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Freedmen and Slaves in the Light of Legal Documents from First-Century A.D. Campania1

Pompeii and Herculaneum are well known as sources for the study of Roman social life; not so well known are the wax tablets found there, which are perhaps our most intimate contact with Roman private law. My aim in this paper is to use these tablets in their context to illuminate the lives of those who lived and worked either side of the frontier between freedom and slavery. The topic is important in itself, but it has a special appeal on account of the immediacy of the evidence. Two particular themes may be mentioned in anticipation—first, the important but precarious socioeconomic position of Roman slaves as both agents and objects, and secondly, the problems of the manumitted, especially after Augustus’ legislation.