{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.021463414634146343, 'fraction_numerical': 0.004878048780487805, 'mean_word_length': 5.493670886075949, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Mediastinoscopy with Special Reference to the Diagnosis of Sarcoid

Since its introduction in 1957 by Dr. Eric Carlens," midline mediastinoscopy has been a significant diagnostic advancement in the evaluation of intrathoracic disease. Further, this surgical endoscopic procedure has proved of particular value in the diagnosis of sarcoid. Classically the mediastinum is divided into the superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum (Fig. 1). The term mediastinoscopy is misleading for it implies an examination of the entire mediastinum." Exploration under the original Carlens technique is restricted to the paratracheal region. This begins in the anterior cervical area, traverses the superior mediastinum behind the great vessels, and descends obliquely and posteriorly to the posterior portion of the middle mediastinum at the level of the subcarina. The validity of this limited approach, of course, lies in the fact that peripheral pulmonary lesions drain toward the hilum and hence to the paratracheal region."