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Beyond low-inertia systems: Massive integration of grid-forming power converters in transmission grids

As renewable sources increasingly replace existing conventional generation, the dynamics of the grid drastically changes, posing new challenges for transmission system operations, but also arising new opportunities as converter-based generation is highly controllable in faster timescales. This paper investigates grid stability under the massive integration of grid-forming converters. We utilize detailed converter and synchronous machine models and describe frequency behavior under different penetration levels. First, we show that the transition from 0% to 100% can be achieved from a frequency stability point of view. This is achieved by retuning power system stabilizers at high penetration values. Second, we explore the evolution of the nadir and RoCoF for each generator as a function of the amount of inverter-based generation in the grid. This work sheds some light on two major challenges in low and noinertia systems: defining novel performance metrics that better characterize grid behaviour, and adapting present paradigms in PSS design.