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Metabolism of estradiol in liver cell culture. Differential responses of C-2 and C-16 oxidations to drugs and other chemicals that induce selective species of cytochrome P-450.

The oxidative metabolism of estradiol (the natural estrogen 2,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17 beta-diol) at positions C-2 and C-16 was examined in primary cultures of chick embryo liver cells using estradiol which was labeled with 3H specifically at either the C-2 or C-16 position as the substrate. Oxidation of estradiol by the cultured liver cells was assessed by the release of 3H which accumulated as 3H2O in the culture medium; both C-2 and C-16 oxidative reactions were detectable in the liver cell cultures by this technique. When incubated with a concentration of estradiol substrate close to the Michaelis constant (Km), approximately 45.8 pmol [2-3H]estradiol and 5.0 pmol [16-3H]estradiol/mg protein per minute underwent oxidative metabolism in untreated cells. Total amounts of oxidized product formation after 2 h of incubation were 28 and 5 pmol/mg protein for C-2 and C-16 oxidation, respectively. Treatment of cultures with phenobarbital or 2-propyl-2-isopropylacetamide significantly increased oxidation at C-16 (1.9-fold and 2.6-fold greater than control values, respectively), whereas no significant change in C-16 oxidation was observed after treatment of the cultures with 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene, or benz[a]anthracene. The latter chemicals, however, were found to increase the extent of oxidation at C-2 significantly (i.e., 1.5-2.2-fold increases over control values). The increase in C-2 oxidation after treatment of cultures with phenobarbital or 2-propyl-2-isopropylacetamide was significantly less than that observed for oxidation at C-16. The apparent Km values for these oxidations in control cultures were 23.5 and 30.3 microM for C-2 and C-16 oxidation, respectively; corresponding maximum velocity (Vmax) values were 119 and 11.7 pmol/mg protein per minute, respectively. These data indicate that the C-2 and C-16 oxidations of estradiol take place in cultured avian hepatocytes and that the extent of metabolism at these positions on the hormone molecule can be altered by chemicals, such as drugs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which induce distinctive species of cytochrome P-450 in the liver.