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Valvular heart disease

Traditionally, sex differences in valvular heart disease have been described as those related to the epidemiologic predominance of rheumatic heart disease in women, particularly as exacerbated by the physiologic alterations during pregnancy. However, it has been recently recognized that valvular heart disease manifestations, and responses to interventions, demonstrate sex-specific differences in presentation, treatments, and outcomes in women when compared to men. Smaller anatomic size may contribute to some of these differences, but primarily as yet undetermined factors appear to be causative.