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AN OVERVIEW ON THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF AGLAIA SPECIES

Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history for treating various diseases. Plants belonging to genus Aglaia have been used in traditional system of medicine. The genus Aglaia is a member of Meliaceae family. The plants belonging to this genus have various biological activities including antipyretic, astringent, antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity and are also used in treating skin diseases and tumors. The phytochemistry and the various biological activities of Aglaia sp. such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and nanoparticle activity are discussed in this review paper.


INTRODUCTION
Plants provide the richest resource of natural compounds, which are used directly or indirectly for a wide range of applications for the well-being of human population and domestic animals [1]. These compounds are primarily phytomolecules synthesized through primary and secondary metabolic pathways in plants [2]. The dependence of humans on plants for their basic requirements such as food, medicine, clothes, and shelter is as old as mankind itself [3], and still in the modern age, the majority of commercial products including pharmaceutical and health care, food and beverages, textiles, cosmetics, and aromas are obtained from plants. Therefore, plants are and will remain economically, industrially, environmentally, spiritually, historically, and aesthetically important for survival, sustenance, and prosperity of life on the Earth. Since the early 1990s, the use of complementary and alternative medicine, including dietary supplements, has increased substantially. A benchmark national survey revealed that in the United States alone, use of any complementary and alternative medicine modality increased from 33.8% in 1990 to 42.7% in 1997 [4]. A study conducted in 2002 found that 62% of those surveyed used some form of complementary and alternative medicine in the past 12 months [5]. Specifically, dietary supplement use has increased substantially, with herbal supplement use increasing more than the use of other complementary and alternative medicine modalities [6,7].
In the United States, in 2007, about 38% of adults and 12% of children were using some form of traditional medicine. According to a survey by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, herbal therapy or the usage of natural products other than vitamins and minerals was the most commonly used alternative medicine (18.9%) [8,9]. In India, herbal medicine is a common practice, and about 960 plant species are used by the Indian herbal industry, of which 178 are of a high volume, exceeding 100 metric tons per year [10]. At present, herbs are applied to the treatment of chronic and acute conditions and various ailments and problems such as cardiovascular disease, prostate problems, depression, inflammation, and to boost the immune system, and to name but a few. In China, in 2003, traditional herbal medicines played a prominent role in the strategy to contain and treat severe acute respiratory syndrome, and in Africa, a traditional herbal medicine, the Africa flower, has been used for decades to treat wasting symptoms associated with HIV [11,12].
The use of plants for healing purposes predates recorded history and forms the origin of much of modern medicine. Many conventional drugs originate from plant sources: A century ago, most of the few effective drugs were plant-based. Examples include aspirin (from willow bark), digoxin (from foxglove), quinine (from cinchona bark), and morphine (from the opium poppy). The development of drugs from plants continues, with drug companies engaged in the large-scale pharmacologic screening of herbs [13]. Over the past few decades, there has been a consistent raise in the number of diseases despite the high advancement in medicine [14]. Plants, on the other hand, have always been a vital source of the drug since the ancient times. They have been used due to their minimal toxic nature and are also highly biocompatible when compared with the harmful dosages of chemically synthesized drugs [15]. The family Meliaceae (=Mahogany family, order Sapindales) is an angiosperm plant family of mostly trees and shrubs together with a few herbaceous plants. This family includes about 50 genera and 550 species, with a pantropical geographical distribution [16].
Aglaia is a tree widely distributed in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. This genus Aglaia belongs to Meliaceae family. The plant is considered as a remedy for dysentery, skin diseases, leprosy, inflammation, leukoderma, and abdominal pain. It is said to have cooling effects and is useful in burning sensation of the body and painful micturition. The plant is a large tree with bright red wood; leaves shortly petiolate, pinnately compound having 5 (rarely 7 or 3) leaflets ( Fig. 1), flowers shortly pedicellate (small, 0.2 cm in diameter), yellow (Fig. 2); fruits sub-globose small, and 0.25 cm in diameter.

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Anticancer activity
A phenolic ester isolated from leaves of Aglaia loheri was found to possess cytotoxic effects toward human CCRF-CEM leukemia cells and their drug-resistant sublime by reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of apoptosis [19]. Chen  It was found that silvesterol exhibits anticancer activity in human breast and prostate cancer xenograft models and that this is associated with increased apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and inhibition of angiogenesis. It was proposed that silvesterol mediates its effects by preferentially inhibiting translation of malignancyrelated mRNAs [33]. Leong et al. investigated the plant-derived single compound cycloartane isolated from hexane extract of Aglaia exima leaves and reported that cycloartane reduces the viability of colon cancer cell line through the activation of caspase 8 and 9 and caspase-3/7, PARP cleavage and the lack of NFkB translocation into the nucleus. Leading to apoptosis [34].

Antidiabetic activity
Sun et al. confirmed prenylated bibenzyls named aglaiabbrevins A-D isolated from the leaves of Aglaia abbriviata inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B). These prenylated bibenzyls may be considered as lead compounds for the development of new antiobesity and antidiabetic agents [35]. beddomei extract and triterpenes roxburghiadiol A and B isolated and tested and observed anti-inflammatory activity [38].

Antioxidant activity
Liu et al. evaluated floral honey from A. formosana for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity and isolated protein, flavonoids and phenolic compounds having antioxidant, and other activities [36].

Nanoparticle synthesis
Manjari et al. proved phytogenic synthesis of recyclable copper oxide nanoparticles, from flower extracts of Aglaia elaeagnoidea possess great prospects in reduction of pernicious dyes and nitro organic pollutants in water [39]. Gangarapu  The produced copper oxide sodium alginate nanocomposite was used as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-Nitrophenol in the liquid phase [42]. Antioxidant and catalytic property of synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles from the flower extract of A. elaeagnoidea were evaluated by Manjari et al. The study proved that the synthesized nanoparticles have ultra-rapid catalytic properties [43].

CONCLUSION
Plant is one of the most important sources for medicine. WHO portrayed that about 80% of the world's population believes in the ancient and traditional plant-based treatment for different ailments [44]. Medicinal plants play a key role in Indian traditional medicine. The plants of genus Aglaia have been used traditionally and are scientifically reported to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Till date, a large number of herbal products has been screened for their biomedical applications through various experimental models. This has caused the discovery of the several drugs by the pharmaceutical and scientific communities [45].