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ANTI‐NEOPLASTIC EFFECTS OF METFORMIN AGAINST RENAL CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA

Renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC) is the most common and lethal form of urological cancer diagnosed globally. Mutation of Von‐Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppresser gene and the resultant overexpression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha (HIF‐1α) protein promotes cell proliferation, angiogenesis and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and leads to RCCC progression and metastasis. Moreover, cancer drug resistance continues to be a major impediment to the treatment of RCCC. Metformin, an activator of AMP‐activated kinase (AMPK), is primarily prescribed for the management of type‐2 diabetes; nonetheless, emerging studies suggest that metformin exerts anti‐neoplastic effects in various types of cancers. Thus, the objectives of this study were to investigate metformin's antineoplastic effects and the signaling pathways modulated by metformin in RCCC using a human renal carcinoma cell line ‐ Caki‐2.