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PHYTOPLASMIC DISEASES OF FRUIT AND SMALL FRUIT CROPS IN THE CENTRAL AND VOLGA REGIONS OF RUSSIA

We studied the spread of phytoplasmic diseases in fruit and small fruit crops in the Central and Volga economic regions of Russia in 2012-2018. An evaluation based on the symptoms of the disease showed that the distribution of apple phytoplasma diseases in commercial gardens ranged from 49 % to 82 %. Small-leaflets, curled leaves, chlorosis or anthocyanin leaf coloring, shortening of internodes, increase in size of stipules, proliferation of shoots, the decrease in the size of the fruits, the deformation of the generative organs, dieback of individual branches and the whole plant were the most typical symptoms of damage. Redness of the petals, enhanced the development of the sepal were observed on black currants (Ribes nigrum). Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) formed an ugly bud, or its flowers turned into phyllodia. The asymmetrical shape of the petals could be seen during the second autumn flowering of apple (Malus domestica) and cherry (Prunus subgen. Cerasus). The taxonomic affiliation of phytoplasmas was previously determined using PCR and RFLP analysis. Phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrI group were identified in cherry and plum (Prunus domestica); phytoplasma group 16SrIII was found in raspberry, black currant and strawberry. In the other case the raspberry was infected with phytoplasma of 16SrVI group. Phytoplasma belonging to 16SrX group was found in pear-tree (Pyrus communis); 16SrXII phytoplasma was found in cherry, pear and apple trees, as well as in the vine (Vitis vinifera). The presence of phytoplasma diseases of fruit and small fruit crops, visually observed in the Central and Volga economic regions, is confirmed using molecular genetic methods. Phytoplasmas belonging to five taxonomic groups were found in nine species of fruit crops (2 species of fruit, 3 species of stone fruit and 4 species of small fruit). Taking into account the high damage caused by phytoplasma diseases to horticulture, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive monitoring of diseases in nurseries and on commercial plantations.