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Soil N2O emissions from temperate cropland agroforestry and monoculture systems

Monoculture cropland is a major contributor to agriculture-related sources of N 2 O emission, a potent greenhouse gas and an agent of ozone depletion. Cropland agroforestry has the potential to minimize deleterious environmental impacts. Presently, there is no systematic comparison of soil N 2 O emission between cropland agroforestry (CAF) and monoculture systems (MC) in Western Europe. Our study aimed to (1) quantify the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil N 2 O fluxes, and (2) determine their soil controlling factors in CAF and MC. We selected three sites with different soil types (Phaeozem, Cambisol, and Arenosol) in Germany. Each site has paired CAF and MC (agroforestry sites consisted of 12-m wide tree row and 48-m wide crop row and were established in 2007, 2008 and 2019 in these soil types, respectively). In each management system at each site, we had four replicate plots. In the CAF, we conducted measurements in the tree row and within the crop row at 1 m, 7 m, and 24 m from the tree row. We measured soil N 2 O fluxes monthly over 2 years (March 2018‒February 2020) using static vented chambers method. Following gas sampling, we also measured soil temperature, water-filled pore space (WFPS), and mineral N (NH 4 +