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CENTER-PERIPHERY OPPOSITION AND LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS

0. Identification of the center and the periphery can in theory be linked with universal principles in a great many ways. This opposition is in general the universal principle in the organization of language (which in one way or another is reflected in all language descriptions). It may be transferred to speech activity as a whole insofar as we can speak of it as having hierarchically distinct types. In describing a language the linguist always tacitly assumes normal speech activity, from which he extracts his description (not relying in his description, for instance, on cantoral or poetic speech), and organizes his description mainly on what he sees as typical elements of language. For instance, in formulating a rule he usually sets aside exceptions in classes that he does not consider typical, such as interjections and loanwords; moreover, as will be shown below, a linguistic description can even ignore the specific characteristics of pronouns, imperatives, etc. (i.e., forms that the description of any language always takes into account). Characteristically, linguists concentrating on various types of violations of the principles they postulate generally record exceptions of a random nature and pass over nonrandom violations. We should stress that we are not talking about the deficiencies and oversights of the linguistic description but of its fundamental strategy (conscious or unconscious). The main goal of a linguistic description is to reveal the fundamental pattern of a language, its structural scheme, representing diverse linguistic facts as a system. To discover such a pattern we must ignore a number of phenomena, of both the text and the system itself; among these are, in particular, phenomena of the periphery. In other words, peripheral phenomena can appear systematic with respect to the center (the nuclear pattern of ä language), but if we do not consider their hierarchical place in the overall system of the language the description will become chaotic.