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Improved precision of quantitating calcium in biological electron probe analysis

We describe the use of direct multiple least‐squares fitting of (unfiltered) biological X‐ray spectra. Test of this method on computer‐generated spectra and experimental specimens shows that, for the average biological specimen, direct fitting improves the precision of Ca measurements by an approximate factor of 1.6 for a given electron dose. The influence of non‐statistical, instrumental sources of measurement errors is considered, and we show a simple method for reducing the effect of these sources of error in the directly fitted spectra.