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Predicting reservoir quality in the Bakken Formation, North Dakota, using petrophysics and 3C seismic data

Combining rock-property analysis with multicomponent seismic imaging can be an effective approach for reservoir quality prediction in the Bakken Formation, North Dakota. The hydrocarbon potential of shale is indicated on well logs by low density, high gamma-ray response, low compressional-wave (P-wave) and shear-wave (S-wave) velocities, and high neutron porosity. We have recognized the shale intervals by cross plotting sonic velocities versus density. Intervals with total organic carbon (TOC) content higher than 10 wt% deviate from lower TOC regions in the density domain and exhibit slightly lower velocities and densities (<2.30 g/cm3). We consider TOC to be the principal factor affecting changes in the density and P- and S-wave velocities in the Bakken shales, where VP/ VS ranges between 1.65 and 1.75. We generate the synthetic seismic data using an anisotropic version of the Zoeppritz equations, including estimated Thomsen’s parameters. For the tops of the Upper and Lower Bakken, the amplitude shows a negative intercept and a positive gradient, which corresponds to an amplitude variation with offset of class IV. The P-impedance error decreases by 14% when incorporating the converted-wave information in the inversion process. A statistical approach using multiattribute analysis and neural networks delimits the zones of interest in terms of P-impedance, density, TOC content, and brittleness. The inverted and predicted results show reasonable correlations with the original well logs. The integration of well log analysis, rock physics, seismic modeling, constrained inversions, and statistical predictions contributes to identifying the areas of highest reservoir quality within the Bakken Formation.