{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03661417322834646, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011811023622047244, 'mean_word_length': 5.515384615384615, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Integrated optical and electrochemical detection of Cu2+ ions in water using a sandwich amino acid–gold nanoparticle-based nano-biosensor consisting of a transparent-conductive platform

In this paper, an optical-electrochemical nano-biosensor was introduced for measuring Cu2+ ion concentrations in water. A multi-step procedure was used to fabricate the transparent-conductive biosensor platform consisting of an l-cysteine–gold nanoparticle-based sandwich structure. First, colloidal gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized according to the Turkevich–Frens method with some modifications and then functionalized with l-cysteine molecules (GNP/l-cys). Then, cyclic voltammetry was preformed in buffered solutions containing HAuCl4·3H2O for gold nanoparticle electrodeposition on cleaned ITO glasses. The GNP-electrodeposited ITO glasses (ITO/GNPs) were thermally treated in air atmosphere for 1 hour at a temperature of 300 °C. Following the procedure, the gold nanoparticles on ITO/GNPs substrates were functionalized with l-cysteine to prepare ITO/GNPs/l-cys substrates. Finally, the sandwich-type substrates of ITO/GNPs/l-cys⋯Cu2+⋯l-cys/GNPs were fabricated by accumulation of Cu2+ ions using an open circuit technique performed in copper ion buffer solutions in the presence of previously produced colloidal GNP/l-cys nanoparticles. The effective parameters including GNP/l-cys solution volume, pre-concentration pH and pre-concentration time on the LSPR and SWV responses were investigated and optimized. The fabricated transparent-conductive platforms were successfully assessed as a nano-biosensor for detection of copper ions using two different methods of square wave voltammetry (SWV) and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). As a result, the proposed biosensor showed a high sensitivity, selectivity and a wide detectable concentration range to copper ions. The total linear range and the limit of detection (LOD) of the nano-biosensor were 10–100 000 nM (0.6–6354.6 ppb) and below 5 nM (0.3 ppb), respectively. The results demonstrated the potential of combining two different optical and electrochemical methods for quantitation of the single analyte on the same biosensor platform and obtaining richer data. Also, these results indicated that the developed LSPR-SWV biosensor was superior to many other copper biosensors presented in the literature in terms of linear range and LOD. The developed nano-biosensor was successfully applied in the determination of trace Cu2+ concentration in actual tap water samples.