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Before There Were Cities: Excavations at Gandi Umar Khan and New Evidence for Pre-Urban Cultural Transitions on the Gomal Plain, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Recent archaeological investigations of the Gomal plain in northwestern Pakistan have revealed important new evidence for the types of regional socio-economic transformations that were taking place in the lead up to the development of urban centres on the Indus plain in the third millennium BC. It is now clear that there were several early phases of cultural development in the region, and excavations at the site of Gandi Umar Khan have revealed evidence for a previously unknown transition, between the ‘Tochi-Gomal’ and ‘Kot Diji’ phases. This article will present the evidence for this transition and investigate its broader cultural context.