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Deep Ocean Response to Hurricanes as Revealed by an Ocean Model with Free Surface. Part I: Axisymmetric Case

Abstract An axisymmetric, hydrostatic ocean model containing a rigid bottom and a free surface is constructed to study the barotropic and baroclinic response in the upper and deep ocean to a wind stress corresponding to a stationary tropical cyclone. The numerical model covers a domain of 800 km and 1475 m in r- and z-directions, respectively, with a uniform radial resolution of 20 km and a stretched vertical resolution from 5 to 54 m. The vertical mixing is parameterized based on a local Richardson number and a mixing length. The model ocean is spun up with the wind stress of Hurricane Eloise. A strong tangential circulation develops that extends to the ocean floor with a maximum speed of 1.2 m s−1 at the surface. The circulation on the r-z plane, which also extends to the ocean floor, oscillates with time with a maximum upwelling of 0.1 cm s−1 at the center. Surface height has a maximum depression of 57 cm. The deep overturning causes density changes deep in the ocean. A maximum temperature decrease of ...