{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02244536326048435, 'fraction_numerical': 0.014176018901358535, 'mean_word_length': 5.490421455938697, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Introduction Tibor Kiss and W. Detmar Meurers

This volume presents eight investigations into the grammar of Germanic languages. The approaches are based on the constraint-based architectures of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG, Bresnan, 1982a) and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG, Pollard and Sag, 1994), which share the idea that declarative constraints are used to describe the syntactic, semantic, and other properties of linguistic objects. Traditionally, they also emphasize the formalization of these constraints and the declaration of the linguistic data structures they operate on. On the other hand, the technical apparatus employed by these approaches should not obscure the goal behind the analyses presented within constraint-based theories in general and the present volume in particular: The goal is not to explore the use of fancy linguistic technology which eventually becomes another l’art pour l’art dead end of the field, but to employ a precise grammar architecture encompassing different kinds of linguistic properties and their interaction to broaden the empirical coverage of linguistic proposals. In this sense, constraint-based approaches to grammar subscribe to the goal of descriptive adequacy and thus spend more time on the exact analysis of phenomena than on the possible consequences of only vaguely understood theoretical moves which press language into a procrustean bed. Constraint-based grammar architectures were developed in the 1980s, partly as a reaction to earlier work in generative linguistics such as Chomsky’s work in the 1960s and 1970s, but they were also influenced by the use of Categorial Grammar in Montague’s work (Montague, 1974).