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TRANSPLANTATION OF WHOLE HUMAN ORGANS.

Personally, I am deeply honored to follow Professor Billingham on this program. It would take all my prescribed time to recount the debts owed by clinicians to Professor Billingham, to his senior collaborator Sir Peter Medawar, and to other members of the historically important research group that was assembled in England during the decade or more beginning in 1940. Most of what we know about the pathogenesis of graft rejection came from this team. In addition, the first reports of a really potent modern immunosuppressive agent, namely cortisone, came from Billingham. Krohn, and Medawar as early as 1951. Some of the first demonstrations of the induction of tolerance to homografts came from Billingham and Brent in their famous neonatal innoculation experiments in which, incidentally, they clearly defined for the first time many features of the graft-versus-host syndrome. 
 
However, it is not my objective today to recapitulate these and other milestone achivements in the experimental laboratory.1 Instead I have been assigned to talk about clinical organ transplantation. Perhaps the distinction of clinical versus laboratory experimentation is a reasonable one since a very definite and important body of knowledge has been contributed to basic biology by clinicians who have thereby elevated their efforts to a different plane from that of simple patient care.