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Book Review: Metaphors in the Hebrew Bible

But animality isn’t negative: it provokes the king’s repentance, and Daniel, when confined in the lions’ pit, is not killed. Moreover, Strømmen insists that, in Babylonian tradition, lions signify human adversaries rather than real animals. Finally, in Revelation 17, the images of the horned, scarlet beast, and the blood-drinking whore, whose flesh will be devoured, depict the seduction of sovereignty. The first, an animal becoming human, is ridden by the second, a human becoming animal. The association of the female with the animal is here especially problematic. However, both will be defeated, not by wild brutality nor by sovereign power, but by the legitimate authority of another animal, the lamb. Strømmen’s excellently shows us that, where human–animal relations are concerned, what we often consider to be criticism may, in fact, amount to broad endorsement of a comfortable, exclusionary consensus. The origins of modern anthropocentrism, misogyny and violence are frequently traced back to the Bible, with the implication that they are intrinsic to Christian theology. A standard response is to drive a wedge between the Bible and belief. But no text has a single meaning, still less a single reader. Tackling suppositions at their biblical source, Strømmen opens suggestive new theological trajectories.