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A. C. S. Peacock (ed.): The Frontiers of the Ottoman World . (Proceedings of the British Academy.) xxiii, 593 pp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the British Academy, 2009. £75. ISBN 978 0 19 726 4423.

Muslims, Jews and Christians, was replaced by British colonial despotism. Second, Jerusalem was changed from a dynamic urban environment into a European site of fantasy, where the imagined Holy Land was to be realized – though in the mind of Britain’s colonial elite it was being “preserved” rather than invented. Finally, the British Government’s support for Zionism, and lack of understanding of the local Arab population, did much to accelerate the conflict between the two groups. Soon after Britain’s arrival, the seeds of a militant nationalist movement that united Palestinian Christians and Muslims were sown with the establishment of the Muslim–Christian Associations. Mazza is correct when he contends that the riots that followed in April 1920 marked a watershed in the conflict, and that they derived in large part from British actions in the Holy Land. Overall, then, Mazza puts forward an impressive argument that is of significance to historians of Palestine, the Middle East, and British imperialism. There are aspects of the structure of the book that could have been improved: there is some repetition in places, and the index could have been more extensive. Nonetheless, this is an important work which should provoke further debate about this crucial moment in the history of Palestine.