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Anti-Imperialist Traditions in U.S. Literature and Culture

From its Founding through the present, the United States has maintained a complex, often-contradictory relationship to anti-imperialist thought. For all their historical importance to the national discourse, anti-imperialist conceits have been consistently frustrated—by projections of U.S. military power abroad, and perhaps more fundamentally still, through a myriad of cultural, economic, and environmental imperialisms. As Amy Kaplan emphasized in her Introduction to the groundbreaking collection she co-edited with Donald Pease, Cultures of United States Imperialism (1993), this fundamental contradiction between the United States’ selfconceived anti-imperialist identity as viewed through one side of the looking glass, and the realities of U.S. empire appearing through the other, likewise impelled the works of literary critics and historians through the first half of the twentieth century. Enlisting Perry Miller’s Errand into the Wilderness (1956) as a jumping-off point, Kaplan provocatively concluded that “imperialism has been simultaneously formative and disavowed in the foundational discourse of American studies.” 1