{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.009970089730807577, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01794616151545364, 'mean_word_length': 5.829931972789115, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Minorities and Urban Electoral Change

Department of Political Science San Francisco State University This article analyzes changes in the mobilization of minorities and the response of city electoral systems by examining trends in voter turnout, minority candidacies and coalitions, and minority officeholding. The findings are based on citywide data on mayoral and council elections from 1950-1977 and extensive interviews in 10 northern California cities. Differences between cities in mean levels of voter turnout have remained rather stable, and when rapid increases in voter turnout within a city occur, they are usually associated with challenges to majority coalitions from liberal Democratic coalitions. Minority candidacies and officeholding have increased sharply between 1960 and 1977, with differences in parity between black and Hispanic officeholding. Four distinctive patterns of minority mobilization and representation and identified and linked to the rise of Democrats to dominance in