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Histone-like proteins from fish are lethal to the parasitic dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum

Antimicrobial proteins were purified from acid extracts of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sunshine bass (Morone saxatilis male×M. chrysops female) skin, gill and spleen by reverse-phase HPLC. Mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence data suggest that these proteins are closely related to histone H2B and histone H1 and thus they were designated histone-like proteins (HLPs). These proteins were lethal to Amyloodinium ocellatum, which is one of the most important parasitic agents affecting fish. Antibiotic concentrations as low as 12·5 μg/ml were inhibitory. Activity was directed against the trophont (feeding) stage of the parasite, while the disseminative (dinospore) stage was unaffected. Thus, HLPs act unlike typical drugs used to treat amyloodiniosis, which usually target the dinospore. Both the ability of the parasite to infect host cells, as well as the ability to grow and differentiate after infection were severely inhibited. This is in contrast to magainin 2, which was similarly toxic to both the dinospore and trophont stages. These findings provide further evidence that histone-like proteins may be important defensive molecules in fish.