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Improved efficiency electrically small planar inverted-F antenna

The efficiency of a novel, electrically small, circular planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is improved by voluminous expansion towards a spherical shape. Measured results show an improvement in gain of 14 dB from flat to fully spherical designs. Simulated efficiency calculations are presented for varying fill-rates of a sphere. We also highlight the key challenges to be tackled for additive fabrication of spherical antennas.