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Genome sequence and adaptation of strain of the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia glumae


 Background: Burkholderia glumae causes rice (Oryza sativa) bacterial panicle blight, which is an increasingly economically important disease worldwide. B. glumae can also be isolated from humans who suffer from chronic granulomatous disease. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying human pathogenesis by B. glumae remains rudimentary. Results: In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of the human-isolated B. glumae strain AU6208 and compare this to the genome of the plant-pathogenic B. glumae type strain LMG 2196T, which was isolated from rice. Analysis of the gene content and average nucleotide identity demonstrated 99.4% similarity between the human- and plant-pathogenic strains. However, the phenotypic results from this study suggest a history of niche adaptation and divergence. For example, AU6208 produces more exopolysaccharides and more readily forms biofilms compared with LMG 2196T. Consistent with this, the AU6208 genome encodes a UDP-galactopyranose mutase (BCAL3235), but LMG 2196T lacks this gene. In total, 44 genes were predicted to be horizontally transferred into AU6208, and most of these genes were upregulated in conditions that mimic clinical conditions. Among the horizontally transferred genes, the gene pair SbnABas encodes key enzymes in antibiotic biosynthesis. These results suggest that horizontal gene transfer in AU6208 may be responsible for selective advantages in its pathogenicity in humans. Conclusions: In summary, our analysis of the AU6208 genome and comparison with that of LMG 2196T reveal the evolutionary signatures of B. glumae in the process of switching niches from plants to humans. Our findings may shed light on strain and niche diversity in bacteria.