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Immunohistochemical localization of intracellular and extracellular associated TGF beta in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and primary Raynaud's phenomenon.

We have investigated the distribution of TGF beta using antibodies specific for its intracellular and extracellular forms in full-thickness biopsies of patients with SSc, primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PRP), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and from normal subjects. Nine of 11 SSc biopsies demonstrated intracellular TGF beta in endothelial cells while only 6 exhibited extracellular TGF beta. Endothelial cells in skin biopsies of all PRP patients displayed both intracellular and extracellular TGF beta. All other control biopsies were negative. In patients with PRP, some positively staining fibroblasts were found scattered throughout the dermis. Lastly, extracellular TGF beta was localized in the papillary dermis of PRP and SSc biopsies and in all the dermal layers of SLE patients. No significant staining of TGF beta was observed in the endothelial cells, fibroblasts, or in the extracellular matrix of the majority of biopsies from normal subjects. These data suggest that TGF beta may be one of the cytokines involved in the early stages of pathogenesis of SSc, and that endothelial cells in SSc and PRP may be a source and/or a target of TGF beta.