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Analytical Solutions of Fuzzy Linear Differential Equations in the Conformable Setting

In this paper, we provide the generalization of two predefined concepts under the name fuzzy conformable differential equations. We solve the fuzzy conformable ordinary differential equations under the strongly generalized conformable derivative. For the order Ψ, we use two methods. The first technique is to resolve a fuzzy conformable differential equation into two systems of differential equations according to the two types of derivatives. The second method solves fuzzy conformable differential equations of order Ψ by a variation of the constant formula. Moreover, we generalize our results to solve fuzzy conformable ordinary differential equations of a higher order. Further, we provide some examples in each section for the sake of demonstration of our results.


Introduction
Any or most of the data may sometimes be ambiguous when modeling real-world phenomena. The initial state may not be known, for instance, or knowledge about different parameters needed as part of the model may be uncertain. A natural way of modeling is fuzzy differential equations in this case.
The term "fuzzy differential equation" was coined in 1987 by Kandel and Byatt [1]. To study the solution of fuzzy initial and boundary value problems, we need the concept of derivative of fuzzy-valued functions [2]. The first attempt, in this case, was H-derivative, which had its starting point in the Hukuhara derivative of multi-valued functions and then extended for fuzzy-valued functions [3]. Using Hukuhara derivative, [4] and [5] started to develop the theory of fuzzy differential equations. But this technique had the disadvantage that it does not exist for all fuzzy-valued functions. Therefore, Bede [6] introduced a generalization of H-derivative based on the lateral type of derivatives called strongly generalized differentiability. This concept allows us to cope with the above-mentioned shortcomings. So we use this differentiability concept in the present paper.
Modeling with fuzzy differential equations can help us to understand our problem in a better way. Several authors have solved real-life problems with fuzzy differential equations. See for example, ( [7], [8], [9], [10]). There are almost 25 definitions of the fractional derivative. The most famous of them are Caputo and R-L derivatives. Both these definitions include integral in their definitions. These definitions inherit only linearity property from the usual derivative [11]. Therefore, the solution of differential equations is difficult to obtain using these definitions, see for example [12]. To overcome these disadvantages, Khalil [13] introduced a new definition of fractional derivative called conformable derivative. This new definition differs from other fractional derivatives and is similar to the classical one. Fractional derivatives have no geometrical interpretation because of their non-local behavior but conformable derivative inherits the local behavior of the usual derivative and possesses the geometrical interpretation [14].
Conformal differential equations can best describe certain real-world phenomena ( [15], [16], [17], [18]). This is understandable because structures are typically not flawless and can be broken (such as friction, coercion, external forces, etc. and integer-order derivatives may not be appropriate to understand the state variables' trajectories because of this. We have infinite choices of derivative orders to consider by considering fractional derivatives, and with this, we can determine what the fractional differential equation is that we can use to model our phenomenon. For more research works and details on relevant concept, see for example ([19], [20], [21], [22], [23]).
Fuzzy conformable derivative of order Ψ was introduced by ([24], [25]) and used in [26] to solve fuzzy conformable differential equations. But they solved fuzzy differential equations with numerical techniques. In this paper, we have used the strongly generalized conformable derivative to solve fuzzy conformable differential equations. Moreover, we obtain solutions of higher-order fuzzy fractional differential equations of conformable type.
We arrange the rest of this article in the following form: Section 2 includes the basic concepts needed for the rest of the manuscript. In sections 3 to 5, we have solved the fuzzy conformable differential equations with different orders. In the end, we conclude the article with brief comments.

Basic Concepts
In this section, we will present the basic concepts which we will use in the major part of the article. A fuzzy set is a map η : R → [0, 1] which generalizes classical sets from {0, 1} to [0, 1] . A fuzzy number η is a fuzzy set that satisfies some additional properties of convexity, normality, upper-semicontinuity, and compact support. We use R Φ to denote the space of all real fuzzy numbers [27]. For 0 γ < 1, γ-cuts for a fuzzy number η is defined as (η, γ) = {v ∈ R : η(v) γ} . In γ-cuts form, the fuzzy number η is represented in the form (η, γ) = [(η * , γ) , (η * , γ)] . A triangular fuzzy number η, denoted by an ordered triple (a, b, c) , with the condition a b c. The γ-cuts associated with triangular fuzzy number 0 on the space of fuzzy numbers is defined as If η, υ ∈ R Φ , then addition on the space of fuzzy numbers by γ-cuts is defined as . The H-difference for two fuzzy numbers η and υ denoted by η υ and defined as a fuzzy number ω such that ω = η + υ. In γ-cuts form, H-difference for two fuzzy numbers η and υ has the form Now, we present the definition of the derivative, which we have to use in our paper to solve the fuzzy conformable differential equation [24].
A fuzzy-valued function Φ is called strongly generalized conformable differentiable We say that a fuzzy-valued function Φ is differentiable of type Mathematically, we express it as For a fuzzy-valued function Φ, the fuzzy conformable integral of order Ψ is defined as where integration is in fuzzy Riemann sense.
For a fuzzy-valued function Φ with the γ-cuts form If Φ * (v) , and Φ * (v) are conformable Riemann integrable, then Φ itself is fuzzy conformable Riemann integrable such that its integral is a fuzzy number and its integral is the integral of Φ * and Φ * expressed in the form Proof. We provide proof for the first case. The second case can be proved in a similar pattern.
The relationship between the strongly generalized conformable derivative and conformable derivative allows us to have the following Using the relationship between Φ and Φ * , Since derivative and integration are the inverse processes of each other, so cancel each other

Theorem 2.2. (Second Fundamental Theorem) For a fuzzy conformable integrable fuzzy-valued function
Proof. For proof, see [24]. Now we generalize the second fundamental theorem as follows: For a continuous fuzzy-valued function Φ pΨ , we have
Since a continuous fuzzy-valued function is fuzzy conformable integrable, so we have Thus we have

Fuzzy Conformable ODEs of Order Ψ
Now, we present the solution of fuzzy conformable solutions using the strongly generalized conformable derivative. We divide this section into two parts. In the first part, we show that the solution of the fuzzy conformable differential equation of order Ψ and the associated systems of differential equations are equivalent. In the second part, we solve the fuzzy conformable differential equation of order Ψ with the variation of the constant formula.
Consider the fuzzy conformable initial value problem of order Ψ in the form where Φ is a continuous fuzzy-valued function and η is a fuzzy number. Solution of the equation (3.1) can be determined in two possible ways: So the equation (3.1) can be translated into the following system of conformable differential equations: So equation (3.1) can be translated into the following system of conformable differential equations: If the solution obtained from the case (1) and case (2) is a valid fuzzy number, then we obtain the solution of the equation Definition 3.1. Consider a fuzzy-valued function such that both types of derivative exist for , then 1. If and its strongly generalized conformable derivative of type (Ψ-1) satisfy equation (3.1), then is called the solution of type (Ψ-1). 2. If and its strongly generalized conformable derivative of type (Ψ-2) satisfy equation (3.1), then is called the solution of type (Ψ-2).
Example 3.2. Consider a fuzzy conformable initial value problem of order Ψ Case 1: If Φ is differential of type (Ψ-1), then the equation (3.4) can be written in the following system of conformable differential equations of order Ψ Solving the above system of the conformable differential equations, we obtain the solution in the form Case 2: If Φ is differential of type (Ψ-2), then the equation (3.4) can be written in the following system of conformable differential equations of order Ψ Solving the above system of the conformable differential equations, we obtain the solution in the form
if Φ * and Φ * are equi-continuous and satisfy the Lipschitz condition, then the solution of equation (3.1) and both associated systems of conformable differential equations are equivalent.

Variation of Constant Formula
Now, we use the variation of the constant formula to solve the fuzzy conformable differential equations. For this, we take the fuzzy conformable initial value problem of order Ψ in the form where α ∈ R, υ is a fuzzy number and β is a continuous fuzzy-valued function. Now to solve the equation (3.5), we have three possibilities. We solve our problem with α > 0, α < 0, and α = 0.
(i) When Φ is differentiable of type (Ψ-1), then the equation (3.5) can be converted into the following system of conformable differential equations We can write the above system of conformable ordinary differential equations in the form So the above system obtains the form Using the variation of constant formula for conformable ordinary differential equations, we obtain the expression in the form A.Younus, M.Asif, U.Atta, T.Bashir, T.Abdeljawad / Analytical Solutions of Fuzzy ... 21 Conformable Maclaurin's of sinh v and cosh v helps us to obtain the form Thus for α < 0, we obtain the solution of equation (3.5) in the form must exist. Then this solution is differentiable of type (Ψ-1).
(ii) If Φ is differentiable of type (Ψ-2), then the solution of type (Ψ-2) has the form with the condition that H-difference must exist.

Case 2:
Now we take α > 0. Similar to case (1), we have two cases according to the two types of differentiability.
(i) If Φ is differentiable of type (Ψ-1), then the equation (3.5) can be changed into the following system of conformable differential equations Solving the above system of conformable differential equations, we obtain the solution of type (Ψ-1) in the form (3.7) (ii) If Φ is differentiable of type (Ψ-2), then we have the system of conformable differential equations in the form Solving the above system, we obtain the solution in the form The solution of type (Ψ-1) obtained has the form If H-difference exists, then the solution of type (Ψ-2) is of the form Remark 3.6. Note that solution of type (Ψ-1) always exists but the solution of type (Ψ-2) does not. It exists only when H-difference also exists.
Example 3.7. Consider fuzzy conformable initial value problem of order Ψ where η is a fuzzy number with γ-cuts We obtain the solution of type (Ψ-1) in the form and the solution of type (Ψ-2) is Taking Ψ = 1 2 in the above expression, we obtain the solution of type (Ψ-2) in the form

Fuzzy Conformable ODEs of Order 2Ψ
The general form of fuzzy conformable initial value problem of order 2Ψ is if υ and υ Ψ are differentiable of type (Ψ-1).
Proof. We provide the proof of case (1) only. Other cases can be proved similarly. Since a continuous fuzzy-valued function is integrable, so fuzzy conformable integral of Φ must exist. Now integrating both sides of the equation (4.1), we have Using the initial condition υ Ψ (0) = η 2 , we have, Taking integration again, we obtain Using the initial condition υ (0) = η 1 , we obtain our required result in the form Now we present the solution of fuzzy conformable initial value problem of order 2Ψ given by where α, β > 0,υ, ω ∈ R Φ , and η (v) is a continuos fuzzy-valued function.
is a solution of the type (Ψ-p), we translate the equation (4.2) into a system of conformable differential equations of order 2Ψ which is called a system of type (Ψ-p) for equation (4.2). System (Ψ-1) where Initial conditions η, υ, and ω are fuzzy numbers with γ-cuts We have four possibilities relative to the four types of differentiability.
1. Associated to the system (Ψ-1), we have the solution 2. Associated to the system (Ψ-2), we have the solution 3. Associated to the system (Ψ-3), we have the solution 4. Associated to the system (Ψ-4), we have the solution

Fuzzy Conformable ODEs of Order PΨ
Fuzzy conformable initial value problem of order pΨ corresponding to the fuzzy conformable differential equation of order pΨ is defined as (5.1) where v i and i are fuzzy numbers.

Theorem 5.2. For a continuous fuzzy-valued function
Proof. Since Φ is fuzzy conformable continuous, so fuzzy conformable integral of Φ must exist. The solution of the fuzzy conformable differential equation of order pΨ has the solution of the form , v Ψ (r) , · · · , v pΨ (r) dr, · · · , drr p(Ψ−1) . Now integrating both sides of the above expression, we obtain our required result.

Example 5.3. Consider fuzzy conformable initial value problem
where Initial conditions υ, and ω are fuzzy numbers with γ-cuts have the form Now, integrating on both sides of the equation (5.3), we have Now, we have four possibilities relative to the four types of differentiability.
1. If Φ (v) and Φ Ψ (v) both are differentiable of type (Ψ-1), then using Theorem 5.2, we have Now, solving the above equation, we have the solution in the form 2. If Φ (v) and Φ Ψ (v) both are differentiable of type (Ψ-2), then using Theorem 5.2, we have Now, solving the above equation, we have the solution in the form 3. If Φ (v) is differentiable of type (Ψ-1) and Φ Ψ (v) is differentiable of type (Ψ-2), then using Theorem 5.2, we have Now, solving the above equation, we have the solution in the form 4. If Φ (v) is differentiable of type (Ψ-2) and Φ Ψ (v) is differentiable of type (Ψ-1), then using Theorem 5.2, we have Now, solving the above equation, we have the solution in the form 2Ψ .

Conclusion and summary
We have used a newly defined conformable strongly generalized type derivative to solve fuzzy conformable ordinary differential equations of order Ψ, 2Ψ and then also generalized our results to solve fuzzy conformable differential equations of order pΨ. Also, we have defined relevant results on fuzzy conformable calculus which are needed to solve fuzzy conformable ordinary differential equations. It seems to be the first approach to solve fuzzy conformable ordinary differential equations with an analytical method. So we obtain the solution that has a decreasing length of support. Our future goal is to define the fuzzy conformable partial derivative and then use it to solve the fuzzy conformable partial differential equations.