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Problem areas in computer security assessment

An important problem area in providing security in computer systems is to avoid excessively costly and constraining security practices while providing an adequate level of security. In addition, there are problems in determining an appropriate level of investment in techniques and practices which enhance security and in the measurement of returns on those investments, i.e., to what degree is security improved by any given technique?
 The resolution of these problems depends on the development of a capability for identifying and evaluating the risks of storing and processing sensitive data in imperfectly secure computing environments. This paper provides background information on security assessment, surveys recent work and the present status of computer security assessment, and identifies the research needed to move this field forward.