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Mechanical energy harvesting utilizing phase transition in 32 mode relaxor-ferroelectric PIN-PMN-PT single crystals

This work presents experimental evidence of giant electro-mechanical energy conversion under ferroelectric/ferroelectric rhombohedral-orthorhombic phase transformation. Combinations of stress and electric field drive a phase transformation from rhombohedral to orthorhombic in [011] cut ferroelectric single crystals. This phase transformation is accompanied by a large jump in electric displacement and strain. The results indicate that the ferroelectric crystals produce at least an order of magnitude more electrical energy density per cycle that that produced using the linear piezoelectric effect. In the experimental work, energy is harvested from a cyclic drive stress of ~5 MPa applied to a ternary Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3- Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystal of composition just at the rhombohedral side of a morphotropic phase boundary. Ideal energy harvesting cycles, experimental electrical and mechanical results, and methods of mechanical confinement and drive are presented.