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The Implications of Individual Campaigns, Elections, and Clientelism for Ethnic-Party Behavior

This chapter discusses some of the implications of the findings of the previous chapters, not only for the Pachakutik party and the indigenous movement, but for all niche parties competing in developing democracies. While ethnic parties certainly provide opportunities for increased indigenous representation, their involvement in the political arena has produced some troubling results. In particular, the chapter focuses on the fragmentation of Pachakutik, the apparent decline in support among the indigenous population, and the reliance on patronage within campaigns as indications of ethnic-party struggles. The chapter also argues that the anticipated positive effects of ethnic parties may be tempered by the barriers they face to achieving their goals of substantive representation within the formal political arena. In the process, the analysis shows how these findings fill a gap in the literatures on ethnic politics, institutions, and party evolution.