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Agriculture and Women's Work: Directions of Change in the West, 1700-1900

Europe has been rather different from that in other cultural periods and areas. This experience has been the result of changes in a number of demographic and social traits, such as age at marriage, labor force participation, household organization, and property relations. In social history these traits have mostly been described and discussed separately, but it may be argued that in reality they are but bits and pieces of the same general pattern. It is not the purpose of this paper to make a full and systematic analysis of this European pattern, but rather to focus on that part of the female life course which ranges from late childhood and dependence to early social maturity. In this way I will try to shed some light on the specific issues involved in women’s work during the transition from a feudal to a capitalist mode of production within agriculture, and from rural to urban-industrial patterns of life.