{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.023255813953488372, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.359605911330049, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Global Techniques for Characterizing Phase Transformations – A Tutorial Review

To characterize phase transformations, it is necessary to get both local and global information. No experimental technique alone is capable of providing these two types of information. Local techniques are very useful to get information on morphology and chemistry but fail to deal with global information like phase fraction and size distribution since the analyzed volume is very limited. This is why, it is important to use, in parallel, global experimental techniques, that investigate the response of the whole sample to a stimulus (electrical, thermal, mechanical…). The aim of this paper is not to give an exhaustive list of all global experimental techniques, but to focus on a few examples of recent studies dealing with the characterization of phase transformations, namely (i) the measurement of the solubility limit of copper in iron, (ii) the tempering of martensite, (iii) the control of the crystallinity degree of a ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and (iii) a precipitation sequence in aluminum alloys. Along these examples, it will be emphasized that any global technique requires a calibration stage and some modeling to connect the measured signal with the investigated information.