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Repressive population transfers in central, eastern and South‐Eastern Europe: A historical overview

In the modern period the repressive transfer of populations in the region should be distinguished from specific pressures of modernization. Different types should be carefully identified whenever possible. Four major factors have been responsible for the higher levels of repressive transfers in the region than in the rest of Europe. There was a longer period of instability due to exposure of nomadic incursions from Asia which in one form or another lasted into the seventeenth century; the formation in the early modern period of multi‐cultural empires with frontiers that were neither natural nor ethnic, in contrast to the emerging nation‐states of Western Europe, created in the age of nationalism the potential for serious conflicts; wars of conquest became wars of expulsion; the relatively late formation of nation‐states fostered exclusionist historicist myths. During the two world wars, mass mobilization, internal wars and new exclusionist racial and ideological programmes built upon older traditions but also radicalized repressive population transfers.