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Typical behaviour along geodesic rays in hyperbolic groups

Let G be a non-elementary hyperbolic group and take a real valued function such as a group homomorphism, quasimorphism or the displacement function associated to the action of G on a hyperbolic metric space. In this paper we study the limiting behaviour of such a function along typical geodesic rays in the Gromov boundary of G.


Introduction
Let G by a non-elementary hyperbolic group and suppose that G acts cocompactly (or convex cocompactly) by isometries on a complete hyperbolic geodesic metric space (X, d). Fix a finite generating set S for G and an origin o for X. Let C(G) denote the Cayley graph of G with respect to S and write ∂G for the Gromov boundary of G. By theSvarc-Milnor Lemma, there exists constants C 1 , C 2 > 0 such that, for any infinite geodesic ray γ based at the identity in C(G), for all n ≥ 1. Here γ n denotes the end point of γ after n steps. This inequality describes the coarse behaviour of the displacement function g → d(o, go) along geodesic rays. It is then natural to ask whether we can describe more precisely how the displacement grows along typical geodesic rays in ∂G? The Patterson-Sullivan measure provides us with a natural way of quantifying typicality in this setting. We say that a property exhibited by elements of ∂G is typical if it holds on a full Patterson-Sullivan measure set.
Gekhtman, Taylor and Tiozzo asked the above question in a more general setting. They prove the following theorem in [11]. Let ν denote the Patterson-Sullivan measure obtained as the weak star limit lim n→∞ |g|≤n λ −|g| δ g |g|≤n λ −|g| , where δ g denotes the Dirac measure based at g ∈ G. We write [γ] ∈ ∂G for the element in ∂G that contains γ. Proposition 1.1 (Theorem 1.3 [11]). Suppose a hyperbolic group G has a nonelementary action by isometries on a separable hyperbolic metric space X. Then, there is L > 0 such that for every x ∈ X and ν almost every [γ] ∈ ∂G, where γ is any geodesic ray in [γ].
Gekhtman, Taylor and Tiozzo prove this by exploiting the strongly Markov structure of G. That is, they use the fact that there exists a finite directed graph G that in some sense encodes the key properties of G. They obtain the above theorem by studying random walks on this graph. This is one way to exploit the structure provided by G. It is however possible to make use of the strongly Markov property in a different way. The graph G gives rise to a dynamical system (Σ, σ : Σ → Σ) known as a subshift of finite type. We can embed G into Σ via a function i : G → Σ and use this to translate questions about the displacement function on G to questions about Σ and a suitable function f : Σ → R. The connection between G and Σ is exploited by Pollicott and Sharp in [23]. They prove an almost sure invariance principle, as well as other limit laws, for the displacement function associated to the action of surface groups and convex cocompact free groups on the hyperbolic plane. In [7] similar ideas are used to derive limit laws for real-valued functions satisfying two conditions named, in that paper, by Condition (1) and Condition (2). Real valued group homomorphisms, certain quasimorphisms as well as the displacement function associated to convex cocompact group actions on CAT(−1) metric spaces satisfy these conditions. This leads us to ask whether Proposition 1.1 remains true if we replace the displacement function with a different real valued function. Furthermore, can we formulate a more precise statement describing how these functions behave along geodesic rays? These are the questions that we consider in this paper. Our main theorems are the following. We will define and discuss Condition (1) and Condition (2) in Section 3. Let ν denote the Patterson-Sullivan measure as defined above.
Theorem 1.2. Let G be a non-elementary hyperbolic group equipped with a finite generating set S. Suppose that ϕ : G → R satisfies Condition (1) and Condition (2). Then there exists Λ ∈ R such that for ν almost every [γ] ∈ ∂G, for any γ belonging to [γ].

Remark 1.3.
When ϕ is the displacement function associated to a convex cocompact group action on a CAT(−1) metric space, we recover a special case of Proposition 1.1. We note that the non-elementary actions to which Proposition 1.1 applies are more general than convex cocompact.
This shows that, along typical elements of ∂G, a function ϕ satisfying the hypotheses of Theorem 1.2 grows asymptotically like Λn. We can then ask if it is possible to describe more precisely how ϕ grows along elements of ∂G. To achieve this, we need to impose an additional assumption on ϕ to ensure that ϕ(·) − | · |Λ grows along typical geodesic rays. Specifically, we need that the set has positive ν measure. It will follow from Condition (2) that this set is well-defined, G-invariant and so has ν measure 0 or 1. Surprisingly, this is the only additional hypothesis we need in order to obtain the following, more precise description of how ϕ grows.
The implied constant is uniform in x ∈ R.
Remark 1.5. The reason that we ask for γ 0 ∈ H is due to the following fact. For ν almost every [γ] ∈ ∂G and every n ≥ 1, we can find γ ∈ [γ] for which ϕ(γ n ) − nΛ is arbitrarily large. Therefore without this assumption, A n would have zero ν measure for all n ∈ Z ≥0 .
When the generating set S for G is symmetric and the map ϕ : G → R is a group homomorphism, a simple symmetry argument shows that the constant Λ obtained from an application of Theorem 1.2 is zero. The following result from [7] then shows that real-valued group homomorphisms satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem 1.4. To conclude this introduction, we briefly outline the contents of this paper. In the second section we cover preliminary material concerning hyperbolic groups, their strongly Markov structure and the Patterson-Sullivan measure. In the third section we discuss the regularity conditions, Condition (1) and Condition (2). We then, in Section 4, study the properties of the Patterson-Sullivan measure. We prove Theorems 1.2 and 1.4 in the remaining section.
Notation: Throughout the paper, we use the following notation to describe the asymptotic behaviour of sequences. Suppose f n , g n , h n are real valued sequences. We write f n = O(g n ) if there exists C > 0 such that eventually |f n | ≤ C|g n |. If |f n /g n | → 0 as n → ∞ we write f n = o(g n ). We write f n = O(g n , h n ) if f n = O(max{|g n |, |h n |}).

Hyperbolic Groups and Symbolic Codings
In this section we cover preliminary material related to hyperbolic groups and symbolic dynamics. Definition 2.1. Let G be a finitely generated group with finite generating set S. We define the left and right word metrics on G by Here | · | denotes the word metric, i.e |g| is the length of the shortest word(s) representing g with letters in S. We say that G is hyperbolic if there exists δ ≥ 0 such that any geodesic triangle in the d L metric is δ-thin (i.e any point on the side of a geodesic triangle is within distance δ of one of the other two sides).
We say that a hyperbolic group is non-elementary if it is not virtually cyclic, i.e it does not contain a finite index cyclic subgroup. Suppose that G is a nonelementary hyperbolic group equipped with a finite generating set and let W (n) = #{g ∈ G : |g| = n} denote the word length counting function. Coornaert proved that the growth rate of W (n) is purely exponential [9], i.e there exists λ > 1 and C 0 , C 1 > 0 such that C 0 λ n ≤ W (n) ≤ C 1 λ n . This fact will be key to our analysis.
Let C(G) denote the Cayley graph of G with respect to S. The Gromov boundary ∂G of G consists of equivalence classes of infinite geodesic rays in C(G). Two geodesic rays γ and γ ′ are said to be equivalent if d L (γ n , γ ′ n ) is bounded uniformly for n ∈ Z ≥0 . Here, γ n , γ ′ n denote the end points of γ, γ ′ after n steps. Given an infinite geodesic ray γ we use [γ] to denote the element of ∂G containing γ. There is a natural compact topology for G ∪ ∂G that extends the topology on G given by the word metric. The action of G extends continuously to G ∪ ∂G by sending The Patterson-Sullivan measure ν is a measure on ∂G obtained as the weak star limit, as n → ∞, of the following sequence of measures Here δ g denotes the Dirac measure based at g ∈ G. The measure ν is ergodic with respect to the action of G on ∂G. See [9] and [17] for a comprehensive account of the above material concerning the Patterson-Sullivan measure. We will now discuss the combinatorial properties of hyperbolic groups.
As mentioned in the introduction, hyperbolic groups have nice combinatorial properties that arise due to their strongly Markov structure.
Definition 2.2. A finitely generated group G is strongly Markov if given any finite generating set S there exists a finite directed graph G with vertex set V , edge set E and a labeling map ρ : E → S such that: (1) there exists an initial vertex * ∈ V such that no directed edge ends at * ; (2) the map taking finite paths in G starting at * to G that sends a path with concurrent edges ( * , Cannon introduced this property and proved that cocompact Kleinian groups are strongly Markov [6]. Ghys and de la Harpe showed that Cannon's method worked for arbitrary hyperbolic groups.

Proposition 2.3 ([12] Theorem 13). Any hyperbolic group is strongly Markov.
Throughout the rest of this paper we will assume that G is a non-elementary hyperbolic group equipped with a finite generating set S. Let G be a graph associated to a G via the strongly Markov property. We augment G by adding an extra vertex 0 ∈ V and edges (v, 0) for all v ∈ V ∪ {0}\{ * }. We define ρ(v, 0) = e for v ∈ V ∪ {0}\{ * } , where e ∈ G is the identity element. We will assume that any graph G associated to G has been augmented in this way.
As mentioned in the introduction, we can use this strongly Markov structure to construct a dynamical system that encodes the properties of G. Suppose that G = (E, V ) is a directed graph associated to G via the strongly Markov property. We define a transition matrix A, indexed by V × V , by is known as a subshift of finite type. We embed G into Σ A via the function i : G → Σ A that sends a group element g ∈ G to the unique element ( * , x 1 , x 2 , ..., x n , 0, 0, ...) for which ρ( * , x 1 )...ρ(x n−1 , x n ) = g and |g| = n. This correspondence will allow us to prove facts about G by studying the properties of Σ A . For the rest of this section we recount the properties of subshifts that we require for our proofs.
Let B be a zero-one matrix. We say that B is irreducible if given i, j, there exists N such that B N (i, j) > 0. If there exists N such that B N (i, j) > 0 for all pairs i, j then we say that B is aperiodic.
Throughout the following, we assume that B is irreducible. When this is the case, the system (Σ B , σ) is transitive and admits a unique measure of maximal entropy µ [18], i.e there exists unique µ such that where the above supremum is taken over all σ-invariant probability measures. The measure µ is ergodic with respect to σ. If f ∈ F θ (Σ B ) for some 0 < θ < 1 and f dµ = 0, then there exists σ 2 In [8] this result is proved under the assumption that B is aperiodic, however it is easy to see that this result passes to the irreducible case.
We note that since G has no edges that enter * , the matrix A associated to G will never be irreducible. It is possible however that if we remove, from A, the rows/columns corresponding to the 0 and * vertices, then the resulting matrix is irreducible (or aperiodic). We say that A is irreducible (or aperiodic) if this is the case. Although in general it is possible that A is not irreducible, we can, by relabeling the vertex set V , assume A has the form where A i,i are irreducible for i = 1, ..., m. We call the A i,i the irreducible components of A. Let λ > 1 denote the exponential growth rate of W (n). It is easy to see by Property (2) and (3)

Regularity Conditions
In this section we discuss Condition (1) and Condition (2). This will be a brief survey of the functions satisfying these conditions, see Section 4 of [7] for a more comprehensive account. Condition (1) and Condition (2) are defined as follows.
Condition (1) There exists a graph G associated to G, S via the strongly Markov property with transition matrix A and a function f ∈ F θ (Σ A ) (for some 0 < θ < 1) such that ϕ(g) = f |g| (x) for g ∈ G and x = i(g) ∈ Σ A .
Condition (2) ϕ is Lipschitz in the left and right word metrics on G.
Although Condition (1) relies on the properties of Σ A , there is a natural assumption we can place on ϕ : G → R to guarantee the existence of appropriate Σ A and f : Σ A → R. Given g, h ∈ G, let (g, h) denote their Gromov product Definition 3.1. We say that ϕ : G → R is Hölder if for any fixed finite generating set S and a ∈ G, there exists C > 0 and 0 < θ < 1 such that for any g, h ∈ G. Here, ∆ a ϕ(g) = ϕ(ag) − ϕ(g) for a, g ∈ G.
Pollicott and Sharp prove that Hölder functions satisfy Condition (1) in [21]. In [5] and [7], combable and edge combable functions are defined. We refer the reader to these papers for the definitions. Both these classes of functions satisfy Condition (1), see Lemma 4.5 in [7]. It is clear that homomorphism to R are edge combable and so satisfy Condition (1). The homomorphism property implies that real valued homomorphism also satisfy Condition (2). In fact, the more general class of quasimorphism satisfy Condition (2).
It is easy to check that quasimorphisms satisfy Condition (2). In [5], Calegari and Fujiwara show that Brooks counting quasimorphisms (see [3] for a definition) satisfy Condition (1) and so by the above discussion, our theorems apply to these functions. The following example, due to Barge and Ghys [1], is a quasimorphism that satisfies the Hölder condition.
Example: Suppose G acts cocompactly by isometries on a simply connected Riemannian manifold X with all sectional curvatures bounded above by −1. Write M = X/G. Given a smooth 1-form ω on M , we can lift ω to a G-invariant smooth 1-formω on X. Fix an origin o ∈ X and define ϕ : G → R by where T (g, h) denotes the triangle in H with vertices o, go and gho. By compactness and hyperbolicity, the right hand side of the above is bounded uniformly in g, h. This proves that ϕ is a quasimorphism. In [20] Picaud proved that these quasimorphisms satisfy Condition (1).
Another example of a function satisfying Condition (1) and Condition (2) was mentioned in the introduction. Suppose G acts properly discontinuously, convex cocompactly by isometries on a complete CAT(−1) geodesic metric space (X, d). Fix a finite generating set for G and an origin o for X. A result of Pollicott and Sharp (Proposition 3 from [22]) proves that the displacement function satisfies Condition (1). Furthermore, it is easy to see that this function satisfies Condition (2). See Lemma 4.6 of [7] for a more detailed discussion.
This concludes our brief survey of functions satisfying Condition (1) and Condition (2). See [1], [10] and [12] for further examples as well as Chapter 3 of [15] for a more comprehensive account of these functions.

Properties of the Patterson-Sullivan Measure
The results presented in [7] and [11] as well as this paper rely on the work of Calegari and Fujiwara [5] that compares the Patterson-Sullivan measure ν to a natural measure µ on Σ A . In this section we construct this measure and compare it to ν.
Suppose ϕ : G → R satisfies Condition (1) and Condition (2) with associated subshift Σ A obtained from a directed graph G. Suppose that G has vertex set V .
For v ∈ R V , define the function p : This function projects v to the eigenspace of A corresponding to the simple eigenvalue λ. Similarly, the function r : projects v to the eigenspace of A T corresponding to the simple eigenvalue λ. To obtain the error term in Theorem 1.4 we need to know the rate of convergence associated to the limit defining p.
where the implied constant depend only on v.
Proof. Given v ∈ R V we can write v as a linear combination of elements in a Jordan basis for A. Since maximal components are disjoint, if an eigenvalue x of A has absolute value λ, then there does not exist a Jordan chain of length strictly greater than one associated to x. A simple calculation then shows that ifṽ belongs to the generalised eigenspace associated to the eigenvalue x = λ, then The result follows.
Let 1 ∈ R V denote the vector consisting of 1 in each coordinate and let v * denote the vector consisting of a 1 in the coordinate corresponding to the * vertex and zeros elsewhere. Using p and r, we define a measure µ on Σ A via a stochastic matrix N : R V → R V and vertex distribution ρ : V → R. For a vector v ∈ R V , let v j denote the coordinate of v corresponding to the vertex j ∈ V . The matrix N is defined as follows. Set As for the usual construction of Markov measures, this defines a σ-invariant measure on Σ A . We normalise this measure to obtain the probability measure µ. There is a nice description of µ in terms of thermodynamic formalism.

1)
where each µ i is the measure of maximal entropy for the system (Σ Bi , σ).
Proof. By comparing the construction of µ to Parry's construction of the measure of maximal entropy for a subshift of finite type [18], we see that the restriction of µ to the maximal component Σ Bi is up to scaling, the measure of maximal entropy µ i on this component. Furthermore, from the definitions of p and r, it is clear that µ assigns zero mass to the complement of the union of the maximal components. The result follows.
Let A ′ denote the matrix A with the row/column corresponding to the 0 vertex removed.
x eventual enters B i and never leaves}. Let h : Y → ∂G be the natural map associated to the bijection defined in Definition 2.2. Given y ∈ Y , we use h(y) n to denote the nth step in the geodesic ray determined by y.
There is a unique measure ν on Y that pushes forward under h to the Patterson-Sullivan measure on ∂G. We denote the pushforward map by h * so that h * ν = ν. The measure ν can be constructed as in Section 4 of [5]. We will not provide the construction here but will instead present the properties of ν that we require for our proofs. One of these properties is the following. We can explicitly calculate the ν measure of certain subsets of Σ A ′ called cylinder sets. Given a finite path in G let [y] to denote the elements in Σ A ′ that have y as an initial segment.
Lemma 4.4. Let y be a finite path in G starting at * . We have that where |y| is the length of y and v y denotes the last vertex in y.
Proof. This is a simple calculation that can be found in Section 4 of [5]. Note that in this work, we are using a slightly different scaling for ν. This introduces the p(1) * term, which is not present in [5].
For k ∈ Z ≥0 , let σ k * ν denote the pushforward of ν under σ k . The following lemma compares these pushforward measures to the measure µ.
The implied constants can be taken to be independent of v and n.
Proof. This is a consequence of Lemma 4.1, the construction of ν and the proof of Lemma 4.22 in [5]. A simple calculation using the definition of ν shows the existence of α k v satisfying the first condition of the lemma. The convergence associated to the furthermore condition is proved in Lemma 4.22 of [5]. By inspecting the proof of this lemma, we see that Lemma 4.1 quantifies the convergence as O(n −1 ).
It follows that 1 n n k=0 σ k * ν converges in the weak star topology to the measure µ. There is a much stronger relationship between ν and µ however. Given two measures, λ 1 and λ 2 on Σ A , recall that their total variation λ 1 − λ 2 T V is given by Proposition 4.6. We have that, where α j v are as defined in the previous lemma. Applying the previous lemma concludes the proof.
We will need the following definition and lemma later.
Intuitively, each A j consists of elements in Σ A ′ that correspond to a path in G that starts at * , enters a maximal component on exactly its jth step and then never leaves this component. Proof. We claim that exponentially quickly as n → ∞. To see this, note that the number of length n paths in G that start at * and do not enter a maximal component is O((λ − δ) n ) for some 0 < δ < λ. Combining this observation with Lemma 4.4 implies that there exists C > 0 independent of j, n such that This proves the claim. Along with Lemma 4.4, this shows that Y \ ∪ m i=1 Y i can be written as a countable union of zero ν measure sets. Hence ν (Y \ ∪ m i=1 Y i ) = 0 and for any E ⊂ Y , Applying the claim a further time concludes the proof.
We end this section by observing that, for any E ⊂ ∪ i Σ Bi , We are now ready to prove our results.

Proofs of Results
Throughout the rest of the paper, suppose that ϕ : G → R satisfies Condition (1) and Condition (2) and let f : Σ A → R be the function related to ϕ. Fix a bounded subset H ⊂ C(G) (i.e sup g∈H {|g|} < ∞).
We begin by noting that Theorem 1.2 is equivalent to the fact that there exists Λ ∈ R for which the set is well-defined and has full ν measure.
Lemma 5.1. For any Λ ∈ R the set U Λ is well-defined and G-invariant.
Proof. Since ϕ is Lipschitz in the right word metric, if [γ] ∈ ∂G and g ∈ G, then there exists C > 0 for which This proves G-invariance. The proof that U Λ is well-defined follows the same argument, this time using that ϕ is Lipschitz in the left word metric.
We are now ready to prove Theorem 1.2.
Proof of Theorem 1.2. Since the action of G on ∂G is ergodic with respect to ν, it suffices, by Lemma 5.1, to prove that there exists Λ for which U Λ has positive ν measure. Consider a maximal component B i . By the ergodic theorem, µ(E Λ ) > 0, where E Λ = y ∈ Σ Bi : f n (y) n → Λ as n → ∞ and Λ = ΣB i f dµ. Hence by Proposition 4.6 there exists k ∈ Z ≥0 for which By Condition (1), for y ∈ Y, f n (y n ) = ϕ(h(y) n ) + O(1) where the implied constant is independent of both n and y. Combining this with the fact that h * ν = ν implies that ν (U Λ ) > 0 and thus concludes the proof.
We now move on to the proof of Theorem 1.4. By replacing ϕ(·) with ϕ(·) − Λ| · | and f (·) with f (·) − Λ, it suffices to prove Theorem 1.4 under the assumption that Λ = 0. We will assume this from now on.
The intuition behind our proof of Theorem 1.4 is the following. By Proposition 4.6, µ is obtained from averaging the pushforwards of ν. If we could therefore, in some sense, reverse this averaging and express ν in terms of µ, then we could use our knowledge of µ to learn about ν. The relationship between ν and µ described in Lemma 4.5 is particularly nice and allows us carry out such a procedure.
Recall that we want to study the convergence of the following distributions.
Definition 5.2. Define, for n ∈ Z ≥0 and x ∈ R, We want to prove that there exists σ 2 ≥ 0 for which as n → ∞. To simplify notation we will express this as R n = N (σ) + O(n −1/4 ). We will use the following fact multiple times.
Lemma 5.3. Let F n , H n : R → R be sequences of distributions and suppose that k n , l n are sequences of integers with k n → ∞ and l n → ∞ as n → ∞. Suppose further that there exists a constant C > 0 independent of n and x such that Proof. This is a simple consequence of the fact that N (σ) has a uniformly bounded derivative.
Our aim is to construct a sequence of distributions on Y with respect to ν from which we can gain an understanding of the R n . The following two lemmas are the first step in achieving this. The first lemma is an easy consequence of the hyperbolicity of C(G) and so we exclude the proof.
Lemma 5.4. There exists C > 0 such that Using this lemma we obtain.
Proof. Clearly R n (x) ≤R n (x) for all x ∈ R and n ∈ Z ≥0 . Also, by the previous lemma and the fact that ϕ is Lipschitz in the d L metric, there exists C > 0 independent of x and n such that for all x, n. Combining these two bounds and applying Lemma 5.3 concludes the proof.
The previous two lemmas show that, without loss of generality, we may assume that the identity element of G belongs to H. We will assume this from now on. We can now construct distributions on Y from which we can deduce the convergence of R n . Recall that given y ∈ Y , h(y) n for n ∈ Z ≥0 denotes the nth group element in the geodesic ray determined by y.
for n ∈ Z ≥0 and x ∈ R.
The following lemma shows that to prove Theorem 1.4, it suffices to prove the analogous statement for the distributions H n .
Proof. It is proven in [4] that h is surjective, see Lemma 3.5.1. Hence there exists K > 0 independent of n, x such that for all n ∈ Z ≥0 and x ∈ R. Since h * ν = ν, and applying Lemmas 5.3 and 5.4 completes the proof.
The next step is to study the H n . We do this by constructing distributions on ∪ i Σ Bi with respect to µ and then, by relating µ to ν, use these to understand the H n distributions. To simplify notation, we define, for x ∈ R and n ∈ Z ≥0 , The following lemma along with Proposition 4.6 will allow us to compare the ν and µ measures.
Lemma 5.8. For any sequence of integers k n such that k n → ∞ as n → ∞, where the implied constant is independent of n, x.
Proof. By Lemma 4.8 there exists 0 < θ < 1 such that for each j ∈ Z ≥0 , where the implied constant is independent of j, n and x. Taking the average of ν 1 (E n (x)), ..., ν kn (E n (x)) and letting n → ∞ gives the result.
We now, using work from [7], describe how f distributes over Σ A with respect to the measure µ. Along with the previous lemma, this will allow us to deduce the convergence of the H n distributions. Proposition 5.9. There exists σ 2 ≥ 0 such that for each x ∈ R, as n → ∞ and the above error term is uniform in x ∈ R. Furthermore, Proof. By Proposition 4.2, the measure µ is a weighted sum of the measures of maximal entropy µ i on each maximal component B i . We obtain a central limit theorem, with mean Λ i and variance σ i , for µ i and f on each Σ Bi . Proposition 6.2 from [7] uses an argument of Calegari and Fujiwara to show that Λ i and σ i do not depend on the maximal component B i (and by assumption Λ i = 0 for each i = 1, ..., m). From this and the Berry-Esseen Theorem for subshifts of finite type [8] we obtain the desired central limit theorem, with error term, for µ and f . The criteria for positive variance follows from Lemma 7.2 and Proposition 7.8 of [7].
We are now ready to prove Theorem 1.5.
Proof of Theorem 1.4. By Lemma 5.7 it suffices to prove that for x ∈ R H n (x) = N (x, σ) + O(n −1/4 ) as n → ∞. We begin by applying Proposition 4.6 and Proposition 5.9 to deduce that for any integer valued sequence k n , with k n → ∞ as n → ∞, as n → ∞, uniformly for x ∈ R. We then define, for n ∈ Z ≥0 and x ∈ R, If we suppose further that k n = o( √ n), then expression (5.1) and Lemma 5.3 imply that 1 k n kn j=0 σ j * ν(C ± n (x)) = N (x, σ) + O(k n n −1/2 , k −1 n ).

(5.2)
We now note that, by containment, σ j * ν j (C − n (x)) ≤ ν j (E n (x)) ≤ σ j * ν j (C + n (x)) (5 .3) for all n, j ≤ k n and x. Recall that, by (4.2), σ j * ν(C ± n (x)) = σ j * ν j (C ± n (x)) for all n, x. Hence, if we choose k n = ⌊n 1/4 ⌋, then (5.2) along with inequality ( Remark 5.10. The O(n −1/4 ) error term arises due to the fact that ν is supported on Y whereas µ is supported ∪ i Σ Bi . To pass the central limit theorem in Proposition 5.9 to one for ν and Y , we need to compare the values f takes on Y to the values f takes on ∪ i Σ Bi . This comparison introduces an error term that can be see explicitly as the 2k n |f | ∞ n −1/2 terms in the sets C ± n (x). In the case that A is aperiodic (or irreducible) this term is no longer needed since for any y ∈ Y , σ(y) belongs to the only (necessarily maximal) component.
In [2], Bowen and Series provide a geometrical condition for Fuchsian groups that guarantees the existence of a coding Σ A described by an aperiodic matrix A. This condition is satisfied by surface groups (i.e the fundamental group of a compact hyperbolic surface) and free groups. The above remark then implies the following.
Corollary 5.11. If G and ϕ : G → R satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem 1.4 and G is a free group or surface group, then the error term in Theorem 1.4 can be improved to O(n −1/2 ).