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Genetic susceptibility to cancer from exogenous and endogenous exposures

The past four decades of epidemiological research have yielded valuable information on the risks of populations to environmental exposures such as tobacco, asbestos, and dietary components. Prevention efforts have been focused on large‐scale population‐based interventions to minimize exposure to such external carcinogens. While some cancers are beginning to show a decline from changing environmental exposures, hormone‐related cancers, such as breast and prostate, are becoming more prevalent. The development of these cancers appears to be closely related to endogenous exposures to circulating steroid hormones. Although prevention trials using antihormone agents are proving successful in some instances, the long‐term control of these cancers necessitates a clearer understanding of the metabolism and transport of the relevant hormone in vivo.