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Generalized ray theory for an Epstein profile

S U M M A R Y The generalized ray method as extended by Heyman & Felsen is used for investigating an Epstein monotonic transition zone. Such an Epstein profile gives rise to normal turning rays, reversed turning rays and space-domain caustics. These wave species can now all be investigated using a complex integration contour in the forming of the synthetic seismogram. We present numerical results of the method and compare it to Chapman’s (WKBJ seismogram) method. The waveforms generally agree well although a DC value difference is sometimes present in the seismograms. During the analysis we show that at the dark side of the caustic the arrival can be interpreted as a contribution due to tunnelling rays.