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Performance of Different Tissue Culture Raised Banana Varieties on Growth Parameters

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important tropical fruits cultivated by man from pre-historic time in India with great socio-economic significance. The edible Banana is indigenous to Asia, probably originated in the mountainous region of Assam, Burma and Thailand. Banana is the world’s largest monocious perennial herb and one of the major commercial fruit crops grown in tropics, subtropics and considered as the most economical sources of food. Banana is known for its antiquity that is interwoven with Indian heritage and culture. It is one of the most important fruits grown and consumed worldwide. It is also known as the apple of paradise, tree of wisdom, adam’s fig and poor man’s apple. It is the fourth most important global food commodity in terms of gross value after paddy, wheat and maize products and forms an important crop for subsistence farmers. India is the largest producer of Banana in the world and grown in International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 7 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Introduction
Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important tropical fruits cultivated by man from pre-historic time in India with great socio-economic significance. The edible Banana is indigenous to Asia, probably originated in the mountainous region of Assam, Burma and Thailand. Banana is the world's largest monocious perennial herb and one of the major commercial fruit crops grown in tropics, subtropics and considered as the most economical sources of food. Banana is known for its antiquity that is interwoven with Indian heritage and culture. It is one of the most important fruits grown and consumed worldwide. It is also known as the apple of paradise, tree of wisdom, adam's fig and poor man's apple. It is the fourth most important global food commodity in terms of gross value after paddy, wheat and maize products and forms an important crop for subsistence farmers. India is the largest producer of Banana in the world and grown in an area of 0.89 million ha with an annual production of 31.75 million tons (NHB database 2018-19).
The edible Banana has been evolved by two wild progenitors' viz. Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana (Simmonds and Shaphered 1955). The existing cultivars are distinguished by the number of A and B genomes Ex., AAA predominantly for desert Bananas and ABB for cooking Bananas. Banana belongs to the family Musaceae. It is chiefly eaten raw as a dessert fruit whereas, plantains are unpalatable when raw and must be cooked, fried, powdered, roasted or boiled before consumption. The ripe fruits are delicious and are used for table purpose. In south India, whole plant and the fruits are used extensively during weddings and festivals.
It is a monocotyledonous herbaceous perennial with underground, horizontal rhizome from which roots develop pseudostem. Bananas have a primary and adventitious root system. Primary roots originate from the surface of the central cylinder in the rhizome. Secondary and tertiary roots originate from the primary roots. The true stem is at underground and commonly referred to as a corm, but botanically the rhizome. The pseudostem is formed by the tightly packed overlapping leaf sheaths. Each leaf is about 2 to 2.5 m long. The pseudostem continues to grow in height as the leaves emerge one after the other and reaches its maximum height when the the flower emerges at the top of the plant. It is a monocarpic and bears male, female and hermaphrodite type of flowers.

Materials and Methods
The healthy and vigorous uniform sized tissue culture raised Banana varieties with twelve different cultivars were collected and used for trench method of planting at spacing 1.8 X 1.8 Mt. All the cultural operations were done at the proper time. One genotype was considered as a treatment and each treatment was replicated thrice. In each replication five plantswere randomly selected for recording the observations. The observations on vegetative growth parameters were recorded at monthly interval after planting till shooting stage. Plant height was measured by taking length from base of pseudostem upto bifurcation of leaves and expressed in centimeters. Pseudostem girth was measured at 5cm above the ground level using tape and expressed in centimeters. The leaves were counted from each tagged plant. Leaf length was measured from leaf pedicel to leaf tip and the average was worked out and expressed in centimeters. Leaf breadth was measured from the widest point of leaf lamina and expressed in centimeters. The leaf area was calculated by average leaf length and breadth with a constant 0.80 to arrive at the actual leaf area (Hewitt, 1955). Banana bunches were harvested with a curved knife when fingers were fully developed at 75 per cent maturity, angles with less prominent and fingers in hand started to change their colour from dark green to light green. Selected bunches were weighed just after harvest. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).

Results and Discussion
The data on plant height (Table 1)  Among the varieties, the maximum plant height was recorded in the variety Udhayam (342.73 cm) and the minimum in Grand Naine (212.00 cm) at the time of shooting.This might be due to its genetical characters and its vigorous growth. Similar results were obtained by following scientists. Devi et al., (2011). Medhi (1994), Sagar et al., (2016) and Behera, S., and Das, B, K. (2018).
The data on pseudostem girth (Table 2) showed the significant difference among the twelve varieties at different growth stages. Pseudostem girth was recorded at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 DAP and at the time of shooting. The maximum pseudostem girth (6.87 cm) was recorded in variety Yelakki and it was on par with williums (6.52 cm) and Kamalapur Red Banana (6.51 cm). The minimum pseudostem girth (4.58 cm) was recorded in Nendran which was on par with Quintal Nendran (4.6 cm) at 30 DAP. At 60 DAP the maximum pseudostem girth (17.17 cm) was recorded in variety Yelakki which was on par with Monthan (16.87 cm). Whereas, the minimum pseudostem girth (11.31 cm) was recorded in variety Swarnamukhi Nendranand it was on par with Nendran (11.60 cm), and Quintal Nendran (11.69 cm). The maximum pseudostem girth (40.07 cm) was noticed in variety Granda Naine and followed by Red Banana (34.27 cm) and Yelakki (32.20 cm). The minimum pseudostem girth (18.67 cm) was recorded in variety Swarnamukhi Nendran and it was on par with Nendran (19.27 cm), and Quintal Nendran (19.80 cm)at 90 DAP.At 120DAP, variety Granda Naine showed the maximum pseudostem girth (50.00 cm) followed by Yelakki (46.67 cm) Whereas, the minimum pseudostem girth (29.53 cm) was obtained in the variety Quintal Nendran.
At the 150 DAP, the maximum pseudostem girth (56.67 cm) was recorded in the variety Grand Naine and it was on par with Yelakki (54.33 cm) and Rajapuri (53.20 cm). The minimum pseudostem girth (35.02 cm) was noticed in the variety Swarnamukhi Nendran which was on par with Quintal Nendran (38.13 cm). At the 180 DAP, the variety Grand Naine showed the maximum (62.53 cm) pseudostem girth which was on par with the variety Kamalapur Red Banana (60.67 cm). Whereas, the minimum pseudostem girth (47.53 cm) was observed in Swarnamukhi Nendran. The maximum pseudostem girth (72.53 cm and 72.07 cm) was recorded in varieties Grand Naine and Udhayam. The minimum pseudostem girth (58.53 cm) was recorded in Nanjangud Rasabale followed by Swarnamukhi Nendran (63.87 cm) variety at 210 DAP. At the time of shooting, variety Udhayam noticed the maximum pseudostem girth (88.93 cm) followed by Kamalapur Red Banana (84.47 cm). Whereas, the minimum pseudostem girth (69.27 cm) was obtained in the variety Rajapuri and which was on par with the variety of Swarnamukhi Nendran (69.13 cm).
The pseudostem girth of plant significantly differed among the varieties. The variety Udhayam (88.93 cm cm) recorded the maximum plant girth at the time of shooting. Whereas the minimum plant girth was recorded in the variety Swarnamukhi Nendran (69.13 cm) at the time of shooting. Usually cooking group plants showed vigorous growth and size of the plant was also more. Here plant height was contributing to the plant girth. These results are in line with Devi et al., (2011). Biswal et al., (2004) observed that girth of the pseudostem at the base was greatest (88.66 cm) in Batisha Bantala and Mendhi Bantala (Sagar et al., 2016). The same findings were obtained by Behera, S., and Das, B, K. (2018).
The data on leaf length (Table 3) (Table 3). Whereas, the lowest leaf length recorded in treatment Swarnamukhi Nendran (123.63 cm) at the shooting time. This might be due to its genetical characters. These results were in conformity with Hanumanthaiah (2012) and Sagar et al., (2016). The same results were obtained by Behera, S. and Das, B. K. (2018).
The data on leaf breadth ( The variety Kamalapur Red Banana (81.40cm) recorded the maximum leaf breadth at the time of shooting. Whereas, the minimum leaf breadth was recorded in Quintal Nendran (70.87 cm) at the time of shooting. This might be due to its genetical characters. These results are in line with Hanumanthaiah (2012) and Sagar et al., (2016). The same results findings by Behera, S., and Das, B, K. (2018).   The data on leaf area ( The leaf area differed significantly among the twelve varieties. The variety Kamalapur Red Banana recorded the maximum leaf area of (1.182 m 2 ) at the time of shooting, whereas, the minimum leaf area was recorded in the variety Swarnamukhi Nendran (0.844m 2 ) the time of shooting. It might be due to maintenance of upright growth habit and allowed maximum light interception, leaf length also contributed to increase the area of leaves. These findings are in line with Biswal et al., (2004). The same results findings by Behera, S., and Das, B, K. (2018) The data on number of leaves per plant (  (16.73) at the time of shooting. This might be due to its genetical character. These results were in the accordance with Biswal et al., (2004). Number of leaves was the highest under Borjahajee followed by Malbhog Banana Medhi (1994) and Sagar et al., (2016). The same results observed by Behera, S., and Das, B, K. (2018).