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Morning and evening mastication differentially improve the postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy young participants

Regarding the circadian rhythm of glucose metabolism in humans and animals, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity show circadian rhythm with higher in the morning than in the evening. Blood glucose levels are higher in oral glucose tolerance tests or a mixed meal consumption test conducted in the afternoon and evening than in those conducted in the morning, whereas insulin secretions, especially early-phase of insulin secretion, are higher in the morning than in the evening. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that eating behaviors such as time of meal and number of chew food are associated with risk of obesity and type2 diabetes. Slow eating and chewing food well increase dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT) and appetite-reducing hormone secretions (PYY and GLP1), and decrease hunger hormone (ghrelin). In recently, we could reveal that the effect of mastication on postprandial glucose metabolism is dependent on the time of day and frequency of mastication. In this study, healthy male participants consumed a high carbohydrate food (200g rice) with 10 or 40 chews per mouthful at 0800 h and 2000 h. The results reveal that morning mastication but not evening decreases postprandial blood glucose concentrations and increases insulin secretion at 30 min and so-called the insulinogenic index as a marker of early-phase β-cell function. Clinically, impairment of early-phase insulin secretion is considered an early marker of β-cell dysfunction and the development of type 2 diabetes. Thus, the present findings suggest that morning mastication improves early-phase insulin secretion after rice consumption.