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Life in the Liquid Fields: Kepler, Tycho and Gilbert on the Nature of the Heavens and Earth

In February 1605, Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) reported to his patron Hans Georg Herwart von Hohenburg (1553–1622) on the progress of his forthcoming book, the Astronomia nova (1609). Having finished fifty-one chapters, Kepler foresaw still more. He envisaged a commentary on the motions of Mars explaining all of his efforts, both the fruitful and the infertile, which would allow readers to retrace his steps to apprehending the orbit of Mars and thereby establishing a superior astronomy. “I explain all of my endeavours”, Kepler wrote to Herwart, “so that it is all the more apparent why I advanced principally on such a path”. Chiefly dealing with what he called “physical causes”, the crux of Kepler’s commentary arrived at a conception of the cosmos that has largely been considered mechanistic. In his letter to Herwart, Kepler identified the motions of Mars as the products of a celestial apparatus whose many parts acted according to a single corporeal force. Comparing the many moving parts of the cosmos to the gears and levers of a clock, Kepler foreshadowed the formulation of a celestial physics: