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Association of Cost Sharing With Delayed and Complicated Presentation of Acute Appendicitis or Diverticulitis

Key Points Question Does an association exist between high cost-sharing insurance plans and patient presentation with and surgical management of acute appendicitis or acute diverticulitis? Findings In this cohort study of 151 852 patients, higher patient cost sharing was associated with lower odds of presenting with early, uncomplicated disease, receiving optimal surgical care, and receiving minimally invasive surgery. Meaning Policymakers should be aware of the clinical and financial implications of patient health care behaviors associated with increased cost sharing.


Introduction
Access to timely care remains associated with socioeconomic disparities in surgical care. Previous work shows that delays in presentation with common acute, surgical conditions are associated with more complex presentation and less optimal surgical care. 1,2 Insurance status has shown associations of time of disease presentation with odds of treatment delays owing to reduced financial barriers to care, among other factors. 3,4 In particular, studies have shown that uninsured individuals have a higher probability of presenting with more complicated and severe emergency surgery diagnoses. 5 Disease complexity and severity at the time of diagnosis are proportional to longer hospital stays, greater morbidity, and decreased probability of receiving a minimally invasive procedure. [5][6][7][8][9] Conversely, increasing access to care through expanded insurance coverage has been associated with earlier presentation and improved management of surgical conditions. [10][11][12][13][14] Both appendicitis and diverticulitis are common conditions cared for by emergency general surgery providers, including both the operative and nonoperative care of patients depending on their characteristics, such as age and comorbidities, as well as pathology-related factors, including severity of disease at the time of presentation.
However, far less is known about the association of patient cost sharing with presentation and management of common, costly, and morbid emergency general surgery conditions, such as acute appendicitis or diverticulitis. Private insurance plans are turning to cost sharing to increase patient responsibility, specifically by minimizing use of unwarranted care. 15,16 In the seminal RAND Health Insurance Experiment, 17 the introduction of cost sharing was a "blunt tool" that reduced the probability of patients seeking appropriate and inappropriate medical care without improving the overall quality of care. Conversely, the Oregon Experiment 18 showed the expansion of low-cost preventive care use and reduction of high-cost emergency care with Medicaid expansion. Although prior studies have evaluated cost sharing in medical care, few studies have assessed the association between cost sharing and acute surgical conditions. 16 Significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the degree to which patient cost sharing is associated with patient presentation and subsequent management of emergency general surgery diagnoses, especially acute appendicitis or diverticulitis.
The present study evaluated how cost sharing is associated with clinical presentation and care.
The primary objective was to evaluate the degree to which patient cost sharing is associated with patient presentation with early, uncomplicated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The secondary objective was to determine whether the degree of cost sharing is associated with receipt of optimal surgical care or minimally invasive surgery. We hypothesized that high cost sharing is associated with decreased odds of presenting with early, uncomplicated disease.

Data and Cohort Development
This cohort study used longitudinal commercial claims data from the Health Care Cost Institute (HCCI) to identify all patients with an index admission with acute appendicitis or acute diverticulitis from January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2017 (Figure 1)

Outcomes
The primary outcome was presentation with early, uncomplicated disease at the time of admission.
Consistent with prior work, early, uncomplicated presentation was defined as admission with nonruptured appendicitis or with diverticulitis (eTable 2 in the Supplement). 1,5,20,21 Secondary outcomes included optimal surgical management and receipt of minimally invasive surgery. Optimal surgical management was defined as receipt of an appendectomy during admission for acute appendicitis or avoidance of colostomy or ileostomy when admitted with acute diverticulitis.
Minimally invasive surgery was defined as receipt of a laparoscopic (vs open) procedure for patients undergoing either an appendectomy or sigmoid resection. Outcomes were defined from ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis and procedure codes.

Exposure
The primary exposure was the degree of cost sharing incurred for the index hospitalization, defined as the sum of the components of the patient's coinsurance, copayment, and deductible. Total member cost sharing was defined as quartiles and expressed in US dollars. The low cost-sharing group was defined as being in quartile 1 ($0-$502), and the high cost-sharing group, in quartile 4 (>$3082). Sensitivity analyses were performed by setting a threshold of higher than $800 as being high cost sharing.

Statistical Analysis
Frequency distributions (numbers and percentages) described the associations of patient characteristics, total cost sharing, type of diagnosis, socioeconomic deprivation, and geographic factors with outcomes. Distributions were calculated between characteristics or factors and total cost-sharing quartiles. Estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs resulting from multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association of cost sharing with patient presentation and with surgical management. In addition, the trend in total cost sharing was estimated by treating total cost-sharing quartiles as being continuous. Models were adjusted for patient characteristics, including age, sex, calendar year, quarter at the time of hospital admission, regional location within 1 of 9 US Census Bureau geographic divisions, and a geographic rurality indicator. 22 Furthermore, the models controlled for Social Deprivation Index, type of insurance benefit plan, and an indicator for enrollment in a high-deductible plan. Beneficiary 5-digit zip codes were used to establish rural-urban commuting area codes, consistent with methods used by the US Department of Agriculture. 23 Rural was set as any area with rural-urban commuting area codes 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 7.  (Figure 2). The majority of patients resided in urban areas (91.5%) and had low-deductible plans (74.9%). The most popular benefit plan type was point of service (69.0%), followed by health maintenance organization (12.6%), preferred provider organization (11.7%), exclusive provider organization (5.9%), and other, including indemnity and short-term plans (0.8%) ( Table 1) Overall, rates of early, uncomplicated presentation ranged from 65.0% for patients with high cost sharing to 75.7% for patients with low cost sharing (Table 1). Additional characteristics associated with higher rates of early, uncomplicated presentation included age between 18 and 24 years, female sex, and low number of comorbidities. There was considerable geographic variation with regional rates of early, uncomplicated presentation ranging from 66.1% in the Mountain region The horizontal line inside the box represents the median; the height of the box, the interquartile range; and the whiskers, the fifth and 95th interquartile ranges. The dashed horizontal line represents the threshold of $800.   Sensitivity analyses by diagnosis were consistent when evaluating high cost sharing in appendicitis or diverticulitis for early, uncomplicated presentation and for minimally invasive surgery.

JAMA Health Forum | Original Investigation
For the appendicitis analysis, higher cost sharing was associated with increased odds of receiving optimal surgical care (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.35-1.54); for diverticulitis, higher cost sharing was associated with decreased odds of receiving optimal surgical care (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83-0.90).  outcomes were similar to the main overall results (Table 3).

Discussion
In this cohort study of more than 150 000 patients with acute diverticulitis or appendicitis, we found that patients with high cost-sharing plans were less likely than patients with low cost-sharing plans to present with early, uncomplicated disease. Secondary findings showed that high cost sharing was also associated with a lower likelihood of receiving optimal surgical care and minimally invasive surgery if a procedure was performed. These results were consistent even after controlling for patient comorbidities, community-level socioeconomic deprivation, and regional variation.
Recent policy changes have increased individual responsibility by using cost sharing to reduce patient care-seeking behavior. The Kaiser Family Foundation reported 27 that, whereas benefit plans covered a significant share of employee health costs, the mean out-of-pocket spending grew 58%, an increase that outpaced the increase in employee wages during the study years from 2007 through 2017. The present study found a steady increase in high cost sharing during a 5-year study period. Subsequently, delays in seeking care for appendicitis and diverticulitis increased the likelihood of complicated presentation and, ultimately, costlier and morbid treatment. In a 2013 study by Kong et al, 28 the authors found that the mean cost (£566, approximately US $778) among patients presenting with early, uncomplicated appendicitis was appreciably less costly to treat than those with complicated appendicitis by a factor of 2 up to a factor of 11. Costs of hospital stay, operation, anesthesia, and antibiotics were included in their cost analysis. They noted that, as the pathology progressed, the treatment costs rose exponentially and that 90% of the total cost for managing acute appendicitis was associated with advanced disease. Understanding the financial burden of acute diverticulitis was the basis for a study by Cammarota et al 29 examining hospitalization costs for uncomplicated and complicated diverticulitis. The authors found that, for the study period from 2005 through 2015, the cost for complicated diverticulitis had increased to 3.5 times as high for patients with a surgery stay than for patients with a medical stay for uncomplicated diverticulitis.
Similarly, another investigation found that patients with perforated diverticulitis are hospitalized longer (10.4 vs 8.6 days) and pay approximately $1100 more per admission than patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis. 30 Acute appendicitis and diverticulitis are representative emergency surgery diagnoses; they are common, costly, and, most importantly, sensitive to the repercussions of care delays. These results suggest that higher cost sharing may disincentivize early presentation; thus, patients are less likely to seek care with early, uncomplicated disease and consequently are less likely to receive optimal or minimally invasive surgery. Overall, these costs of care are associated with a significant-and critically, modifiable-burden on the health care system.
There are considerable knowledge gaps in our understanding of how cost sharing influences patient presentation and subsequent management of acute surgical conditions. The data in the present study are consistent with prior medical literature, namely, the RAND Health Insurance Experiment, in which increasing cost sharing was associated with decreased health-seeking behavior for both indicated and discretionary care. 18 Similarly, the Oregon Medicaid expansion was associated with increased use of health care services. 16 Prior studies assessing the repercussions of the 2006 Massachusetts and 2010 health insurance expansion showed that increased insurance coverage was associated with earlier presentation of patients with acute surgical conditions and increased receipt of optimal surgical care. 20,[31][32][33][34] Our findings build on this literature to show an association between higher patient cost sharing and decreased odds of patients presenting with early, uncomplicated disease.
Our sensitivity analyses using a threshold of $800 to define the high and low cost-sharing groups showed that these results held true. This threshold was the median out-of-pocket expense for insured patients in the United States from 2016 through 2017. 35 The value holds practical importance given that approximately 40% of the US population would struggle to pay an unexpected cost of $400. 36 Therefore, cost differences above this threshold become more sematic than practically consequential for most of the population. Although our use of an absolute dollar amount in defining high vs low cost sharing introduces the potential for reverse causality, additional sensitivity models comparing patients with high-deductible plans were entirely consistent with our primary models.
Similarly, sensitivity analyses results assessing the group of patients 25 to 64 years of age (ie, removing patients 18 to 24 years of age) were consistent with the overall sample. Since the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, young adults aged 18 to 24 years are most likely to remain on parental health insurance plans until the age of 26 years, and thus health-seeking behaviors may be less sensitive to cost sharing. Our secondary outcomes showed variation in optimal surgical care, with high cost sharing associated with increased odds of receiving an appendectomy during the admission. This finding could be due to a variety of factors, including increased use of nonoperative management for less severe disease as well as for perforated appendicitis with abscesses. 37,38 Additional work is warranted to dissect how cost sharing is associated with surgical management received for appendicitis.

Strengths and Limitations
Several advantages and limitations may influence the depth and generalizability of our analysis in the studied population. The conditions included in this study have unique ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes that enabled more precise capturing of complicated presentation and optimal management. 5,6,20 Using stringent exclusion criteria, such as erroneous coding, duplicate claims, and outlier length of stay, removed only 1% of hospitalizations. As such, we believe that these cost-sharing data are sufficient for proper statistical analysis and interpretation, and prior studies have successfully measured total cost sharing using HCCI data. 39 Although potentially limited in terms of generalizability to patients beyond the study population and diagnoses, the HCCI data provided a unique opportunity to bridge granular claims data with clinical information in ways not possible with other administrative or registry data. We attempted to control for patient comorbidities using age and the Elixhauser comorbidity index in addition to controlling for other local area socioeconomic factors, including community-level socioeconomic deprivation. There are likely additional unobservable factors that may influence patient presentation and subsequent management. If present, however, we anticipate that this adverse selection would minimize the association between cost sharing and the measured outcomes. In addition, we recognize limitations in our secondary outcomes of optimal surgical management and minimally invasive surgery. There are numerous factors, including patient preference, surgeon experience or training, and capability of treating facility, that influence the specific care received. The association of these factors with individual patient care were not accounted for in the present analysis and may influence the care received independent of cost sharing. However, these measures capture additional downstream ramifications of our primary outcome-delayed presentation-and should be targeted for additional analyses.
We were unable to break down overall cost sharing and thus cannot speak to individual associations with deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments. Additionally, we recognize that missing or incomplete data on cost sharing may influence our study results. Furthermore, the HCCI data set lacks plan benefit data; thus, we were unable to reliably determine ex ante cost sharing. However, using the ex post measure of cost sharing provides meaningful evidence of the role of cost sharing.
This is especially true in the context of the acute conditions included in this study. Each diagnosis and subsequent optimal intervention is largely nondiscretionary in terms of both patients and clinicians, and the ultimate care received is largely determined by the timing of presentation. We acknowledge that some variation in both cost and quality of care exists at the level of the hospitals treating patients. However, we were unable to adjust for the treating facility in this analysis. Although the absolute amount of cost sharing may be unknown to patients ex ante, patients are likely to have a general awareness as to whether they will expect substantial costs or if their insurance plan provides substantial coverage. Finally, it is important to recognize that our findings show only an association between cost sharing and patient presentation with complicated disease. Limitations in available data and study design prevent establishment of a causal relationship. Further prospective or quasiexperimental studies may further elucidate causality between cost sharing and patient presentation and management of surgical conditions.

Conclusions
Ultimately, these are timely findings given growing efforts to increase cost sharing in high-deductible coverage for nongroup and individual marketplace plans. 33 Although these policies aim to increase individual responsibility in health care behavior, it is becoming increasingly clear that the clinical and financial consequences are severe. The research conducted in this cohort showed that higher cost sharing is associated with later presentation of acute appendicitis and diverticulitis and with reduced odds of receiving minimally invasive surgery. Clinical implications may include longer hospitalizations, increased readmission risk, higher morbidity, and worse quality of life. As an increasing number of people face high out-of-pocket costs either through high-deductible employer or marketplace health plans, the risks of late presentation and potentially higher treatment costs become greater. Understanding how cost sharing influences access to prompt, high-quality surgical care for common, costly, and highly morbid medical conditions is critical to informing public and private insurance plan design. As policymakers debate the degree to which cost sharing encourages responsible health care behavior vs impeding use, empirical and up-to-date data on the real-world repercussions of the current plans may provide essential information to improve both clinical care and efficacy of coverage.