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Protein and Nucleic Acid Sequence Database Systems.

Of all of the information in the life sciences, the chemical structures of the nucleic acids and proteins are among the most fundamental. Their importance is reflected by the large number of research workers currently involved in sequencing studies and the prodigious increase in this kind of information. Sequence data began to appear in the literature over 30 years ago. In 1953 the work of Sanger & Thompson (34) on bovine insulin provided the first complete amino acid sequence of a well-defined protein, and in 1965 the work of Holley et al (21) on yeast alanine transfer RNA provided the first complete nucleotide sequence. Major breakthroughs in nucleic acid sequencing methods occurred in the mid seventies with the development of the methods of Maxam & Gilbert (25) and Sanger and co­ workers (32, 33). The information explosion in this area of science is clearly demonstrated by the fact that, in the 13 years from 1965 to 1978, sequences totaling approximately 12,000 nucleotides were published. In the four years since 1978, sequences totaling over one million nucleotides have appeared in roughly 1,200 scientific papers. The amount of nucleic acid sequence data is doubling each year, and the amount of protein sequence data, including structures translated from nucleic acid coding regions, is doubling every four years. This well-defined, experimentally reproducible protein and nucleic acid sequence information is valuable in many fields such as genetics, biology, biochemistry, medicine, pharmacology, and agriculture as well as in biotechnology and genetic engineering. It is important that the molecular sequence information be readily available to scientists and researchers in these fields. The scope and pace of current sequencing activities make it advisable to maintain complete, currently correct, and critically reviewed