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Optimum Design of Impulse Ventilation System in Underground Car Parking Basement by Using CFD Simulation

The most significant development in car park ventilation design has been the introduction of Impulse Ventilation. It is an innovative alternative to traditional systems and provides a number of significant benefits. The ventilation of car parks is essential for removing vehicle exhausts Fumes and smoke in case of fire containing harmful pollutants. So design of impulse systems is usually proven by use of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) analysis. In this study considered one of the car parking basement which is in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and study was conducted by using ANSYS-Fluent. The field study was carried to collect the actual data of boundary conditions for CFD simulation. In this study, two Cases of jet fan smoke ventilation systems were considered, one has 8 jet fans according to the customer and another one has 11 jet fans which positions were changed accordingly. Base on the comparison of simulation data, ventilation system with 11 jet fans can help to improve the evacuation of fumes in the car parking area and it is also observed that the concentration of CO minimized within 15 minutes. *Corresponding author: Lakamana Umamaheswararao, Design and Development Engineer, Saudi Fan Industries, KSA, Tel: 966138121282; E-mail: um@refhouse.com Received November 15, 2017; Accepted November 27, 2017; Published December 04, 2017 Citation: Umamaheswararao L (2017) Optimum Design of Impulse Ventilation System in Underground Car Parking Basement by Using CFD Simulation. Ind Eng Manage 6: 238. doi:10.4172/2169-0316.1000238 Copyright: © 2017 Umamaheswararao L. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Introduction
The most significant development in car park ventilation design has been the introduction of Impulse Ventilation. It is an innovative alternative to traditional systems and provides a number of significant benefits. An Impulse Ventilation System is based on a number of small high velocity jet fans that either replace traditional distribution ductwork in closed car parks or increase cross-flow ventilation in open car parks. The ventilation of car parks is essential for removing vehicle exhaust fumes containing harmful pollutants. Some of these pollutants include Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrous Oxides (NOX), Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) and heavy metal compounds.
Ventilation systems for car parks and service areas are required to achieve two objectives. Firstly, when the car park or service area is in general use, it is important that the exhaust gases produced by vehicles are effectively removed and that there are no pockets of stagnant air. Secondly, in the event of a fire, assistance needs to be given to the Fire Service to clear smoke from the car park during and after the fire. Therefore, it is important to study the design of ventilation system in the enclosed car parking areas.
In early age of construction, the most of building related issues such as ventilation analysis, wind loading, wind environment etc. were conducted by the wind tunnel tests, but today all these test can be done effectively with CFD technique [1]. CFD technique can resolve all above mentioned issues in very short time period and it is very economical as well as strong approach than the older one (experimental).

Methods
In this study impulse ventilation system was designed according to the standards, the basic requirements that ventilation system will provide 6 air changes per hour (ACH) for general ventilation on all levels and 10 ACH on the fire floor in the event of a fire [2]. The system should be capable of operating at temperatures of up to 300°C for 60 minutes and ductwork and fixings should be made from materials that have a melting point above 800°C [2]. The system should have at least 2 extract fans, each providing 50% of the extract, with a secondary power supply to operate in the event of a mains power failure [3]. Extract points should be designed with 50% of the outlets at high level and 50% at low level [3].
The CFD model accounted for columns, beams, internal walls and other construction elements which could form an obstruction to the air flow as shown in Figure 1 and total car parking area is 3500 m 2 . The ventilation system should inject an even amount of air across the car park in order to evacuate the smoke plume downstream of the fire and the source of the fire is car as mentioned in Figure 1. Computational approach carried in such a way that steady state CFD analysis on a car parking area with mass and energy equation. k-ɛ two-equation turbulence model was used for modelling turbulent flow. After steady state analysis performed species analysis in transient condition. All equations are activated and ran parallel with species equation. Appropriate species mass fraction was entered as per client input data. Transient simulation was performed for 15 minutes. Species Transport approach was used for modelling smoke. Energy equation and S2S radiation model were solved to account for the heat release.
Here CFD simulation was performed on the design of car parking basement of AMC Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. CFD study for car park basement to determine the optimal locations and the performance of the fans in evacuating the smoke in the event of a fire. So here the study of CFD was performed in two Cases as follows: Case I: Location and number of fans according to the customer are 8 Jet fans as shown in Figure 2.
Case II: Location of the fans based on the results obtained from Case 1 CFD simulation results and increased number fans to 11 as shown in Figure 3.

Boundary Conditions
• Air inlet-pressure inlet with 0.23 O 2 mass fraction.
• Exhaust fans -Mass flow out with 27.56 kg/s which is equivalent to 22500 l/s. • Mass flow rate-mass flow with 0.1 kg and 10% CO in air mixture having 900 K temperature were produced by the fire explosion [4].
• Jet fans with 41 N thrust and temperature range up to +570 K [5].

Results
The complete simulation of the analysis is performed in two phases.

Phase-I
Performed steady state CFD analysis on a car parking area with mass, turbulence and energy equation. The effect of species flow is not considered as of now. This could be included in next phase. Understand flow profile and re-circulation zones in parking area. After the 1000 iterations of steady state analysis observed the flow pattern in both the cases as shown in Figure 4.

Phase-II
Performed transient CFD analysis with species analysis. All equations are activated and ran parallel with species equation. Transient simulation was performed for 15 minutes and found the temperature nearer jet fans is approximately 560 K, so it is under allowable temperature by manufacturer. Observed the temperature after 60 seconds fire exposure for case I is distributing left side area in the car parking and it is away from the exhaust room but in Case II the distribution of temperature is minimum as shown in Figure 5.
Here the smoke will be spreads over the car parking area after fire explosion and Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure accounts for the majority of total fire fatalities. Exposure to CO results in car oxyhemoglobin (COHb) uptake in the blood, which results in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood [6]. The ventilation designed to limit the concentration of carbon monoxide to not more than 50 parts per million or 0.005% averaged over an eight-hour period and peak concentrations, such as by ramps and exits, not to go above 100 parts per million for periods not exceeding 15 minutes [7][8][9][10]. So here evacuation of CO is taken as main criteria and simulated for 15 minutes and observed the results as follows (Figures 6-9).
At the time after 60 seconds CO was distributed in Case I scenario because flow direction of jet fans and CO concentration is reached 100 ppm after 450 seconds. In Case II the concentration of CO after 450     seconds is less than 50 ppm in the basement except nearer to fire zone. So as per the simulation results it is observed that CO concentration still remains after 900 seconds in Case I scenario but in Case II almost CO concentration evacuated from the car parking area [11][12][13][14][15].

Conclusions
In this study CFD can provide detailed prediction of air movement, temperature and smoke density throughout the car park. This level of detail cannot be provided by any other means. For this simulation real time boundary conditions taken from the AMC Hospital construction company and made discussions with the customer as per their requirement. According to that, recommended the proper design for the ventilation system. As per the customer point of view they required only 8 Jet fans and locations as per Case I but after the CFD analysis results not satisfactory. So we (Saudi Fan Industries) recommended 11 fans and optimum locations for smoke ventilation system. Obtained the less than 50 ppm of CO concentration nearer to fire location and makes visibility for fire frightening. So CFD analysis is a good method to demonstrate to approving authorities that the system is likely to perform satisfactorily.