{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014861995753715499, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0021231422505307855, 'mean_word_length': 5.465753424657534, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Biased photovoltaic spatial solitons and their application in nonlinear guided waves

We study theoretically the properties of waveguides induced by one-dimensional steady-state biased photovoltaic spatial solitons, and show that the waveguides can be induced by both bright and dark spatial solitons in the biased photovoltaic- photorefractive crystal such as LiNbO3. We also derive wave equations for the probe beam in the general condition and low-amplitude condition.