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Alienation and Communication: A Theoretical Perspective

It is minimally noteworthy that interest and research in interpersonal communication is relatively new. For many years, the field of communication was focused upon rhetorical theory, and for most of the rhetors and rhetoricians this meant a focus upon speakers standing behind a podium, in some context, attempting to change the behavior if not the mind of large groups of people. The basic value orientation appeared to be pragmatism, and the primary ingredients were the desire for control (or stability) and freedom from outside forces. Let us view briefly how the onset of concern with interpersonal variables developed, finite Durkheim, in his "De la division du travail social" looked at the tension that develops between an individual and society; he was concerned about how solidarity develops. In the course of this discussion, Durkheim develops two types of solidarity: mechanical and organic. In mechanical societies individuals maintained a "solidarity of resemblance" and differed from one another as little as possible. This type of orientation maintained a situation where the collectivity felt "the same emotions, [cherished] the same values, and [held] the same things sacred". With this type of unity communication was unnecessary, redundant, and impossible. But organic solidarity is based upon differentiation. "The individuals are no longer similar, but different; and in a certain sense,... it is precisely because the individuals are different that consensus is achieved". In the organic society, solidarity is brought about by an awareness of one's interdependence with another. Thus, in the mechanistic society then is little differentiation, thus there is little awareness of interdependence since each member can replace each other member. But in an organic society, certainly in a complex, capitalistic society, interdependence is a primary requisite. Here we will posit that interdependence carries with it the development of society as we know it today and that this society is based upon communication as its link.