{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.06384180790960452, 'fraction_numerical': 0.031638418079096044, 'mean_word_length': 5.1923076923076925, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Are Coaches Anti-Doping? Exploring Issues of Engagement With Education and Research

While the underlying mechanisms associated with doping are complex and multifaceted, coaches have been highlighted as potential agents. On the one hand, coaches have played a role in facilitating or encouraging the use of prohibited substances or methods (PSM) (e.g., Dubin, 1990; Laure, Thouvenin, & Lecerf, 2001; Underleiger, 2001). Yet on the other, coaches are protective agents (e.g., Kirby, Moran, & Guerin, 2011) who acknowledge that they have a responsibility to prevent doping (Figved, 1991; Fjeldheim, 1992; Fung & Yuan, 2006; Laure et al., 2001). Consequently, the potential influence of coaches is reflected in anti-doping policy. The World Anti-Doping Code ([WADC]: World AntiDopingAgency [WADA], 2009) states that athlete support personnel (ASP),1 such as coaches, should be “knowledgeable of and comply with all anti-doping policies and rules,” “use their influence on athlete values and behavior to foster anti-doping attitudes” (p. 113), and “educate and counsel athletes regarding anti-doping policies and rules” (p. 99). As ASP, coaches are subject to sanctions if they violate anti-doping policy, including encouraging, assisting, aiding, abetting, or covering up the use of PSM, as well as trafficking, possessing, administering of PSM, or “any other type of complicity involving an attempted or actual anti-doping rule violation” (WADA, 2009, p. 25). To aid coaches in fulfilling the anti-doping role outlined in the WADC, sporting and anti-doping organizations are expected to provide education programs to this stakeholder group (WADA, 2009). In this vein, WADA created The Coach’s Tool Kit in 2007, which evolved into the CoachTrue (“Elite” and “Recreational”)