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Soil Nutrients Can Influence Exotic Species Richness in Urban Areas: A Case Study from the City of Kolkata

Urbanization contributes to extensive land use 
changes and environmental degradation which may influence changes in soil 
properties. These abiotic changes may aggravate invasions and favour the 
distribution and number of invasive species in urban areas which could 
negatively impact biodiversity. This case study was, therefore, undertaken in 
the metropolitan city of Kolkata to assess the existing plant species richness 
(both native and exotic) and to determine the relative role of some soil physico-chemical 
parameters on species richness. Plant species were recorded and soil samples 
were collected from each study site. The total species richness ranged from 4 
to 25 with 50% of sites having a median number of 11 species. The presence of 
at least 3 or more invasive species was observed in >80% of sites. The mean 
and median values of soil parameters showed considerable variation in soil 
properties between sites. Urban soils had elevated pH values and higher 
available N, P and Ca. Soil available N appeared to be significantly correlated 
with both total species and exotic (including invasive) species richness while 
available phosphorus showed significant correlation with only exotic species 
richness. The GLM Poisson log-linear models showed a significant positive relationship 
of soil N with total species richness and exotic richness including invasive 
species richness in the study area.