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3D-rendered Electromechanical Wave Imaging for Localization of Accessory Pathways in Wolff-Parkinson-White Minors*

Arrhythmia localization prior to catheter ablation is critical for clinical decision making and treatment planning. The current standard lies in 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation, but this method is non-specific and anatomically limited. Accurate localization requires intracardiac catheter mapping prior to ablation. Electromechanical Wave Imaging (EWI) is a high frame-rate ultrasound modality capable of non-invasively mapping the electromechanical activation in all cardiac chambers in vivo. In this study, we evaluate 3D-rendered EWI as a technique for consistently localizing the accessory pathway (AP) in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pediatric patients. A 2000 Hz EWI diverging sequence was used to transthoracically image 13 patients with evidence of ECG pre-excitation, immediately prior to catheter ablation and after successful ablation whenever possible. 3D-rendered activation maps were generated by co-registering and interpolating the 4 resulting multi-2D isochrones. A blinded electrophysiologist predicted the AP location on 12-lead ECG prior to ablation. Double-blinded EWI isochrones and clinician assessments were compared to the successful ablation site as confirmed by intracardiac mapping using a segmented template of the heart with 19 ventricular regions. 3D-rendered EWI was shown capable of consistently localizing AP in all the WPW cases. Clinical ECG interpretation correctly predicted the origin with an accuracy of 53.8%, respectively 84.6% when considering predictions in immediately adjacent segments correct. Our method was also capable of assessing the difference in activation pattern from before to after successful ablation on the same patient. These findings indicate that EWI could inform current diagnosis and expedite treatment planning of WPW ablation procedures.