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An integrative model of counseling

There are many different approaches to counseling and an eclectic blending of different techniques is ubiquitous. The present paper tries to develop a comprehensive integrative framework of counseling that integrates different approaches into a broader frame of human interaction and that is practically useful and open to consensual validation. Based on a systematic review of existing literature and the results of the authors' own research as well as a critical reflection of practical work, an integrative model of counseling is proposed. The implementation of the integrative model of counseling is illustrated with a case study. An integrative framework of counseling is proposed that contains principles of the helping alliance, behavioral, cognitive, (psycho-) dynamic and existential aspects. It is based on modern psychotherapy research as well as the hermeneutics of human communication. It corresponds to a phenomenological reality, and is in itself coherent and of practical value to counselors. Some of the aspects included in the model are open to empirical investigation, such as the outcome of counseling or the presence of the single components during the counseling process. The proposed model of integrative counseling combines aspects of various theoretical approaches by means of a broader framework of human interaction. While some parts of the proposed model can be empirically examined, there are also some aspects that defy scientific scrutiny and can only be grasped hermeneutically. The integrative model of counseling is useful for the counselor because it allows for a coherent mentalization of the counseling process which helps to improve the counseling process. Implications for training and research are outlined.