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Under-explored dimensions in spatial sound

An introduction to spatial sound in the context of hypermedia, interactive multimedia, and virtual reality is presented. Basic principals of relevant physics and psychophysics are reviewed (ITDs: interaural time differences, IIDs: interaural intensity differences, and frequency-dependent attenuation capturable by transfer functions). Modeling of sources and sinks (listeners) elaborates such models to include such as intensity, radiation, distance attenuation & filtering, and reflections & reverberation. Display systems---headphones and headsets, loudspeakers, nearphones, stereo, home theater and other surround systems, discrete speaker systems, speaker arrays, WFS (wave field synthesis), and spatially immersive displays---are described. Distributed applications are surveyed, including stereotelephony, chat-spaces, and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), with references to immersive virtual environments.