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Initiation, targeting and sculpting of the phagophore

Autophagy is a conserved mechanism that is essential for cell survival in starvation and for cellular homeostasis. The autophagosome and the proteasome comprise the two main pathways for the degradation of proteins. Autophagy proceeds by the engulfment of bulk cytosol and organelles by a cup‐shaped double membrane sheet known as the phagophore, which matures into the autophagosome. Two protein complexes control the initiation of the phagophore: the Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex and the class III phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase complex I (PI3KC3‐C1). Our laboratory has been applying crystallography, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and allied biophysical techniques, in conjunction with cell biology approaches, to understand how these complexes are organized in three dimensional space and time, and how their architectures underpin their regulation and activity.