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A low complexity algorithm to identify open and closed surfaces in complex geometries

In computational electromagnetics, the analyzed geometries usually involve both thin and thick conductors, possibly connected together, that are modeled with open and closed surfaces, respectively. In the case of open surfaces, the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) [1] is applied, because the Magnetic Field Integral Equation (MFIE) [1] can be formulated only on closed surfaces. Instead, in the case of closed surfaces, both the EFIE and the MFIE can be applied, but they do not have unique solutions at frequencies corresponding to resonant frequencies of the region enclosed by the conducting surface. At high frequencies, the density of resonant frequencies increases so that it becomes increasingly difficult to avoid these internal resonances. Hence a formulation, for closed surfaces only, that works at all frequencies, is the Combined Field Integral Equation (CFIE) [2], that is a linear combination of the EFIE and the MFIE: