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Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Radiofrequency-Induced Heating Versus Lead Conductivity During EEG-MRI at 3 T

This study investigates radiofrequency (RF)-induced heating in a head model with a 256-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) cap during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Nine computational models were implemented each with different EEG lead electrical conductivity, ranging from 1 to 5.8 × 107 S/m. The peak values of specific absorption rate (SAR) averaged over different volumes were calculated for each lead conductivity. Experimental measurements were also performed at 3-T MRI with a Gracilaria Lichenoides (GL) phantom with and without a low-conductive EEG lead cap (“InkNet”). The simulation results showed that SAR was a nonlinear function of the EEG lead conductivity. The experimental results were in line with the numerical simulations. Specifically, there was a ΔT of 1.7 °C in the GL phantom without leads compared to ΔT of 1.8 °C calculated with the simulations. Additionally, there was a ΔT of 1.5 °C in the GL phantom with the InkNet compared to a ΔT of 1.7 °C in the simulations with a cap of similar conductivity. The results showed that SAR is affected by specific location, number of electrodes, and the volume of tissue considered. As such, SAR averaged over the whole head, or even SAR averaged over volumes of 1 or 0.1 g, may conceal significant heating effects and local analysis of RF heating (in terms of peak SAR and temperature) is needed.