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Rap And Revolution Hip–Hop Comes To Cuba

Half an hour's drive east of Havana is the suburb of Alamar, home to 300,000 Cubans. Built in the early 1970s, it is one of the largest housing projects in the world, made up of massive, Sovietdesigned, walk-up buildings spread across 16 zones divided by stretches of tropical vegetation. It was here that in the 1980s young residents would construct antennas to put out on their balconies to capture the sounds of "la mofia," r&b and rap music from Miami radio stations WEDR 99 Jams and WHQT Hot 105. That is how the sounds of U.S. hip-hop arrived on the island. Young, mostly black Cuban men adopted the genre, first by imitating it and eventually infusing it with their own roots and reality, transforming it into a space for self-expression that both reflects and constitutes their identity. Today there are some 200 hip-hop groups in Havana, and 500 throughout the island. The lyrical depth of this music, evidence of the benefits of Cuba's educational system, speaks to the many ways in which race, gender, class and national identity intersect and are in constant flux. Their articulate rhymes flow at machine-gun pace, fusing words with Afro-Cuban rhythms to make Cuban hip-hop a distinct art form. While not all rap is politically charged, a number of groups have begun an important movement for cultural and social change, using rap as a vehicle to speak out about racism, prostitution, police harassment, growing class differences, the difficulty of daily survival and other social problems of contemporary Cuba. While rap is not necessarily offering solutions to these problems, the movement has created an opening for freedom of expression under the threat and pressure of state censorship. It was certainly a struggle to bring this music out of the underground during the 1980s and early 1990s, when hip-hop concerts and partiesseen as carriers of capitalist, anti-social influenceswere closed down by police, to a time when the movement has the attention of the local and international media. Cuban rap can now be heard on a weekly radio show, "Esquina de Rap," and seen on television Saturday afternoons. Now the government even promotes