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Effect of Banana Homogenate on Shoot Regeneration of Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.)

In vitro culture techniques can be used as an alternative problem solving in an effort to provide Ciplukan plant as a raw material of herbal medicine in a sustainable manner. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of banana homogenate (BH) added into culture medium on shoot regeneration of Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) and plantlet development until acclimatization stage. The experimental design used was a randomized factorial group. The first factor was the two varieties of banana fruit namely, Ambon and Raja. The second factor was concentration of BH with four levels, 0 (control), 2.5%, 5% and 7.5 % and each treatment combination was repeated five times. Explant used in this research was the third node of 2 weeks old in vitro shoot after subculture to MS0 medium. Data analysis used ANOVA test. Eight week after culture (WAC) medium containing BH induced higher number of shoot compare to medium without BH. The addition of 5% BH var. Ambon had significant effect on increasing shoot number. Well rooted plantlets produced in MS0 rooting medium also showed high survival rate (66.7%< 100%) two weeks after transferred to greenhouse. Therefore, the addition of BH into in vitro medium can be an alternative method for micropropagation of Ciplukan.


INTRODUCTION 
Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) is a wild plant species that will be commonly found especially on the edge of the forest, yard, and corn fields. Ciplukan has been widely used as traditional medicine [1]. Clinically, this plant is proven to have a lot of bioactive content. Ciplukan can be used as antihyperglycemic, antibacterial, antiviral, immunostimulant and immunosuppressant (immunomodulator), antiinflamation, antioxidant, analgesic, and cytotoxic. Also as diuretic, neutralize toxins, relieve cough, and activate the function of the body glands and anti-tumor. Ciplukan fruit can also be used to cure bleeding gums [2]. Currently, Ciplukan already widely used by the industry as herbal medicine. Therefore, to meet the needs of the industry, the demand for Ciplukan supply is increasing [3].
The increasing demand for medicinal plants causes over extraction from the wild source. Even though, the medicinal plants that obtained from various locations will have varies in productivity. Some environmental factors may affect all phases of growth and development [4] including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
To prevent the supply of medicinal plants from natural source which has various characters it should be accompanied by the availability of standardized source. In vitro tissue culture techniques can be used as an alternative problem solving in an effort to provide the plant as a sustainable raw material for herbal medicine. Largescale plant tissue or organ culture for the production of secondary metabolites is an attractive alternative approach to traditional methods of cultivation of medicinal plants [5]. The advantages of this method are many; it is independent of soil, climatic interference, geographical location, does not require a very wide area for produce large quantities of plants at relatively narrow space [6] and it can provide a continuous and reliable source of natural products. The success of tissue culture techniques is influenced by several factors, including the composition of plant growing media [7,8]. Culture media frequently used for tissue culture techniques is Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium (1962). MS medium is widely used for tissue culture of most plant tissues as its balanced composition over other media. This basal medium contains complete macro nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na) and micro (B, Co, Mn, I, Fe, Zn, and Cu). MS medium also contains other energy sources such as sugar, vitamins, amino acids and myo inositol [9].
In vitro culture media can also be added by complex organic matter as a source of sugar, vitamins, plant growth regulators and amino acids. Natural organic compounds that have been widely used include coconut water, yeast extract, malt extract, potato extract, papaya extract, banana porridge (banana homogenate), tomato juice and wotel juice. The use of such organic organic compounds as additives to media can provide better growth and morphogenesis [10].
Bananas are commonly added to in vitro media in the form of slurry or homogenate. Banana homogenate (BH) has been able to increase the number of shoots of various orchids [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Provision of BH can improve regeneration response, number of shoots per explant and complete plantlet on Cymbidium pendulum compared to without addition of banana pulp [15]. Addition of 150 g.L -1 banana var Ambon and NAA 20 ppm can produce the highest average number of shoots on black orchid plant (Coelogyne pandurata) [17]. Bananas contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, Ca, P, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B-1, and vitamin C so it can help the regeneration process in plants [18]. Some types of bananas, ie banana var. Kepok, Mas, Raja, Ambon Lumut and Ambon Putih can produce different in vitro growth response on Phalaenopsis orchid planlet [19]. Banana var. Raja and Ambon were able to increased shoot number, plantlet height, leaf length and number and root number of orchids [20,21]. Therefore, in this study the influence of two local varieties of banana, namely Ambon and Raja on shoot regeneration and plantlet development of Ciplukan nodes explant was observed.

MATERIAL AND METHOD Preparation of source explant
The ripe yellow Ciplukan fruit was split and seeds were taken and dried for 2-3 days. Dry seeds were germinated on agar medium (12 g.L -1 ) without addition of growth regulator under 500 lux light intensity at 23  2 C. Cotyledon and shoot apical were excised from two weeks old seedling then subcultured into hormone free MS (MS0) medium. The nodal explants were taken from the third node of growing shoots.

In vitro culture medium
Shoot induction medium (SIM) used in this study was MS basal salt medium + growth regulator (BAP 2 mg.L -1 + IAA 0.05 mg.L -1 ) + banana homogenate (BH) supplemented with 30 g.L -1 commercial granulated sugar. The effect of two local banana varieties, Ambon and Raja were observed in this study. Four concentrations for each banana, var. Ambon (PA) and Raja (PR), were 0, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% (w/v). Banana homogenate were derived from finely ground rip-ened fruit shortly prior to add into the medium. After stirring evenly the medium solution was adjusted to pH 5.8 and solidified by 12 g.L -1 agar. There were two types root induction medium (RIM), ie 1) MS0 without growth regulator, and 2) MS + auxin (NAA 2 mg.L -1 + IBA 1 mg.L -1 ). Culture medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121C, 1.5 atm for 15 minutes.

Shoot induction and multiplication
Three nodal explants were inoculated on each bottle of SIM without BH as control (P0) or with BH (PA and PR) with five replicates to observe their capability of shoot induction and multiplication. The cultures were incubated in culture room at 24  2C under 500 lux light intensity for 24 hours. The number and height of shoots and the leaf number were measured eight week after culture (WAC). The shoot height was measured from the base of the shoots on the surface of the culture medium to the shoot tip.

Root induction and plantlet regeneration
The eight-week-old shoots induced in P0, PA and PR mediums were subcultured on two types root medium, ie MS0 and MS + auxin. The cultures were incubated in culture room at 24  2C under 500 lux light intensity for 24 hours. The number and length of roots in each shoot, plantlet height, leaf number and fresh weight (FW) of plantlets on MS0 medium and MS + auxin medium were measured one and three WAC, respectively.

Acclimatization
Plantlets with well developed root were removed from rooting medium. The root part was thoroughly washed with running water to remove the agar medium. The plantlet was then grown on a plastic cup (240 ml in size) containing a mixture of soil, compost and husk (ratio 1: 1: 1) and enclosed with transparent plastic for two weeks. Subsequently, the plants were moved to pots ( 17 cm) with the same medium composition and placed in the green house for two weeks.

Experimental Design and Data Analysis
The results are presented as mean  SD (standard deviation). Data analysis using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test to determine whether there is difference of influence between type and concentration of banana var. Ambon and Raja for all parameters observed.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Shoot Regeneration
The occurrences of green spots were noticed on the surface of nodal tissues two or three days of culture. The formation of green spots is positively correlated with shoot regeneration [22,23]. One WAC green leaves were observed in the medium with ( Fig. 1B-C) and without BH addition (Fig. 1A). Eight WAC shoot on P0 (control) medium ( Figure 2A) had stems thicker and leaves smaller than in PA and PR medium. The PA medium produced more shoots and leaves number but had a shorter shoot height ( Figure 2B) than the control and PR medium ( Figure 2C). Banana has been frequently added as organic additive in in vitro culture because it is a good source of mineral, vitamin and natural plant growth regulators like IAA, gibberellin and zeatin [24,25]. Banana is also rich in carbohydrates that act as carbon source which supply energy to the heterotroph plant during the early stage in vitro culture [26,27]. Medium containing either BH cultivars 'Ambon' (PA) or 'Raja' (PR) induced higher number of shoot (3.25 ± 1.29 or 3.33  1.23) (Fig.  3A) than the medium without addition of BH (1.75 ± 0.5) eight WAC. Conversely, the height of shoots (Fig. 3B) and the number of leaves (Fig.  3C) produced in medium containing BH tends to decrease compared to those produced in control medium. High frequency of shoot number is a prerequisite for clonal propagation [8]. However, increase the number of shoot usually accompanied by decrease the shoot length [28].
Eight week after culture only 5% BH produced significantly high number of shoots while in other parameters were not significant effect (Fig. 4). The sucrose content in banana has a role in enhancing in vitro regeneration [14]. Medium containing 5% BH was also induced the highest regeneration frequency of Cymbidium pendulum [10]. The positive effect of 5% BH on enhancing shoot number is advantageous to provide the P. angulata plant as a raw material for herbal medicine.

Root Induction and Plantlet Regeneration
MS free hormone medium was able to induce roots one WAC. Meanwhile in MS + auxin medium the roots were induced three weeks after subculture. MS free hormone medium produced white, long and thick roots (Fig. 5A-C). While MS + auxin medium produced small fibers, short, thin and brownish white roots (Fig. 5D-F). This is consistent with the research of [29] which showed that roots produced in MS + auxin were short, thin and fragile. Auxin at low concentra- tions increase root length while at high concentrations can inhibit root growth [30]. This results show that the auxin added to the root induction medium actually inhibits root growth. Thickened roots of Carica papaya L. with few lateral branches and no root hairs were making them difficult to acclimatize [31]. Plantlets with normal leaf was observed on MS0 medium (Fig. 6A) whereas the plantlet on MS + auxin medium showed curved leaf edge (Fig. 6B). Abnormal leaves in maize [32], bean and Arabidopsis [33] have been reported in medium with high concentration of auxin.  Shoot derived from PA medium showed better responses in almost all parameters studied (Fig. 7A-D) except for root number in MS0 medium (Fig. 7E) and root length in MS + auxin medium (Fig. 7F). As shown in Fig. 3A the shoot number induced in SIM medium containing BH especially PA medium (var. Ambon) was comparatively higher than P0 control medium. The addition of BH derived from var. Ambon can increase plantlet height, leaf number and root length of Dendrobium plantlet [34]. In this study high number of regenerated shoot in SIM produced high number of the sites of auxin synthesis. Consequently, the content of auxin endogenous hormone in plantlet increased. This results shows that BH supplements in SIM still influence plantlet growth in rooting medium.
In this study banana var. Ambon and Raja added in SIM and all concentration tested did not significantly affect all parameters studied for ciplukan in both of MS0 and MS + auxin rooting medium. This is consistent with previous study [36] who stated that BH (2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% v/v) did not significantly promote rooting of Dimorphorchis lowii. It was assumed that root formation required organic nitrogen compunds since the best performance of root regeneration was observed in culture media supplemented by coconut water, pepton and yeast [36].
In this study the difference in root number and morphology is more due to the presence or absence of growth hormone in culture medium (MS0 and MS +auxin). Auxin is an essential factor for induction of roots in plants. Adventitious roots produced in MS0 medium promoted by basipetal auxin transport from shoot tip toward the basal parts. Addition of exogenous auxin in rooting medium will increased its concentration in cellular level [37]. In this study high accumulation of auxin promoted more root number but might inhibited root elongation.

Acclimatization
Plantlets derived from SIM supplemented with BH can grow well in the early adaptation stage (Fig. 9). No significant different in all parameters was observed two weeks after transferred the plantlets to plastic glass. After being transferred to pot in greenhouse for 2 weeks the plantlets derived from MS0 rooting medium had better survival compared to the plantlets derived from MS + auxin rooting medium. The plant from P0 medium had the lowest survival rate (33.3%) compared to the plant from SIM containing BH (66.7 -100%) ( Table 1). Whereas, in MS + auxin rooting medium the plantlets with survival rate 100% was only obtained from 2.5% and 7.5% PR medium. Survival rate of plant from other SIM was only 50%. After transferred to pot the plants derived from PA and PR medium for shoot induction and either MS0 or MS + auxin for rooting medium (Fig. 10B,E) remain had higher plant height and wider leaves than the plants derived from other mediums (Fig. 10A,D,C,F). While plants derived from P0 (control) medium and MS + auxin rooting medium have a narrower leaves than plants derived from MS0 rooting medium. Short thin root produced in MS + auxin rooting medium. The smooth and short roots appear to be less able to facilitate the absorption of water and minerals from the medium to support the growth of the vegetative organ. Naturally, regeneration of adventitious organs depends on endogenous hormones [38]. Endogenous auxin is of primary importance initiating adventitious root formation [39]. This sug- gests that the MS0 medium without hormones is capable for developing a functional root system. In vitro roots still functional and continue to grow during acclimatization [40). Therefore, formation of functional root system in in vitro plantlet is to be important step to survive after transplantation [41]. High survival of plants from MS0 rooting medium indicates that endogenous auxin of P. angulata plantlet has been able to produce good functional root system. Functional root system can absorb nutrients and water from acclimatization media in a good way thereby enhancing the growth of the plant.

CONCLUSION
Applications of 5% BH as supplement in tissue culture media should be considered due to positive response in shoot regeneration and multiplication of P. angulata. High survival rate (66.7%< -100%) of plant in aclimatization stage after transferred to pot in greenhouse due to better rooting system in MS0 rooting medium. This condition support the sustainability of raw materials of herbal medicine.