{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.023316062176165803, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.699421965317919, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Evolutionary Theorization of Peaceful International Changes

Why hasn’t international relations (IR) been an evolutionary science? This article contends that a properly constructed evolutionary approach, or what I call the “social evolution paradigm (SEP),” is a powerful paradigm, perhaps the ultimate paradigm, for theorizing social changes. It first introduces some basics of evolutionism and key elements for a genuinely social evolutionary approach toward social change. It then examines several key studies in IR with an evolutionary flavor. The article goes on to identify five key issue domains of peaceful international changes that will be fertile ground for evolutionary theorization. They are as follows: the future of a rule-based international system, niche construction of the international and regional system and order, changes in states’ behaviors, the future of state and state building without wars, and finally, nontraditional security from climate change to epidemics and artificial intelligence. Finally, the article highlights the power of the social evolutionary approach and calls for more social scientists to embrace the approach.