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Effects of Asymmetric Latent Heating on Typhoon Movement Crossing Taiwan: The Case of Morakot (2009) with Extreme Rainfall

AbstractTyphoon Morakot struck Taiwan during 6–9 August 2009, and it produced the highest rainfall (approaching 3000 mm) and caused the worst damage in the past 50 yr. Typhoon–monsoon flow interactions with mesoscale convection, the water vapor supply by the monsoon flow, and the slow moving speed of the storm are the main reasons for the record-breaking precipitation. Analysis of the typhoon track reveals that the steering flow, although indeed slow, still exceeded the typhoon moving speed by approximately 5 km h−1 (1 km h−1 = 0.28 m s−1) during the postlandfall period on 8 August, when the rainfall was the heaviest. The Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) is used to study the dynamics of the slow storm motion toward the north-northwest upon leaving Taiwan. The control simulations with 3-km grid size compare favorably with the observations, including the track, slow speed, asymmetric precipitation pattern, mesoscale convection, and rainfall distribution over Taiwan. Sensitivity tests with reduced moi...