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Nascent Proletarians: Class Formation in Post-Revolutionary France. By Michael P. Hanagan. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Pp. x, 243. $34.95

Michael Hanagan has written an ambitious and exciting work that should be read by all scholars interested in the development of modern Europe. Returning to the cradle of the French Industrial Revolution, the Stephanois region around Saint-Etienne and the site of his earlier work The Logic of Solidarity (Champaign, 1980), Hanagan uncovers the roots of working-class solidarity in the struggles of workers to establish themselves and their families in new industrial cities. By viewing workers as family members, he provides new insight into the appeal of radical ideologies and social programs. Behind late nineteenth-century labor strife in the Stephanois, Hanagan argues, was a struggle over the reproduction of labor and the training of a new generation of semiskilled industrial workers. In the course of the Industrial Revolution, Stephanois capitalists had sought out new technologies to subdivide the labor process and thereby overcome the power of restrictive craft unions. They created a new class of workers, semiskilled laborers who lacked the artisans' general training but had the specific knowledge needed to operate the machinery of modern industry. Portrayed as modern and efficient in contrast with traditional artisans, these workers were peculiarly dependent on their employers because they could use their training only in their employers' establishments. Dependency worked two ways, however, because the employers needed their workers'job-specific skills to operate their ever larger and more expensive capital stock. Employers thus came to fear the flux of a free labor market and sought to fragment the market by tying workers to their jobs through paternalist measures. These included employer-sponsored insurance programs that rewarded long job tenure as well as training programs for the workers' children, to create a new generation of semiskilled workers.