the increase in the number of accidents, through analysis Results using (SPSS), Likert scale 1-3 (3 strong effect, 2 medium effect, 1 weak effect) and as follows (table 4):  I.
(X9) The presence of interference in pedestrian traffic with cars due to the lack of a citizen's commitment to cross or from pedestrian bridges: with an average effect of 2.39, as the interference between pedestrians and cars results from pedestrians crossing in unallocated places and different places. J.
(X10) Lack of adequate and proper pedestrian transit spaces in places with high traffic density: with a strong impact of 2.6, as it is the main reason for the overlap of pedestrians and cars, as well as the lack of climate-appropriate needs for these places to provide a comfortable atmosphere for pedestrians. The interference of pedestrian and vehicle traffic has to do with community awareness. While the lack of places for pedestrian crossings related to the infrastructure.

K.
The results of the questionnaire show many problems that increase accidents in Iraqi cities, including those related to the administrative, organizational, and governance aspect, which the government and regulatory bodies represent in terms of the lack and weakness of laws, legislation and infrastructure, and another aspect related to the social dimensions represented by the lack of societal awareness of the transport and traffic sector. Consequently, there is a weakness in the complementary relationship between the different levels represented by government, society, and the individual.

Proposed Sustainable Framework to Reduce Traffic Accidents in Iraqi Cities
The Iraqi state depends and focuses on the development of laws in various sectors, including laws on roads and traffic, but mainly on the economic and material aspect only to control traffic on the roads, without focusing on the social and environmental aspects, which also contribute to reducing the Traffic accidents in greater proportions than the economic aspect. That is, the decision-making process is one-way, not participatory and complementary . The research proposes a sustainable framework that adopts a two-way decision-making process to integrate different levels of government, society, and the individual as follows (see Figure 4).

Government level
Its represented by the economic and regulatory aspects through: • Increase and impose fines on violators of laws and traffic regulations, which cause an increase in traffic accidents on roads and main and secondary streets. • Preparing modern traffic laws in line with technological and information development in the transport and traffic sector. • Develop laws and regulations to increase and encourage the use of non-automated transport in the city, due to the lack of Iraqi traffic laws to legislation on these means (bicycles and walking). • Allocating a large financial budget for street maintenance and organization and providing traffic signs and signs. • The establishment of a body specialized in collecting, analyzing and making decisions in the field of roads and traffic includes the Directorate of Traffic civil society organizations and the ministries of municipalities and communications are essential in introducing technologies and technologies modern in the field of traffic, especially smart systems that reduce traffic accidents. • Encouraging the implementers of traffic laws, especially the traffic police, the importance of applying laws that reduce and reduce traffic accidents because of their importance in improving the safety and safety of the community. • Prepare a special law regulating the movement of three-wheeled transport (tictks, etc.) and complying with traffic laws to reduce accidents. • An introduction of development and educational courses by the executive authorities of traffic laws to raise awareness and deal with citizens and drivers. • Provide high-level public transport routes to encourage citizens to use public transport and reduce private cars. • Encourage investment in constructing road infrastructure.