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CRF2 mediates the increased noradrenergic activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the negative state of morphine withdrawal in rats

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent evidence suggests that corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) receptor signalling is involved in modulating the negative symptoms of opiate withdrawal. In this study, a series of experiments were performed to further characterize the role of CRF‐type 2 receptor (CRF2) signalling in opiate withdrawal‐induced physical signs of dependence, hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activation, enhanced noradrenaline (NA) turnover in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation (activation), as well as CRF2 expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract‐A2 noradrenergic cell group (NTS‐A2).