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Ce1−xY (Nd)xO2−δ nanopowders: potential materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Nanopowdered solid solution Ce1−xY (Nd)xO2−δ samples (0.1≤x≤0.25) were made by self-propagating room temperature (SPRT) synthesis. The first-order Raman spectra of Ce1−xY (Nd)xO2−δ samples measured at room temperature exhibit three broad features: the main Raman active F2g mode at about 450 cm−1 and two broad features at about 550 (545) and 600 cm−1. The mode at ∼600 cm−1 was assigned to the intrinsic oxygen vacancies due to the nonstoichiometry of ceria nanopowders. The mode at about 550 (545) cm−1 was attributed to the oxygen vacancies introduced into the ceria lattice whenever Ce4+ ions are replaced with trivalent cations (Y3+, Nd3+). The intensity of this mode increases with doping in both series of samples, indicating a change of O2− vacancy concentration. The mode frequency shifts in opposite direction in Y- and Nd-doped samples with doping level, suggesting that different types of defect space can occur in Y- and Nd-doped ceria nanopowders.