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The Factor Structure of Big Five Personality Trait Measures at the Between- and Within-Person Levels

The Big Five personality factors were discovered through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of cross-sectional data. Yet, cross-sectional associations are a weighted mix of associations that exist at the between-person level (i.e., the level of time-invariant interpersonal personality differences) and the within-person level (i.e., the level of intrapersonal personality changes over time). Thus, the Big Five might not represent the underlying factors at either the between-person level or at the within-person level. To investigate whether the Big Five factor structure holds at the between- and within-person levels, I fit multilevel EFA models to longitudinal personality data from a Dutch and an Australian panel study (N = 12,901 and 22,582, respectively). The results for both panel data sets failed to suggest the Big Five factors at both levels. Instead, the results suggested four factors at the between-person level and two factors at the within-person level. Hence, boosting efforts to assess and study the factor structures of personality trait measures at the between- and within-person levels may enable personality researchers to advance our understanding of time-invariant interpersonal differences as well as intraindividual fluctuations and changes in personality.