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Cognitive symptoms in late-life depression and their treatment.

The objectives of this paper are to characterize the nature of cognitive symptoms in late-life depression (a) by comparing these symptoms to those in younger depressives, and (b) by describing their peculiarities as well as their relationship to core symptoms of depressive illness. Since we are still far from having a conclusive and well-established body of knowledge in this field, we have chosen the following approach: a set of hypotheses is given which will serve as a systematic framework for the review of the relevant literature as well as the evidence found in our own studies. The consequences for appropriate treatment will be drawn in the second part based on the clinical picture of cognitive symptoms in late-life depression outlined in the first part. Before going more deeply into this, the principal concepts must be defined: (i) Cognitive symptoms are disturbances of cognitive processes. These processes represent psychophysiological functions which are responsible for the reception and elaboration of information on events and changes within ourselves and the environment. Therefore, they are defined as information processing functions. They comprise the following abilities: attention, perception, memory, thinking and intelligence. Cognitive symptoms reflect either a significant decrease in the capacity of