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Spatial peak shift and generalization in pigeons.

How pigeons generalize across spatial locations was examined in the 4 experiments reported in this article. During training, a square was presented at a fixed height at 1 of 2 horizontal locations on a monitor screen. One location (S +) signaled reward, whereas the other one (S -) signaled no reward. The birds were then tested occasionally with a range of locations. After training with S+ only, the generalization gradient peaked at S + and was approximately Gaussian in shape. After training with equal numbers of S + and S- trials, response rates were higher on the S + side of the distribution. This asymmetry diminished over testing. When the S + and S- were close together, the peak of responding was shifted on initial generalization tests. Generalization gradients along the orthogonal vertical dimension were approximately exponential in shape. This is the first demonstration of generalization and peak shift in the spatial domain. An important task for the experimental analysis of behavior has been to understand how stimuli present when behavior is reinforced to gain control over the behavior. Stimulus generalization--cesponding in a similar fashion despite changes in properties of a stimulus--and discriminationmresponding differently when a stimulus property is changed--are opposite ends of a continuum of stimulus control. Stimulus control typically is indexed by decremental stimulus generalization gradients, in which increasing changes in a stimulus value lead to increasing changes in responding. Guttman and Kalish (1956) conducted a now-classic study of stimulus generalization in pigeons. They reinforced pigeons on an intermittent schedule for pecking a key in the presence of a monochromatic light source. Different groups of pigeons were trained with different spectral stimuli. After a steady rate of responding emerged, the pigeons were tested in extinction with a range of spectral wavelengths on either side of, and including, the training value. Plots of responses as a function of spectral wavelength showed orderly generalization gradients, with the highest rate of responding at the