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Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and related molecules are increasingly used to treat immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. They interact very precisely with a soluble or cell-bound ligand to have three predominant effects: neutralization of proinflammatory cytokines or growth factors; modulation of intercellular interactions; or depletion of pathogenic cells. They deliver significantly enhanced specificity in comparison to traditional synthetic drugs and have delivered substantial improvements in clinical outcomes in many immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases. However, there are no biomarkers to help decide which biological class to try first in a particular patient, hence one of the main challenges for the future is the identification of ‘stratifiers’ to guide therapy.