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Quantitative 3D analysis of structural organization of normal and tumor cells

Soft X-ray tomograpahy (SXT) is similar in concept to the well-established medical diagnostic technique, computed axial tomography (CAT), except SXT is capable of imaging with a spatial resolution of 50 nm or better. With SXT we can examine whole, hydrated cells (between 10-15 μm thick), eliminating the need for time-consuming embedding and sectioning procedures. Cells are imaged using X-ray energies between the K shell absorption edges of carbon (284 eV, λ=4.4 nm) and oxygen (543 eV, λ=2.3 nm). In this energy range, photons readily penetrate the aqueous environment while encountering significant absorption from carbonand nitrogen-containing organic material. Consequently, organic material absorbs approximately an order of magnitude more strongly than water, producing a quantifiable natural contrast image of cellular structures. SXT, like other tomography modalities, requires recording images from multiple different viewing angles. By collecting images from multiple angles through 360 degrees of rotation, SXT reconstructions yield information at isotropic resolution.