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The role of mitochondria in the molecular and cellular effects of radon

Mitochondria are unique cell organoids that have their own mitochondrial DNA. They are involved in the regulation of many processes, such as cell survival, apoptosis, and cellular metabolism. It has long been known that mitochondria play a leading role in the mechanism of malignant transformation in the development of many neoplasms. Radon is a radioactive inert gas, is recognized as a carcinogen and, according to the World Health Organization, it is the second cause of lung cancer after smoking. Radon is found in soil, water and air in various concentrations. Radon migrates from the soil and rocks into the surrounding air, as a result of which it accumulates in poorly ventilated or closed rooms. Such areas represent the primary environment in which people are exposed to radioactive radon radiation. Radon penetrates through cracks in the Earth's crust and accumulates in the lower layers of the atmosphere. An increase in the concentration of radon in the air is observed in regions rich in uranium deposits, as well as near uranium mines. However, at the moment, the mechanisms of malignant transformation induced by radon are still not completely clear. In this review, we consider for the first time the most modern understanding of the role of mitochondria in the molecular and cellular effects of ionizing radiation, including radon. This kind of knowledge can be of great importance for improving the antitumor effectiveness of radiation therapy, as well as for reducing damage to healthy cells exposed to ionizing radiation and protecting the population living in an area potentially dangerous for radon manifestations.