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Role of developmental factors in the switch from pyruvate to glucose as the major exogenous energy substrate in the preimplantation mouse embryo.

Preimplantation mouse embryos, cultured in vitro and those freshly flushed from the reproductive tract, exhibit a switch in energy substrate preference, from pyruvate during the early preimplantation stages, to glucose at the blastocyst stage. Although the biochemical basis of this phenomenon is quite well characterized, its timing and possible association with developmental factors have not been considered. We have therefore examined the role of five developmental factors in determining the timing of the switch, namely: (1) embryo age (in hours post hCG); (2) developmental stage; (3) cytokinesis; (4) cell number; and (5) activation of the embryonic genome. One-cell embryos, which develop more slowly than 2-cell embryos in vitro, were used to investigate the role of embryo age and developmental stage. Cytochalasin D, which inhibits cytokinesis and delays the timing of compaction and cavitation, was used to investigate the role of cell division and developmental stage. Finally, transcription of the embryonic genome was examined with the inhibitor, alpha-amanitin. Pyruvate and glucose consumption by single embryos were measured using a noninvasive ultramicrofluorometric technique. The results showed that the timing of the switch in energy substrate preference is precisely regulated in the mouse preimplantation embryo. Activation of the embryonic genome is a prerequisite for the switch and its timing is closely associated with developmental stage, specifically compaction and/or cavitation. Cell number, cytokinesis and embryo age appeared to be unrelated to the timing of the switch. These conclusions may well be extrapolated to other species, since an increase in net glucose uptake, if not always at the expense of pyruvate, is a feature of preimplantation embryo metabolism in all mammals studied.