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Recent Advances in Nanotherapeutic Interventions for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), with impairment of learning and memory as the common clinical manifestations, is one of the most challenging disease affecting individuals, their families and the society as a whole. The fact that its prevalence is escalating rapidly, with the total number of AD patients estimated to reach 115.4 million by 2050, has made the disease a very challenging ailment worldwide. Several biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier (BBB), drug efflux by P-glycoprotein and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier restrict the delivery of conventional AD drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) thereby, limiting their effectiveness. In order to overcome the above physiological barriers development of nanomedicines has been extensively explored. The present review provides an insight into the pathophysiology of AD and risk factors associated with AD. Besides this the various nanoformulations reported in literature for the diagnosis and treatments of AD have been classified and summarised. The patented nanoformulations for AD and details of nanoformulations which are in clinical trials are also mentioned. The review would be helpful to researchers and scientific community by providing them with information related to the recent advances in nanointerventions for the diagnosis and treatment of AD, which they can further explore for better management of the disease. However, inspite of the fact that the nanotherapeutics for managing AD have been extensively explored, the factors which hinder their commercialisation, the toxicity concern being one of them, need to be addressed so that effective nanotherapeutics for AD can be developed for clinical use.