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The Evolution of Early Phoenix: Valley Business Elite, Land Speculation, and the Emergence of Planning

Phoenix's evolution into one of the dominant metropolitan centers of the American Southwest was the combination of early federal policies, local initiatives, and, most important, the actions of several key business figures. Between 1885 and 1920, W. J. Murphy, Moses Sherman, Dwight Heard, and Benjamin Fowler used their connections to outside investors and federal politicians to advance the small city's promise and to individually profit from its growth. Political initiatives, such as establishing a reform-style government, commissioning a “City Beautiful” plan, and creating a plan commission, were outcomes of the city's early development that flowed directly from the actions of several business leaders. The case of Phoenix underscores how planning reflected the interests of a narrow segment of the political and economic interests of the city.