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Asia’s under-researched forced and refugee migration

As refugee and other forced migrations have increased in scale, so too has the complexities and diversity in both social demographic composition and geographic origins and destinations of migrants in recent decades. The number of ‘persons of concern’ to the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) has increased from 32.9 million at the end of 2006 to an estimated 67.5 million at the end of 2016. Total refugees and persons in refugee-like situations increased from 9.9 to 22.5 million, and the number of internally displaced persons has risen from 4.2 to 40.3 million over the same 10-year period. In 2017, nearly half – 46.0 per cent of the total populations of concern were from Asia (Abbasi-Shavazi & Kraly, 2018; Kraly & Abbasi-Shavazi, forthcoming; UNHCR, 2007, 2017). These figures seem to reveal just the tip of an iceberg as the number of migrants who are actually displaced is underestimated, and there is no evidence that the scale and severity of forced migration is likely to decrease in the foreseeable future. Forced population movements have been under-researched. This is particularly the case within the regions of Asia – despite the persistence of forced migrations and largescale refugee movements and, critically, the entrenchment of protracted refugee situations in countries of asylum. At the level of population, analysis of temporal and spatial scale and patterns is challenged by the lack of a systematic body of demographic data. The lack of consistent and comparable definitions of forced migration and displacement frustrates the accumulation of more general knowledge concerning the drivers and dynamics of displacement underlying both current and emerging patterns of refugee and forced migration in Asia. There is also a critical place for qualitative research on the experiences of forced migrants during stages of flight and settlement, and the implications of forced migration for persons, families and households left behind and for communities of both origin and settlement. Indeed, research on forced migration requires a multidisciplinary approach which demands new paradigms, multiple methodologies and collaborative research teams. The lack of systematic refugee research has also been due to a narrow focus in which refugee movements are considered isolated, localised, sporadic, transitory and non-recurring and temporary events (Abbasi-Shavazi & Kraly, 2018). As a result, many studies on refugee movements and groups of refugees and displaced persons have not been comprehensive, dealing primarily with particular aspects of the migrant experience such as the provision of asylum and protection, assimilation and integration, or the effectiveness of government policies.