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Migration of guided and leaky modes in rotated optical axis birefringent waveguides

The guided and leaky mode propagation in a multilayered c-rotated anisotropic waveguide having an equatorial dielectric tensor configuration is examined. In particular, the electromagnetic behavior of titanium diffused lithium niobate (Ti:LiNbO3) and proton exchanged lithium niobate (PE:LiNbO3) waveguides is compared. The dependence of modal characteristics on the equatorial angle (gamma) is shown and the effects of different metal layers are investigated. The transition from leaky to guided modes occurs only for the PE:LiNbO3 waveguide while the modes do not change their nature for the Ti:LiNbO3 waveguide. The number of guided modes, for the PE:LiNbO3 waveguide, increases by increasing the angle (gamma) . The first guided mode, having the real part of the refractive effective index nr equals 2.2701, appears at (gamma) equals 25 degree(s), while, for (gamma) > 73 degree(s) nine different guided modes exist.