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On Bluebird Cuckoldry and Human Adultery

In this journal Barash (1976a) reported the results of placing a stuffed male mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides) near the nest of two wild pairs of mountain bluebirds in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. The model was presented at each nest on three pairs of days, the first pair during nest construction, the second during incubation, and the third after hatching. Both wild males were very aggressive toward both the model and their mates on the first pair of presentations but become increasingly less aggressive on the second and third pairs with practically no aggression toward their mates after the first pair of presentations. The male at nest 1 pulled primary feathers from his mate's wing on the second day of model presentation during nest construction, and Barash (1976a, p. 1099) reported that she was replaced by a new female 2 days later. Subsequently Barash (1977, p. 66) concluded that male aggression toward females for the purpose of mate replacement (hereafter "mate-beating") is the "predominant species-typical behavior" of mountain bluebirds confronted by the threat of cuckoldry. Power and Doner (1980) performed field experiments on 82 wild mountain bluebirds in Montana covering two breeding seasons, employing both live and stuffed male and female models, and showed that mate-beating is neither species-typical nor adaptive in mountain bluebirds. Morton et al. (1978) applied Barash's (1976a) experimental design to the congeneric eastern bluebird (S. sialis) but found no mate-beating. In this critique I carefully examine Barash's (1976a) report and show that (1) there probably were not two successive females at nest 1 as claimed, (2) if there were two such females, then the male at nest 1 behaved contrary to Barash's hypothesis, and (3) it would be maladaptive for males to oust females at Mount Rainier because replacements are probably scarce if extant. I also examine Barash's (1976a, 1976b, 1978) comparison of bluebird cuckoldry response to human adultery and show that it is unjustified. 1. Did mate replacement really occur at nest 1?-From my knowledge of mountain bluebirds in Montana (Power 1966, 1974, 1975) and Mount Rainier National Park (where I served as a Ranger-Naturalist in 1966), I find reasons to doubt Barash's (1976a) contention that there were two successive females at his nest 1. (a) Barash (1976a) did not actually see the female at nest 1 being replaced; instead he saw the male pull some primaries from a female and then 2 days later noticed that the female at the nest appeared to have all of her primaries. Relying