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The Challenges of Nuclear Non-Proliferation by Richard D. Burns and Philip E. Coyle III (review)

Burns, Richard D. and Philip B. Coyle III, The Challenges of Nuclear Non-Proliferation. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015. This book, part of Rowman and Littlefield's informative Weapons of Mass Destruction series, offers a chronology of nuclear weapons production and attempts at non-proliferation from World War II to the near present. The authors discuss the pros and cons of U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace Program, which critics contend contributed to the spread of nuclear weapons capabilities. Currently, about 49 countries have the capacity to develop nuclear weapons. Of these, only ten have actually done so. Presently, there are five nuclear weapons states (NWS) that have ratified the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 (United States, United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China) and four rogue NWS (Israel, India, Pakistan and North Korea) that are not party to the NPT and do not allow International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors. The United States led the way in the production of atomic and nuclear weapons. By 1996, the five official NWS had conducted 2069 nuclear tests, polluting land, sea, air and formerly occupied Pacific islands. At their peaks, the United States in 1967 and the USSR in 1986 had 31,255 and 45,000 nukes, respectively. Together, they accounted for over 90 percent of the world's nucean arsenal. With the help of the United States, United Kingdom, France and private U.S. citizens loyal to Israel (a scenario not discussed by the authors), Israel became the world's sixth nuclear power, followed by India, Pakistan and North Korea. In 1964, Argentina sold over 80 tons of uranium oxide to Israel, requiring the purchaser to use it for peaceful purposes only, "An agreement that Tel Aviv ignored" (p. 171). South Africa had a nuclear weapons program, which F. W. de Clerk ordered dismantled in 1989. The authors ignore the abundance of evidence of nuclear weapons cooperation between Apartheid South Africa and Israel. They simply write that such "rumors" can neither be dismissed nor verified. Although North Korea had contemplated developing nuclear weapons, its 1992 joint declaration with South Korea on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula held promise. George W. Bush's inclusion of North Korea (along with Iraq and Iran) in his 2002 Axis of Evil speech, however, convinced North Korea that the U.S. threat required nuclear weapons for protection. It withdrew from the NPT and detonated its first nuclear device in 2006. Burns and Coyle offer an important discussion of nuclear-weapon free zones (NWFZ), a topic largely ignored in the United States. These zones consist of groups of states that prohibit nuclear weapons on their land, sea, and air. They also agree to IAEA inspections. NWFZs are found in Central and South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific and Central Asia. Each NWFZ treaty contains protocols asking the five official NWS not to use their nukes against members of the zone and to keep their nukes out of the zone. Although Barack Obama has submitted several of these protocols to the Senate for its approval, the Senate has not acted on them. Because four of the five NWFZ are located in the Southern Hemisphere, the UN General Assembly sought to pass a resolution making the Southern Hemisphere totally void of nuclear weapons. The resulting vote was 165 in favor with only four (United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia) opposed. In the opening chapter, the authors misleadingly state that Iran called for establishing a NWFZ in the Middle East in 2007. In fact, the UN General Assembly endorsed calls for the establishment of a NWFZ in a resolution approved in 1974 following a proposal by Iran and Egypt. …