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Depression and conduct disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the literature.

The psychological literature presents three explanatory models of the relationship between childhood or adolescent depression and conduct disorders: (1) a direct causal relationship; (2) an indirect causal relationship, involving a third set of variables (i.e., personality disorders and developmental deficits); and (3) the "final common pathway" hypothesis, which derives a relationship ex post facto. Each of these models has dominated the literature at a different period, each was affected by different research purposes, and each in turn influenced further research. The author describes and critiques the three models and concludes with suggestions for further exploration in the areas of theory and etiology, research, diagnosis, and treatment.