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Analysis of the Use of Extracorporeal Circulation on the In-Hospital Outcomes of Dialytic Patients Who Underwent Myocardial Revascularization Surgery

Background Myocardial revascularization surgery is the best treatment for dyalitic patients with multivessel coronary disease. However, the procedure still has high morbidity and mortality. The use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) can have a negative impact on the in-hospital outcomes of these patients. Objectives To evaluate the differences between the techniques with ECC and without ECC during the in-hospital course of dialytic patients who underwent surgical myocardial revascularization. Methods Unicentric study on 102 consecutive, unselected dialytic patients, who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery in a tertiary university hospital from 2007 to 2014. Results Sixty-three patients underwent surgery with ECC and 39 without ECC. A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was found in both groups, without statistically significant difference between them. The group "without ECC" had greater number of revascularizations (2.4 vs. 1.7; p <0.0001) and increased need for blood components (77.7% vs. 25.6%; p <0.0001) and inotropic support (82.5% vs 35.8%; p <0.0001). In the postoperative course, the group "without ECC" required less vasoactive drugs, (61.5% vs. 82.5%; p = 0.0340) and shorter time of mechanical ventilation (13.0 hours vs. 36,3 hours, p = 0.0217), had higher extubation rates in the operating room (58.9% vs. 23.8%, p = 0.0006), lower infection rates (7.6% vs. 28.5%; p = 0.0120), and shorter ICU stay (5.2 days vs. 8.1 days; p = 0.0054) as compared with the group with ECC surgery. No difference in mortality was found between the groups. Conclusion Myocardial revascularization with ECC in patients on dialysis resulted in higher morbidity in the perioperative period in comparison with the procedure without ECC, with no difference in mortality though.

demonstrated higher long-term survival and lower risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death as compared with coronary angioplasty in chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis. However, surgical intervention still results in high morbidity and mortality in these patients. [7][8][9][10][11] Myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation (ECC) has benefits when compared with its use, including lower inflammatory response, less embolization of atherosclerotic material, lower requirement for blood transfusion and vasoactive drugs, shorter time of mechanical ventilation and shorter stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). [12][13][14] National and international articles have suggested an association between the use of ECC and postoperative morbidity and mortality. 15,16 Introduction Chronic renal failure is an independent risk factor for coronary diseases and their complications. The severity of injuries is inversely proportional to glomerular filtration rate and, for this reason, ischemic cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in these patients. 1,2 In addition to uremia, other factors including poor quality of distal coronary bed, hyperhomocysteinemia, increased calcium-phosphorus product, oxidative stress and exacerbated inflammatory and atherosclerotic status are associated with coronary disease severity. 3-6 Myocardial revascularization surgery has Medical records of 102 consecutive, unselected patients with chronic renal failure on dialytic therapy, who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery in a public tertiary university hospital in the period from 2007 to 2014 were assessed. Patients undergoing other concomitant procedures (e.g. heart valve, carotid, aortic surgeries) and patients with previous cardiac surgery were excluded. We assessed demographic, clinical and intraoperative data, and postoperative complications during patients' hospital stay. Preoperative risk was calculated by the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II). 17 The study group was divided into two subgroups ("with ECC" and "without ECC"). The study was approved by the local ethics committee.

Surgical technique
Indication for myocardial revascularization surgery was based on national and international guidelines. [18][19][20] Surgical planning was based on injuries detected by cineangiography, feasibility of surgical revascularization of distal coronary bed, and choice of the best vascular graft for each coronary artery. The choice of using or not using ECC was at the surgeon's discretion. In the operating room, central venous access was obtained, and invasive medication for blood pressure control, anesthetic monitoring and general anesthesia were performed. A 12-14 cm was made on the skin in the presternal region followed by a median sternotomy. Left internal thoracic artery was dissected and skeletonized, taking care to avoid the opening of the pleura, and used for revascularization of anterior interventricular artery. The other vascular graft used was the great saphenous vein directed to the other coronary beds, dissected through incisions in the medial side of the thigh. All patients underwent dialysis on the day prior to the surgery.
Technique with ECC: Heparin administration at 4mg/ kg was performed before aortic and atrial cannulation (double-staged cannula). The ECC was established after an activated clotting time (ACT) greater than 480 seconds was confirmed. During cardiac arrest induced by aortic clamping, myocardial protection with intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia was performed every 15 minutes.
Technique without ECC: heparin and ACT control were administered at 2 mg/kg 10 minutes before coronary occlusion. Distal anastomoses were performed using Octopus® (Medtronic, Inc.) vacuum stabilizers and with proximal occlusion of the arteries. The anastomoses were carried out by priority of arteries with total occlusion.

Statistical analysis
Quantitative variables were expressed as means and categorical variables as percentage. The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of quantitative variables and the Fisher's exact test for comparison of categorical variables. The level of significance was set at 5%. The statistical tests were performed using the BioEstat 5.0 software.

Results
A total of 102 patients were included in the study, 63 underwent myocardial revascularization surgery with ECC and 39 without ECC. Demographical and laboratory data are described in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was observed, with no statistically significant difference though. Three patients were under immunosuppressive and dialytic therapy due to kidney transplant rejection. Intraoperative data showed that patients operated with ECC had more revascularization of coronary arteries, required inotropic support and transfusion of blood derivatives more often, and used intraaortic balloon pump in two occasions ( Table 3).
Data of postoperative course are found in Table 4. The most frequent complications were atrial fibrillation, infection and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Patients with ECC surgery had lower infection rate, required less vasoactive drugs and shorter time of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, as well as greater success in weaning from mechanical ventilation in the operative room.

Discussion
Chronic renal failure is an independent factor for coronary heart diseases and culminates in higher risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. The study group showed high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and history of cardiovascular diseases, similar to those reported in the CHOICE study. 3 With respect to these aspects, no statistically significant differences were detected between the groups, indicating that they were comparable in terms of demographic variables. However, the greater number of revascularizations performed in the group operated with ECC (p<0.0001) suggests higher severity of coronary disease (the SYNTAX Score could not be obtained from the available data), and hence a possible selection bias. This was predictable and understandable, since the technique without ECC hinders the revascularization of coronaries in the posterior territory, which explains the greater number of patients with three-vessel disease in the group with ECC surgery. Despite the greater number of diseased arteries in the ECC group, no difference between the groups in mortality risk was detected by the EUROScore II.
Patients operated without ECC required less inotropic support and blood transfusion during surgery (p<0.0001), similar to that reported by other authors [20]. In the postoperative course, patients without ECC surgery were extubated earlier, required less vasoactive drugs (82.5% vs. 61.5% p = 0.0340) and had lower infection rate (28.5% vs. 7.6% p = 0.0120) as compared with patients with ECC surgery. These data reflect the intense inflammatory response triggered by the passage of blood through nonendothelial surfaces of ECC, leading to vasoplegia, increased need for vasopressors and higher morbidity and mortality. In contrast to previously reported by other authors and by us, there was no statistically significant difference in in-hospital mortality between the groups, with a tendency of higher mortality in the group of patients that underwent surgery with ECC (12.6% vs. 5.1% p = 0.3103). [14][15][16]21 The low mortality in the group without ECC is comparable to studies by Milani et al. and Fukushima et al., in which revascularization without ECC had low morbidity, without occurrence of death during hospital stay. 22,23 Conclusion Myocardial revascularization surgery is feasible in patients on dialysis, despite higher morbidity and mortality rates as compared with the general population. As compared with the surgery without ECC, the use of ECC resulted in longer duration of mechanical ventilation and longer ICU stay, increased need for blood derivatives, and inotropic and vasoactive drugs, higher incidence of infection and lower extubation rate in the operating room. However, no statistically significant difference in mortality was detected between the groups. These results suggest that myocardial revascularization surgery without ECC in dialytic patients promotes lower mortality during hospitalization, without affecting short-term mortality.