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Haemodynamic effects of beta-receptor blockade during acute administration and chronic treatment.

In early essential hypertension, an increase in cardiac output (CO) is seen in about two-thirds of the patients. In established essential hypertension, CO is usually normal or subnormal, while total peripheral resistance (TPR) is increased. Treatment with beta-adrenergic blocking agents accentuates these haemodynamic changes; in particular CO is further decreased. Comparison of the effects of beta-blockers with and without beta 1-selectivity and intrinsic activity reveals slight differences in the haemodynamic responses. Although none of the beta-blockers normalizes the haemodynamics, satisfactory blood-pressure reduction may be achieved at rest and during exercise with minimal side effects.