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To Be Singularly Nomadic or a Territorialized National: At the Crossroads of Francophone Women's Writing of the Maghreb

The terms "postcoloniality," "alterity," "nomadism," and "deterritorializing," as Homi K. Bhabha and Gayatri Spivak have brilliantly shown us, are familiarly used to represent the non-Western, nonwhite European, Othered novel of our era. The increasingly fluid theories and concepts that form postcolonial studies have generated several debates (certainly in the past ten to fifteen years) in which the term "postcolonial" has morphed into new meanings. The result of the deconstruction of the Western literary canon is that Others' literatures are now taught as integral, necessary components of literary programs. In the case of francophone literature from the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia), the time has passed when authors from this former French colonized region were, as Reda Bensmaia states, "scotomized," "blacked out" in the American academy, as lesser works of little merit. Nevertheless, these novels have found "their way into the American curriculum" (2003, 19). In the deconstructed era of world literature, many of the theories inherent in postcolonial literary studies have led to what Christopher Miller suggests is a powerful "conundrum" where the postcolonial francophone literary world is divided between "nationalists and nomads" (1998, 6). He explains that the nomadic group, composed of scholars who use a fluid theoretical framework (that is, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Edouard Glissant, Peter Hallward) to examine postcolonial texts of the francophone