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Natural selection and genetic differentiation of behaviour between parasitoids from wild and cultivated habitats

Differences in behaviour between individuals in populations living in different environments may result from evolution proceeding differently in each population. The parasitoid wasp Cotesia glomerata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizes early instar larvae of butterflies in the family Pieridae. In the study area the only host of C. glomerata is the Small Cabbage White Butterfly [Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)], which feeds on cruciferous host plants in a variety of habitats. The behaviour of this parasitoid wasp collected from two habitat types (wild and agricultural) was observed in a reciprocal transplant-style experiment in a greenhouse. Differences in behaviour between wasp sources and test habitat type were analysed using canonical analysis in multivariate analysis of variance. Directional selection on parasitoid behaviour in each test habitat type was estimated by regressing the relative rate of parasitism (a measure of relative fitness) on the behavioural character state. We found that there is genetic differentiation of behaviour between wasps from wild and cultivated habitats and that a different set of behaviours is associated with short-term fitness within models of each source habitat. There was no evidence of local adaptation of wasps to either habitat.