{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04527253939550504, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03397055024541462, 'mean_word_length': 4.722468588322247, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Bioequivalence study of different brands of vildagliptin in healthy human subjects

Vildagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor used to treat diabetes mellitus. No bioequivalence study data have been published for the Indian population comparing bioequivalence of vildagliptin brands Galvus, Zomelis, and Jalra. This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence between three brands of vildagliptin 50 mg tablet (test 1, Zomelis; test 2, Jalra; and reference, Galvus) and to compare these test formulations with the reference formulation to meet the regulatory requirements of bioequivalence of CDSCO, India. The study was conducted in the clinical research center of the college after enrolling 12 healthy volunteers. This study was a single-dose, randomized, open-label, balanced, three treatment, three period, under fasting condition in 12 adult healthy volunteers. After overnight fasting, the subjects received a single dose of either of any three brands of the vildagliptin tablet (T1—test 1; T2—test 2; and R—reference). The washout period was 7 days. Randomization was in the way of T1T2R in the first period, T2T1R in the second period, and RT1T2 in the third period. Blood samples were collected, after that drug concentration in the plasma was measured with the help of HPLC. Outcome measures 90% confidence interval of the geometric mean ratios (test/reference) for the LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ was calculated. The AUC0-t was 1390.03, 1401.50, and 1409.37 ng h/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. Cmax was 287.89, 287.41, and 285.17 ng/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. AUC0-∞ was 1452.03, 1467.59, and 1473.53 ng h/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the T1, T2, and R. The geometric mean ratios for T1/R for LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ were 1.0014 (90% CI, 1.0002–1.0026), 0.9992 (90% CI, 0.9971–1.0013), and 0.9994 (90% CI, 0.9973–1.0016), respectively. For the T2/R, geometric mean ratios for LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ were 1.0003 (90% CI, 0.9992–1.0013), 0.9988 (90% CI, 0.9969–1.0008), and 0.9985 (90% CI, 0.9961–1.0010), respectively. In this single-dose study involving Indian healthy volunteers under fasting conditions, the three brands of vildagliptin (Zomelis, Jalra, and Galvus) were bioequivalent as per the bioequivalence criterion of CDSCO, India.


Background
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which is characterized by hyperglycemia with disturbances in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins which results because of the defects in secretion of insulin, action of insulin, or both. Thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, and weight loss are the characteristic symptoms of diabetes [1]. Gliptins are prominent medications in type 2 diabetes management as five different molecules have commercialized, and they are also in combination with metformin [2]. Vildagliptin is one of gliptin drugs. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4, DPP-IV) is found in the plasma, kidney, and brush-border membranes of the intestine, hepatocytes, on capillary endothelial cells' surface, and a subset of T lymphocytes [3]. DPP-4 rapidly inactivate incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. GLP-1 stimulates postprandial-induced insulin secretion and leads to glucose homeostasis [4,5]. GLP-1, which is in circulation, degraded rapidly, and its degradation is inhibited by DPP-4 [3,6]. Inhibition of DPP-4 enzyme activity leads to GLP-1-increased activity; hence glycemic, control increased in human trials [7][8][9]. Therefore, augmentation of this GLP-1 activity in diabetic patients leads to lowering of glycemia [4,10,11]. Vildagliptin (1-[[3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl) amino] acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine) is orally active and highly selective inhibitor of DPP-4 [12]. After oral administration of vildagliptin, it is speedily absorbed, and it has eighty-fifth absolute bioavailability. Vildagliptin have low protein binding (9.3%); it equally distributes between the plasma and red blood cells. Eighty-five percent of the oral dose is ultimately excreted by the kidney as either metabolites or unchanged vildagliptin [13,14]. Vildagliptin is a proprietary drug of Novartis, and it is sold under the brand name Galvus. Novartis licensed the drug to Abbott, USV, and Emcure [15]. Abbott sells vildagliptin as Zomelis, USV sells it as Jalra, and Emcure sells it as Vysov. These brands of vildagliptin recorded the sale of 822 crore out of 10,000 crore market of antidiabetic drugs in the year 2016 [16]. In our study, we decided to take three brands of vildagliptin Zomelis, Jalra, and Galvus to check their bioequivalence. Here, Zomelis was taken as test 1 drug (T1), Jalra was taken as test 2 (T2) drug, and Galvus was taken as the reference drug (R). The prices of these formulations are nearly the same.

Aim of the study
This study was done to evaluate the bioequivalence of three different brands of vildagliptin tablet (50 mg) formulations following single-dose administration in healthy volunteers after an overnight fasting of 10 h in order to compare the bioequivalence of these preparations.

Compliance with ethical standards
For the compounds to be bioequivalent, the compounds should have the calculated 90% confidence interval for AUC and C max within the bioequivalent range, usually 80-125% [17]. Informed consent was taken from all the subjects as per the specifications of the Central Drug Standard Control Organization. The Institutional Review Board of our university approved this study protocol and informed consent. This study was conducted as per the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices as per the schedule Y of Drug and Cosmetic Rule 1945 of India and Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) [18,19]. This study was not funded by any organization, and no conflict of interest was reported.

Subjects
Twelve healthy Indian male volunteers between the age group of 18 and 25 years were enrolled in the study, and their body mass index was in the range of 18.50-24.90 kg/m 2 (both inclusive) [20]. Written informed consent was taken from all volunteers before the start of the study. For the subjects, some exclusion criteria were there.

Study design and procedures
This study was single-dose, open-label, randomized, 3treatment, 3-period. After a night fasting, the subjects took a single dose of either of any three brands of the vildagliptin tablet {T1 (Batch No. BF488), T2 (Batch no. BE448), R (Batch no.BL218)}. There were 7 days of washout period between each period of the study. The randomization schedule was like T1T2R in the first period, T2T1R in the second period, and RT1T2 in the third period (T1 = Zomelis, T2 = Jalra, and R = Galvus). The study was explained to each subject, and a written informed consent was taken from each subject according to the Schedule Y of the Drug and Cosmetic Act and Rules 1945 of India. After taking the informed consent, a clinical examination was done for the subjects. Routine clinical tests were performed at the DIPSAR Clinical Research Laboratory 1 week before the start of the study. Before the dose administration, the subjects were enrolled in the clinical research center of DIPSAR and were kept confined to the center for the duration of the study. A peripheral venous catheter was placed in the antecubital vein of the subjects, and it was flushed with 0.5 ml of heparin in normal saline (NS) solution (1:20). To get samples free from NS solution and heparin, first, 1 ml of blood was discarded. For the determination of the amount of vildagliptin in the plasma, blood samples (4 ml) were collected in K2EDTA vacutainers at the following given times: predose and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h. These blood samples were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 min at 4°C. The resulting plasma samples were separated and stored at − 75°C until analysis. For the adverse events, subjects were monitored for 24 h during the study using clinical measurements like blood pressure (BP), pulse rate, and body temperature and by orally asking any complaint felt by the subjects. Oven, Autosampler injector, Pump (4 pump system), UV-visual detector, and reservoir tray. Vildagliptin was extracted from the plasma by using the protein precipitation extraction method. Plasma samples which were stored at − 75°C were taken out from the deep freezer. The method which was followed was a slightly modified version of Santhakumari et al.'s method [20]. An aliquot of 210 μl plasma was taken into the Eppendorf tubes and added 50 μl of internal standard dilution (tolbutamide 1000 ng/ml) and then it was vortexed to mix the contents; 1200 μl methanol was used as a precipitating solvent to precipitate vildagliptin. After that, it was vortexed for 1 min, and after that, it was centrifuged at 4°C, 7000 rpm for 10 min. The resulting supernatant was taken out and transferred to HPLC vials. The mobile phases which were used in this method were 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate (pH 7.8) (phase A) and 100% acetonitrile (phase B). One milliliter per minute was the flow rate of mobile phases. The chromatographic system consisted of a C-18 column, and the UV detector was set at 210 nm ( Table 1). The total run time was 20 min. The injection volume was 20 μl.

Statistical methods and data analysis Pharmacokinetic analysis
There was no dropout of subjects in the study, and all the subjects participated till the last period of the study. To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of vildagliptin, the non-compartmental pharmacokinetic method was employed. By visual inspection of each subject's plasma, concentration-time profile maximum plasma concentration (C max , ng/ml) and time to reach peak plasma concentration (T max , h) were obtained. The area under the curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last measurable concentration time (AUC 0-t ) was calculated by the trapezoidal method. Microsoft Excel was used as the software to calculate various parameters in this bioequivalence study. The t ½ (h) was calculated as 0.693/k el where k el is terminal elimination rate constant. The AUC from time 0 to infinite time (AUC 0-∞) was calculated as AUC 0-t + C t /k el ; here, C t represents the last quantifiable concentration, and k el represents the terminal elimination rate constant. k el was calculated by leastsquares regression analysis during the terminal loglinear phase of the concentration-time curve [21,22].

Statistical analysis
To determine the bioequivalence between the products, analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05 was performed to determine the statistical differences of C max , AUC 0-t , and AUC 0-∞ which represented the rate and extent of drug absorption. ANOVA was performed on the logarithmically (Ln) transformed data of C max , AUC 0-t , and AUC 0-∞ . The bioequivalence between the three formulations was assessed by calculation of the 90% confidence interval for the ratios of C max , AUC 0-t , and AUC 0-∞ obtained after the administration of the three formulations using logarithmically transformed data. For the products to be bioequivalent, the requirement is the 90% CI of the C max , AUC 0-t , and AUC 0-∞ to be within the acceptance criteria of 0.8-1.25 (CDSCO guidelines, 2005). Any statistical difference at P < 0.05 was considered as significant.

Bioanalytical method
The calibration curve of vildagliptin was linear ranging from 10 to 1000 ng/ml, and the linear regression of the drug concentration versus peak height ratios (vildagliptin/IS) gave coefficients of determination (r 2 ) = 0.9992. The lower limit of quantitation was 10.0 ng/ml with the accuracy (%) and precision (CV %) of 97.37and 1.48, respectively.
Inter-formulation variations between T1/T2 and R were analyzed by significance testing (ANOVA) for each logarithmically transformed data of AUC 0-t , AUC 0-∞ ,

Pharmacokinetic analysis
The mean plasma concentration vs. the time profile of all the three formulations in the 12 treated healthy subjects is shown in Fig. 1 Table 2.

Bioequivalence analysis
The mean ratio and the 90% confidence interval for Ln-transformed C max , AUC 0-t , and AUC 0-∞ are presented in Table 3. The lower and upper limits of the The C max values of vildagliptin after the administration of the three formulations did not differ significantly.

Discussion
Vildagliptin is a new orally effective antihyperglycaemic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is a specific inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor [23]. This inhibition prevents the degradation of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It leads to improve glycaemic control which is determined by glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, and pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions also enhanced by the use of vildagliptin [24]. There were no adverse events encountered in this study. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of three brands of vildagliptin 50 mg tablet as test 1, test 2, and reference tablet which were administered as a single dose orally. As per the protocol, primary pharmacokinetic parameters AUC 0-t , AUC 0-∞ , and C max were evaluated. According to the protocol, any concentration lower than the lower limit of quantification was considered as 0. Extrapolated AUC of vildagliptin was low having a mean value of 4.5% after the administration of the test 1 formulation, 4.7% of the test 2 formulation, and 4.6% of the reference formulation. It was less than 20% of AUC 0-t which indicates that the time used for checking the bioequivalence between the products was good enough to calculate the plasma concentration-time profile of the drug. The 90% confidence intervals were calculated for test 1/reference tablet and test 2/ reference tablet of LnC max , LnAUC 0-t , and LnAUC 0-∞ of vildagliptin. After this, these confidence intervals were compared with the acceptance range of bioequivalence which is 0.80-1.25 as per the CDSCO criterion for bioequivalence [19]. In our study, we found that the 90% confidence interval of the test 1 and test 2 formulations of vildagliptin was within the bioequivalence criterion set for bioequivalence by CDSCO, India. For the C max values, no statistical difference was observed after the oral administration of vildagliptin tablet formulations of the test 1, test 2, and reference formulations. Based on this study, it can be stated that these three formulations of vildagliptin test 1, test 2, and reference (Zomelis, Jalra, and Galvus) are bioequivalent. The findings of this study can be used in the future for the purpose of bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic profiling of the vildagliptin; however, further studies can be done on it by taking more numbers of healthy subjects, more  sensitive analytical methods, and more advanced software for the calculation of the pharmacokinetic profile.

Conclusion
In this single-dose study involving healthy male volunteers under fasting conditions, the three brands of vildagliptin ((1) Zomelis, (2) Jalra, and (3) Galvus) were found to be bioequivalent as per the bioequivalence criterion of CDSCO, India. Further studies can be done to compare vildagliptin bioequivalence by taking more numbers of healthy subjects, more sensitive analytical methods, and more advanced software for the calculation of the pharmacokinetic profile.