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Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common and complex endocrine disorders affecting 10 to 15% of females in reproductive age [1]. It is often characterized by menstrual irregularities, oligo or an ovulation, acne, hirsutism, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries leading to an increase in risk for infertility [2,3]. In recent years about 50-70% of PCOS patients have glucose intolerance and insulin resistance responsible for multifactorial, heterogeneous and complex complications [4,5]. Incidence of PCOS is also linked to family history of diabetes mellitus –II and PCOS which further adds genetic factor in its occurrence [6]. It is well recognized that metabolic abnormalities in PCOS is majorly associated with increased basal glucagon and insulin due to parasympathetic stimulation of pancreatic islet cells5. Hyperglycemia stimulated excess, sustained hyper insulinemia is likely to precede to insulin resistance long before the appearance of clinical manifestations [4,7]. Development of insulin resistance in PCOS is proven to involve decreased glucose transport of adipocytes, decreased insulin receptor stimulation and hepatic clearance of insulin, increased pancreatic sensitivity and altered steroidogenesis [8,9,10]. Development of insulin resistance is a complex interaction of metabolic and pro-inflammatory mediators leads to defect in insulin binding to its receptor or to changes in insulin signal transmission [4,11]. On the other hand hyper insulinemia Abstract


Introduction
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common and complex endocrine disorders affecting 10 to 15% of females in reproductive age [1]. It is often characterized by menstrual irregularities, oligo or an ovulation, acne, hirsutism, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries leading to an increase in risk for infertility [2,3]. In recent years about 50-70% of PCOS patients have glucose intolerance and insulin resistance responsible for multifactorial, heterogeneous and complex complications [4,5]. Incidence of PCOS is also linked to family history of diabetes mellitus -II and PCOS which further adds genetic factor in its occurrence [6]. It is well recognized that metabolic abnormalities in PCOS is majorly associated with increased basal glucagon and insulin due to parasympathetic stimulation of pancreatic islet cells5. Hyperglycemia stimulated excess, sustained hyper insulinemia is likely to precede to insulin resistance long before the appearance of clinical manifestations [4,7]. Development of insulin resistance in PCOS is proven to involve decreased glucose transport of adipocytes, decreased insulin receptor stimulation and hepatic clearance of insulin, increased pancreatic sensitivity and altered steroidogenesis [8,9,10]. Development of insulin resistance is a complex interaction of metabolic and pro-inflammatory mediators leads to defect in insulin binding to its receptor or to changes in insulin signal transmission [4,11]. On the other hand hyper insulinemia Journal of Gynecology and Women's Health is believed to stimulate secretion of androgen in ovarian and adrenal glands leading to an increase in androgen levels followed by increased GnRH pulse frequency8. Persistent pulsating GnRH increase LH secretion consequently stimulating ovarian theca cells and relative decrease in FSH secretion [12].
Several studies have linked differences in pathogenesis of PCOS to different ethnic groups, familial and genetic predisposition [13]. A study on prevalence of diagnosed PCOS cases among women in Oman is similar to that of other countries however relationship between insulin activity and PCOS among infertile women is not yet studied [14]. We hypothesize that most reliable homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) of insulin resistance supported by inverse factor quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and fasting serum glucose to insulin ratio [15], will assist in understanding the basic mechanism and difference in activity of insulin in infertile women with PCOS and without PCOS. Primary objective of the present study was to investigate whether there is any difference in insulin resistance and sensitivity and to what extent in infertile PCOS and non-PCOS women.

Study design and participants
Present study was a clinical case control hospital based. Sample size was calculated based on the fact that about 150 new patients make visit to selected hospital per six months for infertility treatment. Considering 5% margin of error, two-sided 95% confidence level with a power of 80% and 50% response distribution the sample size calculated to be 109. Hence, we considered 132 total cases of which 66 PCOS cases and 66 non-PCOS as control matching in age and female infertility. Female infertility was defined as the failure to conceive fertility after a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Women diagnosed with PCOS defined in accordance to Rotterdam criteria [16]. Criteria of exclusion include women with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, liver failure, hyperprolactinemia, adrenal hyperplasia, diabetes, women receiving care with oral contraceptives, hypoglycaemics and anti-dyslipidaemics. Both group of patients visiting the study centre Al Bushra Medical Specialty Complex, Muscat -Oman were selected randomly.

Materials
In this study we used ELISA Insulin kits purchased from Wuhan Fine Biotech Co Ltd., China to estimate plasma insulin level, Plasma LH and FSH were estimated by using Electro chemiluminescence based Roche diagnostic kits. Skeletal muscle ratio and total body fat percentage were measured by using Omron HBF 375 Krada Scan Body Composition Monitor -Body Fat Analyzer22.

Family History Influencing Incidence of PCOS
We developed a data sheet to record obesity, diabetes mellitus-II, and PCOS history of patient's father, mother, sister, brother and others.

Insulin Activity
The overnight fasting plasma insulin level was measured by using ELISA Insulin kit by following the detailed manufacturer's instructions. The homeostatic model for insulin resistance (HOMA) was calculated by the formula glucose (mg/dL) x insulin (mU/mL)/405, fasting insulin resistance percentage was = (25 x Glucose/Insulin); Insulin sensitivity was determined by QUICKI method as QUICKI = [1/(log Ins + log Glu] [17]. Plasma LH and FSH was measured by using Roche Diagnostics, Germany diagnostic kits.

Skeletal Muscle and Body Fat Composition
Body fat and skeletal muscle composition was measured by following the instructions supplied by Omron Body Composition analyser. The skeletal muscle ratio was calculated by the formula (100 x skeletal muscle mass/body weight) whereas body fat percentage was computed by using the formula (100 x body fat mass/body weight) [18,19].

Medical Ethics
Study was initiated after seeking permission from Institutional Ethics Committee as well as the clinic. The study involves only those patients who signed a letter of consent to participate after specifying objectives, assurance of privacy, anonymity and confidentiality. All used and unused plasm specimens were sensibly disposed according to the biosafety and medical guidelines followed at clinic.

Statistical Analysis
The information collected from laboratory and data sheet were entered directly into SPSS version 23 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) and analyzed by using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation for continuous numerical data, and for categorical data percentage-frequency distribution were used. Mean between groups were compared with the t test and medians between them compared with the post-hoc Tuckey's test. Logistic regression were used to correlate insulin resistance and other factors. All findings are adjusted for covariates and logistic regression model was checked for collinearity. P values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

Family History Influencing Incidence of PCOS
Our results indicate that family history having obesity, DM-II + obesity, DM-II + PCOS, and DM-II + obesity+ PCOS have a different level of influence on incidence of PCOS compared to control group of patients. There is a highly significant (p<0.001) level of correlation in incidence of PCOS in patient having a family history of obesity, (DM-II + Obesity), and (DM-II + PCOS). Most common correlation was noted in a women having a history of PCOS in mother. We observed that 22.72% of PCOS cases have family history of obesity, whereas control group were having 7.57%. 16.67% of PCOS cases were having family history of DM-II + obesity whereas in control group it was 6.06% (Table 1 & Figure 1). These results indicates that positive family history with metabolic disorder such as diabetes mellitus-II, PCOS and obesity increase the risk for PCOS. Odds Ratio for PCOS with family history of PCOS and obesity was 1.445 and 1.823 times more than the control group respectively. Odds ratio for mother, father, sister and brother was 1.626, 1.515, 1.324, and 1.737 times that of control group respectively. Data was analyzed by multivariate analysis, OR, 95% CI and p value ***p<0.001.

Insulin Activity
Significantly (p<0.001) higher fasting plasma level of glucose was found in PCOS cases compared to normal. The mean fasting plasma glucose for control group was 90.17mg/dL compared to 101.18mg/dL in PCOS. The plasma insulin was very significantly (P<0.01) higher in PCOS than the control. Fasting insulin resistance in control group was 91.85 significantly (p<0.001) lower than 169.63 of PCOS group. Similarly, HOMA index in patients with PCOS was 10.25±7.5 significantly (p<0.001) higher than the control group of patients (6.04±4.4). Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in PCOS patients was significantly p<0.001 lower to 0.467±0.021 compared to 0.487±0.02 of control group. However, there is no significant difference in glucose/insulin ratio in PCOS and non-PCOS group of patients. Plasma LH level for control group was 5.54mIU/ mL and FSH was 5.9mIU/mL insignificantly lower than in PCOS cases compared to LH of 9.7mIU/mL and FSH of 7.4mIU/mL in control group (Table 2). Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of Insulin Resistance. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01.

Comparative Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Ratio
Results shows that the skeletal muscle to fat ratio was significantly (p<0.001) lower (35.72±9.19) in PCOS cases compared to 44.25±13.02 in normal control revealing defects in insulin signaling. A significant negative correlation (r -0.33, p<0.01) was seen between number of ovarian cysts and skeletal muscle ratio.

Discussion
Present study was envisaged with an objective to assess insulin resistance and sensitivity in infertile PCOS and non-PCOS infertile women. The objectives were achieved by most widely used research tools such as HOMA-IR, QUICKI, FIR, skeletal muscle ratio, total body fat and also estimating the level of LH and FSH14. Results obtained in this study are almost higher than reported by earlier studies involving only PCOS without infertility [20]. Results in our study shown significant level of incidence of PCOS in patients having family history of obesity, DM-II and PCOS at different levels. Most common correlation was noted in a women having a history of PCOS in mother. These results could be due to the fact that insulin resistance in these patients may be reprogrammed and inherit some of these features of their mothers [21]. Odds Ratio for PCOS with family history of PCOS and obesity was more than control group especially with history of mother compared to other family members. These results are in-line with the study describing decrease in insulin sensitivity only in woman with PCOS and family history of DM-II5. Previous studies reported a highly significant correlation in incidence of PCOS in patient having family history of diabetes mellitus -II, obesity and PCOS [17,22,23].
A prospective cohort of 118 hyperandrogenic women with PCOS who were followed from the age of [20][21][22][23][24][25], years at 5 year intervals for 20 years has shown a higher insulin and lower QUICKI [24]. Results obtained in our study clearly shows hyperglycemia followed by hyperinsulinemia in PCOS patients. Our results are in line with the study carried out in India among PCOS women from Delhi and Srinagar [25]. Mean values of FPG, FPG/insulin ratio, QUICKI indexes and HOMA were significantly higher among PCOS cases when compared with controls similar to the study reported earlier [26] and substantiating the very recently published research article [27,5].
The results from our study demonstrate that the wellestablished abnormalities in insulin action in infertile PCOS patients could be due to defect in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles. It has been demonstrated that the degree of insulin resistance in young women with PCOS was similar to that seen in middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes [9]. A significant negative correlation (r -0.33, p<0.01) was seen between number of ovarian cysts and skeletal muscle ratio. Insulin resistance in PCOS is associated with skeletal muscle activity as it is the major site of insulin mediated glucose disposal and ability to synthesize, convert and degrade androgens. Preserving insulin sensitivity depends on transport of glucose in myotubes [28].
We recommend the readers to consider the limitations of this study as it involves only infertile Omani women, selected randomly from a single hospital and hospital based population as control group. It is also important to note that the study was conducted only for six months by involving limited number of patients. The insight gained from this study have improved our understanding of the difference in activity of insulin in infertile women with PCOS and without PCOS. This study outcome can form the basis to provide concept in management of PCOS in infertile patients. Present study is an extension of previous studies [29,30], forming the basis for further studies, which can lead to the development of treatment that more directly targets higher insulin resistance, and hence reduce the risk of developing insulin resistance complications due to PCOS in infertile women.

Conclusion
Based on the results of this case control study we conclude that infertile women with PCOS and non-PCOS have higher insulin resistance, lower sensitivity to insulin with decreased skeletal muscle mass to total body fat. The insulin resistance seen in this study could be an inherited from family members having history of obesity, diabetes type II and PCOS in particular from mother. However, we recommend further studies by involving more patients, hospitals and regions of Oman for an extended period for concrete outcomes and their possible implementation in practice.