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Recent Development of Islamic Banking Performance Measurement

This study aims to review the development of research related to Islamic banks’ performance measurement and various alternative models. It uses a meta-analysis approach to identify other previous studies from various journals and relevant researches. The results show that the measurement of Islamic bank performance mostly uses financial performance measurements similar to conventional bank performance measurements, which use financial ratios and efficiency. There have been several serious efforts to develop alternative models for measuring Islamic banks’ performance to reflect their nature and objectives better. These models include the Islamicity Index, Economic Contribution and Muslim Communities, Social Performance Index, Maqashid Index, and Islamic Bank Maqashid Index. However, eventually, these models are still in the early stages of development and have several weaknesses. Thus, it is still necessary to develop a model for measuring Islamic bank performance relevant to its philosophy and objectives.


Introduction
Islamic banking has developed globally and is proliferating over the past three decades, despite economic and political uncertainties in many regions throughout the world. Islamic banking has declared more resilient than conventional banking on the effects of the global financial crisis shocks (Kasim & Majid, 2010;Hasan & Dridi, 2010, 2011Khediri et al., 2015;Hussein et al., 2019). Furthermore, Islamic banking can control costs well, so it is considered more efficient than conventional banking (Rahim et al., 2013;Saeed & Izzeldin, 2016;Safiullah & Shamsuddin, 2018). Islamic banking offers its customers several attractive features in products and services in experiencing an expeditious growth. However, some argue that Islamic banking has failed to deliver tangible social results, so it needs to improve its performance (Asutay, 2007;Sairally, 2007;Asutay, 2012;Mohd Nor, 2016;Mohd Nor et al., 2016;Hamidi & Worthington, 2018).
In the development of Islamic banking, there are no standard measurement tools to evaluate Islamic banking's appropriate and relevant performance (Ascarya et al., 2017). In general, the Islamic banking performance measurement model is still a new academic discourse even though the theme related to Islamic banking performance has become a broad discussion. Also, in-depth research related to the theoretical basis, concepts, and methods of measuring Islamic bank performance is still limited.
Research on Islamic bank performance measurement models is also related to research in strategic management that can classify in two interrelated flow: substantive and measurement (Schwab, 1980;Venkatraman & Grant, 1986;Carton, 2004;Carton & Hofer, 2006). Substantive flow is related to studies that focus on theoretical relationships between independent and dependent variables. The measurement flow is related to the validity of the operationalization of concepts and constructs, both the measurement of independent and dependent variables. According to Carton and Hofer (2006), the flow of measurement research in its development has received little attention so far, mostly related to the measurement of the dependent variable.
As the concept of performance is contextual, the condition of an organization uses to represent performance. In its development, most management research focuses on performance determinants. Research related to measurement is still limited, even though it is a fundamental and essential factor (Carton, 2004;Carton & Hofer, 2006;Logofatu & Stefanescu, 2017;Stefanescu & Logofatu, 2018). The performance measurement methods of Islamic banking also still lacked in-depth discussion and research. The accurate and comprehensive performance measurement for Islamic banking is crucial in developing effective and sustainable Islamic banking. Lucianetti et al. (2019) provide empirical evidence regarding the relationship between the completeness of performance measurement systems and organizational effectiveness. Neely et al. (2015) also show that acceptable performance measurement practices can significantly contribute to organizational robustness and sustainability if applied carefully and creatively. Severgnini et al. (2018) also emphasize that the performance measurement system has increased the organization's extraordinary dexterity and ambidexterity and, consequently, affects organizational performance.
This study provides at least three contributions to the development of research related to Islamic banks. First, mapping the development of researches in the measurement of Islamic banking performance that has widespread use and various efforts to develop new methods from the early period of the establishment of Islamic banks up to the present time. Second, this research fills the research gap regarding the measurement model of Islamic banking performance, which is still limited and is still a new academic discourse. Third, this research is fundamental to see the possible direction of further development so that Islamic banking has a standardized performance measurement model that can evaluate how appropriate and relevant Islamic banking's performance is to its nature and objectives.

Methods
With relevance to the research objectives, this study uses a meta-analysis approach to identify relevant research in various journals and relevant research based on developing research topics (Fetscherin & Heinrich, 2015;Alon et al., 2018). This study also refers to bibliographic research as part of the meta-analysis approach, as carried out by Dewi et al. (2018) and Setyaningsih & Setiawan (2019), although it is more limited in research substance.
Due to the limited number of research in this area, the publication criteria from previous studies include all journals and research accessible and following this theme. This research uses a thematic approach that follows to gather most research published in the last 30 years that discusses the theory, development, and use of various alternative models of Islamic bank performance measurement. This study has followed three main themes: Islamic bank performance, model development of Islamic bank performance measurement, and various existing performance measurement models.

Result and Discussion
In general, Islamic banks' performance measurement still mostly uses performance measurements that are similar to conventional bank performance measurements that use financial ratios and efficiency (technical and cost). Various methods mostly measure Islamic banking performance with approaches to measuring efficiency and financial performance, which tend to be the same as conventional bank performance measurement. The measurement of Islamic banking efficiency commonly used is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The majority of research in this realm compares the efficiency between Islamic banking and conventional banking to see which one is more efficient. Then, some studies combine DEA with the Malmquist Productivity Index to measure Islamic banking productivity (Ahmad & Rahim, 2012;Alkheil et al., 2013;Johnes et al., 2014;Mobarek & Kalonov, 2014;Sillah & Harrathi, 2015;Masum et al., 2016;Abbas et al., 2016;Kamarudin et al., 2017;Hafez, 2018). Other efficiency studies use the stochastic frontier model, meta-frontier approach, and meta-frontier Malmquist productivity index (MPI) (Abid et al., 2018;Johnes et al., 2018).
In addition to the financial approach, some studies seek to formulate alternative models for measuring Islamic banks' performance that is more in line with their nature and objectives. Efforts to formulate an alternative measurement model because Islamic bank performance with the financial approach sees as not paying attention to broader stakeholder goals and macroeconomic goals (Ascarya et al., 2017). Moreover, measuring Islamic banking performance with the use of financial performance measurements using conventional bank performance measurement models is seen as incompatible with the philosophy and character of Islamic banks.
According to Hameed et al. (2004), performance evaluation root in the Muhasabah concept highly recommends for both individual and corporate scale from an Islamic perspective. The Muhasabah concept can be an essential philosophical foundation for representation of performance evaluation in modern Islamic organizations or institutions, including Islamic banking. They also stressed that financial performance measurement tools such as ROI (return on investment) derived from the paradigm of Western civilization thinking, including those used for conventional banking, are not entirely appropriate because it bases on a positivist utilitarian paradigm. It then leads the researchers to formulate alternative performance measures for Islamic banks. There are strong aspirations from researchers and thinkers to develop alternative models of Islamic bank performance measurement to reflect nature and its objectives better.
From the results of this study, from the early period of Islamic banking development to the present time, the development of alternative models for measuring Islamic banks' performance is limited and still early. Some alternative models of measuring the performance of Islamic banks that develop can group as follows. First, Islamicity Index, Economic Contribution and Muslim Community, and Social Performance Index (Samad & Hasan, 2000;Hameed et al., 2004;Setiawan, 2009;Aisjah & Hadianto, 2013;Zainal & Putra, 2016;Mukhibad et al., 2017;Wiranata & Rama, 2018;Sabirin, 2018;Mutia et al.,   208 The earliest attempt to develop alternative performance measures for Islamic banks was made by Samad & Hasan (2000) two decades ago. This effort is based on an awareness that Islamic banks' performance is sufficiently measured by financial performance and its contribution to the economy and its alignments with the Muslim community. To evaluate the economic contribution and its partiality of Islamic banks toward the Muslim community, Samad & Hasan (2000) use several variables as follows: (1)  The next serious attempt to formulate alternative performance measurement methods unique to Islamic banks is carried out by Hameed et al. (2004). In addition to formulating the Islamicity Disclosure Index, an Islamicity Index was also formulated. This effort can call as the first attempt to develop alternative performance measurement tools for Islamic banks in an index with a separate name. In the Islamicity Index, Hameed et al. (2004) included six main performance variables: Profit-sharing ratio, Zakat performance ratio; Equitable distribution ratio, Directors-Employees welfare ratio; Islamic Investment vs. Non-Islamic Investment ratio; and Islamic Income vs. Non-Islamic Income ratio. This research has become an essential initial foundation to see the possibility of developing alternative models for measuring Islamic banks' performance by bringing up new performance variables that are considered following the nature and unique character of Islamic banks. Efforts to develop dimensions, elements, and proxies for Islamic bank social performance were then continued by Setiawan (2009) by synthesizing the Samad & Hasan (2000) approach, Hameed et al., (2004), as well as proxies for Islamic bank health assessment from Bank Indonesia (2007) which has a social dimension.
In general, there are quite a lot of subsequent studies that try to evaluate the performance of Islamic banks using the Islamicity Index method and measurement of social performance that has developed both overall and by taking some of its variables (Aisjah & Hadianto, 2013;Laela, 2014;Zainal & Putra, 2016;Mukhibad et al., 2017;Wiranata & Rama, 2018;Sabirin, 2018;Mutia et al., 2019). Unfortunately, these studies only use these methods without further development related to developing dimensions, variables, and their proxies (see Table 1).
Next, research on the development of alternative models for measuring Islamic banks' performance that is increasingly conducted is performance measurement based on Maqashid Sharia or Maqashid Index. The models vary from simple to complex ones. In general, Maqashid Index becomes quite popular as the term is commonly used in academic researches. Nevertheless, there is little methodological discussion and the possibility of its use in practice. This study identifies at least three (3) developments in the Maqashid Index model that will discuss further. (Details see Table 2). First, the Maqashid Index that using three Objectives. Mohammed et al. (2008) initiated the earliest attempt to formulate the Maqashid Index to measure Islamic banks' performance. The research's main objective is to identify the ideal objectives of Islamic banking from the theory of Maqasid al-Shari'ah by exploring relevant Sharia literature and sources. They elaborated on Abu Zaharah's concept of Maqashid Sharia and found three final goals that must be achieved by Islamic banks: (1) Tahdhib al-Fard or Individual Education; (2) Iqamah al-'Adl or Enforcement of Justice; and (3) Jalb al-Maslahah or Public Benefit. The second objective of their research proposes that besides financial (commercial) measures, Islamic bank performance measures the three identified objectives. It clearly shows that from the very beginning, the Maqashid Index was designed by negating financial (commercial) measures and being a complementary performance measure. Therefore, the initial model is generally dichotomous, separating financial performance from maqashid performance.
In formulating the Index, Mohammed et al. (2008) used Sekaran's Method to operationalize Islamic banking's objectives into measurable dimensions. Deriving the concept's dimensions, which were then formulated into elements that made it possible to be observed and measured to form an index of concept measurement, developed it. Data used for this Index derive from financial statements and corporate governance reports. The model continues its development in the following Mohammed & Taib's publications (2009, 2015. The Maqashid Index model developed by Mohammed and  Secondly, the Maqashid Index using eight goals. Asutay & Harningtyas (2015) developed the Maqashid Index, referring to the thoughts of Al-Najjar with the classification of eight (8) pillars of Islamic Maqahid to measure the performance of Islamic banks in several countries. For industrial performance, there are eight most critical Maqashid indicators according to the Al-Najjar perspective, namely safeguarding the lives, faith, and rights of stakeholders, followed by safeguarding assets, social, intellectual, and hereditary entities, and finally, the goal of ecological preservation.
In building its Index, Asutay & Harningtyas (2015)  210 the Maqashid Sharia elements into performance ratios. This model produces a fairly complex performance index, both academically but challenging to use for broader practice. For example, for the final objective component, safeguarding the physical environment, which includes the aspects of wealth and ecology, reduces quite some dimensions and elements that must be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Asutay & Harningtyas (2015) also use visual graphics with geometric and mathematical approaches. The Hexagon Method (Bedoui & Mansour, 2015) used them in measuring the performance of Maqashid Sharia. They also formulated the Maqashid Sharia General Performance (GP) by using a balanced-orientation Maqashid performance measure formed from the sum of the eight alignments with each maximum objective value equals eight (8). According to this study, the achievement of Islamic bank performance is not satisfactory due to the lack of achievement of social goals and environmental preservation. Bank of Sharia Mandiri (BSM) obtained the highest value with a score of 59.41 percent from 282.84 percent, and the lowest, the European Islamic Investment Bank (EIIB) obtained 7.01 percent. Meanwhile, for the country's performance, the highest score was obtained by Indonesia (56.83 percent), followed by Pakistan, Malaysia, Turkey, Qatar, and the United Kingdom. In further developments, unfortunately, researchers in subsequent studies have not used the Maqashid Index Asutay & Harningtyas's (2015) model as it is very complex and impractical to use.
Third, Maqashid Index that using five objectives. The next attempt to develop the Maqashid Index with a new name is the Islamic Bank Maqashid Index, which was carried out by Ascarya et al. (2016) by developing the concept of Al-Ghazali's Maqashid Sharia with five main objectives. The concept of Al-Ghazali's Maqashid Sharia initially elaborated by Chapra (2008), who made it details on each of the five objectives to reach 42 elements. Then it was modified by Bedoui & Mansour (2015), which gave weight to each of the 42 elements. By combining weighting and transforming these elements into performance ratios, they use visual graphics (pentagon) through a combination of geometric and mathematical approaches. They then visualize all the Maqashid Sharia performance into a spider chart form. Ascarya et al. (2016) then elaborated on the weighting carried out by Bedoui and Mansour (2015) by using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) and regrouping the categories of each Chapra element (2008). The difference is in the weighting conducted by Bedoui & Mansour based only on descriptive analysis and literature review, but Ascarya et al. (2016) weighted using the Analytical Network Process (ANP). Their research then limited the dimensions of the Index to four dimensions for each of the five objectives, citing observable data availability. Then, from the weighted results of the Maqashid Sharia dimensions selected above, they interpreted the Maqashid Sharia elements' proxy with the Sekaran's Concepts of Operationalization Method (SCOM).
Until now, no ones researchers have used the Islamic Bank Maqashid Index model in subsequent studies in its development. This condition is likely because researchers prefer to use the simpler Mohammed & Taib Maqashid Index Model. Ascarya et al. (2017) then continued their research related to the Islamic Bank Maqashid Index that was different from the Islamic Bank Maqashid Index design in a previous study that derived elements from Maqashid Sharia. The research develops a new concept based not only on the Al-Ghazali's Maqashid Sharia with 5 (five) objectives but also interconnected with socioeconomic objectives with 3 (three) objectives. These three objectives relate to the objectives of establishing an Islamic bank economically and the law.
According to Ascarya et al. (2017), it is an effective way to implement the dimensions proposed by Chapra (2008), where these dimensions do not have to be mutually exclusive to represent just one of the objectives of Sharia. However, because Chapra's dimensions aim at general economic development, modifications need to make to be applied in Islamic banks. There are conditions where the elements affect more than one goal.
In the study of Ascarya et al. (2017), sub-aspects of the sub-aspects' goals and dimensions using the Delphi Method are carries out by involving experts and scholars. From the Delphi method, the results of socio-economic objectives include (1) Commercial; (2) Social; and, (3) Macro. Each goal has 4 (four) or 5 (five) factors or sub-aspects, and each sub-aspect has 5 (five) elements. Commercial goals have 5 (five) sub-aspects and 25 elements, Social goals have 4 (four) sub-aspects and 20 elements, and Macro goals have 4 (four) sub-aspects and 20 elements. Weighting objectives, sub-aspects, and elements are then carried out using ANP, so the Islamic Bank Maqashid Index calculation is carried out in two stages using the ANP Two-level Additive Weighting (ATAW) method.

Measurement Model
Researcher Weakness Not entirely appropriate to apply to Islamic banks. The positivist utilitarian paradigm as the main target or only focuses on commercial or business performance (Hameed et al., 2004).
Islamicity Index and Social Performance Index Samad & Hasan (2000); Hameed et al., (2004 It is still partial and has not accommodated all Islamic banks' objectives, and the method is not developed further. Only a complementary performance measure of financial performance. Three objective Maqashid Index Mohammed et. al. (2008); Mohammed & Taib (2009& 2015; Qasim, et al. (2017) Made in a partial dimension, causing the indicators obtained can not be used to evaluate the Maqashid performance of Islamic banks holistically (Ascarya et al., 2017). From the beginning, it was developed by negating financial (commercial) measures and being a complementary performance measure.
Eight objective Maqashid Index Asutay & Harningtyas (2015) Too complicated and impractical to use, so no one uses it in the subsequent research.
Islamic Bank Maqashid Index Ascarya et al. (2017) Cannot be used at this time because the data needed by 65 elements and their proxies require a new information and reporting system that must be designed by the authority (OJK) to accommodate new data (new ratios and proxies) Next, Ascarya et al. (2017) outlined the dimensions of elements and elements to ratios from sub-aspects using the Sekaran's Method by involving practitioners, experts, and regulators. This process expects to produce elements and ratios that are relevant, measurable, and the data can be obtained and not limited by only available data and reports. With the Sekaran's Method, the dimensions, elements, and ratios (or proxies) of the 65 elements generated. A proxy derives from an element by finding the ratio that best reflects that element, regardless of whether the data is available or not.
The application or use of the Islamic Bank Maqashid Index following the results of Ascarya et al. (2017) research can take several alternatives. First, Islamic Bank Maqashid Index directly adopted the overall model with 65 elements from 5 (five) Commercial sub-aspects, 4 (four) Social sub-aspects, and 4 (four) Macro sub-aspects. Second, Islamic Bank Maqashid Index adopted an initial model with 30 elements, ten elements each for Commercial, Social and Macro aspects. Third, Islamic Bank Maqashid Index adopts a core model with one of the essential sub-aspect elements for the three Commercial, Social and Macro aspects (details see Table 3). Ascarya et al. (2017) research on Islamic Bank Maqashid Index continued and aimed to produce a holistic index, which tends to be complicated and impractical. This model cannot use as well because, as stated, it requires the development of a new Islamic bank reporting system for authorities, especially the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia (BI). The proxies they used chosen were not limited to existing reports but with specific special needs that are not present in Islamic banking reporting. In general, it can identify that the research of Ascarya et al. (2017) is the latest research seeking to develop alternative methods for measuring Islamic banks' performance.

Conclusion
Eventually, the measurement of Islamic bank performance mostly uses performance measurements similar to conventional bank performance measurements using financial ratios and efficiency (technical and cost). This performance measurement model tends to pay attention to shareholders' financial goals only and does not pay attention to broader stakeholder goals, as well as economic goals and other social goals. With these conditions, there is a strong aspiration to develop alternative models for measuring Islamic banks' performance to reflect their nature and objectives better. However, the development of Islamic bank performance measurement models is still limited and in the initial stages from the beginning of Islamic banks' development up to the present time. Some examples are the Islamicity Index, Economic Contribution and Muslim Communities, Social Performance Index, Maqashid Index, and Islamic Bank Maqashid Index. These models from the results of this study still have several weaknesses. The Islamicity Index, Economic Contributions, and the Muslim Community, and the Social Performance Index are still straightforward and have not been developed by researchers. Some subsequent studies use the Islamicity Index and Social Performance Index to assess Islamic banks' performance without further developing the methods and elements. Furthermore, it also concludes that there are many studies on the performance of Islamic banks that use the Maqashid Index, and there have been several attempts to build their methods with various variants. Nevertheless, some weaknesses of the Maqashid Index that have existed, among others, are made in a partial dimension. This condition causes the indicators obtained can not be used to evaluate the performance of Islamic banks holistically. The development of the Maqashid Index with a more complex dimension also caused the model's inability to be used by subsequent researchers because of its complexity and the availability of data standards that still require changes in the information system of the authority.
Therefore, it is still necessary to develop methods for measuring the performance of Islamic banks that are relevant to their nature and purpose in the future. A relevant, useful, and comprehensive performance measurement is vital for the effectiveness, resilience, and sustainability of Islamic banks' development in the future. Moreover, the performance measurement method also needs to absorb executive officials and decision-makers' aspirations in the management of Islamic banks and regulators. This condition is essential so that the performance measurement methods formulated close to the possibility of their use in Islamic bank strategic management practices are not merely academic studies.