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Impedance and Radiation Efficiency Measurements of Balanced Electrically Small Antennas

This paper presents the methodologies to measure accurately the input impedance and the radiation efficiency of balanced Electrically Small Antennas (ESAs). The workflow includes the measurement of the input impedance using a differential/balanced fixture, as well as the radiation efficiency using the original Wheeler Cap method. The WCap method is clarified to avoid the misuse of the method leading to errors in radiation efficiency estimation. A design and measurement example on a Capacitive Loaded Loop (CLL) ESA with ka=0.26 is presented.