{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.018606870229007633, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006202290076335878, 'mean_word_length': 5.553125, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Do we understand the personalized medicine paradigm?

Much has been made about the impeding arrival of personalized medicine: it is predicted to revolutionize health care and promises a bright new future in which people live longer and healthier lives. The concept of personalized medicine and the expectations it raises are based on recent advances in the life sciences—notably high‐throughput technologies and the various ‘omics’ that these have spawned—that could yield insights into how a given disease will progress for an individual patient. These high‐throughput analytical methods have begun to trigger an important drift in medical practice towards presymptomatic diagnosis and preventive medicine. However, the ultimate goal of personalized medicine with a strong focus on prevention and individualized care will require massive investment in both basic and translational research into the biology of disease. More money will then be required to translate this knowledge into benefits for patients, citizens and health care systems, and the implementation of these benefits will require drastic changes to the medical profession, to the public acceptance and understanding of medicine, and to how we train a new generation of scientists and physicians.

Biomedical research is quickly evolving to co‐opt other life science research fields into so‐called ‘big science’ projects. Research at this scale requires international collaboration, expensive infrastructure and technology, and interdisciplinary expertise to produce and analyse vast amounts of biological data. The starting point for these kinds of projects was the US$2 billion Human Genome Project that deciphered the nucleotide sequence of the human genome, followed by the Hap Map project, which catalogued the human genome haplotype map. Next was the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE), finished in 2007, which identified and analysed functional elements in the human genome. 2008 saw the launch of the Thousand Genome Project , with the goal of sequencing 1,000 different human genomes to map differences between them; …