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A Study of Correlation of Adiponectin Levels in Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), also known as insulin resistance syndrome, is described as a cluster of cardiometabolic symptoms such as high blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, or insulin resistance. MetS is one of the most serious public health problems being faced globally. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine its prevalence, as well as the relationship between blood adiponectin levels and the development of MetS. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional hospital-based study was performed in the Department of General Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, from January 2019– June 2020. Sixty patients attending the medicine out- or inpatient department, who confirmed consent, and fit into the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) inclusion criteria for MetS, were recruited for this study. The final sample size for this study was found to be 60, with a prevalence of 10%. This is the reason the study’s precision decreased to ±7.6%, implying that the precision of the end result may vary by ±7.6%. Results: Subjects without MetS were on average younger, had a lower BMI, and had a smaller waist circumference than those who had MetS, according to the findings. They also had lower blood pressure, pulse rate, and fasting plasma glucose levels than the people with MetS, and there were statistically significant variations in lipid profiles between those with and without MetS. In people who did not have MetS, the mean serum adiponectin concentration was 15.79±2.90 mg/mL, whereas the mean serum adiponectin concentration in people who did have MetS was 11.02±2.63 mg/mL (p<0.001). The levels of adiponectin were compared with the different components of MetS as defined by the IDF. The mean adiponectin concentrations in connection to the clinical characteristics of MetS are shown in Table 1 . The authors discovered that lower adiponectin levels were statistically significantly linked with the majority of the characteristics. In a multivariate analysis,

Results: Subjects without MetS were on average younger, had a lower BMI, and had a smaller waist circumference than those who had MetS, according to the findings. They also had lower blood pressure, pulse rate, and fasting plasma glucose levels than the people with MetS, and there were statistically significant variations in lipid profiles between those with and without MetS. In people who did not have MetS, the mean serum adiponectin concentration was 15.79±2.90 mg/mL, whereas the mean serum adiponectin concentration in people who did have MetS was 11.02±2.63 mg/mL (p<0.001). The levels of adiponectin were compared with the different components of MetS as defined by the IDF. The mean adiponectin concentrations in connection to the clinical characteristics of MetS are shown in Table 1 . The authors discovered that lower adiponectin levels were statistically significantly linked with the majority of the characteristics. In a multivariate analysis,

INTRODUCTION
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), also known as an insulin resistance syndrome, has been related to higher blood pressure outside of the normal range, insulin resistance, and increased fasting glucose levels. 1 It is one of the world's most important public health issues due to its growing prevalence in society and its impact on a large number of people. 2 In today's scenario, it is an alarming healthcare issue; however, if detected early enough, further complications can be avoided and quality of life improved. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), both developed and developing countries are seeing a growth in the number of cases of MetS. It affects anywhere from 15-40% of the population, with a higher prevalence rate in impoverished nations than in more developed ones. 3 MetS is related to an increased risk of cancer, in addition to coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and other cardiometabolic disorders. 4 MetS is a collection of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). 5 MetS is a powerful predictor of T2D, as people affected by the disease have a five to sevenfold greater chance of getting T2D. Those with MetS are also twice as likely to have CVD. 6 The heterogeneous condition is caused by obesity, particularly visceral adiposity, and insulin resistance. It is a group of common clinical diseases that includes obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidaemia. 7 It has been suggested that visceral fat deposits are more implicated in the advancement of obesity-related disorders such MetS, T2D, and coronary artery disease, since they have a higher metabolic activity than subcutaneous fat deposits. 8 Adiponectin is an adipocytokine, which means it regulates blood sugar and cholesterol levels, as well as the cardiovascular system.
The amount of adiponectin in people with obesity was shown to be lower, despite the fact that it is mostly generated by adipose tissue, and higher levels were related to a drop in overall body weight in patients with obesity, implying an inverse relationship between adiponectin and body weight. This could be explained by the fact that subjects who are overweight receive negative feedback. 9 Adiponectin contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiac MetS through various mechanisms. It has a detrimental influence on blood glucose and free fatty acid levels, among other factors. 10 To the authors' delight, it appears that the connection between insulin resistance and adiponectin secretion runs both ways. Adiponectin improves insulin receptor sensitivity in peripheral tissues, affecting food intake, metabolic rate, and body weight. 11 Insulin resistance was shown to be worsened, and increasing insulin resistance was linked to lower levels of the bioactive adiponectin in those with high insulin levels. Inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are related to insulin resistance, decrease adiponectin levels. 12 It has been proven that the hormone serum adiponectin has an inverse connection with insulin resistance and body fat mass in adults. People with T2D and those with coronary artery disease have abnormally low levels in their blood. As a result of this, adiponectin is commonly believed to promote insulin sensitivity and to contribute to cardiovascular protection. 13 Lower than normal levels of the high molecular weight component of adiponectin in plasma, in particular, is a significant risk factor for the onset of MetS. 14 Fatigue, excess weight, and abdominal obesity were the most common anomalies among people with MetS, especially in the abdominal area. Because of its connection to insulin resistance and low-grade chronic inflammation in the body, abdominal obesity is usually considered as the most significant underlying cause of MetS. 15 The waist-to-hip ratio, commonly known as the waist-to-height ratio, is a better predictor of MetS than the BMI. 16 IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines have been related to poor metabolic health in both people with and without obesity. Adipokines like adiponectin, on the other hand, have been linked to improved metabolic health in both groups. 17 Increased IL-6 levels and reduced adiponectin have been related to MetS and related processes in the absence of disease. 18 Because the MetS pandemic has been detected in a wide range of populations, it is urgently necessary to investigate the mechanism underlying the disease, as well as to search for robust and sensitive biomarkers that can be used as a diagnostic tool for the early detection and diagnosis of MetS, both in humans and in animals. Adiponectin and MetS are related in a range of ethnic groups, including White, Korean, and Japanese people. In the Indian population, the relationship between adiponectin levels and MetS criteria is yet unknown, as a limited number of Indian studies are available, including within the south of the country. To the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first studies to be conducted in their region, evaluating the relationship between adiponectin levels in MetS and other MetS components. This is a huge oversight, given the high prevalence of MetS, diabetes, and CVD in this part of India. Adiponectin levels have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes; however, this is assumed to be a response to microvascular issues rather than a separate risk factor. The authors wanted to see whether there was a connection between MetS and blood adiponectin levels in healthy people.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This observational cross-sectional hospitalbased study was performed in the Department of General Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, between January 2019-June 2020. Sixty patients attending the medicine out-or inpatient department and fitting into the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) inclusion criteria for MetS were recruited for this study. The study's final sample size was determined to be 60 individuals, with a 10% prevalence rate. This is the reason the study's precision decreased to ±7.6%, implying that the precision of the end result may vary by ±7.6%. The study was conducted after taking approval from the institutional ethical committee and written informed consent from the participants.
IDF inclusion criteria are visceral obesity, defined as waist circumference ≥102 cm in males and ≥88 cm in females; fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL; systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg, or patient on antihypertensive treatment; and serum triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or patient on lipid lowering treatment, and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) <40 mg/dL in males and <50 mg/dL in females.
After a written informed consent form had been obtained, detailed history of the presenting symptoms and their onset was recorded. Detailed histories of all the patients were obtained, including demographic details and age of the patient; and clinical details such as blood Article pressure, heart rate, lipid profile, BMI, and blood sugar level (fasting and prandial) were noted on patients' proforma.
Analysers used enzyme digestion to measure blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, and triglycerides in the fasting stage of the bloodstream. Dextran sulphate and magnesium chloride were used to precipitate non-HDL-C, and HDL-C was tested afterwards. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was estimated using Friedewald's equation in blood samples with triglycerides below 400 mg/dL. The levels of adiponectin in 180 randomly selected sera were measured using an ELISA (Immuno Concept Pharmacueticals, Sacramento, California, USA) in this sub-study. The intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation of adiponectin were 10% and 13%, respectively. The second sample was treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and centrifuged at 3,000 xg for 15 minutes before the adiponectin level was determined at -20 o C. Fasting blood glucose, serum uric acid, and lipid profile were all tested using ViTROS® FS 5.1 (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, New Jersey, USA). Colorimetric techniques were used to measure the results. In order to determine postprandial blood glucose levels on the VITROS 5.1 analyser, the authors collected samples 2 hours after the meal.
For the data analysis, SPSS Statistics version 23.0 (International Business Machines Corporation [IBM], Armonk, New York, USA) on Windows (Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, USA) was utilised, and Excel (Microsoft) was used to construct the database, as well as generate the graphs. To describe quantitative data with a normal distribution, the mean and standard deviation were utilised. Statistical difference between two groups was analysed using the student t-test. Data were used to assess adiponectin levels in patients with MetS. When p values of <0.05 were attained, statistical significance was considered to be achieved.

RESULTS
Subjects without MetS in this study were younger, had lower BMIs, and had smaller waist circumferences in comparison to individuals with MetS; however, there were significant differences in overall lipid profiles between those with and without MetS as well. Those without MetS also had lower blood pressure, pulse rates, and fasting plasma glucose levels than subjects with MetS. Subjects without MetS had a higher mean serum adiponectin concentration (15.79±2.90 mg/mL) than those with MetS (11.02±2.63 mg/mL), with statistical significant difference as p<0.050.
The levels of adiponectin were compared with the IDF MetS components. To better understand how adiponectin levels correlate with MetS signs, see the data in Table 1. The majority of the features examined showed that low adiponectin levels were statistically significant.
As the number of MetS components rises, adiponectin levels decrease (p<0.001; Table 2).
In Figure 1, the receiver operating curve (ROC) shows that an adiponectin level with a cut-off <12.45 µg/mL revealed a sensitivity of 90.0%, specificity of 63.3%, and accuracy of 87.6% to predict the incidence of MetS in individuals.  The limitation of the study was the small size of the study group: 60 individuals. The participants in this study were middle-aged adults who did not have a history of CVD. Extrapolating the findings to other populations, such as those who are younger, of a different race, or who have CVD, should be done with caution.

DISCUSSION
The biochemical indices were evaluated by a single accredited laboratory throughout the whole process. When it came to evaluating the existence of MetS, the authors used IDF definitions. Currently, there are two definitions used to define MetS that are closely linked but differ mainly in the criteria for abdominal obesity. Finally, a study that gives a convincing explanation for the correlation between adiponectin and MetS has been released.

CONCLUSION
Current studies reveal that MetS lowers adiponectin levels in the circulatory system, and that these levels continue to fall as the number of MetS components in the population rises. The connection between adiponectin and HDL-C, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, BMI, and waist circumference might explain why people with MetS have lower levels of adiponectin than the general population. To confirm the mechanisms that support this relationship, further prospective study is required.