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Polioencephalomalacia in a captive fallow deer.

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a noninfectious disease affecting primarily the gray matter of the brain. Polioencephalomalacia, or cerebral cortical necrosis (CCN), has been described worldwide in cattle and sheep. There have been relatively few reported occurrences of PEM in cervid species; it has been described in three adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (1,2) and one very young fallow deer (Dama dama) fawn (3). The clinical signs described have been very similar to those seen in domestic species and the diagnosis involved histological evidence of laminar neuronal necrosis in the cerebral cortex. Grossly, various lesions have been noted in the central nervous system (CNS): flattened gyri, swelling and caudal displacement of the brain, softening and yellow discoloration of the cerebral cortex, focal areas of cavitation, and bilateral petechial hemorrhage within the brain.