{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.021193530395984383, 'fraction_numerical': 0.012827663134411601, 'mean_word_length': 5.384341637010676, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
CD36-Mediated Nonopsonic Phagocytosis of Erythrocytes Infected with Stage I and IIA Gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum

ABSTRACT Gametocytes, the sexual stages of malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) that are transmissible to mosquitoes, have been the focus of much recent research as potential targets for novel drug and vaccine therapies. However, little is known about the host clearance of gametocyte-infected erythrocytes (GEs). Using a number of experimental strategies, we found that the scavenger receptor CD36 mediates the uptake of nonopsonized erythrocytes infected with stage I and IIA gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum by monocytes and culture-derived macrophages (Mφs). Light microscopy and immunofluorescence assays revealed that stage I and IIA gametocytes were readily internalized by monocytes and Mφs. Pretreating monocytes and Mφs with a monoclonal antibody that blocked CD36 resulted in a significant reduction in phagocytosis, as did treating GEs with low concentrations of trypsin to remove P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1), a parasite ligand for CD36. Pretreating monocytes and Mφs with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-retinoid X receptor agonists, which specifically upregulate CD36, resulted in a significant increase in the phagocytosis of GEs. Murine CD36 on mouse Mφs also mediated the phagocytosis of P. falciparum stage I and IIA gametocytes, as determined by receptor blockade with anti-murine CD36 monoclonal antibodies and the lack of uptake by CD36-null Mφs. These results indicate that phagocytosis of stage I and IIA gametocytes by monocytes and Mφs appears to be mediated to a large extent by the interaction of PfEMP-1 and CD36, suggesting that CD36 may play a role in innate clearance of these early sexual stages.