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Where Troubadours Were Bishops. The Occitania of Folc of Marseille (1150-1231) (review)

Nicole Schulman brings together what are often dispersed materials on different aspects ofthe career ofa single late-twelfth/ early-thirteenth century individual, Fole ofMarseille. Here (pp. 31 77) we have an account ofthe troubadour Fole, Fole the Cistercian and Fole the bishop of Toulouse. Schulman has also provided us with a series of texts and translations in her appendices (pp. 181278), which contain on facing pages the Occitan poems and her English translations, manuscript variants of the vidas and razos and a chronology and discussion ofFolc's dates. Schulman's notes and bibliography are extensive and it is clear that she has attempted to exhaust every possible source. This is a very welcome collection of materials and work of reference for those of us working on Cistercians in the Midi as well as those working on troubadours. It is, indeed a life of an Occitanian in context which can easily be placed alongside Fredric Cheyette's recent Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours. Fole is one ofseveral troubadours who eventually became Cistercians, and one of many Cistercians and others who convert as adults to the religious life in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries when conversion was all the rage in Western Europe. He seems to have been a bourgeois, possibly the son of a Genoese merchant in Marseilles, whose religious conversion led him to enter the Cistercian house of Ie Thoronet. Schulman's treatment of Fole the troubadour is rather limited in comparison to that of Fole the Cistercian or Fole the bishop, a fact that has much to do with the type and abundance of sources which become much more considerable for his years as bishop and campaigner against heresy. For the last years ofhis life, indeed for the period after Cistercians began preaching against the Cathar heretics, several chronicle accounts provide considerable mention ofFole. In her introduction