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Assessment and management of cancer pain in the cognitively impaired elderly.

Cancer pain in the cognitively impaired elderly is a challenging problem for clinicians. Nursing and medical literature on the subject is sparse because the problem has not been adequately studied. This article presents strategies for assessment and management when the older adult has cancer and cognitive impairment. Traditional, pharmacologic, and alternative therapies are reviewed. Common etiologies for pain and confusion also are presented.