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Multi-omics for Biomedical Applications

Multi-omics is a rising filed in omics science. Despite progress in the development of an appropriate single omics, in-particular for biomedical problem solving; the holistic look at the complex nature of the human cell, disease, and other biochemical pathways remain undiscovered. The multi-omics platform considered the most integrated system currently available to obtain and measure the biochemical data-driven information for biomedical problems. The current review will look at the factors that play important roles in the rise of the multiomics fields and its application in biomedical studies.


INTRODUCTION
Sometimes a few similar good things, when combined, can create a great outcome! The integrated omics or multi-omics has done this by opening up a holistic look at the biological system by combining multiple-omics systems [1]. The "Omes" table at Yale University records the first study with the "omics" keyword published in 1938 in Pubmed [2]. The expansion of the field was so rocketed and within a short period of time, the field now has a large number of branches includes genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and so on. The non-biological expansion of omics fields are also wide e.g. foodomics, volatolomics, phytochemomics, and many more. A search in the Scopus database using "omics" keyword during 2015-2019, has illustrated the trend of omics, based on 9342 documents-clearly showing the rise of this field. The main field of studies was dedicated to the biochemical and biomedical sciences whereas these studies were funded by the major world research organizations. During the last five years, almost a 40% increase in omics work was recorded. Among those, 20% of the studies were concentrated on the multi-omics approach, which is an indication of the expanding multi-omics field (Figure 1). In this mini-review, we will look at the important factors of the multi-omics field and then we'll discuss the applications of multi-omics for solving of biomedical problems.

Driving forces of multi-omics fields
One of the primary reasons for the expanding multi-omics fields during the last 10 years was the development of high-throughput and high-resolution technology for biological problem-solving [3]. One of the examples is expression array, a method to identify candidate marker genes of disease could generate an overwhelming amount of data of hundreds of thousands of genes in a single run [4]. A second important innovation was the development of high-resolution mass spectroscopy. The HR-MS has emerged with extensive identification power that has become an essential part of environmental, biochemical, and chemical sciences [5]. Figure 2 presents a schematic to show the application of the high-throughput and high-resolution methods in omics fields. The development of data science is the most critical and meaningful boost to the multi-omics field. The integration of the huge amount of data into a meaningful conclusion was not successful until the development of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and data science [6]. The author refers to multiple well-written reviews for more computer solutions serving the multi-omics field [6][7][8][9][10][11]. A few main challenges of computer solutions remain; limited biological knowledge guided integration and the heterogeneity of the data from different omics sources.

Application of Multi-omics in biomedical research • Cancer research
The multi-omics study investigates the cancer causative tumor associated with genetic background. An integrative genomic study showed evidence of the strong association between genetic status and multi-omics data for PCCs/PGLs type tumors (Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas) [12]. Karnovsky et al., used the multi-omics approach to classify the tumor subtypes which links the metabolomics and gene expression data [13]. A multi-omics study combining transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics profile of retinoblastoma cancer cell line has reported that 18 miRNAs possibly implicated with retinal cancer [14]. The breast cancer-causing gene association was tracked down using an integrative whole-genome copy number and expression data [15]. Identifying the survival rate of cancer -the relative time, patients would live after diagnose compare with healthy individuals, would improve the patients' care and treatment. Multi-omics approaches using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), miRNA sequencing (miR-NA-Seq), and methylation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) could predict the survival rate of the liver cancer with a deep learning-based model [16]. A Bayesian model for discovering prognostic cancer subtypes by integrating gene expression and copy number variation data was reported by Yuan et al. [17]. Using a multi-platform genomic data, a new model was reported to highly correlate with survival time in ovarian cancer patients [18].

• Chronic kidney disease
Integrative omics on the epithelial cells helps the diagnosis of progressive renal, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation. A gene expression data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) [19] and proteome data from Human Protein Atlas (HPA) [20] was used for a genotype-phenotype relationship in the human kidney [21]. The result indicates a total of 267 potential metabolic biomarkers for kidney-related diseases using a multi-omics model. There are several omics experimental datasets available to formulate the hypothesis for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Such as Urinary Pathway Knowledge Base (KUPKB) [22], Chronic Kidney Disease database (CKDdb) [23], and so on [24]. Brain Abundant Signal Protein 1 (BASP1) was identified as to modulate the albumin induced cellular death of kidney cell in a multi-omics study [25]. Authors have used albumin-induced BASP1 expression data and KUPKB database to find the association with patients with type 2 diabetes. A multi-omics study combining proteomics and metabolomics was reported to understand the vascular changes including the renal disease in diabetes mellitus arteriopathy [26]. The proteomics data were integrated with Gene Ontology (GO) for interactomics of metabolites and signaling pathway analysis. • Infectious disease Host-pathogen interaction in infectious disease is an important aspect for the understanding disease biomarkers, prognosis, and treatment [27]. Multi-omics studies were used in this field particularly tuberculosis (TB), autoimmune disease, and HIV. Genomics and transcriptomics were used to stimulate with Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS, influenza virus, or IFN-ß expression on human dendritic cells. A set of 121 genes were found associated with those exposures in that study [28]. The human macrophages and Staphylococcus aureus interactions in terms of proteomics and kinomics were studied. Authors have reported the major macrophage signaling pathways that are triggered by pathogens [29]. An interesting study used metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, or metabolomics application of multi-omics on the identification of probiotic candidates for the Chytridiomycosis and other emerging infectious diseases in wildlife [30]. A longitudinal multi-omics study was conducted on more than 100 healthy and pre-diabetics volunteers for 4 years to track the changes in transcriptomes, metabolomes, cytokines, and proteomes, as well as changes in the microbiome [31]. The result has broadened the understanding of the association between prediabetes biological stages and the identification of inflammation markers in immune signaling. A number of large scale association studies based on an omics platform to understand the pathophysiology of HIV have also been reported [32]. These studies help to understand the link between the complex HIV infection process and the interpretation of actionable therapeutic or diagnostic targets.
• Cardiac disease Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide [33]. Coronary heart disease has found associated with a group of 150 genomes in a large scale genomics study [34]. The expression of those genetic loci and the integration of multi-omics data transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, metabolome were reported in the literature [35]. A multi-omics study integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, and proteome study was conducted to evaluate their synergistic effect on the in-vitro cardiac hypertrophy model in mice [36]. That study identified 70 candidate disease signatures in the steady-state transcript and protein abundance. A genomic and transcriptomic study identified 3 master regulatory genes for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients in a population of Europe; Stockholm Atherosclerosis Gene Expression (STAGE) study [37]. Another study by Feng et al. utilized metabolomics and metagenomics to study the association of gut microbiota with the CAD risk. Another study found that GlcNAc-6-P, mannitol, and 15 plasma cholines were associated with a higher risk of CAD and showed a correlation of the Clostridium sp. and Streptococcus sp. in the intestine [38]. Diagnosis for myocardial dysfunction and heart failure is an important indicator for care and treatment control. A multi-omics study in myocardial tissue and blood has identified epigenetic regions and novel biomarkers for diagnosis of heart failure. The result has reported a set of 517 epigenetic loci and CpGs makers of the heart failure diagnosis [39]. A multi-omics study on CAD not only helps to understand the mechanism of genetic connection but also helps to identify the key drivers and pathways that contribute to the risk [35]. For example, an integrated network has been developed using genome-wide association studies and identified a set of 30 related to CAD [40].

• Others
The rise of the omics technologies over the last few years has lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of diet in metabolic regulation and overall health [41]. As a result, several papers integrating the multiple omics in nutritional research has been reported. Orotic acid-induced fatty liver disease was investigated using transcriptional and metabolic levels [42]. The study finding indicated a few metabolic pathways that demonstrate the association of orotic acid with fatty liver disease. Another example of the multi-omics Table 1. Application of multi-omics in the biomedical fields.

Disease
Omics technologies Objectives Ref.

Cancer Genomics and metabolomics
To classify the tumor subtypes [13] Retinal cancer Transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics To profile retinoblastoma cancer cell [14] Prognostics cancer Genomics and transcriptomics To discover prognostic cancer subtypes [17] Renal disorders Proteomics and metabolomics To correlate vascular changes in diabetics for renal disfunction [26] Infectious disease Genomics and transcriptomics To identify genes associated with E. coli, LPS, influenza virus, or IFN-β expression on human dendritic cells [28] Infectious disease Proteomics and kinomics To study the interaction between human macrophages and Staphylococcus aureus [29] Infectious disease

Metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics
To identify probiotic candidates for the Chytridiomycosis and other emerging infectious diseases in wildlife [30] Cardiac disease Genomics and transcriptomics To identify master regulatory genes for coronary artery disease [37] Cardiac disease Metabolomics and metagenomics To study the association of gut microbiota with the cardiac artery disease risk [38] Cardiac disease Multi-omics To identify epigenetic regions and novel biomarkers in myocardial tissue and blood for diagnosis of heart failure [39] Fatty liver disease Transcriptomics and metabolomics To investigate orotic acid-induced fatty liver disease. [42] Liver disease Metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics To evaluate of the effect of valproic acid in the liver. [43] Aging process Genomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, and transcriptomics To understand the human again process by molecular changes. [45] Aging process Genomics and transcriptomics To identify genes that are over-expressed and under-expressed with aging. [49] study by metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics is the evaluation of the effect of valproic acid in the liver. The result indicated a perturbation in glycogenolysis pathway by two proteins, glycogen phosphorylase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase different from the control [43]. Another nutritional multi-omics study explores the relation of arachidonate-enriched diet over the eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/docosahexaenoic (DHA) diet, to find any differential response on hepatic lipid metabolism [44]. Molecular changes during the aging process have an important significance in the preservation and treatment of the aging person. The multi-omics study that links genomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, and transcriptomics was used to understand the human again process [45]. The study showed the importance of the relationship between epigenetic factors such as histone modification and DNA methylation in aging [46]. A lipidomics study has suggested a strong association with lipid profile with the longevity [47]. On the other hand, an in-vitro study with rat brain has illustrated the dynamics of changes in the dark matter of the genome [48]. A combined genomic and transcriptomic study has revealed a set of 56 genes that are overexpressed with aging and 17 genes that are under-expressed with age [49].

Tools and methods used in the Multi-omics
Understanding complex biological problems remains a quest for many omics research.
With technological advances, we could now have a huge amount of data from different levels of probes for a better and comprehensive look of a disease. Although the integration of these heterogeneous data remains a major challenge in multi-omics fields, an immense effort by the data scientist and developer has been given. There are a number of different data integration methods and tools have been developed and applied to the multi-omics dataset ( Table 2). These tools are able to integrate DNA sequence, RNA expression, methylation patterns, genome, transcriptome, and proteome, and many more [50,51]. The web-based method for multi-omics data integration and visualization is a recent and modern approach to tackle data integration tools. This process allows users to create a job and submit the data to understand the interconnection between the multi-layer omics dataset. PaintOmics 3 could be an example [52]. This web tool uses the KEGG database to show the integration of the biological pathway. Another good example is the LinkedOmics, which have a billion data points combining mass spectrometry (MS)-based global proteomic and cancer genomic datasets. Users can explore the link between these datasets and generate hypotheses for experimental validation [53]. Table 2 lists a few other examples of these types of tools developed for multi-omics integration. The mathematical integration of the different sources of data with different noise levels, different variables, non-comparable data types, and many other data issues are also challenging in the multi-omics studies. A number of methods have been developed in this regard and mainly divided into two methods; 1) unsupervised data integrating, a method that does not assign the response variables before analysis and 2) supervised data integration, which assigns the response variables before the analysis [6] (Figure 3). Machine learning, Artificial intelligence, Bayesian method, Network-based analysis, Kernel method, and many more mathematical methods and their mathematical background have been reported in the literature [6,7]. The second consideration is the platform or software used for the data analysis. Some of these tools are based on web-servers, some on C++, R, Matlab, Python, and many more. This field of multi-omics method and tools are in the developmental stage and many new methods are appearing in the literature.

Future Perspectives
A growing number of multi-omics studies have been reported in the last couple of years, incorporating many different omics platforms, new technology, tools, and methods for data integration. The multi-omics process provided unprecedented utility and benefits that could not be provided by any single omics approach. This is now considered the most comprehensive and holistic approaches for analyzing the samples and understanding between multiples biological phenomena by visualization, linking multiple biological

PaintOmics 3
Web-based Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics [52] Web-rMKL Web-based, Java based NA; multiple omics data types [54] LinkedOmics Web-based Genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic [53] KeyPathwayMinerWeb Web-based Multiple-omics data types [55] iPath3.0 Web-based Metabolomics [56] GENEASE Web-based Genomics, reactomics and other cancer phenotypes [57] 3Omics Web-based Transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic [58] MixOmics R Transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, metagenomics [59] pathways, finding an association between genotypes and phenotypes, and many more. The omics platform has opened a new era in biomedical science and the combination of the multi-omics is considering the future in this field. As the multi-omics platform is getting more mature in terms of the tools and resources, it will facilitate the development of newer fields. Multi-omics will help to understand the link between the molecular and clinical characteristics of the disease, the discovery of biomarkers by pathway analysis, and observed the association from a large scale mechanistic study. The ongoing effort on the multi-omics and leveraging integrative strategies would further improve the application of this filed on the biomedical problems solving.

CONCLUSION
This mini-review provides a concise overview of the multi-omics platform. The motivation of the multi-omics, its application in biomedical problem solving has been discussed here. The omics platform integration tools and the methods that require special data science background have also been illustrated. The multi-omics is so far the most holistic analysis tool and would be the future of the omics fields.