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Hindbrain Actions of Cocaine‐ and Amphetamine‐Regulated transcript Peptide (CART) Revealed by Meal Pattern Analysis

CART is expressed in central nervous system (CNS) sites known to be important in the control of food intake, including the hypothalamus and hindbrain, as well as in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve whose central projections terminate in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), an important site for peripheral feedback controlling appetite and associated motivated behaviors. Numerous groups, including ours, have demonstrated that CART inhibited food intake when administered i.c.v. in rats. In addition, others have demonstrated that central administration of antibodies to CART peptides increased feeding. These studies established the potential for endogenously produced CART peptides to be physiologically relevant regulators of food intake and overall glucose homeostasis. Those pharmacologically‐based studies were corroborated by experiments using CART knockout animals and human studies which identified CART SNPs associated with metabolic dysfunction. Like other centrally‐expressed anorexigenic peptides, CART exhibits functional changes in expression depending on metabolic status. In particular, CART expression is reduced in the fasted state, but returns to baseline levels upon refeeding, an effect that is conserved across multiple species. Combined, these findings suggest a critical role of CART in appetite regulation.