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Id3 and Bcl6 Promote the Development of Long-Term Immune Memory Induced by Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine

Long-lived memory cell formation and maintenance are usually regulated by cytokines and transcriptional factors. Adjuvant effects of IL-7 have been studied in the vaccines of influenza and other pathogens. However, few studies investigated the adjuvant effects of cytokines and transcriptional factors in prolonging the immune memory induced by a tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccine. To address this research gap, mice were treated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) subunit vaccine Mtb10.4-HspX (MH) plus ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190–198>-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70), together with adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 or lentivirus-mediated transcriptional factor Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Immune responses induced by the vaccine were examined at 25 weeks after last immunization. The results showed that adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 allowed the TB subunit vaccine to induce the formation of long-lived memory T cells. Meanwhile, IL-7 increased the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and bach2—the three key transcription factors for the generation of long-lived memory T cells. The adjuvant effects of transcriptional factors, together with TB fusion protein MH/LT70 vaccination, showed that both Bcl6 and Id3 increased the production of antigen-specific antibodies and long-lived memory T cells, characterized by high proliferative potential of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and IFN-γ secretion in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively, after re-exposure to the same antigen. Overall, our study suggests that IL-7 and transcriptional factors Id3 and Bcl6 help the TB subunit vaccine to induce long-term immune memory, which contributes to providing immune protection against M. tuberculosis infection.


Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the global health problems mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection in humans. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only attenuated vaccine currently used to protect humans against TB, although its efficacy wanes in adults [1]. It is believed that BCG induces effector memory T cells (T EM ) rather than central memory T cells (T CM ), which leads to impaired protective efficiency of BCG in adults [2]. TB subunit vaccines such as LT70 [3], H56 [4], HyVac4 [5], and Ag85B-ESAT-6/CAF01 [6] can induce long-term protection against M. tuberculosis. However, there is still a need to investigate what factors affect the development of long-term immune protection induced by subunit vaccines so as to determine a way to improve the TB subunit vaccine-induced long-term immune memory, which would provide long-term protection against TB.
In accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, female C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were bred in a specific pathogen-free facility at the College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Lanzhou, China). Animal experiments were conducted in strict conformance to the guidelines of the China Council on Animal Care and Use.

Subunit Vaccine and Single Antigen Preparation
The fusion protein MH and LT70 vaccines were prepared as previously described [28]. . Single antigens of Ag85B, Rv2626C, and HspX were purified as described in a previous study [28,29] by using a Ni-NTA His column (Novagen).

Vaccination
Mice were immunized with vaccine, vaccine + rAAV-EGFP, vaccine + rAAV-IL-7, vaccine + rLV-EGFP, vaccine + rLV-Id3, vaccine + rLV-Bcl6, vaccine + rLV-rBach2, or vaccine + rLV-Blimp1. Phosphate buffered solution (PBS) was used as a negative control and inoculated in mice with a total volume of 200 µL/dose subcutaneously once at 0 week. The recombinant adeno-associated virus and recombinant lentivirus were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into the mice at a dose of 5 × 10 6 PFU. The subunit vaccine was then administered s.c. at 200 µL/mouse. All the mice were immunized s.c. with the recombinant virus and subunit vaccine 3 times at 0, 2, and 4 weeks at intervals of 2 weeks. Serum was obtained from the mice on day 7 and the concentrations of interleukin-7 (IL-7) were detected by ELISA (Cat. No. 70-EK207/2-96, Hangzhou Multi science Biotech, Hangzhou, China).

Splenocyte Proliferation Assay
5-Ethynyl-2 -deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation was used to analyze the proliferation of memory T cells 25 weeks after the last immunization [3,30]. We isolated the lymphocytes (5 × 10 6 cells/well) from spleens and incubated them with the following antigens: 5 µg/mL of HspX, 5 µg/mL of Rv2626C, and 5 µg/mL of Ag85B, for 7 d with 2 mL culture volume in 24-well plates. EdU (Click-iT™ EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kit, Invitrogen™, OR, USA) was added on the third day, with half fresh serum-containing medium (30 µM/mL), and cultured until day 7. The collected cells were then treated according to the instructions recommended by the manufacturer of the Click-iT™ EdU Flow Cytometry Assay Kit. The cells were stained with anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies, including anti-CD8-PerCP (53-6.7, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) and anti-CD4-PE (RM4-5, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA). A flow cytometry (ACEC Biosciences, Inc., Zhejiang, HangZhou, China) assay was performed to detect the EdU incorporation.

Intracellular Cytokine Staining
At 25 weeks after the last immunization, we detected the vaccine-induced re-expanded memory responses, as previously described [3]. First, the mice were stimulated with 5 × 10 6 CFU BCG via intraperitoneal injection for 9 days before lymphocytes were isolated. During this period, the T CM were supposed to be activated and developed into T EM or effector T cells in vivo. Subsequently, the isolated lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with the antigens HspX (5 µg/mL), Rv2626C (5 µg/mL), and Ag85B (5 µg/mL) for 4 h at 37 • C and 5% CO 2 as the effector memory T cell developed into Teff and secreted cytokine IFN-γ. Meanwhile, BD GolgiPlug™ (containing Brefeldin A) was added and then incubated for 8 h at 37 • C and 5% CO 2 . These cells were collected by PBS and stained on the cell surface with anti-CD4-FITC (RM4-5) and anti-CD8-PerCP-Cy5.5 (53-6.7), as well as intracellularly stained with anti-IFN-γ-APC (XMG1.2, eBioscience) and anti-IL-2-PE (JES6-5H4, eBioscience) after they were fixed and permeabilized using the BD Cytofix/Cytoperm kit and then analyzed by flow cytometric assay (ACEC Biosciences, Inc., Zhejiang, HangZhou, China).

Detection of Ag85B-Specific Antibodies in Mouse Sera by ELISA
Ag85B-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c in sera were detected by indirect ELISA 25 weeks after the last immunization. Firstly, 10 µg/well of Ag85B (in PBS solution) were added onto the plate at 4 • C overnight. Secondly, the double-diluted serum was added, and 100 µL of goat anti-mouse IgG (Solarbio, Beijing, China) and rabbit anti-mouse IgG1 and IgG2c (Rockland Immunochemicals Inc., Montgomery, PA, USA) conjugated with horseradish peroxidase were poured into each well at a dilution of 1:5000 and 1:12,000, respectively. The 3,3 ,5,5 -tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate was added at 200 µL/well and incubated at room temperature for 15 min. The reaction was then stopped by diluted sulfuric acid (1 mol/L) at 50 µL/well. The color was quantified at 450 nm. The serum in the PBS group was used as the negative control. The antibody titer was evaluated as a reciprocal of each endpoint dilution, and the average log value of all antibody titers was considered as the final result for each group.

Statistical Analysis
Data were statistically analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8 Software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey post hoc test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

IL-7 Enhanced the Immune Responses Induced by Long-Term Memory T Cells
The mice were given adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 (rAAV-IL-7), together with the TB subunit vaccine. The relative expression of IL-7 in lymph nodes and surrounding soft tissue and the production of IL-7 in serum increased in the additional rAAV-IL-7 group compared to the vaccine plus rAAV-EGFP control or vaccine alone groups on day 5 and day 7, respectively (supplementary material Figure S1).
To evaluate the generation of vaccine-induced antigen-specific memory T cells, T cell proliferation and cytokine production upon antigen stimulation were analyzed. At 25 weeks after the last immunization, the lymphocytes were isolated and then stimulated with mixed antigens for 7 days. EdU incorporation at day 3 was then analyzed at day 7. The results indicated that the proliferation of CD8 + and CD4 + T cells significantly increased in the vaccine combined with rAAV-IL-7 group (2.23 ± 0.54 and 3.57 ± 0.08 for CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, respectively) than the vaccine alone group (1.19 ± 0.38 and 1.13 ± 0.36 for CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively) or vaccine plus rAAV-EGFP control group (1.05 ± 0.57 and 0.90 ± 0.69 for CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, respectively) following antigen stimulation ( Figure 1A-C). This indicated that rAAV-IL-7 could help the vaccine to induce long-lived memory T cells which show a greater proliferative capacity.
In addition, we detected the intracellular cytokine production 25 weeks after the last immunization. First, we determined the cytokine production following antigen stimulation within 12 h with the aim to detect the function of T EM . The results showed the frequency of IL-2-producing CD4 + T cells in the vaccine plus rAAV-IL-7 group (1.02 ± 0.53) increased compared to that of the vaccine alone group (0.52 ± 0.16) and the vaccine plus rAAV-EGFP group (0.43 ± 0.11) ( Figure 2B,C, p < 0.05); meanwhile, no apparent difference in IFN-γ production was observed between different groups ( Figure 2D,E). Second, to determine the immune responses of T CM , the mice given vaccines were intraperitoneally injected with BCG for 9 days before lymphocytes were isolated. The lymphocytes were stimulated with antigens for 12 h in vitro before cytokine determination. After BCG stimulation, the total spleen lymphocyte count in the additional rAAV-IL-7 group significantly increased compared to the other control groups ( Figure 2F). The cytokine production of re-expanded memory responses was as follows: vaccine plus rAAV-IL-7 group exhibited significant increases in the frequencies of IL-2-producing CD8 + T cells (2.99 ± 0.85), IFN-γ-producing CD8 + T cells (0.84 ± 0.09), and IFN-γ-producing CD4 + T cells (1.06 ± 0.06), compared with that of the vaccine plus rAAV-EGFP group (Figure 2A-E). This difference could be attributed to the larger memory population in the IL-7 group than in the other groups. The results indicated that additional rAAV-IL-7, combined with the subunit vaccine, induced more CD8 + long-term memory T cells.

IL-7 Regulated the Expression of Transcription Factors Related to the Differentiation of Memory T Cells
Following the immunization of the subunit vaccine and rAAV-IL-7, the expression levels of Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 were determined. In CD8 + T cells, the expression levels of Bcl6 (4.13-fold) and Id3 (23.31-fold) were significantly upregulated in 3 days, and the abundance of Blimp1 (2.22-fold) significantly increased in 5 days with the additional rAAV-IL-7 treatment ( Figure 3A). In CD4 + T cells, additional rAAV-IL-7 significantly upregulated Id3 (3.32-fold), Bcl6 (2.18-fold), and Bach2 (15.86-fold) in 3 days ( Figure 3B). This finding indicates that rAAV-IL-7 treatment combined with the subunit vaccine promoted the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and Bach2 in the early stages of memory T cell formation.

Id3 and Bcl6 Enhanced the Proliferation of Memory T Cells
Mice were immunized with the TB subunit vaccine combined with LV-mediated transcription factors. The relative expression levels of Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 were detected on day 5 after vaccination. The expression levels of Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 all increased in the group of additional rLV-Id3, rLV-Bcl6, rLV-Bach2, and rLV-Blimp1 Vaccines 2021, 9, 126 6 of 14 treatment groups, respectively, compared to the vaccine alone and vaccine plus rLV-EGFP groups (supplementary material Figure S1). In addition, we detected the intracellular cytokine production 25 weeks after the last immunization. First, we determined the cytokine production following antigen stimulation within 12 h with the aim to detect the function of TEM. The results showed the frequency of IL-2-producing CD4 + T cells in the vaccine plus rAAV-IL-7 group (1.02 ± 0.53) increased compared to that of the vaccine alone group (0.52 ± 0.16) and the vaccine plus rAAV-EGFP group (0.43 ± 0.11) ( Figure 2B,C, p < 0.05); meanwhile, no apparent difference in IFN-γ production was observed between different groups ( Figure 2D,E). Second, to determine the immune responses of TCM, the mice given vaccines were intraperitoneally injected with BCG for 9 days before lymphocytes were isolated. The lymphocytes were stimulated with antigens for 12 h in vitro before cytokine determination. After BCG stimulation, the total spleen lymphocyte count in the additional rAAV-IL-7 group significantly increased compared to the other control groups ( Figure 2F). The cytokine production of re-expanded memory responses was as follows: vaccine plus rAAV-IL-7 group exhibited significant increases in the frequencies of IL-2-producing CD8 + T cells (2.99 ± 0.85), IFN-γ-producing CD8 + T cells (0.84 ± 0.09), and IFN-γ-producing CD4 + T cells (1.06 ± 0.06), compared with that of the vaccine plus rAAV-EGFP group (Figure 2A-E). The proliferative capacity of the vaccine-induced T cells was analyzed by EdU staining 25 weeks after the last immunization. The results showed that the proliferation of antigenspecific CD8 + T cells was significantly enhanced in the additional rLV-Id3 treated group (2.65 ± 0.70), compared to the vaccine alone group (1.26 ± 0.48) and the vaccine plus control vector group (0.86 ± 0.355) ( Figure 4A,B). Moreover, additional rLV-Bcl6 treatment increased the proliferation of CD8 + T cells (1.48 ± 0.28) ( Figure 4A,B), which reflected the secondary recall capacity of the central memory population. The proliferation of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells increased in the vaccine plus rLV-Id3 (4.13 ± 1.57), rLV-Bcl6 (4.38 ± 0.52), rLV-Bach2 (4.39 ± 1.60), and rLV-Blimp1 (3.40 ± 1.36) groups, compared to the vaccine alone (1.13 ± 0.36) and vaccine plus rLV-EGFP groups (0.93 ± 0.19) (Figure 4A,C). Taken together, the transcription factors rLV-Id3 and rLV-Bcl6 significantly enhanced the proliferative capacity of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells following the TB subunit vaccine immunizations.
This difference could be attributed to the larger memory population in the IL-7 group than in the other groups. The results indicated that additional rAAV-IL-7, combined with the subunit vaccine, induced more CD8 + long-term memory T cells.

IL-7 Regulated the Expression of Transcription Factors Related to the Differentiation of Memory T Cells
Following the immunization of the subunit vaccine and rAAV-IL-7, the expression levels of Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 were determined. In CD8 + T cells, the expression levels of Bcl6 (4.13-fold) and Id3 (23.31-fold) were significantly upregulated in 3 days, and the abundance of Blimp1 (2.22-fold) significantly increased in 5 days with the additional rAAV-IL-7 treatment ( Figure 3A). In CD4 + T cells, additional rAAV-IL-7 significantly upregulated Id3 (3.32-fold), Bcl6 (2.18-fold), and Bach2 (15.86-fold) in 3 days ( Figure 3B). This finding indicates that rAAV-IL-7 treatment combined with the subunit vaccine promoted the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and Bach2 in the early stages of memory T cell formation.

Id3 and Bcl6 Enhanced the Proliferation of Memory T Cells
Mice were immunized with the TB subunit vaccine combined with LV-mediated transcription factors. The relative expression levels of Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 were

Bcl6 Increased IFN-γ Production in CD8 + T Cells, and Id3 Improved IFN-γ Production in CD4 + T Cells
To examine the cytokine production of vaccine-induced TCM, we analyzed IFN-γ secretion by CD8 + and CD4 + T cells from the mice treated with lentivirus-mediated transcription factors, together with subunit vaccine immunization 25 weeks after the last immunization. No apparent IFN-γ production was observed after special antigen

Bcl6 Increased IFN-γ Production in CD8 + T Cells, and Id3 Improved IFN-γ Production in CD4 + T Cells
To examine the cytokine production of vaccine-induced T CM , we analyzed IFN-γ secretion by CD8 + and CD4 + T cells from the mice treated with lentivirus-mediated transcription factors, together with subunit vaccine immunization 25 weeks after the last immunization. No apparent IFN-γ production was observed after special antigen stimulation for Vaccines 2021, 9, 126 9 of 14 12 h in vitro, suggesting that the vaccine-induced T EM had waned 25 weeks after the last immunization. However, after BCG stimulation in vivo and special antigen stimulation in vitro, CD8 + T cells in mice from the vaccine plus rLV-Bcl6 group produced more IFN-γ (5.96 ± 1.04), compared with those in the vaccine alone (1.16 ± 0.08) and vaccine plus rLV-EGFP groups (0.18 ± 0.03) ( Figure 5A,B). Meanwhile, additional rLV-Id3 (5.17 ± 1.54) enhanced the frequency of IFN-γ-secreting CD4 + T cells after BCG and antigen stimulation ( Figure 5A,C, p < 0.01). This finding indicates that overexpression of Bcl6 and Id3 enhanced the formation of long-term memory CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, respectively.
Vaccines 2021, 9, x 10 of 15 stimulation for 12 h in vitro, suggesting that the vaccine-induced TEM had waned 25 weeks after the last immunization. However, after BCG stimulation in vivo and special antigen stimulation in vitro, CD8 + T cells in mice from the vaccine plus rLV-Bcl6 group produced more IFN-γ (5.96 ± 1.04), compared with those in the vaccine alone (1.16 ± 0.08) and vaccine plus rLV-EGFP groups (0.18 ± 0.03) ( Figure 5A,B). Meanwhile, additional rLV-Id3 (5.17 ± 1.54) enhanced the frequency of IFN-γ-secreting CD4 + T cells after BCG and antigen stimulation ( Figure 5A,C, p < 0.01). This finding indicates that overexpression of Bcl6 and Id3 enhanced the formation of long-term memory CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, respectively.

Id3 and Bcl6 Enhanced the Production of Ag85B-Specific Antibodies
The production of Ag85B-specific antibodies in sera was determined 25 weeks after the last immunization. As shown in Table 1, the vaccine plus rAAV-IL-7 significantly increased the titers of IgG against Ag85B compared to the vector control (p < 0.05). As for the transcription factors, compared to the rLV-EGFP control, rLV-Id3 significantly increased the production of Ag85B-specific IgG and IgG2c (p < 0.05), and rLV-Bcl6

Id3 and Bcl6 Enhanced the Production of Ag85B-Specific Antibodies
The production of Ag85B-specific antibodies in sera was determined 25 weeks after the last immunization. As shown in Table 1, the vaccine plus rAAV-IL-7 significantly increased the titers of IgG against Ag85B compared to the vector control (p < 0.05). As for the transcription factors, compared to the rLV-EGFP control, rLV-Id3 significantly increased the production of Ag85B-specific IgG and IgG2c (p < 0.05), and rLV-Bcl6 promoted the production of IgG1 (p < 0.05), while rLV-Bach2 decreased the Ag85B-specific IgG1 (p < 0.05).

Discussion
In this study, we confirmed that IL-7 helped the TB subunit vaccine induce long-term memory T cells by enhancing the proliferation of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, promoting more IL-2 production in CD4 + T cells upon antigenic stimulation, and increasing the production of IFN-γ production in both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells after successive BCG and antigen stimulation in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, we found that IL-7 increased the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and bach2 in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. We also evaluated the adjuvant effects of these transcription factors on vaccines. The results showed that the lentivirus-mediated transcription factors Id3 and Bcl6 enhanced the proliferation of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and the antibody production induced by the TB subunit vaccine. Moreover, we found that additional rLV-Id3 further induced long-term CD4 + memory T cells, whereas additional rLV-Bcl6 mainly helped induce more long-term CD8 + memory T cells.
Memory T cells are classified as T CM and T EM [9]. Memory T cells, particularly T CM , exhibit the capacity for differentiation, proliferation, and self-renewal when previous antigens are re-encountered [31][32][33]. In this experiment, we detected immune responses 25 weeks after the last immunization, when the effector T cells and most T EM had waned. Therefore, the cell-mediated immune responses were mainly caused by T CM . To analyze the immune responses of vaccine-induced T CM , we evaluated re-expanded memory responses, in which T CM proliferated and differentiated into T EM upon antigen stimulation. Consequently, T EM would generate the cytokine IFN-γ upon re-exposure to the same antigen. We stimulated the vaccine-immunized mice with BCG for 9 days in vivo and then the isolated lymphocytes were stimulated with special antigens in vitro, and the re-expanded memory responses were determined [3,34,35].
We observed that IL-7 had helped the TB subunit vaccine to induce the formation of long-term memory T cells, which exhibited improved re-expanded memory responses and increased proliferative capacity [34,36]. First, IL-7 treatment enhanced the proliferation of T cells and the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ with antigen stimulation. It was reported that IL-7 could control the proliferation and survival of CD4 + memory T cells [37]. In addition, the IL-7 treatment during the contraction phase of CD8 + T cells promoted the proliferation of CD8 + memory T cells and expanded the memory CD8 + T cell pool [38]. These experiments indicated that IL-7 could enhance vaccine-induced memory responses.
Transcription factors are among the key regulators for the generation of memory T cells [11,39]. In the current study, IL-7 activated the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and Bach2, suggesting that IL-7-induced transcription factors could promote T cell differentiation. Moreover, lentivirus-mediated Id3 and Bcl6 promoted the generation of long-lived memory T cells, enhanced the proliferation of vaccine-induced memory T cells, and increased the IFN-γ secretion in CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells, after antigen stimulation. This suggests that Id3 and Bcl6 help the TB subunit vaccine to generate long-lived memory CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, respectively. Id3 reportedly promoted the formation of memory CD8 + T cells upon infection [22,39]. The current study indicates that Id3 enhanced the formation of vaccine-induced memory T cells, particularly CD4 + T cells. Bcl6 could enhance the proliferative capacity of memory CD8 + T cells [40]. Deletion of Bcl6 in CD4 + T cells could abrogate the generation of T CM [41]. Those findings were consistent with the results of the current study that Bcl6 could help the TB subunit vaccine induce long-term memory T cells, particularly CD8 + T cells. This strongly suggests that a combination of Id3 and Bcl6 with the vaccine could induce long-lived memory T cells and produce a long-term immune response. Bach2 was required for the memory T cell differentiation, and the deficiency of Bach2 severely impaired the generation of memory CD4 + T cells [20,42]. We also found that Bach2 promoted the proliferation of CD4 + T cells; however, IFN-γ secretion in the re-expanded memory response showed no increase. The effect of Bach2 regulation on immune memory has yet to be clarified.
Transcription factors were vital for the differentiation of memory B cells [18,43,44]. The present study showed that higher Ag85B-specific IgG and IgG2c levels were induced by overexpressed Id3, while the overexpressed Bcl6 mainly increased the Ag85B-specific IgG1. These finding were consistent with the results on the proliferation of CD4 + T cells. The development of memory B cells required the presentation of antigens to CD4 + memory Tfh cells [43]. In addition, Bcl6 could maintain the long-term survival of memory B cells by suppressing Blimp1 expression [18,43]. Id3 was essential for the development of B cells by suppressing E2A in early pre-B cells [25]. The current study showed that Id3 and Bcl6 could help the subunit vaccine to induce the formation of the long-term memory B cells.

Conclusions
In summary, IL-7 increased the expression of transcriptional factors Id3 and Bcl6 in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the process of subunit vaccine immunization. IL-7 and transcription factors Id3 and Bcl6 could promote the generation of TB subunit vaccineinduced long-lived memory T cells and long-term antibody production. Our previous research found that the quality and quantity of T CM were related to the protection against Mycobacterium BCG challenge [3]. Other laboratories also demonstrated that the generation of T CM promoted protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis challenge [45]. Therefore, IL-7 and transcription factors Id3 and Bcl6 could help the TB subunit vaccine to induce longterm immune memory, which would provide long-term immune protection against M. tuberculosis infection.