{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.00807899461400359, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0026929982046678637, 'mean_word_length': 5.716867469879518, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Judging Salomon: Corporate Personality and the Growth of British Capitalism in a Comparative Perspective

British business in the second half of the nineteenth century was characterised by the continued predominance of small private firms at a time when competing nations such as Germany and the United States were more commonly embracing large corporations. Alfred Chandler has contrasted personal capitalism in Britain with competitive managerial capitalism in America and attributes the alleged poor performance of British business and, through it, national rates of economic growth to the uncompetitive small family firm.1 Applying internalisation and transaction cost analysis he argues that such firms failed to achieve economies of scale and scope or to develop sophisticated administrative hierarchies managed by tiers of professional executives, features increasingly common in America by the end of the nineteenth century.2 An alternative tradition has used the economics of information and the networks paradigm to argue for the benefits of small-scale cooperative capitalism in both Britain and Japan.3