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Small Flies Meet Big Data: Genetic Convergence of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Modeled in Drosophila.

Neurodevelopmental disorders include diverse and complex conditions characterized by impairments in cognitive function, adaptive behavior, and/or psychomotor skills. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most common of these disorders in childhood, is highly heritable (~70%) (1). However, despite recent advances in next-generation sequencing facilitating gene discovery efforts, the search for ADHD risk alleles has been challenging, mainly due to the polygenic nature of the disorder (1). Indeed, most associations have been attributed to common gene variants with small effect size, with the first genome-wide significant findings reported only recently (2). Furthermore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) typically implicate large regions containing many genes, rather than individual genes or a causal variant, and the significance of those genes and their mechanistic roles often remain unclear. In response to these challenges, animal models have emerged as powerful complementary tools to study the genetic determinants of ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders (3).