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Anesthesia for Anterior/Posterior Spine Surgery

Surgical approaches to correct spine pathology are based on anatomical considerations along with a surgeon’s experience and preference. Beyond consideration of the actual anatomic level being addressed, the different areas of the spinal column, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral coccygeal regions are in proximity of a range of structures that must be appreciated during surgery. These considerations impact the anesthetic management of the surgical patient. Historically, spine pathology was initially approached posteriorly, but, since the mid-twentieth century, the anterior approach has been more frequently used, especially at the cervical level. Advances in surgical techniques, coupled with advances in anesthesia and postoperative care, have allowed an increasing patient population to benefit from surgical interventions that address various forms of spinal pathology, including neurological dysfunction, deformity (either hereditary or acquired), structural instability, pathologic lesions (including tumor and infections), and pain.