{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.025240384615384616, 'fraction_numerical': 0.002403846153846154, 'mean_word_length': 5.076642335766423, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO PILE-DRIVING SOUNDS ON FISH

There is concern that the intense sounds produced during pile-driving operations may have detrimental effects on the health and survival of nearby fish. In a recent review, Hastings & Popper (2005) concluded that very few studies have successfully tested the effects of piledriving sound on fish. Thus, a wide range of data is needed to help investigators, regulators, and the pile-driving industry understand the potential effects of these sounds on fish and to develop exposureresponse models to estimate effects based upon exposure variables (discussed below). A number of technical issues make obtaining these data very difficult. One issue is that pile-driving signals are very complex and intense impulses. Thus, they are not easily replicated outside of piledriving activity. Second, safety and logistic concerns at a pile-driving operation severely restricts the scope of experiments that may be conducted at such sites. Recently, an experimental device has been developed to allow testing of the effects of pile-driving sounds on fish in the laboratory. This "high-intensity controlled-impedance fluid-filled wave tube" (HICI-FT) will enable us to simulate a wide range of pile-driving and other impulsive sounds, including their reproduction with high fidelity of both their particle motion and pressure components. Data sets of impulsive sounds acquired during pile-driving activities will be used to determine the characteristics of impulsive sound to be used for our experiments. Test fish will be exposed to the selected sounds using the HICI-FT, and the consequences of exposure will be evaluated.