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Sorafenib induces endometrial carcinoma apoptosis by inhibiting Elk‐1‐dependent Mcl‐1 transcription and inducing Akt/GSK3β‐dependent protein degradation

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is one of the main gynecologic malignancies affecting women, but effective treatments are currently lacking. In the present study, we investigated the effect of sorafenib, a general kinase inhibitor, on several EC cell lines (HEC1A, HEC1B, and RL95‐2). Sorafenib induced cell death in EC cells with the following order of sensitivity: HEC1A > HEC1B > RL95‐2. Sorafenib suppressed several anti‐apoptotic proteins in HEC1A cells, including myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl‐1). Ectopic overexpression of Mcl‐1 prevented the cell killing effect of sorafenib. Sorafenib suppressed Mcl‐1 at the gene transactivation level by inactivating the ERK/Elk‐1 pathway. Accordingly, the inhibitory effect of sorafenib on Mcl‐1 expression decreased following knockdown of Elk‐1 using short‐hairpin RNA (shRNA). Elk‐1 overexpression rescued both the inhibitory effect of sorafenib on Mcl‐1 expression and the cell killing effect of sorafenib. Furthermore, sorafenib reduced the stability of the Mcl‐1 protein by enhancing its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome via the AKT/GSK3β and the ERK pathways. Similar results were detected in other EC cell lines. These results indicate that sorafenib induces apoptosis in EC cells by down‐regulating the anti‐apoptotic protein Mcl‐1 via transcriptional inhibition and protein degradation. Our results thus support the notion that sorafenib may be used in endometrial cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1819–1831, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.