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Nitrotoxins in three genera of Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) found in the Central of Iran and potential health implications

Leaflets of 15 populations of Leguminosae including Coronilla varia L., Astragalus agubensis Bunge, and Lotus corniculatus L. species from the Markazi province in Iran were analyzed for the presence of toxic aliphatic nitro compounds that are important due to (1) mammalian toxicities, (2) attraction of pollinators or seed disperses, and (3) repulsion or inhibition of herbivores and microorganisms. Nitrotoxins were detected in some legumes at concentrations ranging from 4 to 25 mg NO2 mg g−1 plant, in all plant populations examined expect L. corniculatus that is found near a river, indicative of high moisture. This study revealed that environmental conditions affect nitrate concentrations and that nitrotoxins are increased in dry and/or drought conditions. Nitro compounds are suggested as playing a defensive role in plants against stressed environmental conditions.