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Coupling Protected Area Governance and Management through Planning

Growing and diversifying demands, changing social and political contexts, and accelerating calls for greater public involvement in decisions require a new view of protected area planning. While many papers in the conservation literature suggest local community engagement in planning, we argue that a broader conceptualization of planning is needed. This conceptualization—planning as a mid-scale social process to functionally couple governance with management—would include community engagement but responds to growing needs for processes that are multi-scale and continuous rather than episodic, facilitates information flow between governance and management, and provides for constructing and interpreting public interests in protected areas. We view planning as a ‘loose–tight system’ that facilitates functional linkages between governance and management. It is loose in the sense of offering venues for social discourse about the mental models underlying protected area decisions, but tight in the sense of enabling flows of information between governance and management. This coupling helps management agencies better understand on-going, larger-scale governance processes where the public interests in protected areas are debated and configured. It also facilitates the needed feedback from management to governance concerning the efficacy of various management actions.