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Nonlocal macroscopic quantum tunneling and quantum terahertz electrodynamics in layered superconductors: Theory and simulations

We derive a quantum field theory of Josephson plasma waves JPWs in layered superconductors, which describes two types of interacting JPW bosonic quanta one heavy and one lighter. We propose a mechanism of enhancement of macroscopic quantum tunneling MQT in stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions. Due to the long-range interaction between junctions in layered superconductors, the calculated MQT escape rate has a nonlinear dependence on the number of junctions in the stack. We develop a numerical procedure, based on quantum field tunneling theory, to calculate for the stack of Josephson junctions. We also propose a simple analytical formula to estimate the MQT escape rate. Moreover, we demonstrate that the direct analogy between fluxon tunneling and tunneling of a quantum particle fails even for very thin junction stacks about 1 m for Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ and a field-theoretical approach is necessary. The theory developed here allows to quantitatively describe striking recent experiments in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ stacks.