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Application of two methods for N2O emission estimates to Bulgaria and the Netherlands.

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is one of the greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere. This study focuses on two methodologies for estimating N 2 O emissions at the national scales a method developed in the Netherlands (NEO method), and the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC method). The purpose of this study is: (i) to apply both the IPCC and NEO methods to Bulgaria and the Netherlands, (ii) to investigate differences between the NEO and IPCC methods and (iii) to compare emissions from Bulgaria to emissions from the Netherlands. There are a number of differences between the NEO and IPCC methods. First, the NEO method includes more sources of N 2 O than the IPCC method. Second, some emissions are estimated in different ways. Due to these differences the IPCC method results in higher total emissions than the NEO method: for both countries IPCC emissions are about 20% higher than those of the NEO method (mid-point estimates). These differences result from a net effect; for some sources the IPCC method exceeds the NEO method (in particular for agriculture) and for others the IPCC estimates are lower. The sources not included in the IPCC method are natural emissions, enhanced background emissions from mineral soils, N 2 O induced by NO x deposition, chemical industries other than nitric and adipic acid production, atmospheric formation of N 2 O, use in anaesthesia, enhanced emissions due to global warming and aquatic emissions due to non-agricultural nitrogen inputs. NEO and IPCC estimates for N 2 O emissions from Bulgaria are 24 and 29 Gg N y -1 , respectively, and from the Netherlands 37 and 45 Gg N y -1 (mid-point estimates). Thus annual anthropogenic N 2 O emissions from the Netherlands are about 15 Gg N 2 O-N higher than those from Bulgaria. Dutch emissions exceed Bulgarian in particular for the following sources: agriculture, traffic and nitric acid production. These differences are caused by differences in human activities mainly.