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Defining Internationally Protected Areas

According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), a “protected area” is “a geographically defined area, which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives.” This definition, which broadly reflects the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) definition of a protected area, should be viewed as the lowest common denominator for any definition of protected areas. From this lowest common denominator, approximately an additional 800 variations have been adduced to define protected areas. These definitions range from small parks in urban neighborhoods to areas of vast magnitude, some crossing national borders. This proliferation of standards has inevitably resulted in a multitude of national, regional and international regimes, thematic overlaps and clashes, and an ocean of acronyms, sometimes even within individual regimes. For example, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has the capacity to create what are commonly known as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which in reality are little more than traffic avoidance schemes, rather than no-resource extraction zones. These MPAs can establish “Special Areas” and “Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas,” or can create areas from which ship traffic is excluded. Although all of these options have a substantial overlap, they are