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Phase I trial of a twice‐daily regimen of amifostine with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy in children with refractory carcinoma

Amifostine protects normal tissues against chemotherapy and radiation‐induced toxicity without loss of antitumor effects. Evidence suggests that multiple daily doses of amifostine may improve its cytoprotective effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of twice‐daily doses of amifostine with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) chemotherapy for children with refractory malignancies and to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of amifostine, WR‐1065, and the disulfide metabolites of amifostine.