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Platinum demand and potential bottlenecks in the global green transition: A dynamic material flow analysis.

Platinum, as a key catalytic material, is important for the global green transition due both to its current main use in autocatalysts and its increasing use in emerging and renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells and electrolysers. In this study, we developed a dynamic material flow analysis model to characterize the global platinum cycle between 1975 and 2016 and to develop scenarios for future global platinum demand to 2050. Our results show that the autocatalyst and jewellery uses represent the most primary platinum use and possess the highest platinum stocks in use by 2016; however, when closed loop recycling is considered, the gross platinum demand from the glass industry would be the largest. Many socioeconomic (e.g., population and car ownership) and technological (e.g., engine and energy technologies) factors will affect the future demand for platinum in a global green transition. Our analysis concludes that, only in high demand scenarios and when fuel cell market penetration is high compared to the expected, the aggregate demand to 2050 will exceed the 2016 global platinum reserves. Improving the end-of-life collection and recycling rates would be important to address potential future supply risks due to geopolitical reasons. These demand scenarios and further mapping of the global platinum value chain can help inform government and industry policies on transportation and energy transition, platinum supply risk mitigation, and recycling capacity planning and technology development.