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Proteomics special issue: Precision immunology and oncology

Precision medicine harnesses genetic and molecular profiling technologies to improve the efficiency or therapeutic benefit of various therapeutics for specific groups of patients and ultimately for individuals. For example, in precision oncology, specific genetic and molecular variations present in individual tumours can be targeted for various therapeutic strategies and the responsiveness of the tumour to various drugs analysed or predicted prior to treatment of the patient. Likewise, the tremendous genetic polymorphism exhibited in the receptors that control immune responses not only to a variety of pathogens but also to tumour dictates precision-based approaches to stratify and target immunemediated treatments. Precision immunology aims to select targets from the host, the immune system, viral or tumour-specific factors for immunotherapy. While precision immunology was born out of the need to generate new targets for immunotherapy in cancer [1], its applications extend to battling autoimmune, viral and bacterial infections. The key advantage of precision immunology goes beyond identification of disease specific biomarkers for therapy, it leads to deeper understanding of the immune system in health and disease. One powerful way of identifying novel targets, immunopeptidomics, is the study of naturally presented ligands of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules. HLA molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells in the body and present antigens in the form of peptides, lipids or other small molecules to the immune system. This mode of antigen presentation lends itself to broad immunosurveillance by Tlymphocytes (T-cells) which can recognize the HLA molecules and the antigenic peptide presented to elicit an appropriate immune response. The HLA complexes loaded with disease-specific peptides thus convey the state of cellular health to immune system making them attractive targets for precision immunology (Figure 1).