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Maternal HIV infection and intrauterine growth: a prospective study in Lagos, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND
Low birth weight (LBW) is the most important cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide and particularly so in developing countries. Maternal HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection has been identified as one of the risk factors to the development of low birth weight babies.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of maternal HIV infection on the birth weight of the newborn at tertiary hospital in West Africa.


METHODS
The anthropometry of all HIV seropositive women who delivered in LUTH as well as that of their babies was determined using standard methods. Controls consisted of HIV seronegative women and their babies matched for age and parity with the above subjects.


RESULTS
There were a total of 262 subjects of whom 132 (50.4%) were HIV seropositive and 130 (49.6%) were HIV seronegative controls. There were five times more low birth weight (LBW) infants in the HIV seropositive group than in the controls (OR 5.77, CI=2.19-16.80; p=0.000075). The mean maternal body mass index, BMI (p=0.0003), mean maternal weight (p=0.0004) and mean birth weight of newborns (p=0.0002) were significantly lower in the HIV seropositive group than in the controls. Maternal weight and gestational age were significantly associated with low birth weight (OR 15.3, CI=2.6-316.0; p=0.002) and (OR 3.78, CI=1.37-10.9; p=0.007) respectively.


CONCLUSION
Maternal HIV infection is strongly associated with low maternal BMI and low birth weight in their offspring.