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Childhood anxiety sensitivity, fear downregulation, and anxious behaviors: Vagal suppression as a moderator of risk.

Anxiety sensitivity-the fear that anxiety-related sensations will result in catastrophic physical, social, or psychological consequences-is a robust risk factor for clinical anxiety. However, less is known about how anxiety sensitivity may interact with physiological modulation of arousal to predict anxious children's fear responses. The present investigation examined vagal withdrawal as a moderator of the association between anxiety sensitivity and anxious children's ability to downregulate subjective feelings of fear in response to an anxiety-provoking speech task. Observer ratings of anxious behaviors and performance during the task were also examined. It was hypothesized that children's anxiety sensitivity levels would interact with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) suppression to explain unique variance in subjective fear downregulation, anxious behaviors, and task performance. Participants were 105 children with anxiety disorders (N = 105; M = 10.07 years, SD = 1.22; 57% female) who completed diagnostic interviews, questionnaires, a speech about their family, and an RSA assessment in baseline and speech conditions. Interactions between RSA suppression and anxiety sensitivity predicted unique variance in subjective fear downregulation. Specifically, the greatest difficulties downregulating subjective fear responses were exhibited by children with high anxiety sensitivity and low RSA suppression. Interactions between RSA suppression and anxiety sensitivity did not predict variance in observer ratings of anxious behaviors or task performance. However, higher baseline RSA and speech RSA were significantly associated with fewer anxious behaviors during the speech. Higher baseline RSA was also significantly associated with better speech performance. These findings highlight the importance of vagal withdrawal and its interaction with anxiety sensitivity in predicting downregulation of subjective fear among clinically anxious children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).