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Frontier and Metropolis: Regions, Cities and Identities before 1914 by J.M.S. Careless (review)

There is a subtext to this unproven thesis. Some, although not all, Canadians under Japanese control suffered severe mistreatment. This was especially so for prisoners of war, given the notorious Japanese propensity to view surrendered military personnel as dishonourable cowards. By contrast, the Canadian record appears relatively humane. As a negative vindication of Canadian government policy, this argument is dubious, in two senses. First, Canada held few Japanese prisoners of war; there is thus no simple quation of state policy on two sides possible. As for civilians, there was a huge disproportion, weighted on the Canadian side: there were not tens of thousands of Canadians long resident in Japan. Finally, behaviour by a non-democratic and non-liberal state is, at the end of the day, no criterion by which to judge Canadian behaviour.