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Dual-energy spectral CT quantitative parameters for the differentiation of Glioma recurrence from treatment-related changes: a preliminary study

Background Differentiating glioma recurrence from treatment-related changes can be challenging on conventional imaging. We evaluated the efficacy of quantitative parameters measured by dual-energy spectral computed tomographic (CT) for this differentiation. Methods Twenty-eight patients were examined by dual-energy spectral CT. The effective and normalized atomic number (Zeff and Zeff-N, respectively); spectral Hounsfield unit curve (λHU) slope; and iodine and normalized iodine concentration (IC and ICN, respectively) in the post-treatment enhanced areas were calculated. Pathological results or clinicoradiologic follow-up of ≥2 months were used for final diagnosis. Nonparametric and t-tests were used to compare quantitative parameters between glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively), and accuracy were calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Predictive probabilities were used to generate ROC curves to determine the diagnostic value. Results Examination of pre-contrast λHU, Zeff, Zeff-N, IC, ICN, and venous phase ICN showed no significant differences in quantitative parameters (P > 0.05). Venous phase λHU, Zeff, Zeff-N, and IC in glioma recurrence were higher than in treatment-related changes (P < 0.001). The optimal venous phase threshold was 1.03, 7.75, 1.04, and 2.85 mg/cm3, achieving 66.7, 91.7, 83.3, and 91.7% sensitivity; 100.0, 77.8, 88.9, and 77.8% specificity; 100.0, 73.3, 83.3, and 73.3% PPV; 81.8, 93.3, 88.9, and 93.3% NPV; and 86.7, 83.3, 86.7, and 83.3% accuracy, respectively. The respective areas under the curve (AUCs) were 0.912, 0.912, 0.931, and 0.910 in glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes. Conclusions Glioma recurrence could be potentially differentiated from treatment-related changes based on quantitative values measured by dual-energy spectral CT imaging.


Background
Differentiation between glioma recurrence and treatmentrelated changes (necrosis after operation or radiation, pseudoprogression after chemotherapy) remains a significant challenge. Clinically, the two entities have totally different consequences; however, both often share the same symptoms and show very similar features in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) [1,2]. Given that the management strategies for tumor recurrence and treatment-related changes are completely distinct, it is crucial for clinicians to be able to differentiate these outcomes [3].
Herein, we explored the use of quantitative parameters measured by dual-energy GSI-CT to differentiate between glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes.

Patients
The ethics committee at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center approved this retrospective study; all included patients provided informed consent. In all, 28 patients (13 men and 15 women; mean age: 39.3 ± 13.0 years) who underwent brain dual-energy GSI-CT were enrolled. All patients had undergone surgery for tumor removal, and the inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) histologically confirmed glioma; (2) the primary treatments were surgery, chemotherapy (temozolomide), or radiation therapy (total received dose: 40-60 Gy); and (3) detectable subsequently developed new contrastenhanced lesions. Exclusion criteria were defined as definite contraindications for contrast-agent administration, cardiopathy, or pregnancy. The final diagnosis was determined based on either a second surgery or a followup examination. The follow-up evaluation was conducted at intervals of ≥2 months. In the case of followup diagnoses, treatment-related changes were confirmed in the event of complete disappearance of the enhancing Fig. 1 Contrast-enhanced venous phase GSI images show that IC and spectral curve were significantly different in glioma recurrence and the normal reference brain parenchyma. a Contrast-enhanced 70-keV monochromatic image (L1: area, 54.16 mm2; mean CT value, 69.33 HU; L2: 54.16 mm2; mean CT value, 48.06 HU). b Iodine-based materialdecomposition. image shows that IC in glioma recurrence and the normal reference brain parenchyma were 0.915 mg/cm3. and 0.113 mg/cm3 (L1: area, 54.16 mm2; mean IC, 9.15 · 100 μg/cm3; L2: area, 54.16 mm2; mean IC, 1.13 · 100 μg/cm3). c Graph shows spectral HU curve of glioma recurrence (yellow) and the normal reference brain parenchyma (red), slope of the curve representing glioma recurrence is much higher than the normal reference brain parenchyma (1.75 vs. 0.20). d The pathology noted after the first operation indicated astrocytoma (Grade II). e A large of tumor cells showed diffused distribution in the smear; eosinophil, nuclear were marked atypia, and the pathologic diagnosis was glioblastoma (Grade IV). f The GFAP was positive lesion, partial resolution, if stable on subsequent followup images over a minimum period of 2 months, or if the patient was in a stable clinical state and showed no new neurologic symptoms. The glioma recurrence was based on the development of neurologic symptoms and a progressive increase in the size of the enhancing lesion or a new enhancing lesion on follow-up examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhancements or MR spectroscopy (MRS) were also used to help define treatment-related changes or glioma recurrence. All images were assessed in consensus by two radiologists (YL and JZ) with 20 and 8 years of experience in radiology, respectively.

Dual energy gemstone spectral CT examination
The Discovery CT750HD scanner (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, US) was used for scanning. The following scanning parameters in the GSI mode were used: tube voltage of 140 kV and 80 kV and 0.5-ms instantaneous switch; tube current, 0-600 mA automatic modulation; collimation thickness, 0.625 mm; rotation speed, 0.8 s; and helical pitch, 1.375. The total CT dose index volume used in this study was 18.28 mGy, 69.5% lower than the CT dose index volume of 59.89 mGy used for average conventional head scanning at our institution. An automated injector was used to inject an iodinated nonionic contrast agent (iopamidol 300; Bracco, Milan, Italy) at 2.8 mL/s and 1.5 mL/kg through the right ulnar vein. The scan's venous phase delay time was 50 s.

Acquisition of GSI quantitative parameters
The GSI viewer 4.5 (GE Healthcare) was used to acquire GSI images. The region of interest (ROI) was plotted on the pre-contrast scan and the reconstructed monochromatic venous phase data images on 70 keV. The ROI was targeted for most suspicious areas of tumor recurrence with nodular enhancement, with care to exclude calcification and minute vessel. The same ROI was copied on the other common brain parenchyma as a contrast. The CT-based effective atomic number (Z eff ) and iodine concentration (IC) values in monochromatic images and iodine-based material-decomposition images for each ROI were automatically calculated (Figs. 1a, b and 2a, b). All ROIs were automatically copied on all Iodine-based materialdecomposition image shows that IC in glioma recurrence and the normal reference brain parenchyma were 0.031 mg/cm3 and 0.122 mg/cm3 (L1: area, 105.34 mm2; mean IC, 0.31 · 100 μg/cm3; L2: area, 105.34 mm2; mean IC, 1.22 · 100 μg/cm3). c Graph shows spectral HU curve of glioma recurrence (violet) and the normal reference brain parenchyma yellow), slope of the curve representing glioma recurrence is similar with the normal reference brain parenchyma (0.07 vs. 0.22). d The same time with dual energy gemstone spectral CT scanning MRI T1WI enhanced image showed recurrence treatment related necrosis. e Seven months later, the MRI T1WI enhanced image showed the treatment related necrosis was obviously small with slight enhancement monochromatic images and iodine-based materialdecomposition images. All measurements were independently obtained by two radiologists.
Data processing and statistical analysis Z eff , IC (in mg/mL), and CT values on monochromatic images (40-140 keV) were calculated and exported by the average values of two radiologists. The Z eff of the glioma (Z eff-gli ) and IC of the glioma (IC gli ) were normalized to values in the normal reference brain parenchyma (Z eff-BP and IC BP ) to obtain normalized Z eff (Z eff-N ) and IC (IC N ): Z eff-N = Z eff-gli /Z eff-BP and IC N = IC gli /IC BP , where BP is the normal reference brain parenchyma. The Hounsfield unit curve slope (λ HU ) was indicated as the differences between the CT value on 40 keV and 70 keV divided by the energy difference (30 keV): λ HU = (40 keV HU − 70 keV HU )/30 keV ( Fig. 1c and 2c).
Quantitative data were saved as means and standard deviation ( − x ± s) or medians with interquartile range. All the GSI quantitative parameters were compared by two independent samples t-test and nonparametric tests. Predictive probabilities were used to generate ROC curves to evaluate the diagnostic value. Further, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. The maximum Youden's index value was chosen as the best threshold. Data were analyzed using statistical software package (SPSS version 21.0; SPSS Inc., IBM Corp, NY). P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Clinical and pathological results
In all, 28 patients were examined with dual energy gemstone spectral CT. Fifteen women [mean age, 36.9 ± 10.6 years] and 13 men [mean age, 42.2 ± 15.3 years] were included in the final analysis. A total of 30 lesions (12 glioma recurrence lesions, 18 treatment-related change lesions) were enrolled for evaluation.
Six patients (7 lesions) without pathologic evaluation were finally classified into the glioma recurrence group up to a median period of 5 months (range, 2-24 months). Fifteen patients (16 lesions) without pathologic evaluation were finally classified into the treatmentrelated changes group up to a median period of 7.5 months (range, 2-46 months). Patient characteristics are listed in Table 1.
GSI quantitative parameters to differentiate between Glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes Table 2 enlists the differences in dual-energy spectral CT imaging quantitative parameters between glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes. Examination of precontrast λ HU , Z eff , Z eff-N , IC, IC N , and venous phase IC N (P > 0.05) on dual-energy spectral CT images showed no significant differences in quantitative parameters. The mean λ HU (P < 0.001) for glioma recurrence was 1.426 ± 0.762 vs. 0.314 ± 0.373 for treatment-related changes in the venous phase. In addition, the Z eff (P < 0.001) for glioma recurrence was 8.034 ± 0.238 vs. 7.671 ± 0.151 for treatment-related changes in the venous phase. Similarly, the Z eff-N (P < 0.001) for glioma recurrence was 1.058 ± 0.020 vs. 1.013 ± 0.024 for treatment-related changes. The IC (P < 0.001) for glioma recurrence was 7.319 ± 3.967 vs. 1.703 ± 2.049 for treatment-related changes in the venous  Table 3). The respective AUCs were 0.912, 0.912, 0.931, and 0.910 in glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes (Fig. 4).

Discussion
A high incidence of treatment-related changes has been noted in patients who undergo post-operative radiotherapy or combined chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide. Moreover, routinely available CT and MRI techniques do not allow a reliable distinction between glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes [1,14]. Moreover, the presence of a new contrast-enhanced lesion during follow-up imaging typically indicates a mixture of necrotic tissue and progressive tumor growth; this adds to the overall complexity of lesion characterization [3].
In this study, we used quantitative parameters measured on dual-energy spectral CT to differentiate between glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes. Additionally, the slope of λ HU , Z eff , Z eff-N , and IC in the venous phase was higher in patients with glioma recurrence than in those with treatment-related changes.
The λ HU value was automatically generated for the given ROIs, describing the dynamic changes of measured CT Hounsfield units of ROIs against increasing keV values within the range of 40 to 140 keV [10]. In our study, we calculated λ HU as the difference between the CT value on 40 keV and 70 keV divided by the energy difference (30 keV). Our results showed that the venous phase λ HU in glioma recurrence was higher than in treatment-related changes, indicative of feasibility of enhancing venous phase λ HU as a differentiating factor. The ROC analysis in our study revealed that the venous phase λ HU was highly specific (100%) for differentiating glioma recurrence from treatment-related changes. These findings were similar to the findings in previous reports [10,13]. Srinivasan et al. also reported that spectral HU curve is a potentially useful parameter to differentiate between benign and malignant neck pathologic findings [15].
Z eff is also a quantitative index for characterization of composition of a nodule. Furthermore, it signifies the composite atom in a compound or mixture of various materials and is important in the prediction of X-rays' interaction with a substance [10]. According to our study results, venous phase Z eff and Z eff-N were higher in glioma recurrence than in treatment-related changes, which was indicative of the feasibility of venous phase Z eff and Z eff-N as a differentiating factor; these results are consistent with the findings in previous reports [10,13].  The results of our ROC analysis showed that the venous phase Z eff was highly sensitive in differentiating glioma recurrence from treatment-related changes. Lv et al. reported a linear relationship between the measured and actual iodine concentrations in their study upon testing tubes filled with known iodine concentrations and iodine concentrations measured from the iodine-based material-decomposition images [9]. Our study results showed that venous phase IC was higher in glioma recurrence than in treatment-related changes, thereby suggesting the potential of venous phase IC as a differentiating factor. The ROC analysis in our study revealed that the venous phase IC was highly sensitive for differentiating glioma recurrence from treatment-related changes. A previous report also suggested the usefulness of IC in thyroid nodules as a quantitative parameter to distinguish between malignant and benign nodules [10]. Furthermore, measured IC in lesions might be a useful quantitative parameter of the lesion's blood supply [11,12]. Moding et al. showed that dual energy CT is a powerful tool for monitoring vascular changes after radiation therapy [16]. Increased IC could also be attributed to changes in tumor-associated vascular patterns and an increased blood supply [17].
Our study showed no significant differences with respect to venous phase IC N , contradicted with venous phase IC. This may likely be because of the sample size being relatively small, and the fact that gliomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors, which sometimes showed up as poor soft tissue contrast on dual-energy spectral CT, leading to potential selection bias.
There are a few other limitations to this study. In our experience, the differential diagnosis of lesions in the vicinity of the skull base is rather challenging given the  Fig. 4 Graphs show receiver operating characteristic curves of λHU, Zeff-gli, ICgli and Zeff-N in venous phase for differentiating glioma recurrence from treatment-related changes in patients. The venous Zeff-N had the highest AUC (0.931), with the optimal threshold of 1.04 AUC = area under the curve presence of many small blood vessels on the cerebral cortex; this might have led to inaccuracies in differential diagnosis. Second, it should be noted that all gliomarecurrence lesions in this study were not analyzed by biopsy; some were confirmed by follow-up evaluations. This may have influenced the study results. Third, relevant data on interobserver reliability are lacking, because images were assessed in consensus. Finally, tumor heterogeneity and spatial heterogeneity were not considered in this study. Hence, further large-scale prospective trials, with glioma classification and tumor heterogeneity are required to validate our results by dual-energy spectral imaging.

Conclusions
Dual energy GSI-CT may potentially afford quantitative values to help differentiate between glioma recurrence and treatment-related changes. Thus, a dual-energy spectral CT would mean a second examination in addition to the routine MRI in clinical practice.
Abbreviations GSI: gemstone spectral imaging; IC: iodine concentration; IC N : normalized iodine concentration; Z eff : effective atomic number; Z eff-N : normalized effective atomic number; λ HU : the slope of the spectral Hounsfield unit curve