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Food safety and economic impacts on Florida Tomato Producers -

INTRODUCTION Water Use and Wastewater Production in Tomato Packinghouses. There are about 70 tomato packinghouses in Florida that pack field-grown tomatoes. A packinghouse in Florida typically packs about 1.1 million kg of tomatoes in a day (http://www.sixls.com/ packing.php). In packinghouses, fresh water is used for rinsing, washing, and sanitizing the tomatoes before packing. Thus, a large amount of municipal water is used in the dump tanks (or waste stream) depending upon the type of tomatoes. For instance, the amount of water used for cleaning round tomatoes typically range from 36,000 to 68,000 L day-1 while for roma and grape tomatoes, it varies from 3,700 to 28,400 L day-1 (Florida Tomato Committee , 2007). Most packinghouses in Florida use fresh water before the beginning of packing operation in a day and replace the wastewater in the dump tanks at end of the day. As a result , there is continuous recirculation of water in the dump tanks where field tomatoes are dumped and washed during a typical 6 to 8 hours of packing in a day. At end of packing operation, approximately 3,800 to 18,200 L per day of wastewater is produced in the dump tanks (Florida Tomato Committee, 2007). This equates to about 231 million L of wastewater each year in tomato packinghouses in Florida, which needs to be disposed in an environmentally sustainable way. Wastewater Reuse. According to a survey of Florida packinghouses, wastewater produced is mainly disposed in three ways: 1) land application in agricultural fields (54%), 2) discharge into sewage systems (31%), and 3) no disposal or third party disposal (15%) (Florida Tomato Committee, 2007). Urbanization and the close proximity of packinghouse to Florida's sensitive water bodies is especially problematic as the packers need to comply with increased regulations on using wastewater either on-site or disposing of in city sewerage systems. Information about the concentrations of nutrients and trace metals in wastewater might provide ways to safely use wastewater in the environment and reduce the operational costs of managing wastewater in packinghouses. No information is available about the different contaminants present in wastewater. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of wastewater generated in two tomato packinghouses in central Florida. MATERIALS AND METHODS Packing Operations in Tomato Pack-inghouses. In west-central Florida, there are two major tomato growing seasons: July−Dec (Fall) and Jan−April (Spring). During each season, tomatoes are harvested usually 10−12 weeks …