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INFANT FEEDING IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: AN EXAMINATION OF THE DECLINE IN HUMAN LACTATION, AND THE MODERN CRISIS IN INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES

The practice of breast feeding has declined sharply throughout the world in recent years with great economic and health costs associated with this trend. Today most of North America Western Europe and Australia fall into the group of countries where bottle feeding predominates. Most of Asia including India and China and most of black and brown Africa still breast feed. In many urban areas in Asia and Africa and much of Central and South America and Eastern Europe breast feeding is being replaced with bottle feeding. There is poor correlation between levels of industrialization or of female employment and the rates of bottle feeding. In the countries where breast feeding still prevails government policy has encouraged it and given support to motherhood. Developing countries where there is concern that breast feeding will give way to the less healthy and uneconomical practice of bottle feeding the governments could take steps to ensure that the infants of working mothers retain the right to be breast fed insist that the medical profession give support to breast feeding and control the availability of breast milk substitutes. Among other problems with commercial breast milk substitutes the cost is so great that families cannot afford sufficient supplies and thus malnourish their infants. Improved health care programs could help.