{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.018739038124249978, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010892642850549248, 'mean_word_length': 5.331969608416131, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Collaborative Approach For Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia: Opportunity and Challenge

The transition model from centralistic to decentralization government influences planning processes in Indonesia. It demands stakeholder’s collaboration to facilitate broad participation and coordination among sectors and regions. The following article examines the theoretical foundation, opportunities, and challenges of collaboration approach on coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP) in Indonesia. A literature study has been engaged to reveal the theoretical foundation of a collaborative approach for CMSP. Based on the exploration, a collaborative approach is unavoidable to cope with the nature of the problem in CMSP. This approach has a bright future due to the global support and political era of democracy. However, in practice, there are still a number of obstacles ranging from bad communication among actors to low knowledge and awareness of sustainability issues.


Introduction
A most important issue in CMSP are integrated governance. Due to Ehler and Douvere [1a], integrative in CMSP includes several understandings. First, facilitation of economic sectors that utilize sea space on the surface, the column or the bottom. Second, integration of different government agencies that lead to economic, environmental and geo-spatial sectors. Third, integration between various settings. Fourth, integration in allocating other types of utilization. Fifth, the integration of environmental considerations in space allocation for human activities The meaning of integration is close to comprehensive planning which is a socio-economic process over spatial relations based on the considerations of experts in their fields [2]. This situation implies the demand of stakeholders' collaboration. However, this is not an easy task because of the powerless issue held by planners in coordinating sectors related to. The following article tries to further investigate the collaborative application of CMSP. The structure of the paper begins with a review of the institutional theory which forms the background for the importance of collaborative management. Afterward, the paper will discuss collaborative approaches and regulatory frameworks in Indonesia.

Material and Methods
This paper is based on a literature study of articles related to the concept of marine spatial planning, institutional and legal rules that apply in Indonesia. Literature study is a method for Collaborative governance does not mean eliminating the central role of the government to mediate and facilitate among competing interests. Delivering governance right to the community, in many cases, is not effective to achieve an agreement particularly in a region with high pressure on the population and economic development [18]. In a more common situation, communication deadlock is frequently happened due to the resistance behavior of competing parties [19] [20]. Even more, communicative processes can obscure the context of a plan because too focus on the process. Of course, this situation is unfavorable for planning that involves natural resources. Therefore, leadership must emerge to facilitate conflicts of interest and guarantee the direction of planning in accordance with its original purpose. Those who play a leadership role then must have a good network which enables communication and relationship with competing parties.
Here, a network is defined as something continuously interacts to achieve specific assets such as geographical, physical and human trough the structure and relation of power [21]. Castell [22] considers the power relationship as the main foundation in a society because it can determine institution behavior. Creating a network then is an attempt to influence human behavior through power.
Collaborative approach principles above inspire the concept of coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP) that was emerging since the 2000s. CMSP emphasizes stakeholder's involvement in all phases from the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation processes to reduce conflicts among users and enhance compatibility among various utilizations [1b]. This emphasis addresses the need to integrate different points of view such as social, economic and environmental so that reconciliation between human activities and the environment could be reached [1c] [24] [25]. In practice, CMSP needs to orchestrate all stakeholders including different levels of government, public, private and non-profit organizations.

Starting Condition
Incentives for and constrain on participation

Collaborative Approach and Regulatory Framework for Coastal and Marine
Spatial Planning in Indonesia Indonesia has moved from centralized to decentralized governance through Law no. 22 of 1999 concerning regional autonomy that brings a significant impact on coastal and marine planning and management. In the previous era, the coastal and marine regime was labeled as centralistic, doctrine-based common property, and anti-pluralism of law [26]. As a consequence, the environment quality has declined and also its related ecosystem services. Coastal ecosystems have undergone a drastic change in which mangroves changed into fishponds, settlements, ports and industrial areas as happened at the north coast of Jawa. Overfishing in several areas allegedly happened in relation to shrinking fishing productivity. Many species of fish were increasingly difficult to find because their existence became scarce.
In its development, the government issued Law No. 24 of 2005 concerning the National Development Planning System which leads to integrated central and regional governance. The spirit of decentralized governance is then followed by a more participative process through Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning spatial planning where notice the importance of public engagement in preparation, utilization and controlling the implementation of the spatial plan. Law No. 27 of 2007 concerning the management of coastal and marine areas which were born afterward also adopted the same principle which regulates the involvement of the private sector and the public in the preparation of planning documents both at the provincial and municipal level. Recent laws relating to coastal and marine management progressively emphasize the importance of integration and involvement of public participation as reflected in the Law. No. 1 of 2014 concerning amendments to law number 27 of 2007 concerning the management of coastal areas and small islands and Law No. 32 About Marine. In summary, the aspects of integrative management and public involvement in the two laws are presented in Table 1.  Recent regulations provide a legal framework and guidance for a collaborative approach in planning and management. However, a number of obstacles arise in the implementation that can be categorized as below

Regulatory compatibility
A regulation may not work effectively due to its compatibility with other regulations. For example, RZWP3K can only result at the provincial level while spatial plan (RTRW) is possible at a lower level. This provokes spatial policy contradictions due to different priorities between provincial and municipal governments. Moreover coastal and marine spatial planning should also be integrated with the RTRW both at the provincial or municipal level as stated in the Law. No. 26 / 2007. Another potential conflict comes from Law No. 6/2014 which gives village governments the authority to establish their own rules. Village governments generally tend to act pragmatically and give first priority to economic issues. Common phenomena that come later on is a land conversion to fulfill market demand. As it is known, many coastal villages have a strategic location for various purposes such as tourism and industry.
Incompatibility is also related to which institution has the authority to handle coastal spatial planning. Yurista and Wicaksono [27] argued that marine and fisheries agency may have no right to formulate RZWP3K because their authority only for the management as stated in law No. 32/2014 and law No. 1/2014 while the authority of spatial planning still belongs to spatial planning agency. In fact, this agency runs the marine spatial planning process at both the provincial and district levels Another regulation discrepancy occurs between zoning in the national park area and coastal and small islands zoning. Based on the law. No. 41 of 1999 which was revealed in PP No. 28/ 2011 concerning the management of nature reserves and nature conservation areas as well as Forestry Ministerial Decree No. P.56 / menhut-II / 2006 concerning national park zoning guidelines, the authority of the national park bureau is limited to the territorial waters and existing ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, seagrasses, coastal forests, and terrestrial forests. While small islands and coastal area, in general, are local government domain that probably has a different interest. Meanwhile, the sustainable planning of coastal and marine areas requires integrated planning that counts coastal, small islands and surrounding waters as a unified system.

Conflict of interests among sectors
Difference interests among sectoral agencies are a classical problem that hard to be reconciled. For example, conflict of interest between conservation and tourism in zoning formulation of Karimunjawa Marine National Park (KMNP). Zoning revision in 2012 was initiated by the local government to facilitate tourism activities on small islands scattered in the area of KMNP. In the previous zoning, many water areas around the islands are intended for preservation and conservation that had made accessibility to the island was limited [28] The situation was seen as hampering tourism development and was subjected to criticism by investors who had bought lands on the islands. For this reason, the Karimunjawa National Park Agency has run the revision process so that the accessibility and tourist activities are possible. A similar case occurred in Bontang where there was a tug of war between the oil and gas sector, sea transportation, fisheries, tourism and conservation in the planning of coastal areas [29]

Poor communication between government and community
The problem that often arises in CMSP is poor communication between the government and the community. For example, CSMP of Jepara has been protested due to the lack of community involvement so that it causes discrimination against traditional fishing communities. Their access to marine resources has been restricted by a new obligation that requires fishermen to have a territorial use certificate [30]. Weak public participation involvement also occurred in the case of zoning of Raja Ampat Marine Protected Area, which resulted in a 25% loss of local