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Significantly Improved Power Efficiency of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Surface Dipole on Anode and Ohmic Cathode Contact

Dramatically improved power efficiency and stability of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were achieved by using buckminsterfullerene (C60) as an interlayer between indium tin oxide (ITO) anode and hole transporting layer of N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′-bis(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) and electron transporting layer (ETL) at the same time. The results are ascribed to the interfacial-dipole formation of C60 on the surface of ITO anode and Ohmic cathode contact of C60. The surface dipole of C60 on the ITO anode helps to lower the hole injection energy barrier from ITO to NPB. C60 also has an Ohmic cathode contact with high electron mobility in the typical structure of C60/LiF/Al. These properties of C60 make it possible to simultaneously enhance the electron and hole injection from both cathode and anode. Lowered operating voltage by surface dipole and Ohmic cathode contact of C60 can eliminate Joule heating at both organic/cathode and organic/anode interfaces and as a result, provides the improved stability of OLEDs.