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Photosynthesis, photochemistry and antioxidative defence in response to two drought severities and with re-watering in Allocasuarina luehmannii.

Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and water potentials, together with ascorbate and glutathione concentrations, were studied during moderate and severe drought stress and in response to re-watering in Allocasuarina luehmannii seedlings. Moderate drought stress (MS) decreased stomatal conductance (g(s)) and net CO(2) assimilation rates (A) to approximately 40% and approximately 60% of control values, respectively, and caused decreases in internal CO(2) concentration (C(i)) and maximum light use efficiency of light-acclimated photosystem II (PSII) centres (Fv'/Fm'). Severe drought stress (SS) decreased g(s) and A to approximately 5% and approximately 15% of the control values, respectively, and caused increases in C(i) and PSII excitation pressure (1 - qP), as well as decreases in water potentials, effective quantum yield of PSII (PhiPSII), maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and Fv'/Fm'. Ascorbate and glutathione concentrations remained unaffected by drought treatments, but ascorbate became more oxidised under severe stress. MS seedlings recovered within 1 day (C(i), Fv'/Fm') to 1 week (A, g(s)) of re-watering. In comparison, SS seedlings had longer-lasting after-stress effects, with recovery of many variables (g(s), water potentials, Fv/Fm, PhiPSII, Fv'/Fm') taking between 1 and 3 weeks from re-watering. We found no indication that interaction with antioxidants played a significant role in recovery. In conclusion, A. luehmannii seedlings appear to function normally under moderate drought, but do not seem to have particular metabolic tolerance mechanisms to endure severe drought, which may have implications for its persistence under climate change at the drier margins of its distribution.