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Hana and the Low Chronology*

The ancient Syrian land of Hana is of clear importance for the larger question of chronology in the ancient Near East. This region is the source of a sequence of related legal documents, the earliest of which were drawn up during the Old Babylonian period, and the latest of which are dated with eponyms of the Middle Assyrian kings Tukulti-Ninurta I and Tiglath-Pileser I. Although only a few dozen of these documents have been found, they would presumably span the controversial “dark age” of the sixteenth century b.c.e. if the Middle Chronology were correct. Alternatively, they could provide support for a Low Chronology in which the Old Babylonian period was immediately followed by the beginning of the kingdom of Mittani. In past publications, I have maintained that the Hana evidence supports the Middle Chronology (or some approximation thereof), but several scholars such as M. Dietrich and E. von Dassow have not been persuaded by these arguments, especially since they seem to conflict with the dates of the kings of Alalah.1