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Second-order convergence analysis for Hall effect and electromagnetic force on ternary nanofluid flowing via rotating disk

The purpose of this research was to estimate the thermal characteristics of tri-HNFs by investigating the impacts of ternary nanoparticles on heat transfer (HT) and fluid flow. The employment of flow-describing equations in the presence of thermal radiation, heat dissipation, and Hall current has been examined. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO), silver (Ag), and water (H2O) nanomolecules make up the ternary HNFs under study. The physical situation was modelled using boundary layer analysis, which generates partial differential equations for a variety of essential physical factors (PDEs). Assuming that a spinning disk is what causes the flow; the rheology of the flow is enlarged and calculated in a rotating frame. Before determining the solution, the produced PDEs were transformed into matching ODEs using the second order convergent technique (SOCT) also known as Keller Box method. Due to an increase in the implicated influencing elements, several significant physical effects have been observed and documented. For resembling the resolution of nonlinear system issues come across in rolling fluid and other computational physics fields.

Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) have distinctive qualities that make them effective in numerous heat transfer applications (HT). When used in conjunction with the wrong fluid, these resources improved heat behavior and convective heat operator measurement. Years ago, the concept of boundary level flow of HNFs over an expanding surface became more astounding due to its generous requests in engineering and industrial research. The investigators have shown a great deal of attention to rehabilitate HNFs that shatter heat transfer due to their affability to the many uses of HNFs. Truncated transfer charges are present in steady liquids such as ethylene, water, glycol combinations, and some types of oils. A 3D-class of HNF was planned by Said et al. 1 to further increase the rate of heat transfer (HT) accomplished by widening slip. An artificial neural network was used by Mandal et al. 2 to provide investigative statistics. A study of the HT and rheological properties of HNFs for refrigeration presentations was described by Saha et al. 3 . In this direction different investigations are serviced and documented by Al-Chlaihawi et al. 4 , Kursus et al. 5 , Xiong et al. 6 , and Muneeshwaran et al. 7 , while Dubey et al. 8 provided a brief study in HNF on mechanical revisions. Syed and Jamshed 9 looked at how an MHD tangent HNF might migrate across the boundary layer of a stretched slide. In addition, Qureshi 10 , Jamshed et al. 11 and Parvin et al. 12 tested the proof of the extended HT of tangent hyperbolic liquids crossways a nonlinearly wavering transparency containing HNFs. References 13,14 list literature related to recent advancements in fluid flow in light of various fluid models.
Three different kinds of single nanofluids were combined and disseminated in the base fluid to create tri-HNFs. Ramadhan et al. 15,16 investigated the stability of tri-HNFs in water-ethylene glycol combination. Sahu et al. 17 presented a steady-state and fleeting hydrothermal examines of single-phase ordinary movement loop utilizing water-based tri-HNFs. Muzaidi et al. 18 studied the heat preoccupation possessions of tri-HNFs and its possible upcoming path towards solar thermal applications. Safiei et al. 19 patterned the effects of tri-HNFs on surface coarseness and wounding heat in end crushing process. Adun et al. 20 introduced a review of tri-HNFs studying the synthesis, stability, thermo physical possessions, HT applications, and ecological properties. Gul and Saeed 21 presented a nonlinear assorted convection couple pressure tri-HNFs movement in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous intermediate over a nonlinear widening superficial. Zahan et al. 22 used the current presentation of tri-HNFs in water-ethylene glycol mixtures. Hou et al. 23 studied the dynamics of tri-HNFs in the rheology of pseudo-plastic fluid with thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo properties.
Numerous mechanical devices such as flywheels, gears, brakes, and gas turbine engines, utilize rotating discs. The power needed to effort the circle to overwhelmed frictional drag is determined by shear stresses between the disc and the liquid in which it is rotating, and the local flow field will have an impact on heat transfer. Inappropriately, a lot of variables conspire to thwart any universal analysis; therefore, it is important to consider the flow characteristics as well as the proximity of local geometry. Suliman et al. 24 improved the effectiveness and PEC of geometric solar gatherer having tri-HNFs utilizing interior helical flippers on rotating discs. Hafeez et al. 25 employed the finite element analysis of current energy predisposition founded by tri-HNFs, which influenced by persuaded magnetic field over the rotating discs. Haneef et al. 26 presented a arithmetical training on temperature and mass transfer in Maxwell liquid with tri-HNFs using rotating discs. Nazir et al. 27,28 investigated the thermal and mass classes' conveyance in tri-HNFs with temperature foundation over perpendicular heated cylinder (rotating discs). Alharbi et al. 29 gave a computational valuation of Darcy tri-HNFs movement transversely a spreading cylinder with initiation effects.
The magnetic effect on stirring rechargeable jobs, power-driven flows, and magnetic resources is controlled by a Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), which can be conceptualized as a vector field. A force perpendicular to the www.nature.com/scientificreports/ control's own velocity and the MHD is used as an influencing control in an MHD. The MHD of nanoscale HT of magnetized 3-D chemically radiative HNFs was discussed by Ayub et al. 30 . Finite element analysis was used by Mourad et al. 31 to study the HT of tri-HNFs engaged in curved addition with uniform MHD. A unique multibanding application of MHD to a convective transport arrangement using a porous medium and tri-HNF was demonstrated by Manna et al. 32 . Unsteady hugging movement of tri-HNF in a straight channel with MHD was studied by Khashi'ie et al. 33 . Using an arcade current and MHD, Lv et al. 34 , Khan et al. 35 , and Alkasasbeh et al. 36 distributed a numerical technique near microorganisms tri-HNF movement over a rotating flappy. The HT of MHD dusty HNFs along a decreasing slide was examined by Roy et al. 37 . The fractional calculus was reused by Khazayinejad and Nourazar 38 to describe a 2D-fractional HT analysis of HNF in conjunction with a leaky plate and MHD. The tri-HNF curved in a depressed tube endangering the MHD was compressed by Gürdal et al. 39 .
A study on a quick and sensitive MHD device based on a photonic quartz grit with magnetic liquid penetrated nanoholes was reported by Azad et al. 40 . The impact of the MHD on the thermal effect in magnetic fluid was taken into consideration by Skumiel et al. 41 . The effect of adjustable MHD on the viscous fluid between 3-D rotatory perpendicular hugging platters was investigated by Alam et al. 42 .
While an electric field is supplied to an electrode that also contains a MHD, the current continuously exists and is known as a Hall current (HC: after the Hall Upshot). Ramzan et al. 43 considered an examination of the moderately ionized kerosene oil-based tri-HNFs movement over a convectively animated revolving shallow. Wang et al. 44 presented a strategy for tri-HNFs combination in ethylene glycol encompassing movable diffusion and current conductivity using non-Fourier's scheme. Sohail et al. 45,46 suggested a study of tri-HNFs diffusion species and energy transfer in material prejudiced by instigation energy and heat source. Nazir et al. 47 presented a significant manufacture of current dynamism in incompletely ionized hyperbolic tangent substantial created by ternary tri-HNFs [48][49][50] . Include recent updates that explore nanofluids with heat and mass transmission in diverse physical circumstances.
The Keller-Box method (KBM) is an implicit approach for reducing a set of ODEs to a system of first-order DEs, which is one of the numerical strategies for solving problems. The KBM is used widely by many researchers in HNF generally and tri-HNFs particularly. Jamshed et al. 11,[51][52][53][54] utilized the KBM in different types of tri-HNFs to improve the thermal efficiency, comparative examination, single phase based study, thermal expansion optimization and a numerical frame effort respectively. Shahzad et al. 55 studied the movement and HT occurrence for dynamics of tri-HNFs in sheet subject to Lorentz force and debauchery possessions. Alwawi et al. 56 used the KBM to optimize the HT by MHD tri-HNFs over a cylinder. Alazwari et al. 57 considered the KBM to discuss the entropy optimization of first-grade viscoelastic tri-HNFs movement over a widening slip by consuming classical KBM. Kumaran et al. 58,59 presented numerical studies based on KBM.
Nobody has looked into the HT of tri-HNFs in excess of a revolving disk using linear energy, Hall current, and heat degeneracies, or the mixing of ternary HNFs in MHD flow. Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), copper oxide (CuO), silver (Ag), and water (H 2 O) nanomolecules make up the ternary HNFs under study. The resilient SOCT is used to find numerical solutions once the controlling PDEs system is converted into linear ODEs using the correspondence approach. Numerical results are shown graphically, and comments are built upon. The effects on particle morphologies, the convective slip boundary condition, the thermal radiative flow, and the slippery velocity have all been well addressed.
The paper's structure is shown below.
• The governing model was created with the boundary layer assumption in consideration.
• The controlling PDEs are transformed into ODEs with appropriate similarity variables.
• The ODEs are transformed to first order and solved using KBM numerical approach.
• Physical variables such as skin friction coefficient and Nusselt numbers are determined numerically and shown in the form of tables. • The mathematical model's velocities and temperature are numerically calculated and shown as figures.

Physical aspects and constructing of model
We deliberate an unstable magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electrically steering movement of HNFs across a stretchable spinning disk with current energies and Hall movement in the cylindrical coordinate system (r, ϕ, z) . The disk is positioned at z = 0 and rotates along the z-axis with an angular velocity Ω as illustrated in Fig. 1a. Along the z-axis, a constant magnetic field, designated B 0 , is used. The temperature on the disk's surface is assumed to be Y = ∞ , whereas the temperature outside the disk is Y = ∞ . The temperature profile, widening velocities, and disk rotation depend on both space and time.
The succeeding presumptions 60 were made in order to simplify the issue: There are three different types of nanoparticles in the flow, including Al 2 O 3 , Ag and CuO. It is expected that a adequately enough magnetic field persuades the Hall current. When an electric field is present, the comprehensive Ohm's law has the subsequent arrangement: assuming that the thermoelectric pressure and ion slip conditions are insignificant for inadequately ionized gas. The equations from above, simplified as follows: , n e , µ e , m , σ , B 0 , u an d v are the widening amount, positive fixed number, disk revolving amount, superficial heat, origin heat, constant orientation heat, cyclotron occurrence of electrons, electron collision time, electron pressure, amount of thickness of electrons, magnetic penetrability, Hall current parameter, electrical conductivity of liquid, magnetic field power, radiating and azimuthal velocities mechanisms, respectively. In this point, the Hall factor is demarcated as m = τ e ω e , and electrical conductivity of liquid as σ = e 2 n e t e m e . Figure 1b is flow chart diagram of the ternary hybrid nanoparticles TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3, and Ag with the consideration of water (H 2 O) as an improper fluid in the current problem.

Model equations
The schematic diagram in cylindrical coordinates (r,ϕ, z) for the constant rotating flow of the nanofluid across a stretchable and stationary disc is shown in Fig. 1.The circular disc with constant temperature ( Y = s ) at z = 0 may be stretched uniformly in the radial direction at a stretching rate of (c). Hence, the governing equations 60 of continuity, momentum and energy are www.nature.com/scientificreports/ where Y = , ν thnf , σ thnf , ρ thnf , κ thnf , (ρC p ) thnf , and q r are the liquid heat, kinematic viscosity, tri-HNF electrical conducting, density of tri-HNF, thermal conductivity of tri-HNF, detailed heat of tri-HNF and radiative heat flux. At this juncture, the radiative heat flux can be formulated through utilizing Rosseland guesstimate by means of: where, σ * is the Stefan Boltzmann number and k * is the preoccupation constant. In opinion of Eq. (8), Eq. (7) can be recognized as per follows: The relevant boundary conditions are: The working principle of tri-HNFs is the postponement of three diverse kinds of nanoparticles in the base liquid. This improves the HT competences of the ordinary liquids and proves a better heat exponent than the HNFs. Scientific terminologies regarding the thermophysical possessions for ternary HNF 61 are stated below In which, µ thnf , ρ thnf , ρ(C p ) thnf , κ thnf and σ thnf are the subtleties viscosity, density, specific heat capacity thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the tri-hybrid nanofluid. φ = φ 1 + φ 2 + φ 3 is the nanoparticle volume accumulation coefficient for tri-hybrid nanofluid and φ 1 = φ Al 2 O 3 , φ 2 = φ CuO , and φ 3 = φ Ag are the volume fraction of first, second, and third nanoparticles. µ f , ρ f , (C p ) f , κ f σ f and are forceful viscosity, intensity, detailed temperature capability, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the base fluid. ρ 1 , ρ 2 , ρ 3 , , σ 2 and σ 3 are the densities, specific heat capacities, thermal conductivities and electrical conductivities of the nanoparticles. Table 1 below lists the material characteristics of the numerous nanoparticles 62 used in the current investigation, as well as the base fluid water.

The solution for the problem
Consider the following similarity transformations: www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Due to the similarity factors mentioned above, Eqs. (4)- (6) and (9), (10) are concentrated as follows: With boundary conditions where ω , S , M , m , Rd , Pr and Ec are revolution factor, amount of shakiness, magnetic field restriction, Hall current factor, radiation factor, Prandtl amount and Eckert quantity, respectively. These mathematical constants and dimensionless parameters B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 and B 5 can be formulated by means of: Skin friction and Nusselt quantity. At the nanoscale, skin friction and the Nusselt quantity are very useful for manufacturing purposes. Skin frictions, a modern physical issue, are described as: and Nusselt number is given by

Numerical implementation
The numerical method employed to solve the non-linear ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions is second order convergent technique (SOCT) known as Keller box method (KBM) (see 63,64 ). In the dimensionles governing Eqs. (13)- (15) with respect to the end point condition (16). The domain is discritized as explained in Section "Dominion discretization and modification equations". Further those equations are also discritized using central difference scheme and all the equations are solved numerically with SOC in association with Newtons method using software MATLAB for various values of the involved parameters. A detailed procedure is dicussed well in the subsections as mentioned below The step-wise process of SOC is formulated in movement procedure diagram (see Fig. 2a).
In view of this transformation, Eqs. (13)-(15) reduce following first order form Substituting the terminologies gotten in (29)- (35) and plunging the square and advanced powers of δ , the subsequent collection of calculations is attained:    Table 2 solutions show interesting comparisons using Nusselt number in the case of NFs with previous works found in the literature 65,66 . In addition, Table 2 is providing the immediate of the coherence of consequences concerning preceding performances weathering outcomes. Rendering from the graphical analysis, the tabular data given in Table 2 for dimensionless Nusselt number clearly indicates the validity of our results. Furthermore, it is commented that the present investigation's discoveries are approached utilizing SOCT.

Results and discussion
The sensitivity of the movement appearances to the rising magnetic term (M) are displayed in Fig. 3a-c. The magnetic field induced electromagnetic force that in turn stimulates Lorentz force, this thereby encourages fluid material viscosity. As observed in Fig. 3a and b, free nanoparticles collision is opposed as a result of an enhanced chemical and molecular bonds. This, therefore, decreases the tri-hybrid nanofluids flow velocity and the axial velocity. The flow velocities are completely dragged along the stream, this is as well supported by the Hall current that propels electric field. Thus the dimensional flow velocities are declined. Whereas, the nanoparticles thermal dispersion and conduction is boosted to raise the temperature field as seen in Fig. 3c. Rising molecular bond that resulted in increasing fluid friction inspired internal heating, which kindles heat transfer rate and temperature distribution. The effect nanoparticle rotating parameter ( ω ) is investigated on the flow dimension F ′ (ξ ), G(ξ ) and θ(ξ ) as offered in Fig. 4a-c. In water base fluid, the velocities profiles and heat transfer rate increased for the various Al 2 O 3 , CuO and Ag nano-molecule. In the profiles, the Al 2 O 3 + CuO + Ag/water tri-hybrid nanofluids demonstrated stronger impact on the flow dimensions than the Al 2 O 3 + CuO/water hybrid nanofluid and unitary Ag/water nanofluid. The gyration and random motion of the nanoparticles encouraged the fluid thermodynamic mechanism, which leads to an enhanced flow characteristic. The metal oxide and metallic nanoparticles carry current and heat energy about the stretching boundary plate to influence the fluid thermal dispersion. In Fig. 5a-c, the Hall current impact on the tri-HNF velocities and heat transfer are demonstrated. A rising Hall current numbers increase the flow rate, axial velocity and temperature distributions for the Al 2 O 3 + CuO + Ag/water tri-HNFs. The rising effect is significant because of the generated electric potential that is normal to the applied right angle magnetic field and the flowing electric current past a conducting nanomaterial. Therefore, the current carrying nanoparticles stimulate viscous heating that discourages molecular bonding, which leads to the overall rise in the flow characteristics. The effect of nanoparticle fractional volume φ m , φ h and φ t on the velocity fields and temperature profile are depicted in Fig. 6a-c respectively. The NFs flow velocity increased for rising mono, hybrid and tri-hybrid particle volume fraction as gotten in Fig. 6a. The effect is momentous as the internal heating generation is raised to propel particle interaction. This thereby boosted the NFs flow velocity towards the boundless stream. Whereas, the axial velocity dimension decreased along the flow regime as obtained in Fig. 6b. The Lorentz force dominated the flow dimension to oppose free NFs flow past the stretchy sheet as the particle volume fraction is increased. Meanwhile, in Fig. 6c, the heat distribution is enhanced for a rising volume fraction of the nanoparticles. As observed, the higher the concentration of the Al 2 O 3 + CuO + Ag/water tri-HNFs, the more the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles. The particle volume fraction increased the thermal coefficient and the density of the nanoparticles, which correspondingly raised the heat transfer as presented in the plot. Figure 7a shows the influence of rising Prandtl numbers on the nanoparticle thermal distribution. The term described the momentum diffusivity ratio to the heat diffusivity. Hence, increasing Prandtl numbers damped the HT amount because of the dominance of fluid viscosity over the thermal conductivity. As such, the current boundary layer gets thinner resulting to high heat diffusion and dissipation, where then leads to a reduced temperature profile. Figure 7b and c demonstrate the impact of radiation term ( Rd ) and dissipation term ( Ec ) on the www.nature.com/scientificreports/ heat field. As noticed, both terms encouraged the nanoparticles thermal propagation magnitude along the flow region. In Fig. 7b, electromagnetic wave energy from a source through space is absorbed by the Al 2 O 3 + CuO + Ag/ water tri-hybrid nanomaterial to break nanoparticles chemical and molecular bonds. This propels nanoparticle interaction, and boosted the heat conduction and transfer rate. Thus, temperature distribution is raised. Likewise, in Fig. 7c, the thermal distribution is increases with rising Eckert numbers. This defined the relationship between the enthalpy boundary layer variation and the flow kinetic energy. High heat dissipation is noticed because of high collision of the nanofluid particles that inspired internal heating and heat transfer rate. Hence, the temperature field is raised. Figure 8a-c established the influence of rising unsteadiness term values on the velocity profiles and heat field. An increase in the values of the unsteadiness parameter declines the flow velocity profiles as displayed in Fig. 8a-b. Whereas, the temperature profile is propelled as exhibited in Fig. 8c. This could be linked to the quantity of the induced Hall current and electromagnetic radiation on the Al 2 O 3 + CuO + Ag/ water tri-hybrid nanomaterials, which encouraged thermal conductivity.  Tables 3 and 4 for the wall friction and temperature gradient. The simulated results are generated for the unitary nanoparticles, HNFs and tri-HNFs. Taking from the tables, a respective declination or increment in the plate friction and Nusselt number is noticed for rising different fluid terms, this is due to the thinner or thickness of the boundary layer that correspondingly affect the thermodynamic mechanism of the nanomaterials. As reflected in both Tables 3 and 4, the tri-hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated stronger thermal conductivity than the hybrid and unitary nanoparticles. Therefore, to enhanced base fluid performance, the tri-hybrid nanoparticles dispersion should be encouraged. This will consequently improve nanotechnology and industrial outputs than the unitary or HNF. www.nature.com/scientificreports/

Final outcomes
To investigate the impact of Hall current on the radiative ternary HNF flow over a rotating disc influenced by magnetic field, a second order convergent analysis was performed. The thermal conductivity strength of the flowing Al 2 O 3 + CuO + Ag/water tri-hybrid nanomaterial is investigated in a base fluid. To investigate the sensitivity of thermodynamic fluid parameters under considered boundary conditions, quantitative numerical results and qualitative graphical results are presented. The following are the study's findings, as summarized below: The base fluid thermal conductivity is strengthened with the combined Al 2 O 3 + CuO + Ag/water tri-HNFs.
• The volume fraction of nanoparticles had a significant impact on flow characteristics and heat distribution.
• A rising value of the Hall current term momentously encouraged the flow velocity field and thermal distribution all over the flow regime. • The increasing values of the radiation, heat dissipation, and unsteadiness factors increase the HT rate.
Hence, tri-HNFs will assist in obtaining the desired thermal conductivity strength of an industrial working fluid and improved nanotechnology advancement.

Future direction.
To contribute to the increasing demand of nanofluids for industrial and domestic usages, further study is encouraged. As such, this investigation can be extended to various combination of nanofluids under diverse boundary constraints. Also, different base fluids such as engine oil, glycol and others can be considered to appropriately determine the best nanomaterial for the augmentation heat propagation and conduction.

Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.