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The Use of Some Colour Reactions of Sugars in Clinical Chemistry

The formation of coloured products on heating sugars in strong acid solution in the presence of certain phenols has been used for many years as the basis of various qualitative tests for carbohydrates. These tests have been applied to the detection of carbohydrates as a group as, for example, in the Molisch test, or to individual sugars, for example in Bial's test for pentoses, and Selivanoff's test for fructose. Qualitative tests such as these have fallen into abeyance in recent years due mainly to the development of two alternative methods. The first of these is the chromatographic separation of sugars using paper and thin layer techniques in which the locating reagents (Smith, 1960) consist of an acid solution of a reactive phenol or amine (naphthoresorcinol, phloroglucinol, benzidene, aniline-diphenylamine) mixed with a volatile organic solvent such as acetone. Secondly there is the quantitative assay of individual sugars based on colorimetry or spectrophotometry of the coloured solutions produced. An extensive review of these colour reactions with particular reference to the determination of sugars in polysaccharides was published by Dische in 1955. The present paper is orientated towards their use in practical clinical chemistry.