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The Implications of the Introduction of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Oesophageal Cancer in a Low Volume Centre

Background: Oesophagectomy is the standard treatment for oesophageal cancer in medically fit patients, but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has been included in the management of this disease with the aim to improve prognosis, and has been shown to improve survival without an associated increase in operative complications. This study included patients who underwent oesophagectomy at the Canberra Hospital, to determine if neoadjuvant therapy was associated with an increase in perioperative morbidity and mortality. Methods: Patients who underwent oesophagectomy at Canberra Hospital between January 2001 and December 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-Squared tests, time to disease recurrence was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Results: Of 98 patients (73 men, 25 women; median age 63 years) who underwent oesophagectomy, 39 (40%) received neoadjuvant therapy. Perioperative complications of grades III (67%) and IV (100%), occurred in the surgery alone group. Perioperative mortality rate was 3.8%, with all deaths occurring in the surgery alone group (P=0.05). Complete resection was possible in 87 patients (89%), 100% in the neoadjuvant therapy group, 82% in the surgery alone group (P=0.10). Median disease free survival was 49.2 months (CI 25.2, 73.2), with no significant difference between patient groups (P=0.53). Neoadjuvant therapy was associated with lower perioperative morbidity, with no statistically significant increase in perioperative mortality. It was also associated with improved rates of complete resection; however this did not appear to have translated into improved disease free survival.


Introduction
Oesophageal cancer remains the seventh leading cause of cancer related mortality in the world [1], and the majority of patients present at an advanced stage of disease [2,3] Oesophagectomy was the standard treatment for localised oesophageal cancer, and remains a high risk procedure associated with significant morbidity and mortality [1,4,5]. In order to improve outcomes, the management of this disease has evolved to become tri-A multimodal treatment approach for oesophageal cancer could involve neoadjuvant chemotherapy, along with radiotherapy [6]. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may have several advantages, such as the facilitation of complete resection by tumour downstaging [6,7] improved tolerance when compared to postoperative chemotherapy [6] and the early treatment of micrometastases [6,7]. Similarly, neoadjuvant radiotherapy has been shown to improve the pathological complete response rate and local tumour downstaging [6,8]. However, the disadvantages of neoadjuvant therapy may include delayed surgery, impaired wound healing, increased risk of respiratory complications as well as increased morbidity and mortality of the oesophagectomy itself [6,8]. The CROSS trial demonstrated improved rates of both overall and disease-free survival among patients who received neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery [6,8,9]. Moreover, Hagry et al. [10] Concluded that neoadjuvant therapy has acceptable complication rates relative to its effectiveness in down-staging of tumours, resulting in an improved chance for complete resection [10]. This study aims to identify the effect of neoadjuvant therapy on perioperative morbidity and mortality, by performing a retrospective review of patients who underwent oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer at Canberra Hospital.

Methods
The medical records for all patients who underwent an oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer at the Canberra Hospital, from 1 st January 2001 through 31 st December 2012, were reviewed. Ninety-eight patients were identified, all of whom had histologically confirmed primary squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Patients with cancer found to be arising from the stomach were excluded from this review. Patients with stage IV cancer did not undergo oesophagectomy, and were excluded from this study.
Patients were placed in one of two groups based on whether they received neoadjuvant therapy or not, as prescribed by medical and radiation oncologists. For each group, mean age, gender, post-operative histology tumour site, tumour type and tumour stage based on the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging (5 th edition), were reviewed and recorded into a database ( Table 1).
The majority of patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy were treated with a standard protocol of cisplatin and infusional 5-fluorouracil, and 45 Gy external beam radiation. Oesophagectomy was performed using the Ivor-Lewis procedure. Histologically confirmed complete tumour resection was defined as R0, and incomplete resection was defined as R1, where tumour was histologically found to extend to within 1 mm of the surgical margin. Perioperative morbidity and mortality were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications, occurring within 30 days.10 Patients were followed up to monitor for recurrence by reviewing medical records up to and including 31 st December 2014.
Data were analysed using SPSS, version 20. The following endpoints were analysed using Chi Squared tests: perioperative complication grade, disease recurrence and complete resection rate. Disease free survival, comparing each group, was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods.
This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, ACT Government Health Directorate.

Results
Ninety-eight patients (73 men and 25 women, median age 63.4 years) with cancer of the oesophagus or gastrooesophageal junction were reviewed, all of whom underwent oesophagectomy between January, 2001 and December, 2012. Of these patients, 39 underwent neoadjuvant therapy, while 59 underwent surgery alone. Of the 39 patients that underwent neoadjuvant therapy, 26 (67%) received chemotherapy alone, 3 (8%) received radiotherapy alone, while 10 (26%) received both. The majority of tumours were adenocarcinomas (83%) located in the oesophagus (81%). The majority of patients had stage III oesophageal cancer (51%). The median age of patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy was 61 years, compared to 64 years in the surgery alone group ( Table 1) (Table 2).
Perioperative complications were recorded as grades I to V, most of the patients with grade III and all patients with complications of grade IV occurred in the group that did not receive neoadjuvant therapy ( Table 3). The perioperative mortality rate was 3.8% (3 patients), with all deaths (grade V complication) occurring in the surgery alone group.
R0 resection was achieved in 87 patients (88.8%). A higher percentage of patients (100%) who received neoadjuvant therapy had complete resection, compared to those who did not (81.5%), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (Table 4).

Discussion
Previously, oesophagectomy or definitive chemoradiotherapy were the only treatment options used in the management of   Table 4 Rates of complete (R0) and incomplete (R1) resection. localised oesophageal cáncer [11]. In recent years, multimodality treatment strategies involving neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by surgery have become more widespread, as these have been shown to improve disease free survival [12].
The impact of neoadjuvant therapy on perioperative morbidity and mortality has been uncertain [12,13]. This study revealed a decrease in adverse events after the introduction of neoadjuvant therapy in a low volume hospital. When considering perioperative mortality, there were three deaths in the surgery alone group, compared to no deaths in the neoadjuvant therapy group. There was no increase in perioperative complications as a consequence of neoadjuvant therapy. A recent meta-analysis found higher rates of complete resection among patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy [14]. This study had a similar finding, with a higher percentage of complete resection among patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. This finding suggests that neoadjuvant therapy may be beneficial in practice, by the facilitation of tumour downstaging [6]. Alternatively, neoadjuvant therapy may have resulted in a degree of patient selection due to the possible deterioration of the patient's condition during their preoperative period.
With regard to disease free survival, this study was unable to detect a significant difference in recurrence rates between the two patient groups. The randomised controlled trial performed by the CROSS group revealed improved rates of both overall and disease-free survival among patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery [14]. Other studies have suggested that neoadjuvant therapy may play a role in reducing disease recurrence, by facilitating complete resection and targeting micrometastases [6].
This study has various limitations. As a retrospective review, the nonrandomised allocation of patients may have led to selection bias. Further, patients were less likely to undergo neoadjuvant therapy in the first half of the study period (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)) when compared to the second half of the study period (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012). The decrease in morbidity and mortality in the neoadjuvant group may have resulted from improvement in perioperative care in the later years of the study.

Conclusion
Overall, this study revealed that the administration of neoadjuvant therapy to patients with cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction, at the Canberra Hospital between 2001 and 2012, was associated with a decrease in the rate of perioperative complications. Furthermore, neoadjuvant therapy may be associated with improved rates of complete resection. Unfortunately, in our small group of patients, we were unable to detect an improved disease free survival in the neoadjuvant therapy group.