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Perioperative glycemic control in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: results of pilot study

BACKGROUND: According to different studies, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is associated with higher mortality after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Perioperative hyperglycaemia, even in non-DM2 patients, is associated with adverse outcomes after CABG. Thus, successful perioperative blood glucose control (BGC) is mandatory to reduce the risk of death and postoperative complications. Nowadays, the most effective method for BGC in the operating room is still unknown. 
AIMS: To assess the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) efficacy in association with insulin pump therapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and DM2 undergoing CABG in intra- and early postoperative periods. 
METHODS: The study involved 97 patients undergoing isolated CABG. Patients were divided into two groups: 48 patients with DM2 and 49 patients without DM2. In both groups of patients, we used CGM in intra- and early postoperative periods (72 hours). In some patients with DM2, CGM was associated with insulin pump therapy (MiniMed Paradigm Veo 554/754) to successfully control postoperative glucose level. Besides commonly used tests (such as HbA1C and lipid profile), we analysed high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels before surgery, and then at 1 hour, 12 hours and 7 days after CABG in order to estimate their prognostic value. 
RESULTS: During the 48 hours after CABG, there was a trend towards having higher glucose levels in both groups of patients with and without DM2 according to CGM. In patients with DM2, the glucose level was significantly increased (р0,05). Insulin pump therapy resulted in glycemic control improvement in early follow-up (72 hours). Moreover, there were no hypoglycaemic episodes in patients on insulin pump therapy and also in patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy. We revealed the trend towards lower rate of postpericardiotomy syndrome (PCTS) in patients on insulin pump therapy compared to patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy in the early postoperative period (p=0,1). Hs-CRP level was lower in patients with DM2 who were on insulin pump therapy compared to patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy in the early postoperative period (р0,05). This most likely confirms that insulin pump therapy decreases systemic inflammatory response. 
CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we demonstrated the CGM feasibility, safety and efficacy in association with insulin pump therapy in patients with DM2 undergoing CABG.