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Avian antimicrobial proteins: structure, distribution and activity

Antimicrobial proteins are active against protozoans, fungi, viruses as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In many cases, antimicrobial proteins are present as components of innate immunity and are capable of evading bacterial resistance mechanisms. Due to these characteristics, these proteins represent an appealing alternative to conventional antibiotic drugs. Considerable research has been conducted on antimicrobial proteins from invertebrate and mammalian sources. Within the last decade, over 20 novel antimicrobial proteins have been isolated from avian systems. The majority of these proteins has been isolated from the domestic chicken and therefore represents a minuscule fraction of the avian antimicrobial proteins that are potentially awaiting discovery. In this review, we elaborate on these discoveries and on the future of avian antimicrobial protein research.