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Nursing education in Turkey.

A lthough Nightingale’s work in Turkey during the Crimean War in 1854 is often cited as the beginning of modern nursing, nursing itself did not begin in Turkey until the War of Tripoli in 1911 and the Balkan War in 1912. The first training of nurses began in 1912, with 3 caregiver courses opened by the Ottoman Red Crescent Association. The first Turkish nursing school was established in 1925 after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, in accordance with the reforms (alphabet reform, hat and clothing reform, enfranchisement of women) made by Ataturk. In 1959, the first 4-year education for the bachelor’s degree in nursing started at the University of Ege. Until 1997, various types and levels of nursing education programs were created such as high-school diploma program, associate degree program, high-school certificate program, and baccalaureate program. In 1997, all schools of nursing were changed to 4-year programs at the university level. Currently, there are 86 schools of nursing providing a bachelor’s degree. The baccalaureate degree programs are 4 years in length and given by 63 higher-education schools of health, 10 schools of nursing (4 of which are affiliated to public and 6 to private universities), and 13 faculties of medical sciences– nursing program (10 of which are affiliated with public and 3 to private universities). Nursing students are admitted through a highly competitive General University Entrance Examination, which is organized by the Turkish Higher Education Council. In the past, an admission requirement for baccalaureate programs in nursing was being a woman. This admission requirement was changed, and since April 2007, men also have been accepted into nursing programs. The concept of male nurse, which is one of the important developments in the history of Turkish nursing, is a very new concept for our country. Most students thought that male students were appropriate for the role of the caregiver and that the nursing profession should be done by both sexes. The baccalaureate science degree programs in nursing include 9 basic nursing courses: Fundamentals of Nursing, Medical Nursing, Surgical Nursing, Women’s Health and Obstetrics Nursing, Children’s Health and Diseases Nursing, Mental Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Nursing Management, and Education in Nursing. According to the European Union (EU) requirement for the number of hours of nursing education, 2,300 clinical and 2,300 theoretical hours are completed during the length of nursing education to educate nurses as generalists rather than specialists. Clinical nursing education is carried out by faculty members of nursing schools after completion of or in conjunction with theoretical courses. In some schools, clinical training opportunities and qualified educators were limited. During clinical practice, most students have great difficulty putting theory into clinical practice because some clinical skills learned in the skills laboratory are not practiced in quite the same way in the hospital. The EU standards dictate the need for a ‘‘registration exam,’’ but graduates from nursing programs are not required to take a registration examination in Turkey. Some schools participate in student and academic staff exchange programs with European countries, as part of the Socrates and Erasmus Programmes. These programs are lifelong learning programs for the mobility of university students (http://ec.europa.eu/education/index_en.htm). In Turkey, the MSc (1968) and PhD (1972) programs started to enable university graduate nurses to specialize and increase their knowledge and skills in a particular area, in depth. These programs are offered only by some schools of nursing and school of health sciences at public and private universities. Admission requirements for postgraduate programs include bachelor’s degree in nursing for master’s degree and MSN for the doctorate program, satisfactory scores on the LES (Graduate Studies Entrance Exam) and the English-language proficiency test, and a test of general nursing knowledge that is administered by each school. Postgraduate programs include fundamentals of nursing, medical nursing, oncological nursing, surgical nursing, surgery nursing, forensic nursing, gynecology and obstetric nursing, pediatric nursing, psychiatry nursing, public health nursing, nursing management, and nursing education.