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Book Reviews: Empire, A Phenomenology of Working Class Experience, Organizational Culture and Identity, Organising Bodies: Policy, Institutions and Work

Hardt and Negri’s Empire traces the movements of capitalism from the nineteenth century model of imperialism, which saw the major western powers colonise other nation states, to the rhizomatic formation of today’s global society. They call this stage of global capitalism, which tends to over-take other cultures by harnessing their power of living labour, Empire. Following the developments of Empire along a time-line that stretches back to imperial Rome, Hardt and Negri argue that whereas traditional imperialism was defined by the presence of a central power, which we might understand as the nation state (they cite Lenin’s theory of capitalism and imperialism to ground their argument), Empire represents a form of virtual capitalism that exists apart from the territorialisations of any central power or single nation state. Through reference to Deleuze and Guattari’s theory of capitalism and schizophrenia, Hardt and Negri are, therefore, able to see Empire as a rhizomatic, or centreless, network. In order to demonstrate the origins of the organisation of this state of disorganised capitalism, they suggest that Empire began life as Americanisation. However, through reference to a review of western political theory, which culminates in their foregrounding of Deleuze and Guattari’s version of capitalism, the authors of Empire argue that the total dominance of the American economic model has led to the paradoxical condition whereby imperial power is at once everywhere and nowhere. It is against this background, which Hardt and Negri augment through readings of Foucault’s notion of bio-power, as a form of power that maps the body of the citizen, and Deleuze’s theory of the control society, which advances the traditional Weberian idea of the disciplinary society by deepening the power of control, that Empire develops a dialogue between the twin infinitives of freedom and control. Hardt and Negri’s vision of Empire as a virtual structure (that is at once everywhere and nowhere) enables them to formulate a theory that contrasts the raw productivity of the multitude (freedom) with the faculties of territorialisation (control) that constitute the hierarchical structures of post-modern capitalism. In this regard, Empire follows Deleuze and Guattari’s interpretation of Freud’s symbolic move from