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Towards European Standards in Neuroradiology

Standard is also a French word, taken from the English in 1893. In English, "standard" has meant: a distinctive flag or banner since the 12th century; it took the meaning of an original specimen measure or weight from the 15th to 16th century. The word originates from the old French "estendart" which in 1080 meant rallying place through the intermediate AngloNorman "estaundart" and "standardus" to the 13th century meaning of standard of weights. In French, the word is used, and cited, like the English word to signify the fineness of gold or silver and the legally fixed weight of each coin when first minted. Since the 20th century, it has been the type or model to be followed for manufacture. As an adjective it is used in the "standard exchange" which appeared in 1930. This meant to replaced a manufactured product by another standard of the same type (unit for unit). The noun quickly went on to embrace the characteristics defining different systems (television, video, etc ... ), "standard of living" and the "standard cost of living". In French, the word only had a pejorative sense in the thirties meaning "conforming to the established model" "lacking originality": the standard basic model. Standard has yielded the verb "standardiser" in French, again from the English "to standardise" (1873). The verb means to bring production into conformity with manufacturing regulations to devise a small number of standard types, to make uniform. By analogy, it has taken on the meaning of conforming to a standard model, and to normalize (conform to a norm). It is interesting to see the three meanings of the word standard from its origin to its sense of "gold standard", as a unit of measure and as a general model for a uniform standard. It is likely that the search for a standard for education and training embraces all three meanings to be at once a banner, a unit of measure and a model. One of the basic issues is: "can a standard be international without being dogmatic or the expression of a single way of thinking?" There is certainly a great deal of difference between establishing an international neuroradiological "ideology" and negotiating existing practices and sometimes divergent interests. As is often the case, the truth lies somewhere in between these two positions. The search for international standards with international experts should be able to integrate their dreams and their experience to yield an idealised (ideological) vision of accumulated experience. Cole ridge said "the light which experience gives is a lantern on the stern, which shines only on the waves behind us". We have to accept his sententious tone and latch on to the hope of being able to develop a different view of the future, possibly removed from the past. The example of the European projects is but one of many. It is a slow and tedious construction in a system whose national and European rules are established even before we start. These rules were made by men and we must accept that if they turn out to be insufficiently