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Wave–current interaction with a vertical square cylinder at different Reynolds numbers

Large eddy simulation is performed to study three-dimensional wave–current interaction with a square cylinder at different Reynolds numbers, ranging from 1,000 to 600,000. The Keulegan–Carpenter number is relevantly a constant of 0.6 for all cases. The Strouhal number, the mean and the RMS values of the effective drag coefficient in the streamwise and transverse directions are computed for various Reynolds numbers, and the velocity of a representative point in the turbulent zone is simulated to find the turbulent feature. It is found that the wave–current interaction should be considered as three-dimensional flow when the Reynolds number is high; under wave–current effect, there exists a critical Reynolds number, and when the Reynolds number is smaller than the critical one, current effect on wave can be nearly neglected; conversely, with the Reynolds number increasing, wave–current–structure interaction is sensitive to the Reynolds number.


Introduction
In recent years, the highway and road systems have gone through a rapid expansion in China, resulting in the construction of many sea bridges. The piers of these bridges deep into sea must endure large wave forces and tidal actions. The high ocean waves and turbulent currents often cause the large vibration or deformation of bridges. The design for sea bridge piers relies on the accurate prediction of wave-current forces and vortex-shedding frequency. Accordingly, wave-current-structure interaction is a focus in the studies of coastal and offshore bridges.
Park et al. [1] used the linear potential theory to investigate the fully nonlinear wave-current-body interaction in terms of three-dimensional numerical tank. His study was based on weak current and no flow separation. However, in reality, flow separation will always occur even though the current is weak. Thus, in order to deal with the physical problems of wave-current-structure interactions, the turbulence closure model was developed. Deardorff [2] established a large eddy simulation (LES) model which solves the large-scale eddy motions and modeled the smallscale turbulent fluctuations to solve the turbulent flows with large Reynolds numbers. Sohankar [3] applied a LES model to studying flow interaction with a bluff body from moderate-to-high Reynolds numbers by employing two different sub-grid scale models, namely, the Smagorinsky and a dynamic one-equation models. Koo and Kim [4] investigated nonlinear wave-current interactions with fixed or freely floating bodies using a two-dimensional fullynonlinear numerical wave tank (NWT). Li and Lin [5] developed a two-dimensional numerical tank to simulate the coaction processes based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Cheng et al. [6] used the lattice Boltzmann method to simulate a two-dimensional incompressible linear shear flow over a square cylinder and investigated the effect of shear rate on the frequency of vortex shedding as well as the drag force. The complexities of flow and turbulence patterns as well as the pressure fields induced by the wave-current attacks require a threedimensional model to predict the deformation of piers of bridge structures. Vengadesan and Nakayama [7] evaluated turbulent flow over a square cylinder by employing three subgrid-scale SGS stress closure LES models. Lin and Li [8][9][10][11] used LES to study wave-current-body interaction, and obtained lots of significant revelations of nonlinear wave-current-body interactions. Tan [12,13] applied an LES model to simulate three-dimensional wave interaction with structures and studied wave-current-body interactions.
Based on the Navier-Stokes equation, the wave-generation method of defining inlet boundary conditions is applied in this article to build an LES model. The model is then used to study wave-current interaction with a vertical square cylinder for various Reynolds numbers. The drag force and vortex feature caused by the nonlinear wavecurrent-structure interaction are, respectively, numerically simulated with various high Reynolds numbers. The mean, RMS of drag coefficient and the Strouhal number which represent the vortex shedding frequency are calculated and compared.
2 Theoretical model

Model description
The governing equations for spatially averaged mean flow are as follows, which are obtained by filtering the classical Navier-Stokes equations [2]: where i = j = 1, 2, 3 represent the three directions of threedimensional fluid particle, the variables with overbars are spatially averaged quantities, q is the fluid density, g i is the gravitational acceleration in the ith component, u i is the mean velocity in the ith component, p is the filtered pressure, and s ij is the viscous stress of filtered velocity field. The subgrid scale tensors are defined by the difference of u i u j and u i u j produced from the filtering, which can be described by means of sub-grid Reynolds stress: The sub-grid model is solved based on the eddy viscosity model hypothesis; thus, the isotropic residual stress tensor is defined as follows: where k r ¼ 1 2 s R ij is residual kinetic energy, and d ij is Kronecker delta function. From Eq. (4), the isotropic residual stress tensor terms can be absorbed into the filtered pressure terms, i.e., By Substituting Eqs. (3)-(5) into Eq. (2), we transform the filtered momentum equation into The Smagorinsky sub-grid scale model [14] is applied to calculate s r ij , that is, where eddy viscosity coefficient ; Smagorinsky length scale L s = C s W, in which C s is the Smagorinsky model dimensionless coefficients ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 due to various calculating fluids. In this study, C s is taken to be 0.15, W is the length scale of minimum vortex, and W ¼ ðD x þ D y þ D z Þ 1=3 ; where D x ; D y ; D z are the grid spacings of x, y, and z directions. Thus, the LES momentum equations which are obtained by means of Smagorinsky sub-grid model without the filtered signs can be described as where c is the molecular viscous coefficient.
To trace the three-dimensional free surface transformation, the so-called r-coordinate transformation [15] is applied to map the irregular physical domain into a cube where the free surface and bottom boundary condition can be set precisely. In this study, operator-splitting method [16] is used to solve Eqs. (8) and (9).

Model validation
To validate the numerical model mentioned above, a threedimensional model is set up. The square cylinder is vertically located in a numerical wave-current basin with the dimension of 30 m 9 10 m 9 1 m. The still water depth is 1 m. The side length of square cylinder is 1 m 9 1 m, and its height is 1 m. The center of the cylinder is located at the centerline in the y direction and 10 m away from the left boundary. A uniform and undisturbed current with the speed of 0.22 m/s is set on the inflow boundary conditions; the corresponding Reynolds number is Re ¼ u 0 Â L=v ¼ 2:2 Â 10 4 : A nonuniform mesh system is used on the horizontal plan with the grids of 130 9 80. Near the square cylinder, the finest grids Dx ¼ Dy ¼ 0:005 m is deployed and coarser grids father away. In the vertical direction, the uniform grids are used, 20 grids in total. A timestep of Dt = 0.001 s is used in the computation. The computation time t is a dimensionless value by parameter l/u 0 , and force is a dimensionless value by parameter qu 2 0 : Totally 200 dimensionless t are calculated.
The time history curves of drag and lift coefficient are given in Fig. 1. The mean force coefficients (C d ), meansquare deviation of drag and lift coefficients (C 0 d and C 0 l ), and normalized shedding frequencies (Strouhal number St) are given in Table 1.
The data in Table 1 are analyzed from 100t to 200t (where t = t*u 0 /l) during which the turbulence has achieved full development. The corresponding numerical results are compared with Lyn's experiment results [17]. It can be seen from the comparison that the numerical result agrees with the experiment result well.

Model conditions
In this study, the three-dimensional wave-current interaction with a vertical square cylinder at various Reynolds numbers is investigated. The numerical model is the same as that of Sect. 2.2 (see Fig. 2a). Inflow boundary condition is generally set on the left side of computational domain where both free surface and velocities are provided based on either laboratory measurements or theoretical expression. Thus, a linear wave train with a wave period of 4 s and a wave height of 0.05 m together with the current is sent from the left boundary. The corresponding Reynolds number ranges from 1.0 9 10 4 to 6.0 9 10 5 and the current speeds from 0.001 to 0.6 m/s. The value of KC = u p T/L & 0.6. The right side of computational domain is set by radiation boundary that can absorb the wave and flow energy. On free surface, the zero normal and tangential stresses are enforced with zero pressure. On bottom or solid wall boundary, no-slip boundary is applied. A nonuniform mesh system is used on the horizontal plan with the grids of 130 9 80. Near the square cylinder, the finest grids Dx = Dy = 0.05 m are deployed and coarser grids father away. In the vertical direction, the uniform grids are used, 20 grids in total.  3 Results and discussions In Fig. 3, the calculated vorticity on the middle elevation at the same time moment t = 100 s for different Reynolds numbers is plotted as a gray scale color map. Two extreme cases of wave-only case (KC = 0.6) and current-only case (Re = 6.0 9 10 5 ) are also discussed. Figure 3a-c show that the current is so weak that its effect on wave can be neglected when Re is less than 1.5 9 10 5 . The flow is essentially symmetric about the Wave-current interaction with a vertical square cylinder 51 than Re critical ¼ u p L=v ¼ 1:5 Â 10 5 ; the effect of Reynolds number on wave is almost very little. The drag force and vortex form caused by wave-current interaction with KC = 0.6 as well as weak current are consistent with that of wave action only. Conversely, when the Reynolds number magnitude is the same as Re critical , the wavecurrent nonlinear interaction is obvious. Although with the same KC number, the trailing vortex forms differ from one another. With increasing the Reynolds number from 1.5 9 10 5 to 6.0 9 10 5 , the vortex form becomes more complicated; however, the separation point remains at the upstream corners at all times for different Reynolds numbers. From Fig. 3i-j, it is expected that the vortex feature under wave-current effect becomes much more Wave-current interaction with a vertical square cylinder 53 corresponding energy spectra with different Reynolds numbers have been presented in Figs. 4 and 5. From Fig. 4, when Reynolds number is smaller than Re critical , the drag coefficient, lift coefficient and corresponding energy spectra are the same as those of wave-only case. This again proves that the effect of current on wave is so little that it can be neglected when the corresponding Reynolds number achieves a critical value. However, when Reynolds number is bigger than Re critical , it is found that C dx and C dy have been increased with the Reynolds number increasing (see Fig. 5). The vortex shedding frequency increased as the Reynolds number increased. This fact can be verified from Fig. 5i-l which is obtained from the logarithmic spectrum of C dy . The streamwise velocity U, transverse velocity V, vertical velocity W at one representative point on the horizontal plane of middle elevation, namely, point I at x = 1.5 m and y = 0.0 m (as shown in Fig. 1 for its position) are depicted in Fig. 6. It gives the time histories of resolved velocity at this point for various Reynolds numbers. Reynolds numbers ranging from 3.0 9 10 5 to 6.0 9 10 5 are plotted to discover the patterns obviously in Fig. 6. From Fig. 6a-d, it is found that in the first ten periods, the turbulent forms of all cases are complicated. The higher the Reynolds number, the more significant the velocity fluctuation. From Fig. 6e-h, it is seen that vortex shedding period is decreased as Reynolds numbers increased. Another feature is that the vertical velocity (W) magnitude is increased because of the increasing of Reynolds number. Thus, vertical velocity W should be considered to wave-current interaction with high corresponding Reynolds numbers. It is of great importance to consider the wave-current as three-dimensional flow.
The variations of Strouhal number and effective drag coefficient under different Reynolds numbers are shown in Fig. 7 and Table 2. The vortex shedding frequency and the mean wave-current force are nearly close to zero for the case of Reynolds number smaller than 1.0 9 10 5 , which is the same as the wave-only case. As the Reynolds number increases, the Strouhal number, the mean force coefficient and the RMS of coefficients increase, and they all show the same variation tendency. It is expected that the mean ones, the RMS ones, and Strouhal number are all sensitive to various Reynolds numbers under wave-current effect. From Fig. 7d, it is found that the Strouhal number increases slightly for the higher Reynolds numbers ranging from 3.0 9 10 5 to 6.0 9 10 5 .

FEM simulation
Wave-current interaction with a vertical square cylinder is investigated numerically in this study. The results show as follows: (1) The vortex shedding frequency has been reduced because of wave-current nonlinear interaction. (2) When the corresponding Reynolds number is smaller than a critical one, current effect on wave can be nearly neglected.
(3) With the Reynolds number increasing, however, wave-current-structure interaction is sensitive to the Reynolds number; in this case, the effect of Reynolds number on the global quantities, the mean value, Wave-current interaction with a vertical square cylinder 55 RMS value of drag force coefficient and turbulent feature are much more obvious and unignorable. (4) The vertical velocity is increased with the Reynolds muber increasing, and the magnitude of it weighs against the streamwise velocity. Thus, it is of great importance to consider the wave-current interaction as three-dimensional flow.