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TONOGENESIS REVISTED : REVISING THE MODEL AND THE ANALYSIS

This paper is a revised and updated version of a paper on tonogenesis that appeared in Diachronica in 2002. That paper generated considerable useful feedback, supportive of the general thesis, but critical of various specific aspects; this invaluable feedback1 has resulted in a number of major and numerous minor revisions.2 Until recently the most widely-used model of tonogenesis is based on Haudricourt's 1954 classic analysis of the origins of the tones of Vietnamese. That paper derives the Vietnamese tones from segments, specifically, the consonants that follow and precede the vocalic nucleus. This paper first examines Haudricourt's This paper examines Vietnamese data, argues that the Haudricourt analysis of Vietnamese analysis should be recast in terms, not of segments, but of laryngeal features. The paper then argues that, in general, segmentally-driven models of tonogenesis should be replaced by laryngeally-based models, in which tones are correlated directly with the effects of voice quality distinctions on vowels, with segmental distinctions playing an indirect role, a role related to the development of the voice quality distinctions themselves. A laryngeally-driven model gives us phonetically-plausible paths of change, not only for the origins of the Vietnamese, but also for the wide spread correlations between initial voicing and pitch height, between voice quality and vowel quality, and between tone systems and phonation systems. The existence of voice quality distinctions as an intermediary between segments and tones in the tonogenesis process provides an explanation for the attested correlations between certain segments and certain tonal patterns: thus, the existence of a laryngeal intermediate stage provides a phonetic motivation for the preference for the development of low tones from breathy voiced stops and for the preference for breathy voiced stops over both voiced sonorants and voiced fricatives as a source of low tone. In wider terms, a laryngeally-driven model is not limited to Southeast Asia, but provides insights into a geographically dispersed region.