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Structure of Liquid Surface and Mechanics of Surface Tension

The structure of the surface of a liquid is described by introducing a super-liquid covering the whole surface. Using this condition together with the conditions that the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation applies and that the entropy sum is constant, the thicknesses of the layer of super-liquid and the tension layer have been calculated. In the case of water, the thickness of the layer of super-water is 660 Å, while the thickness of the tension layer is monoatomic in all materials. The cause of surface tension is an electromagnetic force exerted by the super-liquid on the interfacial normal liquid; high-frequency attractive and repulsive forces make the interfacial atoms approach each other, forming a two-dimensional ordered structure. The restoring force of the constituent particles in the tension layer produces the surface tension.