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The Relation of Emotional Maturity, Family Interaction and Marital Satisfaction of Early Age Married Couples

Early-age marriage is a marriage carried out by couples less than 20 years old. This study aimed to analyze the relationship and the influence between emotional maturity and family interaction on marital satisfaction in early married families. The research was conducted in Bojong Gede Village, Bojong Baru Village, Rawa Panjang Village, Ragajaya Village and Pabuaran Village, Bojong Gede District, Bogor Regency Samples in this study are families who married in early age selected by purposive sampling amounted to 30 people specifically wives. Data analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and multiple regression linear. The results showed the average of wives and husbands married are 17 and 19 years old. Also, the emotional maturity of wives still in the moderate category, there are still wives whose poorly interacted with the family, and still some wives felt plain in marital satisfaction. Another test found that husband and wife age at married, income per capita, emotional maturity and family interaction had a significant positive relationship with marital satisfaction, but family size and age of marriage had a significant negative relationship with family satisfaction. Husband’s age and family interaction have a positive effect on marital satisfaction, but the husband’s education level and age of married negatively affect marital satisfaction.


Introductions
Marriage is essential in a family. The marriage which composed of two mature couple would give a significant output in the family's development and further for the country. However, usually, people think that marriage is the only solution for every problem in the family, although the two people who are about to get married are still below the standard of the age. The early-age marriage is one of the most highlight problems around the world. According to The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women or UN Women (2017) has been said that more than 750 millions of women around the world are married before 18 years old.Meanwhile,the report of United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund or UNICEF (2016) the early-age marriage in Indonesia from 2008to2015 showed that one of four children are married before 18 years old.Moreover, the percentage of earlyage marriage in West Java is 29.3 percent (UNICEF, 2016). The early-age marriage more likely happened in a rural area over urban, caused by the average of length education, low economic status, and the social tradition forced them to practice (Widyana, Toyibah, & Prani,2015;Tamher &Noorkasiani, 2009). According to the Agency of National Population and Family Planning or BKKBN (2012) the definition of early-age marriage is whoever age under 20 years old would be considered as incompetent to do marriage. The first years of marriage are the year in which the couple starts adjusting their personality with one another to determine further family life (Sunarti, 2013).
Marriage at the age of adolescence is still relatively early because the period is where a significant change occurred in a person including cognitive, emotional, and social aspects (Fagan, 2006). Emotions in adolescence have similarities with emotions in childhood, like anger, fear, jealousy, high curiosity, joy, sadness and affection, but the impact of emotions that cannot be controlled as indicated by frequent occurrences of brawls mass, robbery, rape, mugging, kidnapping, theft, murder to suicide (Hurlock, 2015). Emotional immaturity causes unpreparedness to face crises in family life which generally can be found in the early years of marriage, therefore this has to be considered before adolescent's couple get along to lead to satisfaction in marriage (Cole, Cole & Dean, 1980). It is clear that emotional maturity is needed in the process of adjusting to marriage.
Emotional maturity begins to be formed in the adolescent phase, thus if adolescents do not have emotional maturity, it will give an impact on the formation of behavioral deviations in marriage life (Marlina, 2013). Married couples who can have well-controlled emotions will form satisfaction in marriage and will affect the interactions amongst the family (Khalatbari et al., 2013;Anissa& Handayani, 2012;Morr & Canary, 2008). Failure of newly married couples who are unable to adjust to their partners will face issuesin each stage of their family's development and confront a bigger chance ofhaving divorce (Sumbulah & Jannah, 2012). Compliance with a partner is based on the establishment ofmany fundamental things, for instance, honest communication, fair treatment, and healthy interactions.
According to Sunarti (2013) interactions between family members are the fundamental things in the family life and something that is routinely done which includes how to interact, interaction pattern, and the intensity of interactions which is the regular interaction in the family and can move other aspects of the family. The interaction of a good husband and wife is shown by intimate relationships, giving and receiving love and supporting each other and demand each other as friendship does (Megawangi, 2014;Lestari, 2012). Husband and wife interaction found became the factor of marital quality of early years and middle years marriage (Dewi, Puspitawati, & Krisnatuti, 2018). In the early days of marriage, both the spouse and the couple's family will go throughplenty of phases of change. These changes are caused by the presence of new family members (Prentice, 2008). An approach with a family of partners, such as talk and be open to each other in giving their opinion regarding each other's family and their family's opinion (Morr & Canary, 2008). The importance of the reasons mentioned is because of the excellent interaction between family members will influencing the couple satisfaction in marriage (Bryant, Conger, & Meehan, 2001;Srisusanti&Zulkaida, 2013). Khalatbari et al. (2013) stated that marriage satisfaction is a condition when couples feel more satisfied in marrying their partner and the feeling of being happy when they are settled, as the results of the fulfilledeach other needs and expectations for marriage.
The current level of marriage failure can be seen from the abundant of divorces which have increased each year. Based on the Central Bureau of Statistics or BPS data in 2015, West Java has the most significant number of divorce cases, namely 347,256 cases (BPS, 2016). Also, in Article 19 section F PP No. 9 of 1975 states that one of the reasons accepted for divorce is that a husband and wife continue to have disputes and arguments and there is no hope of living in harmony again in the household. Divorce cases submitted by women are increasingly caused by lack of fulfillment of the needs that should be received from their partners such as material, sexuality and psychological conditions in which they feel pressured or oppressed by the attitudes and actions of couples thus it ends in dissatisfaction marriage (Afni& Indrijati, 2012). Based on the prior explanation, this study aims to analyze the influence of family characteristics, emotional maturity and family interactions on early age marriage families.

Methods
This study uses a cross-sectional study design, with the selection of research sites selected purposively, namely in the District of Bojong Gede, Bogor Regency because it has the second highest number of marriages in Bogor Regency as many as 1990 marriages during 2017 (Ministry of Religion, 2017). The villages of Bojong Gede, Bojong Baru, Rawa Panjang, Ragajaya and Pabuaran were chosen based on the highest number of marriages so that they had the chance to get married early. The study was conducted from March 2018 to May 2018. The population in this study were families who married early in the Bojong Gede District, Bogor Regency. The sample of this study consisted of 30 wives who had been married for two years (or at least married in 2016) and the age at the time of marriage is 20 years at maximum. Sampling was done by purposive sampling. Data were collected from an interview using questionnaires. Characteristics of wife's age, husband's age, wife's age at marriage, husband's age at marriage are grouped into three based on Hurlock (2015) namely early adolescents (12 years -15 years), mid-teens (15 years -18 years) and late adolescents (18 years) -21 years). Per capita income is grouped above the poverty line and below the poverty line, based on the poverty line in Bogor Regency in 2015 was IDR 353.103 (BPS, 2017).
Emotional maturity is the ability of the wife in controlling her emotions, accurately delivering the emotions. Emotional maturity measured by following the questionnaire of Emotional Maturity Scale by Singh and Bhargava (1990) after being modified. At first, the questionnaire consists of 48 statements, then developed into 69 statements, but at the end reduced into 28 statements only. The maturity scale measure three areas of emotion namely emotional stability, developing emotion, social adjustment, integrated personality, and self-freedom. Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire is 0.932.
Family interaction measurement included spouse interaction meaning the relations between husband and wife that is seen from communication and the bond based on wife's perspective and the interaction with the family defined as the relations between the wife and husband's family, for instance, mother in law, sister or brother in law, and the husband's extended family. The questionnaire referred to Chuang (2005) which composed of six dimensions and developed become 23 statements with Cronbach's alpha score is 0.942. The questionnaire of the couple's interaction developed by Hurlock (2015) and consists of 8 statements with 0.851 Cronbach's alpha.
Marital satisfaction is the condition which felt by the spouse relatively subjective and measured according to the happiness or satisfaction feeling towards the husband from the wife's perception. The marital satisfaction questionnaire was modified from the ENRICH (Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness) from Fowers and Olson (1993) which consisted of 10 dimensions namely partner personality problems, role equality, communication, conflict resolution, financial management, joint activities, sexual relations, family and friends, and religious orientation. This questionnaire was developed into 32 questions with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.957.
Low, medium, and high categorization are grouped based on the cut-off which categorized by Sunarti et al. (2005), namely 00.0-60.0 categorized as low, 60.0-79.0 categorized as moderate, and 80.0-100.0 as high. Data research was proceed using Microsoft Office Excel and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results of the data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to determine the maximum and minimum scores, mean, and standard deviation. The inferential analysis is multiple regression tests to analyze the influence of family characteristics, emotional maturity and family interaction on marital satisfaction.

Findings Characteristics
The results show the average of wives' age at marriage is 17.36 years old while her husband's age at marriage is 19 years old. Research also found that by the age of 15 years old, either wife or husband already married apparently. The mean of education length of the wives is 8.9 years, and 10.4 years for the husbands, both categorized had not finished middle school yet. The respondents commonly have married for two years to two years four months and their job mostly as a housewife (93.3%), others work as an entrepreneur (6.7%). Otherwise, the husband's job is varied as an entrepreneur (33.3%), employee (30.0%), laborers (23.3%), and the rest 13.3 percent are unemployed. According to the poverty line of Bogor District, the average of family's per capita income is IDR 729.444, and this research found that there is 26.7 percent of families still live below the poverty line. Conditions occurred due to an unstable income of the family and still dependent to their parents, this also can be proofed by the findings that most of the couples who married early still live along with the parents, only one out of six couples who settled separately.

Emotional Maturity
Emotional maturity is the ability of a person to control his or her emotions, which can channel the emotions in a proper way (Utami, Idriansari, & Herliawati, 2014). The study found that more than half of the samples still have moderate categorical emotional maturity (65.41).
Emotional stability. Table 1 shows the emotional stability of wives in the high category. This shows that the wife is not easily frustrated when being confronted with problems (70.0%), the wife receives criticism from others (63.3%) and is not easily upset (60.0%).
Emotion Development. There is 53.3 percent of the wives have highly categorized emotional developed. Indicated by more than half of the wives already feel comfortable with the current conditions (60.0%), have never felt that they are currently bad luck (66.7%), do not blame others for their own mistakes (66.7%) and never feel tired of the conditions experienced at the time being interviewed (60.0%).
Social adjustment. Research describes the social adjustment between wives and their environment is in the medium category. The wife does not have someone (73.3%), not picky to interact with other people (63.3%). However, the research found the wife have to dislike someone who is not following her (23.3%).
Integrated personality. Table 1 shows the dimensions of wife's personality that are integrated are more than half in high categories (63.3%), showing that the wife has never felt pessimistic about the life she is currently living (60.0%), the wife will admit her mistakes (46.7%), and not think about the perspective of her family (56.7%), the spouse's family (46.7%), and her friends or the neighbor (50.0%) whose against her.
Self-freedom The results show that the dimension of self-freedom has the highest average (83.17) in which categorized as high. The results showed that most wives helped their husbands (70.0%), their families (56.7%), friends or neighbors (60.0%) compared to prioritizing their personal affairs.

Family Interaction
Generally, the family interaction if the respondents categorized as moderate (73.62), about only 23.3 percent of respondents have low interaction with their family.
Husband-Wife Interaction. Research shows husband and wife interactions are in the high category. Based on the respondent's statements results, they have high interaction due to the intensity doing activities that support togetherness with the husband, such as providing joint quality time (66.7%), make fun of each other (60.0%), believing in husband's decision (63.3%), husband always listening whenever wife's express something (60.0%).
Couples Family Interaction. Table 2 shows that interactions with the couple's families categorized as low. The low interaction with family's partner is caused by the rarity of assisting in-laws (30.0%), brother or sister-in-law (33.3%) and the extended family (40.0%), wives are rarely allowed to express opinions (26.7%). Even so, the couple's attended the invitation of each family (56.7%) and the family attended the event held by the wife (53.3%).

Marital Satisfaction
Marital satisfaction includes personality issues, role equality, communication, conflict resolution, financial management, leisure time, sexual relations, childcare, family and friends and religious orientation (Fower & Olson, 1993). Overall, the wife's marital satisfaction is in the moderate category (40.0%). Table 3 shows that the dimensions of joint activity (50.0%) and sexual relations (66.7%) are in the high category. This condition is reflected in the statements of husband and wife can arrange leisure time together (46.7%), eat together at least once a day (46.7%), carry out activities at home together (50.0%), and arrange a time for vacation (53.3%). The high satisfaction of sexual relations caused by more than half of the wives expressed affection and mutual openness in sexual relations (66.7%), also communicating with each other sexual relations (63.3%).
Based on the results of the study showed that the wife felt quite satisfied in terms of finance (60.0%) and religious orientation (56.7%). In finance, some wives were dissatisfied with the family's financial condition (16.7%) and dissatisfied in the way they manage their family finances (10.0%). While in the religious orientation, some wives were entirely satisfied in their daily worship activities (20.0%), togetherness in worship (26.7%), and participation in religious activities in the environment (33.3%).

Correlation
The Pearson correlation test in Table 4 shows the age of husband and wife at marriage have a significant positive relationship to emotional maturity (r = 0.727, p <0.01; r = 0.433, p <0.05), family interaction (r = 0.649, p <0.01; r = 0.390, p <0.05) and marital satisfaction (r = 0.641, p <0.01; r = 0.321, p <0.1). This shows that the older the age of the husband and wife at marriage, the maturity of the emotion, the better their family interaction and more satisfied in their marriage.
However, the number of family members has a significant negative relation with emotional maturity (r = -0.348, p <0.1), family interactions (r = -0.350, p <0.1) and marital satisfaction (r = -0.340, p <0.1) which can be interpreted that the more the number of family members, the emotional maturity, family interaction, and marital satisfaction will be lower. Meanwhile, income per capita is significantly positively related to family interaction (r = 0.375, p <0.05) and marital satisfaction (r = 0.458, p <0.05). The higher the income per capita of the family, the better the interaction between the family and the satisfaction of the couple's marriage.
On the other hand, the long period of marriage has a significant negative relationship with marital satisfaction (r = -0.315, p <0.1), thus the longer the marriage of the couple the lower marital satisfaction. Emotional maturity has a significant positive relationship with family interaction (r = 0.721, p <0.01), which indicates the higher emotional maturity that the wife has, the higher the interaction within the family. Emotional maturity (r = 0.659, p <0.01) and family interaction (r = 0.850, p <0.01) also have a significant positive relationship with marital satisfaction showing that the mature emotional state of the spouse and the better the interaction within the family, the higher their satisfaction in marriage. Note: * = significant at p<0.1; ** = significant at p<0.05; *** = significant at p<0.01

Discussion
The study had found that respondents in general, the wives that had been interviewed were married when they were still adolescent, therefore they can be calledas practicing early-age marriage. A marriage that occurs at an early age is risky for health especially duringearly-childbirth, also the couple's economic sphere still incapable, and plenty marriages end in divorce due to lack of understanding and communication (BPS, 2010;Mawardi, 2012). According to Naibaho (2013) most early marriage currently occurs due to low economic factors, self-determination, parental support and an out-of-wedlock pregnancy due to adolescent promiscuity. Also, Hartini (2014) showed that women with low education would choose to get married at an early age. Married women will have limited mobility mainly if they have children to take care of therefore women had better pursue their education before getting married (BPS, 2016). The results of Putri and Setiawina's (2013) study stated the level of education spouses related to the household income, henceforth the education must have been higher to geta better joband income. BPS (2016) declared that women with low education would find it difficult to obtain and help their family finances, thus instead of saying that marriage would fix family's economy, it will just increase the poverty rate.The initial period of marriage is the time when the husband and wife are getting to know more each other regarding their character and personality and prepare themselves to deal with these conditions (Susilowati, 2008;Sunarti, 2013). Emotional maturity is a part of the personality that shows one's adulthood (Agrawal & Srivastava, 2016). The results showed that the emotional maturity of the wife was in the moderate category. Anissa and Handayani (2012) stated that a wife with good emotional maturity is shown by the ability to control emotions well and can think wisely and objectively. Klever (2009) states that if a person has good emotional maturity, the individual is not easily anxious, can manage stress well.
The correlation test shows that the wife's age at marriage has a significant positive relationship to the wife's emotional maturity. According to Hurlock (2015), emotional maturity is closely related to the level of growth and physiological maturity of a person as indicated by the ability to control his or her emotions well. Besides, the age of the husband at marriage has a significant positive relationship also to the emotional maturity of the wife. Khairani and Putri (2011) stated that a mature husband would be considered an adult, that is, someone who can think logically and rationally so he can protect his wife by understanding her feelings. Jaisri and Joseph (2013) also emphasized emotional maturity as a factor that influences marriage adjustment. When a person does not have good emotional maturity, it will be difficult to adjust in their marriage. Wives who do not have the good emotional maturity and rear children will have difficulty in adjusting themselves, it has the potential to cause stress to the wife. In the study of Aber, Bennet and Lii (1997) even show that stress conditions in parents, especially mothers, will do negative behavior towards children such as hitting, shouting and slapping children.The number of family members has a significant negative relationship with emotional maturity. This shows the lower emotional maturity of the wife, the increasing number of children. Emotional maturity cannot be separated from emotion regulation, according to Wulan and Chotimah research (2017) the couple who are able to regulate their emotion well have a better satisfaction in their marriage then the one who are not good regulating their emotion.
This study found that the majority of respondents (wives) had functional interactions with their husbands. A husband and wife interaction both shown by an intimate relationship, giving and receiving love and supporting each other. However, there is still one in six wives with low interactions with her husband, meaning that it can cause a harmonious relationship between husband and wife. Similarly, Sunarti (2013) stated that husband and wife who have weak interactions can cause unhappy marriages and even could be ended in divorce. Aside from that, the study found that there was still a lack of interaction of the wives with their partner's families because they felt doubts about joining in chatting together family gathering. Prentice (2008) said that in newly married families, changes occur in previous family life, so there needs to be an adaptation in it such as by starting a conversation with a family of partners that will increase the number of interactions. In addition, the wife had a dispute with the family of the couple caused by differences of opinion. Bryant, Conger, & Meehan (2001) stated that the existence of problems that occur between the wife and the family of the couple is something that will affect the satisfaction of marriage. Though, overall this research has found that wives are having good family interaction and Klein and White (1996) support that strong ties in the family are called bonding, which could make interaction in the family much better and longer than interacting with others.
Correlation test results showed the age of husband and wife at marriage had a significant positive relationship with family interaction. A mature person will have excellent communication skills which are desirable in marriage, Sari and Sunarti (2013) stated that currently there are many cases of household disputes caused by miscommunication. Per capita income had a positive relationship with family interaction. Families with low income will cause high economic pressures, thus caused low interactions with families. Raharjo, Puspitawati, and Krisnatuti (2015) stated that high economic pressure causes families to work continuously to fulfill their daily needs, so thequality time for families will decrease, and their interactions are decreasing either, resulting in fights within the family. Wife's emotional maturity had a significant relationship with positive family interactions. Someone who is emotionally mature will be able to regulate the emotions they have, it makes someone capable of interacting well with anyone, including with family (Anissa & Handayani, 2012;Morr & Canary, 2008). The number of family members had a significant negative relationship with family interaction which can be interpreted that the increasing number of family members will make family interactions lower. Moreover, the more number of family members then the need of the family will increase. And therefore as Larasati (2012) explained that husbands who work more to meet the daily needs of the family will decreasehis time to interact with the family.
Marital satisfaction is a subjective feeling felt by the partner. The results showed that marital satisfaction was in the moderate category, indicated by almost all aspects of marital satisfaction. The low dimensions of satisfaction are financial management and religious orientation. Dissatisfaction in financial management is indicated by the wife's dissatisfaction with the family's financial condition, the way of financial management and in fulfilling daily needs. Whereas Dakin and Wampler's (2008) study stated that financial factors are essential in marital satisfaction. The low dimensions of religious orientation indicate that there is a profound sense of satisfaction with religiosity, directed by dissatisfaction in the togetherness of worshipping and the participation of religious activities in the community. The prior statement in line with Istiqomah and Mukhlis (2015) who stated that the religiosity of a married couple related to marital satisfaction.
The Pearson's test results showed the age of husband and wife at the time of marriage had a positive relationship with marital satisfaction, meaning the more mature the age of husband and wife when married, the higher the level of satisfaction of their marriage. Amato and Roger (1997) identified that couples who marry at an early age would have poor marital satisfaction, which is caused by being more jealous and less loyal thus it would end in divorce. Per capita income had a significant positive relationship with marital satisfaction, meaningan increase in family income per capita will increase marital satisfaction. Tyas, Herawati, and Sunarti (2017) found that families with higher incomes will be able to fulfill daily needs hence the marital satisfaction would increase. Wife's emotional maturity had a significant positive relationship with marital satisfaction, implicate the higher the emotional maturity of the wife, the higher the satisfaction. The research conducted by Anissa and Handani (2012) and Nurpratiwi (2010) shows that a wife who has good emotional maturity will be able to control emotions well and can express her emotions adequately, it will foster intimacy and also someone with maturity good emotions will be able to manage problems in marriage so that satisfaction will be manifested in marriage. Family interaction had a significant positive relationship to marital satisfaction. Gottman and Krokoff (1989) indicated that when husband and wife can express what they want in a right way, then the couple will be able to understand each other and will lead to satisfaction in marriage. Otherwise, regarding partner's family interaction Saputra, Hartati, and Aviani (2017) has found that couples who live separately from their parents-in-law more satisfied in their marriage than those who live in the same house. The number of family members had a significant negative relationship with marital satisfaction, meaning that the more children in the family, the lower is the satisfaction in marriage. The low level of marital satisfaction is because the wife will have difficulty managing her household.

Conclusion
The average age at the time of respondent's got married in the late-adolescents. The average length of education for wives is equivalent to junior high school while the husbands are equivalent to high school both were still in middle school. The majority of wives' work as housewives and husband's work varies greatly. Based on the number of family members of the respondents, they were included in the small family group which is less than four people living in the same house. The period time of the marriage is included in the first years of marriage with an average length of the marriage is one year. Most families get married early living with their parents. Based on per capita income, the majority of respondents were above the poverty line with an average income is IDR 729,444.
The average of the wife's emotional maturity, family interaction and satisfaction are classified as moderate. The results of the correlation test show the age of husband and wife at marriage, per capita income, emotional maturity, and family interaction have a significant positive relationship with marital satisfaction, but the number of family members and length of marriage have a significant negative relationship with marital satisfaction.

Recommendation
Families are expected to be able to learn to plan expenditures and try to save money, and participate in counseling on how to manage finances well and participate in religious activities through study and recitation can get closer to God, married couples are expected to interact with family partners, such as joining in family gatherings and chat together and try to help the couple's family with material and non-material assistance. For the government or NGOs can provide counseling and guidance on knowledge of marriage, duties, and functions of marriage, and proper financial management. The government is expected to increase the minimum age for marriage, further research can examine further the interaction of family partners and marital satisfaction based on the perception of the husband.