{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.037839087546239214, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01471948212083847, 'mean_word_length': 4.366832092638544, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 3, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Implications of CDMS II result on Higgs sector in the MSSM

We study implications of two dark matter candidate events at CDMS-II on the neutralino dark matter scenario in the supersymmetric standard model, in light of the recent lattice simulation on the strange quark content of a nucleon. The scattering rate of neutralino-nucleon is dominated by Higgs exchange processes and the mass of heavy Higgs boson is predicted for the neutralino of Bino-Higgsino mixing state. In the case of Wino-Higgsino mixing, the Higgs sector may not be constrained.


Introduction :
The existence of non-baryonic dark matter (DM) has been established by cosmological observations [1]. Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are attractive candidate, and, in particular, the lightest neutralino,χ 0 , in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) is the most extensively studied among them. It is a linear combination of superpartners of U (1), SU (2) gauge bosons and two neutral Higgs bosons (BinoB, WinoW , and HiggsinosH 1 (2) ) and is stable due to the R-parity conservation when it is the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP).
One of the methods for probing theχ 0 nature is the direct detection experiments of WIMP DM. In the experiments, one searches for the signatures of neutralinonucleon (χ 0 -N ) scattering. The scattering rate has been calculated in various scenarios in the supersymmetric (SUSY) framework [2,3], and is found to be sensitive toχ 0 mass and its mixing matrix. On a parallel with theoretical arguments, many experiments have searched for the DM signals, and their sensitivities have been improved. The upper limit on theχ 0 -N spin-independent (SI) cross section had been obtained by XENON10, σ SI < 4.5 × 10 −8 pb for a DM of mass 30 GeV [4] and CDMS, σ SI < 4.6 × 10 −8 pb for 60 GeV [5]. Experiments also have imposed on the upper limit on the spindependent (SD) cross section. The upper limits had been obtained by XENON10 as σ SD < 6.0 × 10 −3 pb for a DM of mass 30 GeV [6]. In addition, the SD cross section is constrained by searching for neutrinos coming from DM annihilation in the Sun. For a neutralino mass lighter than 100 GeV, the most stringent bound comes from Super-Kamiokande [7], and for higher mass AMANDA [8] and IceCube with 22 strings give the stringent limits [9]. These limits have already put constraints on the parameter region of the MSSM.
Very recently, the CDMS-II experiment reported the final results from the 5-Tower WIMP search [10]. They found two events in a signal region, which may be interpreted as signals from DM-induced nuclear recoils [11]. Although the confidence level is poor because of the expected background of around 0.8 event, it is still worth studying the implications of new CDMS result for the purpose of providing a possible direction of future DM searches.
In this letter, we extract the possible nature of de-tected WIMPs from the result of CDMS-II, and derive the expected parameter space of the MSSM. In particular, we focus on the cases thatχ 0 dominantly consists ofB andH 1(2) , and that ofW andH 1 (2) . The relevant parameters for identifying the nature ofχ 0 are mainly two mass parameters, M 1 (M 2 ) and µ, and one dimensionless parameter, tanβ. Here M 1 (M 2 ) and µ are Bino (Wino) mass and Higgsino mass, respectively, and tanβ is the ratio between vacuum expectation values of uptype Higgs and down-type Higgs. When we discuss thẽ χ 0 -N SI cross section, heavy Higgs mass, m H 0 , is also one of the important parameters. By varying the values of these parameters, we search for the parameter region that is consistent with both the CDMS-II result and WMAP result for the relic abundance of DM, and predict the heavy Higgs mass. In addition, by applying the analysed results on the physics of indirect detection of DM, we predict the limit on the its rate of neutrinos coming from DM annihilation in the sun.
Direct detection of neutralino dark matter : Before investigating the parameter space, it is instructive to recall the physics of direct detection of DM and the neutralino mass matrix.
For direct detection, eachχ 0 -N scattering cross section includes two type contributions, Higgs and squark exchange for the SI interaction, and Z-boson and squark exchange for the SD interaction. The contribution of squark exchange is proportional to m −4 q and is typically subdominant, thus, in this letter, for simplicity we neglect them. Theχ 0 -N scattering cross section is given by [3] where the first and the second term in the bracket are the contributions of SI and SD interaction, respectively. m T is the mass of target nucleus. n p (n n ) is the number of proton (neutron) in the target nucleus, and f p is given by Tq . The second term comes from coupling of heavy quarks to gluons through trace anomalies [12]. f n is derived from Eq. (2) with exchange p ↔ n. Here m p (m n ) stands for the proton (neutron) mass. For the nucleon mass matrix elements, we take f (p) [13,14] and f (p) [15]. Notice that the strange quark content of the nucleon f Ts is much smaller than previously thought according to the recent lattice simulation [15], and this leads to a significant suppression on the SI cross section forχ 0 −N scattering. The effective coupling between the neutralino and nucleon through the Higgs exchange, f H q , is given by where h 0 and H 0 are the SM-like Higgs and heavy Higgs, respectively, C hχχ (C Hχχ ) stands for the h 0 (H 0 )- Yukawa coupling, explicit expressions of them are given in literatures [2,3,16,17]. J is the total nuclear spin, a p and a n are the effectiveχ 0 -N couplings, and s p(n) = N |s p(n) |N are the expectation values of the spin content of the proton and neutron groups within the nucleus. Detailed nuclear calculations for s p(n) exist in literature [18]. Before going on, let us see in which situation the scattering cross section becomes large enough to be detected at direct detection experiments. In the gauge-eigenstate basis (B,W ,H 1 ,H 2 ), the neutralino mass matrix M N is given as  M 2 , µ), the diagonalizing matrix of neutralino is calculated perturbatively, and C hχχ and C Hχχ are approximated as follows Notice that this perturbative calculation breaks down if |M 1 − |µ|| m Z . Similarly, they are calculated as follows for the Wino-likeχ 0 (M 2 ≪ M 1 , |µ|), and for the Higgsino-likeχ 0 (|µ| ≪ M 1 , M 2 ), In every case, since couplings are suppressed by SUSY mass parameters M 1 , M 2 , and µ, smaller value of them leads the enhancement of direct detection rate ofχ 0 DM. Theχ 0 -N SI cross section also depends upon tan β. In the limit case of m H 0 = m A , Yukawa coupling for downtype quarks, C Hdd , are proportional to tan β. When tan β is large, therefore, the contribution of heavy Higgs boson becomes dominant.

Numerical result :
The dominant contribution to the SI cross section comes from light neutral Higgs boson exchange, but generically this contribution is not enough to explain the observed CDMS events. Hence the heavy Higgs exchange contribution must be added with an appropriate magnitude.
Numerical results are shown in Fig. 1 for the Bino-Higgsino mixing case and in Fig. 2 for the Wino-Higgsino mixing case. In the Bino (Wino)-Higgsino mixing case, the Wino (Bino) mass M 2 (M 1 ) is set to be sufficiently heavy. Contours of the pseudo-scalar Higgs mass m A (= 200, 300, 400, 500 GeV) for reproducing the CDMS-II events are shown on a µ−M 1 plane in Fig. 1 and a µ−M 2 plane in Fig. 2. Here, we demanded σ SI /mχ 0 = 3 × 10 −46 cm 2 /GeV for mχ 0 100 GeV as a typical relation consistent with the CDMS events. We fix the light Higgs mass as m h = 115 GeV. It is seen that the typical mass of heavy Higgs boson must be rather light. This explicitly shows that the heavy Higgs exchange contribution is important. Only in the Wino-Higgsino mixing case, it is possible that the only light Higgs contribution can explain the CDMS-II result, if the neutralino mass is light enough as indicated by green-shaded region in Fig. 2.
In the Bino-Higgsino mixing case, we have also calculated the relic abundance of the neutralino under the standard thermal freeze-out scenario using the Dark-SUSY code [19] and shown the parameter region consistent with the WMAP result [1]. In this calculation we have set all the squark and slepton masses are heavy (=2 TeV) so that the coannihilation between the neutralino and squarks/sleptons do not work. Since the heavy Higgs bosons are light, the enhancement of the neutralino annihilation cross section through S-channel resonance is available as seen in the figure. In the case of Wino-Higgsino mixing, there is no appropriate parameter regions which fit the WMAP result. 1 In order to discuss the detectability of the neutralino LSP at neutrino detectors, we have shown the contours of SD cross section between a neutralino and proton, which is related to a muon flux from the Sun [23][24][25][26]. Since the neutralinos scatters off nucleons in the Sun and then trapped inside the Sun, the number density of neutralinos is significantly enhanced at the interior of the Sun [27,28]. The total neutralino annihilation rate in the Sun is proportional to the neutralino-nucleon scattering cross section rather than its self-annihilation cross section, because the number density is dynamically adjusted so that annihilation rate balances with the trapping rate, which is proportional to the scattering cross section. High-energy neutrinos produced by DM annihilation in the Sun can be detected as a muon signal at the neutrino detectors such as IceCube. The scattering cross section required for the muon flux from the Sun is dominated by the SD one between neutralino and hydrogen atom through Z-boson exchange. Since it also depends on the gaugino-Higgsino mixing, we have a definite prediction on the resulting muon flux from the Sun for each parameter space. As is seen from figures, SD cross section of O(10 −41 − 10 −40 ) cm 2 is predicted for large parameter space. This may reach the sensitivity of the IceCube DeepCore experiment for these mass ranges [29].
Discussion : We have studied implications of the observed DM-like events at the CDMS-II detector assuming that it is caused by the MSSM neutralino. It is found that the heavy-Higgs contribution is necessary for the Bino-Higgsino mixing case, taking into account the recent lattice simulation of the strange quark content in a nucleon. In the case of Wino-Higgsino mixing, heavy-Higgs contributions are not always necessary. In both of them, the mixing between gaugino and Higgsino must be large enough.
Some comments are in order. Notice that relatively light Higgs bosons may be favored from the viewpoint of fine-tuning issues (see e.g., Ref. [30]). However, there is a danger of obtaining too large b → sγ branching ratio due to the charged Higgs loop contribution. This contribution must be compensated by the destructive contribution from chargino-squark loops in order not to be contradict with observations. This is indeed possible for sizable squark masses and A-terms.
In addition, we should also pay attention to the additional contributions of additional Higgs bosons to decays of pseudoscalar mesons, such as B ± → τ ± ν [31], B s → µ + µ − [32], and D ± s → τ ± (µ ± )ν [33]. Connecting them to the prospective constraint on parameter space with the improvement of direct detection experiments, it would be possible to more tightly constrained the masses of heavy Higgs bosons. When the gaugino-Higgsino mixing is large, the studies of SUSY events at the LHC would be more fruitful. Even in a case that Bino and/or Wino are lighter than Higgsinos, the heavier neutralinos and chargino have sizable gaugino components. In the case, the cascade decay of squarks produces the heavier neutralinos and chargino so that we could measure all of the parameters in the chargino and neutralino mass matrices [34].
We also comment on a possible relation to the positron excess observed by the PAMELA satellite [35]. Generically the neutralino LSP annihilates hadronically and it is difficult to fit the positron spectrum. However, in the case of Wino-like neutralino LSP, the main annihilation mode is into W + W − and the subsequent decay of W into eν may explain the positron excess for appropriate diffusion models of the galaxy with anti-proton bound marginally satisfied [36].Therefore the light Wino can both explain the CDMS-II and PAMELA result, if the Wino-Higgsino mixing is large enough. For the case of Higgsino-like LSP, the situation is similar, but an order of magnitude larger boost factor than the Wino case is required for reproducing the PAMELA positron excess.
Although the statistical significance of DM candidate events at the CDMS-II detector is poor, it can soon be checked by forthcoming XENON100 and/or XMASS experiments. If similar signals will be found in those experiments, it definitely has implications on the Higgs sector as studied in this letter.