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Quality Facetsof a UX LMS Affective Model for the Design and Evaluation of Learning Management Systems

This study looked into extant literature to elicit a mapping relationship for the affective component of Bloom’s learning taxonomy and a theoretical affective model for the design and evaluation of the affective experiences of users of and learners on learning management system (LMS) platforms. The study found that no prior affective model exists specifically for the design and evaluation of the affective experiences of LMS users. The study then mapped the affective component of the Bloom’s taxonomy of learning with the conceptual affective model and captured corresponding suitable quality facets/dimensions that influence and contribute to the model. This model is particularly appropriate for the design and evaluation of the affectivity of LMS platforms.


Introduction
A virtual learning environment (VLE) is an online learning platform that enables students to interact with their teachers, fellow students and learning contents via an interactive interface. Learning in such environment focuses on the students' activity, and student engagement in the learning process (Sucipto et al., 2017). An instance of a VLE is a learning management system (LMS). An LMS is a learning medium that is mediated by technology, particularly, the Internet. It is a web-based application used to manage electronic learning, and mobile learning activities. It facilitates the administration, tracking, documentation, reporting, and delivery of learning contents. It has the following facilities: authentication, learning, communication, collaboration, assessment and accountability (Macnaughton & Medinsky, 2015). The use of these applications have increased in institutions of higher learning as they assist instructors to design, share and deliver learning materials and supports students to individually and collaboratively learn on the platforms (Redwan et al., 2016; Van den Dool, 2019). LMS assists teachers with the management of their courses. It also allows for the provision of pedagogical contents, communication, collaboration, and sharing to aid learning (Septiani et al., 2017;Ouadoud, Chafiq & Chkouri, 2018). It provides an avenue for classroom materials or activities to be shared easily. It is a portal that enables lecturers and students to interact individually and in discussion groups outside the physical classroom (Anand & Eswaran, 2018 The affective model for the design and evaluation of the UX of LMS platforms was conceptualized and developed from the affective component of the Bloom's learning taxonomy (Bloom, 1956). This affective model explains the affective organismic self of users of and learners on LMS. The affective organism influenced by design factors (stimuli) that drive the experiential reactions/responses of the learners and users of LMS platforms (Mehrabian &Russell, 1974). The affective model is related to the emotions and feelings of the users of/learners on the LMS platform (Hatami, 2016).  (Althobaiti & Mayhew, 2016), continual usage, and active involvement in the LMS platform. These qualities are indispensable for the learners' personal growth and transformational sense of self-functioning and fulfillment (Maslow, 1954).
The stimuli that affects this affective organism include: i) inspiring (Minge, Wagner & Kuhr (2016): an inspiring LMS platform will stimulate positive emotions in learners; ii) exciting (Minge, Wagner & Kuhr, 2016): LMS platforms that are exciting to learners will spur in them a good feeling about the platform, enhance their wellbeing and promote in them a positive energy to learn; iii) interesting (Green & Batool, 2017): LMS platform and learning contents that are interesting encourages positive feeling in learners/users and makes them to actively participate with focused attention in the interactive learning activities; iv) attractive (Gorbunovs et al., 2017): LMS interface that are visually appealing and learning contents that are attractive charms users and encourages positive emotions that pulls learners towards the platform and produces active participatory involvement in them in the learning activities on the platform; v) novel (Santoso et al., 2017): a learner-centered learning tends towards learners active and independent participation in the learning process that leads to personal discovery of new knowledge by learners. It makes learners to interpretatively make sense of the knowledge they discovered on the platform. This implies that the platform must offer contents that are novel and the interface design itself should be novel too. Novel LMS produces the joy of interaction in learners; vi) pleasurable (Guimaraes et al., 2017): interaction in the LMS platform should be delightful, fun and pleasurable and with this, the emotion of users will be enhanced propelling an active and immersive participation in them (

Methodology
This research utilized a literature mapping strategy to conceive and develop a UX affective model for the design and evaluation of the affective aspects of the experiences of users of LMS products. In the study, to facilitate the mapping, a literature survey was conducted. Suitable and appropriate articles were downloaded and analyzed. This was followed by a keen extraction of required information from the downloaded texts. The steps employed are as follows (Figure 1): i) download of appropriate literature materials related to the modeling of the affective model of LMS platforms for design and evaluation of users' affective experiences on the platform; ii) synthesize and analyze the downloaded texts; iii) extract required information from the literature sources that pertain to the modeling of the affective experiences of LMS users; ix) conceptualize the UX affective model; v) propose the UX affective model.

Results
The results of this study uncovered a gap with respect to the non-existence of any custom affective model for the design and evaluation of the affective experience of learners using learning management system platforms. The study also found that there is a mapping relationship between the affective component of the Bloom's taxonomy of learning and the UX LMS affective model. The study then further elicited the quality facets that match, influence and contribute to the UX LMS affective model. Delightfulness: This quality explains how delightful and satisfying an LMS is to learners. ix. Passion: This quality describes how the LMS platform makes learners passionate and committed to learning activities on the platform.

Figure 2. A LMS Affective Model
x. Surprise: This quality shows the extent of surprise learners are on/with the LMS platform they are interacting with or learning on. This explains the wow effect such platform has on them. xi. Discovery: This quality indicates how much the LMS platform helps learners to discover knowledge independently in their self-learning endeavors. xii. Confidence: This quality shows the level of confidence to learn or in learning that the LMS platform breathes on learners interacting with it.
There are nine attributes/dimensions that activate/arouse users/learners' affective state on the LMS platform. They are as follows: i. Inspiring: This attributeexplains how inspiring a learning management system platform is to users/learners. Learners are more engrossed in the learning activities of an LMS that inspires them. Thus, the inspirational level of an LMS influences the affective model of an LMS. ii. Exciting: This is a quality that defines how excited users and learners of LMS are while interacting with the platform. An LMS that is exciting engages users/learners in their learning activities on the platform. Thus, an exciting LMS has impact on the affective state of learners. iii. Interesting: An interesting LMS prolongs and sustains the attention and interactive activities of users and learners on the LMS platform. Learners tend to be more actively involved on learning platforms that is interesting to them. Hence, this criterion affects the affective organism of users/learners of LMS platforms. iv. Novel: A novel LMS with new contents and creative interfaces is the delight of users/learners. Users/learners are drawn to interact with learning platforms they perceive has novelty, originality, uniqueness and innovativeness. Therefore, such platforms impacts on the affectivity of users/learners. v. Attractive: Attractive quality influences the affective state of users/ learners on LMS platforms. Users/learners are stimulated and captivated to learn with or interact with LMS when such platform is visually attractive and appealing to them. This attribute stimulates users/learners to learn with joy, interest and enthusiasm. vi. Pleasurable: A pleasurable LMS is a stimulating platform for learning. Such platform supports learning with fun and amusement. It makes learners happy and joyful while learning as it entertains and gives them pleasure in the learning process. vii. Challenging: This quality attribute defines the degree to which an LMS platform challenges learners to learn irrespective of difficulties faced. Difficulties in learning are seen as surmountable and the tensions encountered are courageously and pleasurably perceived. Challenge has impact the affective model of LMS platforms. viii.
Fascinating: A fascinating LMS is a learning platform that captivates, intrigues, and enthralls users/learners to interact with and learn on. Such platform captures their gaze, attention and focus. This quality makes users/learners to be actively absorbed in learning activities as they are drawn by the fancy of the platform. Thus, this quality affect users/learners affective organism. ix. Personal: A personal or personalized LMS is an LMS that is tailored to the individual needs of every learner. It is a learning platform that supports independent, self-regulated and self-motivated learning. On such platforms, learners are able to and feel they can construct and discover their own knowledge through sense-making. Personal or customized learning platforms affect learners' affective reactions and responses.
Following these results, the UX LMS model was conceptualized. This paper thenceforth proposes the adoption of the model specifically for the design and evaluation of the affectivity of the LMS platforms.

Conclusion
This paper examines prior literature to capture a mapping association between the affective component of Bloom's taxonomy of learning and a conceptual affective model for the design and evaluation of the affective experiences of users of and learners on LMS platforms. First, the study discovered that no previous affective model existsparticularly for the design and evaluation of the affective experiences of LMS users. The study then mapped the affective component of the Bloom's learning taxonomy with the theoretical affective model and elicited appropriate quality facets and dimensions that contribute to the model. This model is specifically suitable for the design and evaluation of the affectivity of LMS platforms.