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Racing of the biological pacemaker.

Over the past decade, rapid progress in the molecular studies of cardiac ion channels and stem cells biology has led to efforts to create a biological pacemaker to supplement the widely-used electronic pacemaker. We will review the main concepts of cardiac pacemaker activities in different heart regions and the approaches to design a working biological pacemaker. We will focus on how to use the gene- and cell-based approaches to meet the requirements of a working biological pacemaker. Possible future development and precautions for creation of an effective biological pacemaker superior to the electronic counterpart are also discussed along with recent patents.