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The dynamics, causes and impacts of mammalian evolutionary rates revealed by the analyses of capybara draft genome sequences.

Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeri) is the largest species among the extant rodents. The draft genome of capybara was sequenced with the estimated genome size of 2.7 Gbp. Although capybara is about 60 times larger than guinea pig, comparative analyses revealed that the neutral evolutionary rates of the two species were not substantially different. However, analyses of 39 mammalian genomes revealed very heterogeneous evolutionary rates. The highest evolutionary rate, 8.5 times higher than the human rate, was found in the Cricetidae-Muridae common ancestor after the divergence of Spalacidae. Muridae, the family with the highest number of species among mammals, emerged after the rate acceleration. Factors responsible for the evolutionary rate heterogeneity were investigated through correlations between the evolutionary rate and longevity, gestation length, litter frequency, litter size, body weight, generation interval, age at maturity, and taxonomic order. The regression analysis of these factors showed that the model with three factors (taxonomic order, generation interval and litter size) had the highest predictive power (R2 = 0. 74). These three factors determine the number of meiosis per unit time. We also conducted transcriptome analysis, and found that the evolutionary rate dynamics affects the evolution of gene expression patterns.