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Images of Optimism? German Illustrated Editions of Voltaire's Candide in the Context of the First World War

Abstract The works of the 'Sage of Ferney' were widely translated and published in the early 20th century in Germany, Candide above all. Some of the editions published before and after the First World War, between 1912 and 1922, reprinted 18th-century illustrations by Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki, but most were illustrated by a diverse range of contemporary artists, including Max Unold, Josef von Divéky, Alfred Kubin, Ottomar Starke and Paul Klee. This article examines the relationships between a text originally the product of the French Enlightenment and images produced more than 150 years later within what was by then an 'enemy' culture and explores the shifting functions of optimism in that context.