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The French Socialist and the Cartel des Gauches of 1924

On 11 May 1924, the Cartel des Gauches, an electoral alliance consisting of the Radical Party, the Socialist Party (Section Francaise de l'Internationale Ouvriere-henceforth referred to as the SFIO), the Republican Socialists and a few dissident ex-Communists, won a popular and important electoral victory. Yet within two years, the SFIO had refused to join Radical governments, the alliance had split asunder, and the right, decisively beaten in 1924, was back in power under Poincare. For many years, the SFIO, seen by many as the major factor in the failure of the left alliance, was the subject of intense political debate. Why had the Socialists, free since 1920 of their extreme left elements, joined the electoral alliance and yet refused the apparently logical' step into office? How was their ensuing attitude in the years 1924-36, an attitude of being in but not of the political system, to be explained? Why the apparent volte-face? The problem, as the Socialists themselves well knew, arose from a misreading of their position. Appearances to the contrary notwithstanding, the Socialists had not flung themselves wholeheartedly into the Cartel of 1924; they had had serious misgivings about the whole enterprise, and the complications of the Herriot era 1924-25 only reinforced these doubts. Far from entering fully into a 'new' era of French politics after the war, the SFIO, like most other elements in French political life, was strongly tempted to withdraw to the security of the pre-1914 situation. Only in the mid-thirties, through a new and fortuitous set of circumstances, did the SFIO, with some reluctance, accept the responsibility of total participation in the 'system'. This