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Atmospheric-induced frequency fluctuations along slant paths

The authors have recently developed analytical expressions governing atmospheric induced frequency fluctuations of an optical signal along a horizontal path. Expressions valid in conditions of weak irradiance fluctuations were derived using the Rytov approximation and extended to conditions of moderate to strong irradiance fluctuations via an effective atmospheric spectral model. However, many optical systems, such as coherent ground to satellite communication, imaging, and astronomical systems, operate in a slant path setting. In this paper, the horizontal path frequency variance results have been extended to slant path scenarios. Integral expressions for one-way slant path, both uplink and downlink, are presented. Additionally graphical results for various operational settings are also provided.