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Risk factors for HIV‐1 infection in adults in a rural Ugandan community: a population study

ObjectiveTo determine sociodemographic risk factors associated with HIV-1 infection in a rural Ugandan population. DesignA population-based survey. MethodsAll adult residents (aged ≤13 years) in a cluster of 15 neighbouring villages of the Masaka District of south-west Uganda were invited to participate in a sociodemographic and serological survey. Questions relating to sexual behaviour were asked separately in an accompanying case-control study. Socioeconomic data and an unambiguous HIV-1 serostatus were obtained by house-to-house survey for 3809 (72%) of the adult population. The association between serostatus and the following variables were analysed: age, sex, marital status, tribe, religion, education, occupational group, place and frequency of travel and recent history of sexually transmitted disease. ResultsWomen aged 13–21 years were at a much higher risk than men of the same age lodds ratio (OR), 8.6; 95% confidence interval (Cl), 3.0–24.5]. Married people aged < 25 years were twice as likely to be infected as those who were not currently married (OR, 2.3; 95% Cl, 1.5–3.7). In contrast, in those aged ≤25 years, women were at a lower risk than men (OR, 0.72; 95% Cl, 0.52–0.98) as were those who were currently married compared with those who were not (OR, 0.47; 95% Cl, 0.34–0.64). In both age groups those with a history of a recent genital ulcer were approximately three times more likely to be infected. Muslims had lower risks than non-Muslims (OR, 0.58 for both age groups). ConclusionsThe people most at risk of HIV-1 infection in this rural Ugandan population are young married women who had, presumably, commenced sexual activity recently.