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Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce in human hepatoma HepG2 cells acetylation of p53 and histones in correlation with apoptotic effects.

This report shows that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) induced apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Trichostatin A (TSA), ITF2357 and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), which were very effective agents, caused apoptotic effects after a lag phase of 12-16 h. In order to elucidate the mechanism of HDACIs action in HepG2 cells we have studied the effects of TSA, ITF2357 and SAHA on acetylation of p53 and histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. It was observed that HDACIs rapidly induced acetylation of these proteins, being the effects clearly visible already at 30 min of treatment at the same doses which caused apoptosis. Analysis of the immunocomplexes, obtained from nuclear extracts using an antibody against p53, revealed the presence of acetylated p53 together with acetylated forms of histones and histone acetyltransferases p300 and PCAF. Experiments performed using pifithrin-alpha, a reversible inhibitor of p53, showed a correlation between acetylation of p53 and induction of apoptosis. In addition treatment with siRNA against p53 indicated that p53 is involved in the acetylation of histones. In conclusion, this report suggests that complexes constituted by acetylated p53, acetylated histones and coactivators can play a central role in HDACI-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.