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Mechanisms of the cytopathic action of actin‐ADP‐ribosylating toxins

Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, and Clostridium spiroforme toxin ADP‐ribosylate actin monomers. Toxin‐induced ADP‐ribosylation disturbs the cellular equilibrium between monomeric and polymeric actin and traps monomeric actin in its unpolymerized form, thereby depolymerizing actin filaments and destroying the microfilament network. Furthermore, the toxins ADP‐ribosylate gelsolin actin complexes. These modifications may contribute to the cytopathic action of the toxins.