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The Origins of the French Popular Theatre

The first attempts to create modem popular forms of theatre were undertaken in France between the years 1895 and 1904, during which period there appeared seven operating popular theatres and a considerable body of literature. France was ripe for these cultural experiments after the Dreyfus Affair had catapulted the masses into a prominent role in the political and social life of the nation. Intellectuals became conscious of the varied role of crowds and of the possibilities of popular forms of culture. 'Scientific' theories were elaborated to explain the inner mechanisms and social-psychological transformations of men in collective situations. Those who feared collectivities defined