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[Contesting Remedies: The Debate on STD Treatment Therapies in the early PRC].

During the early years of the People's Republic of China, sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were almost eliminated nationwide for a period. In the STDs eradication campaign, "political correctness" became a ruling policy. During the prevention and treatment of the STDs, the choice of therapy depended on the "political correctness" policy rather than medical effectiveness. With this political background, three competing treatments of STDs emerged (especially for syphilis): penicillin treatment, arsenic and bismuth mixed and intermittent treatment, and traditional Chinese medicine treatments. The argument between treatments was a vivid microcosm of the love-hate political relationship between China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The traditional Chinese medicine treatments for syphilis were used as a tool by the authorities to prevent the national medical system becoming more and more westernized. The penicillin treatment, the winner of this battle, won because it catered to the political themes of the time, the "Great Leap Forward" . Overwhelming state power had a strong influence and control over the medical system and medical practice, with the initiative and independence of doctors being limited in an unprecedented fashion.