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Soil Metagenome Revealed Contrasting Anammox Bacterial Diversity in Coastal Mangrove and Rice Ecology

Abstract Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), an anoxic microbial process plays an important role in nitrogen-dynamics in wetland ecologies. Although, the role of anammox bacteria is fairly studied in mangroves and coastal rice ecologies (anthropogenic wetland), but their diversities and specific role are still poorly documented. In this study, we elucidate the anammox bacterial diversities in relation to physico-chemical properties and labile nitrogen-fractions in soils of mangroves (undisturbed and degraded) and rice through whole-genome metagenomic approach. The average reads of anammox bacteria were higher in rice (647) followed by degraded (256) and undisturbed mangrove (101). Four predominant genera of anammox bacteria (Candidatus Scalindua, Candidatus Brocadia, Candidatus Jettenia and Candidatus Kuenenia) were identified in both mangrove and rice ecology. Among the four genera, Candidatus Scalindua was dominant in mangroves, whereas Candidatus Brocadia was dominant in rice. On the species level, the Candidatus Scalindua japonica was dominant in degraded mangroves while Candidatus Scalindua rubra was dominant in undisturbed mangroves. The Shannon-Weaver index depicting species richness of C. Scalindua was higher in undisturbed mangrove than degraded mangrove and rice. However, the index of other genera of anammox bacteria like C. Brocadia, C. Jettenia and C. Kuenenia were more in rice than the mangroves. The correlation study revealed that labile nitrogen fractions were higher in rice and positively correlated with the anammox bacterial community. However, anammox bacteria were negatively correlated with soil pH, EC, and salinity. Relative activities of anammox and denitrification processes need to be studied further to chalk out nitrous oxide emission mitigation strategies in wetland ecology.