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Status of Micronutrients in Different Districts of Odisha, India

1 Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Sikhsha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India 2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Sikhsha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India 2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India


Introduction
The recent stagnation in crop production can be attributed to intensive cropping by adoption of high yielding varieties without recommended application of micronutrients. It is very pertinent to estimate and monitor the micronutrient status / deficiency in agroecological regions to forecast potential micronutrient problem in order to develop models for different soil crop situation. Deficiency of micronutrient may be due to low total content of elements caused by soil factors reducing their availability to plants.
The micronutrients are equally essential for the growth, development and reproduction of plant as major nutrients. These are activators of various enzymes and other physiological processes viz. gene expression, biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, growth substances, chlorophyll and secondary metabolites, metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, stress tolerance, etc. (Singh, 2004;Rengel, 2007; Proper assessment of available micronutrient status in soil is very important as their deficiency and toxicity range in soil is quite narrow. Deficiency of micronutrient may be due to low total content of elements caused by soil factors reducing their availability to plants. The present study was taken up to identify the micronutrients status in soils of different districts of Odisha viz. Angul, Cuttack, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Khurdha, Puri and Sambalpur. All the soil samples were found to be adequate in Fe content and it was found to be relatively high in coastal districts especially Puri. 66.42 per cent soils were sufficient and 33.57 per cent soils were deficient in Zn status whereas 80% soil samples were found to be deficient in available boron. The mean value for Mn and Cu ranged from 27.65 to 65.64 and 1.10 to 2.69 mg kg -1 respectively. Gao et al., 2008).Due to narrow deficiency and toxicity range in soil proper assessment of micronutrient status is necessary before their supplementation through external sources. In view of the above considerations, the present study was taken upto identify the micronutrients status in soils of different districts of Odisha.

Materials and Methods
The surface (0.15 m) soil samples (140 nos.) were collected with the help of GPS from seven districts of Odisha viz. Angul, Cuttack, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Khurdha, Puri and Sambalpur. The soil samples were processed and passed through 2mm sieveand analyzed for the micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) using DTPA extractantas per the method suggested by Lindsay and Norvell (1978) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Soil B was extracted with hot water and estimated using Azomithene H (Page et al., 1982). All the data were analyzed statistically using the software SPSS (Version 17).
All the soil samples were found to be adequate in Fe content considering critical limits of 4.5 mg kg -1 . The Fe content was found to be relatively high in coastal district especially Puri which may be attributed to the reduction of Fe resulting in lower adsorbability in the clay surfaces because of the prolonged moist condition of soil in wetland situation and subsequent release of Fe in longer submerged condition of soil (Das and Talukdar 2003).

Copper (Cu)
DTPA-extractable Cu content in the soils of Angul, Cuttack, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Khurdha, Puri and Sambalpur ranged from 4.54-0.96, 3.18-1.32, 4.06-0.80, 6.22-0.90, 3.02-2.3, 3.941-1.33 and 3.52-0.3 mg kg -1 respectively. Considering 0.20 mg Cu kg -1 soil as critical level (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978), all the soils were sufficient with available Cu. Similar findings were also made by Sen et al., 1997, Gupta et al., 2003, Verma et al., 2007, Athokpam et al., 2013, Athokpam et al., 2016and Athokpam et al., 2018. Highest variation in Cu was noticed in soils of Dhenkanal with a standard deviation of 1.66. Similar findings were made by Sangwan et al., 1993, Kumar et al., 1996and Satyavathi and Reddy 2004  The present study was taken up to characterize the variability of the available soil nutrient status and the extent of deficiency or toxicity in different districts of Odisha to optimize the nutrient use in soils. It was observed that soils were mostly deficient in Zn (33.57%) and B (80%), which underlines the need of Zn and B fertilizer application in order to enhance the crop productivity.