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Developmental Morphology and Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs in Malaccotristicha malayana (Podostemaceae)

The developmental morphology and anatomy of the highly specialized vegetative organs of Malaccotristicha malayana (Podostemaceae, subfamily Tristichoideae) are described. The plant body can be interpreted using the root‐shoot model. The prostrate roots have asymmetrical root caps and root hairs over the ventral surface and are much flatter than those of Indotristicha ramosissima and Tristicha trifaria (Tristichoideae), the least specialized taxa in Podostemaceae. The lateral roots are initiated endogenously, proximal to the apex in the periphery of the poorly developed vascular cylinder of the parental root. They resemble the pericycle‐ or endodermis‐derived roots of other vascular plants. Roots may also regenerate endogenously at injured parts of roots. The ramuli, interpreted as determinate shoots, arise laterally and endogenously below the subdermis of the root, and their apices have tunica‐corpus‐like organization. The scaly leaves formed on the ramuli develop tristichously on the ramulus apex. Unlike I. ramosissima and T. trifaria, M. malayana have no ramuli that arise on the root‐branched shoots. Rudimentary holdfasts, associated with the ramuli, develop endogenously on the ventral side of the base of ramulus primordia.