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Regulation of cytokine expression in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells by prostaglandin I2 analogues

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are critical in controlling adaptive immunity, but the mechanisms governing cytokine expression remain incompletely defined. Analogues of prostaglandin (PG)I2, such as iloprost, can modulate functions of myeloid dendritic cells, but their involvement in the regulation of human pDCs remains unknown. To this end, the regulatory role of PGI2 analogues on cytokine expression in pDCs was investigated. Circulating pDCs were magnetically sorted with BDCA-4 cell isolation kits from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and treated with varying concentrations of iloprost with or without the addition of Toll-like receptor agonists, or an I prostanoid (IP) receptor antagonist, CAY10449. The levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 were measured by ELISA. Iloprost induced IL-10 expression, but suppressed CpG oligodeoxynucleotide- (or imiquimod-) induced TNF-α and IFN-α production in pDCs. This effect was reversed by the addition of CAY10449. Forskolin, a cyclic adenosine monophosphate activator, conferred a similar modulating effect to that noted in iloprost-treated pDCs, although a higher concentration of forskolin was required to exert the same effect. Iloprost enhanced interleukin-10 and suppressed Toll-like receptor-mediated tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-α production of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells via the I prostanoid receptor and, in part, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway.