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The Marine Physical Laboratory at Scripps

in parallel with the maintenance of a much larger inhouse research establishment than that which had existed before the war. Both the academic and Navy communities were motivated by the probability that the USSR would, as they did, initiate an energetic development of submarine capabilities built on technology and personnel drawn from Germany. The key scientist at this point was Carl Eckart, an eminent theoretical physicist who had come from the University of Chicago to head the theoretical efforts of UCDWR (Figure 1). Eckart directed UCDWR during its closing days, editing the laboratory’s final report, which ably summarized the newly gained knowledge while noting the underwater-acoustics challenges that lay ahead (Eckart, 1946). Most of the UCDWR personnel and their programs were taken over by the newly formed Navy Electronics Laboratory, but Eckart foresaw the essential role that a small parallel academic unit could play and was personally interested in many of the newly opening vistas. This view was shared by Roger Revelle, then still on active duty as an officer in the sonar development component of the Navy’s Bureau of Ships. The result was an exchange of letters between the chief of the bureau and the president of the University of California, which led directly to the establishment of MPL in mid1946 as a research unit of the university with a subsequent allocation of three tenured faculty billets. The Navy provided space and facilities in the Navy Electronics Laboratory on Point Loma, facing San Diego Bay. Eckart had a multifaceted vision for the laboratory. He realized that studies of sound in the sea really meant a study of the ocean environment and could thus produce not only new sonar systems but also new understanding of the environment itself. This led to his bringing Russell Raitt with him from UCDWR. Raitt was a geophysicist interested in using acoustics to understand the nature of the earth’s crust as viewed from an oceanic perspective. Eckart also had become fascinated with immediate challenges that wartime work had raised, focusing on two emerging problems. One was the question of the anomalously high sound As Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) celebrates 100 years, its oldest research unit, the Marine Physical Laboratory (MPL), turns 57, still carrying on the tradition of leading innovation in seagoing, experiment-oriented efforts to unravel the secrets of the ocean and the subsea environment. The emphasis at MPL in the early years was on ocean acoustics and geophysics/geology. Though its research base has expanded to include physical and biological oceanography and atmospheric and ocean optics research, acoustics and signal processing still play a central role as subjects of research and as methods of ocean exploration and imaging. Over more than a half century of existence, the emphasis at MPL is still on ocean observation and exploratory research with the parallel development of unique technology to carry out this research.