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Stumbling on Two Legs: Education and Reform in China

The world once known as Communist is in turmoil. Events during 1989 and 1990 confirm that the futures of East-Central Europe, the Soviet Union, and China promise yet more turbulence. Both outside observers and citizens clearly recognize that developing a democratic political system, while extremely difficult, pales before the problems of establishing effective economic structures. The former requires autonomous mass organizations, widespread willingness to tolerate instability, substantial belief among citizens in their own efficacy, and a leadership elite that recognizes the heavy price of popular antagonism. Economic reform, however, while demanding all these, also requires significant personal sacrifices, and, most fundamentally, for denizens of socialist systems, a complete revolution in work norms, individual and family responsibility, and the state's role to maintain social welfare and distribute wealth.