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Business models for the integration of electric vehicles into the Austrian energy system

From the energy sector's point of view, the integration of EVs must be realized with optimal technical solutions following the basic principles of economical frameworks. Therefore, the aim of this work is the definition and economic analysis of business models in the timeframe of 2020 and beyond. The business models are divided into a controlled charging strategy as Grid to Vehicle (G2V), which describes the participation of EVs in the Austrian control energy market, Vehicle to Grid (V2G) as well as a second life of lithium-ion batteries. Overall results indicate low positive contribution margins (from -7.32 to 63.94 €/vehicle/month) for V2G and G2V applications, even if costs for needed equipment as well as dispatch probability for providing of control energy are neglected. Thus, an economic realization of these concepts cannot be recommended at currently existing Austrian market conditions. The reuse of batteries after their automotive lifetime on the contrary can be recommended for a simultaneous participation on the energy exchange and control energy markets. Compared to a reference technology the minimum remaining lifetime of those reused Li-ion batteries must be more than four years.