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STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ON THE BASIS OF THE POSTULATE OF NONEQUILIBRIUM


Most physical laws are quantitative expressions of the philosophical laws of the conservation of matter and its properties of motion. The first law of thermodynamics (FLT) is an analytical expression of the law of conservation of motion when its shape changes. As for the second law of thermodynamics (SLT), it has not yet been clarified which property of matter does not change during the course of reversible processes and changes during the course of irreversible processes in an isolated system (IS). Hence, a large number of the SLT statements and an abundance of material to clarify these formulations. The author of the SLT is based on the “postulate of nonequilibrium”, according to which there is an objective property of matter - “nonequilibrium”, which characterizes the unequal distribution of matter and movement in space. All processes (reversible and
irreversible) can proceed only in nonequilibrium systems. This leads to the only formulation of the second law of thermodynamics: when the reversible (ideal) processes occur in an isolated system, the nonequilibrium is preserved, and with the occurrence of irreversible (real) processes – decreases. When the system reaches an equilibrium state, the nonequilibrium disappears, and all processes cease. As a quantitative measure of the nonequilibrium of the system, we consider the maximum work that can be done when a nonequilibrium system transitions to an equilibrium state. The following quantities are used to calculate this work: “potential difference”, “entropy difference”, change in exergy. All these values decrease in the course of real (irreversible) processes in the isolated system and do not change in the course of reversible processes. As a result, a generalized expression of the SLT through the quantitative characteristics of the nonequilibrium of the system in the form of an inequality, which includes R. Claudius’s inequality for changing the entropy of an isolated system, is obtained.
