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Social Justice Must Be Grasped Comprehensively

The problem of relating justice and efficiency has been a major topic of concern in recent years. It is worth noting, however, that when discussing this relationship, people generally reduce it to one level of the problem. That is, they analyze it in concrete policy terms—on the level of relations between justice and efficiency. Such an approach is inadequate, and easily arouses mistakes and unnecessary disagreement. In fact, the significance of justice is to be seen on two levels—that of basic institutional arrangements, and that of practical policy formulation. These two levels should not be confused. At the first level of the problem of justice, it must be taken as a basic premise and starting point at the level of basic institutional design and arrangements of modern society. The “normal operations” of society depend on the existence of systematized sets of rules, and the most important of these in a society are its institutions. Institutional designs and arrangements are premised on basic value concepts: in modern society, justice is the basic value concept on which institutional design and configurations are premised. The basic institutional designs and arrangements of modern