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Private supplementary tutoring in Macao: past, present and the future

Shadow education across Southeast Asia is quite diverse in form, its development in Macao being particularly distinctive. A brief history of educational provision in Macao is presented and patterns of educational provision over the past five centuries are outlined. The basic education available to students in Macao in recent years is then described, provision reflecting the beliefs and objectives of the governments operating in Macao from 1990 to its present-day status as a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The reasons for the prevalence of private supplementary tutoring are then discussed and its current forms of operation described. Finally, the ways by which the Macao Government has regulated shadow education are examined, particularly with reference to the impact on the standards of private supplementary tutoring, and likely future developments are explored.