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Mutatio dexteræ Excelsi: Narratives of Transformation after the Conquest

In 1860, Jacob burckhardt devoted a section of The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy to “The Development of the Individual,” arguing that it was with the Italian renaissance that “man became a spiritual individual, and recognized himself as such” for the first time.1 Ever since then, medievalists have been in “revolt” against the notion that the Middle Ages produced no such consciousness,2 and a number of influential studies of medieval selfhood, subjectivity, interiority, and individuality have emerged.3 Perhaps ironically, however, much of this work has sought to recuperate the Middle Ages only by backdating the “renaissance” to the twelfth century.4 Meanwhile, early modern critics have begun to acknowledge the claims of