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Prolonged grief disorder.

Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is a pathological form of grieving characterized by chronic, functionally disabling symptoms following a loss. Alternatively referred to as complicated grief, pathological grief, or traumatic grief, PGD includes symptoms such as intense yearning for the deceased, difficulty accepting the loss, difficulty moving forward in life, and feeling that life is empty or meaningless since the loss. To qualify for a PGD diagnosis, an individual must continue to show daily or disabling levels of these symptoms for at least six months following the loss. The most widely used measures in the assessment and diagnosis of PGD are the Inventory of Complicated Grief, the Prolonged Grief 13, and the Brief Grief Questionnaire. Studies have found that about 10-20% of bereaved individuals develop PGD. Risk factors include a history of prior trauma or loss, a history of mood and anxiety disorders, insecure attachment style, closeness with the deceased, a violent cause of death, and a lack of social support after the loss. PGD is associated with reduced quality of life, social and occupational impairment, physical health complaints, substance use problems, sleep disruption, increased risk of cardiac events, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, after controlling for co-occurring disorders. Its symptoms distinguish it from typical grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individual and group psychotherapies and Internet-based interventions aim to treat PGD through loss-focused tasks (e.g., confronting stimuli that serve as reminders of the loss, such as photos of the deceased) and restoration-focused tasks (e.g., increasingly reengaging with pleasurable activities and meaningful relationships). Although most people with PGD do not seek treatment, these interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms and helping individuals with PGD process the loss and move forward in life.