{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.020095693779904306, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.496894409937888, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Some reflections on the refugium concept and its terminology in historical biogeography, contemporary ecology and global-change biology

The refugium concept is now widely used not only in historical biogeography (where it originated) and vegetation history, but also in contemporary biogeography and ecology, and in global-change biology. As this usage has increased and broadened in these different disciplines, researchers have defined several types of refugia within the broad refugium concept (areas where biota could grow and survive locally under unfavourable regional conditions). As a result, ‘refugium’ is now being used in different disciplines to mean different things and to refer to different spatial extents. The utility of the refugium concept and the term refugium depends, like so much in ecology and biogeography, on temporal and spatial scales and clear definitions. This essay discusses the various types of refugium used in these different disciplines, reviews terminology and calls for the use of a consistent terminology.