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Psychophysiology of Musical Emotions

This paper focuses on emotional reactions to music, taking the approach of correlating psychophysiological measures with dynamic changes in emotional reactions to music. A philosophical debate about musical emotions concerns whether music produces emotional changes in listeners (the "emotivist" position) or simply expresses emotions that listeners recognize in the music (the "cognitivist" position). Psychophysiological measures were recorded while listeners heard two excerpts chosen to represent each of three emotions: sad, fear, and happy. The measures covered a fairly wide spectrum of cardiac, vascular, electrodermal, and respiratory functions. The sad excerpts produced the largest changes in heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance and temperature. The fear excerpts produced the largest changes in blood transit time and amplitude. The happy excerpts produced the largest changes in the measures of respiration. These emotion-specific physiological changes only partially replicated those found for non musical emotions. However, the physiological effects of music observed generally support the emotivist view of musical emotions.