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An Overview of the Blue Mussel in Southern Australia – A Serial Invader, a Blind Passenger, or Just A Welcome Addition to the Menu?

Abstract The blue mussel (Mytilus spp.) has its origin inWestern Europe from where it has spread over both the northern and southern hemispheres showing an anti-tropical distribution. The blue mussel in southern Australia has been genetically identified as Mytilus galloprovincialis. A theory, based on genetic evidence, has been put forward suggesting that Mytilus spp. first arrived inAustralia in late Pleistocene through anAtlantic route followed by a more recent second invasion coincident with the arrival of the first Europeans. This is in agreement with earlier archaeological evidence suggesting that Mytilus spp. predates European settlement. In southern Australia, M. galloprovincialis is currently found in restricted environments associated with harbours and marinas raising questions about an earlier arrival. This is in contrast to South Africa where the species is believed to have arrived in the late 1970-ies, and over a relative few years has invaded more than 2000 kmof open coast and is considered a significant threat to biodiversity. It is suggested that earlier populations of Mytilus spp. have died out as a consequence of post ice age climate change and that the current species is M. galloprovincialis, which arrived multiple times and places with the arrival of the first European vessels. In the light of the current expansion of blue mussel aquaculture in SouthernAustralia there appears to be a risk for further dispersal, which may be a significant threat to biodiversity.