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On weaving personality into a tapestry of traits.

If one could nominate one individual in the history of modern differential psychology who could be identified as someone who attempted to integrate various different domains into a single ‘theory of everything’, that person would be Raymond B. Cattell. From the time of his first publication in 1928 through the next 60 or so years, one dominant theme emerged from his writings in a vast corpus of books, monographs, and articles. That theme was to bring together the three major domains of individual differences – variously referred to as cognitive (abilities), affective (personality and temperament), and conative (motivation, dynamic) – into a single overarching framework (e.g. Cattell, 1988). In addition, Cattell was at the forefront of the field that attempted to integrate methods of quantitative inquiry and analysis with fundamental questions of these various traits and behaviours. Where most psychologists, past and present, are content to study a relatively narrow domain of inquiry, or perhaps attempt to integrate two related areas, Cattell selected a much broader approach. His 1946 article (Cattell, 1946a) provided a brief introduction to the thinking that guided his perspective on parsing the world of individual differences. More details of this approach and an analysis of empirical data were presented in his seminal book on ‘Description and Measurement of Personality’ (Cattell, 1946b) that was published the same year. In this article, Cattell set out a set of conditions for how one might ‘distinguish’ among ‘modalities of traits’, which he referred to as ‘dynamic’ ‘temperament’ and ‘abilities’. (For an historical footnote, ‘dynamic’ referred to motivational, conative, or volitional traits, and is generally traced to Woodworth’s ‘dynamic psychology’ – which was identified as functional psychology plus motivation.) Cattell made the most fundamental point that analysis of any single behaviour will not, in and of itself, allow one to infer the influence of a unique trait, because each behaviour varies, to a greater or lesser extent, as a function of all three different trait domains. Perhaps, the most salient quotation that represents this overarching theme is the following: