{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0394990366088632, 'fraction_numerical': 0.029865125240847785, 'mean_word_length': 4.985590778097983, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Predictive Ability of Body Fat Percentage and Thigh Anthropometrics on Tissue Cooling during Cold Water Immersion.

CONTEXT
Cold water immersion (CWI) is a common aid in exercise recovery. CWI effectiveness depends on the magnitude of muscle and core cooling. Individual cooling responses to CWI are variable and likely influenced by CWI dose and individual physiological characteristics.


OBJECTIVE
Evaluate body fat percentage and thigh anthropometrics as predictors of intramuscular and skin cooling responses to CWI.


DESIGN
Interrupted time-series.


SETTING
Sports medicine research center.


PARTICIPANTS
Sixteen young adults (8 male, 8 female, age=24.3±1.84 years, height=176.4±12.7 cm, mass=86.6±29.4 kg).


INTERVENTION
Body fat percentage was measured using a three site skinfold. Thigh length, thigh circumference, anterior thigh adipose thickness, anterior thigh muscle thickness, and thigh volume were estimated using manual and ultrasound methods. Using sterile techniques, thermocouple probes were approximated in the belly of the rectus femoris (2 cm deep to sub-adipose tissue) and on the anterior mid-thigh surface. Participants cycled on an ergometer for 30 minutes at a target heart rate between 130 and 150 beats per minute. Post-exercise, participants were placed in CWI (immersion depth: iliac crest; 10°C) until intramuscular temperature was 7°C below pre-exercise baseline temperature, with a maximum immersion duration of 30 minutes.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Intramuscular rectus femoris and thigh skin temperatures measured post exercise, after 10 and 15 minutes of CWI, and post-CWI.


RESULTS
Body fat percentage significantly predicted rectus femoris cooling magnitude and rate after 10 minutes of CWI, 15 minutes of CWI, and post-CWI (p <0.001; R2 = 0.58-0.64). Thigh anthropometrics significantly predicted thigh skin cooling rate post-CWI (p = 0.049; R2 = 0.46).


CONCLUSIONS
A simple three site skinfold assessment may improve the efficacious prescription of CWI through estimation of the dose required for minimal muscle tissue cooling.