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Utilizing multiple hydrogeologic and anthropogenic indicators to understand zones of groundwater contribution to water-supply wells near Kirtland Air Force Base Bulk Fuels Facility in southeast Albuquerque, New Mexico

In 1999, a jet-fuels release was discovered at the Bulk Fuels Facility on Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Contaminants had reached the water table and migrated north-northeast toward water-supply wells. Monitoring wells were installed downgradient from the facility to determine the primary zones of groundwater production for water-supply wells and assess contaminant presence. The monitoring wells are screened within the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, which includes clay units, at depths as great as 445 meters below land surface, and were categorized as water table, shallow, middle, deep, and aquifer-test pumping wells. Water-supply wells are screened across multiple water-bearing units within the aquifer system. All wells were sampled for major ions, trace elements, nutrients, stable isotopes, dissolved gases, tritium, carbon isotopes, and chlorofluorocarbons. The deeper and water-supply wells have evidence of longer groundwater residence times, as much as thousands of years, and water from the shallower wells shows evidence of anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Aquifer recharge is derived from either the mountain front or seepage from the Rio Grande. Dissolved-gas data indicate that the middle, deep, and aquifertest pumping, and water-supply wells have cooler recharge temperatures than the shallower wells. Inferred groundwater age varies by method but indicates that the deeper, aquifertest pumping, and water-supply wells have older water, as much as 15,000 years before present. Results indicate that the water-supply wells draw primarily from the middle and deeper portions of the aquifer system below the clay units and have not been affected by the contaminant plume, although some data indicate a potential for modern water entering some of the deeper and water-supply wells. Introduction In 1999, a jet-fuels release was discovered at the Bulk Fuels Facility (BFF) on Kirtland Air Force Base (KAFB), Albuquerque, New Mexico (fig. 1). Further investigation revealed that jet-fuels related contaminants, in particular ethylene dibromide (EDB), had reached the water table and were migrating north-northeast in the general direction of water-supply wells (U.S. Air Force, 2011). By 2017, the EDB plume extended approximately 1,800 meters (m) (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [USACE], 2018) northeast of the BFF, and at its deepest, the plume extended 26 m below the water table in 2015 (USACE, 2017). Between 2013 and 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority and the Air Force Civil Engineer Center, installed four nests of monitoring wells containing 3 to 7 wells each, screened from 130 to 445 m below land surface (bls) (fig. 2) and hereafter referred to as “sentinel wells.” Following construction and development, these well nests were sampled and analyzed for a suite of analytes, including major ions, trace elements, and stable isotopes. At least 6 months after construction and development, carbon isotopes, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), dissolved gases, and tritium were sampled at the well nests. The objective of the sampling was to determine the primary aquifer zone contributing water to water-supply wells and sentinel wells. The major contributing aquifer zone can then be compared to the groundwater affected by jet-fuels related contaminants. A two-pronged strategy that used flow logging and water-quality sampling was utilized to achieve study objectives. The flowlogging study (Travis and Myers, 2019) indicated that most of the water contributing to the wells originated below confining units within the aquifer system. 2 Utilizing Indicators to Understand Groundwater Contribution to Wells Near Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, N. Mex.