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Architecture Considerations for Crewed Lunar Surface Expeditionary Utility Lander Systems

This study introduces a crewed landing craft for missions to celestial bodies with little to no atmosphere. The design is the result of analysis on the future of lunar surface operations, logistics, and the concept of operations involving lunar hopper vehicles. The proposed system can deploy equipment and conduct operations while sustaining a crew of ten people for up to 120 days. The vehicle launches as a payload from the SpaceX Starship. The design's function and simplicity enable high volume production while meeting the rigorous technical and quality standards for human spaceflight. The study provides top-down analysis of the design requirements and tracks the fulfillment of those requirements. The architecture analysis reviews commercial, military, and scientific expeditionary logistics functions and outlines the appropriate parallel requirements for lunar surface operations. Primary spacecraft design requirements are derived and extrapolated from NASA's NextSTEP-2 Appendix H: Human Lander System and other proven flight systems. Results from a survey of requirements from end users specializing in mining, excavation, and in-situ resource utilization are presented and the results incorporated into the design. Among the proposed solutions are arguments for designing for multiple fuel types to be used by a single propulsion system, expanding the CubeSat standard for facilitating physical interfaces between systems within a spacecraft. The study concludes with the final design proposal and a way ahead to deliver a spacecraft capable of responding to national initiatives for lunar surface exploration, innovation, and utilization. The result is a relatively low-cost system capable of entering production today for use by government customers and private industry, especially the mining, excavation, and construction industries.