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Hepatic Enzymes of Glutamine and Ureagenesis in Metabolic Acidosis

The activities of key glutamine and urea cycle enzymes were assayed in liver homogenates from control and chronically acidotic rats and compared with citrulline and urea productions by isolated mitochondria and intact liver slices, respectively. Glutamine-dependent urea and citrulline synthesis were increased significantly in isolated mitochondria and in liver slices; the activities of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and arginase were unchanged and increased, respectively. Glutamine was not a precursor in the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase system, suggesting that the glutamine effect is an indirect one and that glutamine requires prior hydrolysis. Increased mitochondrial citrulline synthesis was associated with enhanced oxygen consumption, suggesting glutamine acts both as a nitrogen and fuel source. Hepatic phosphate-dependent glutaminase was elevated by chronic acidosis. The results indicate that the acidosis-induced reduction in ureagenesis and reversal from glutamine uptake to release observed in vivo are not reflections of corresponding changes in the hepatic enzyme content. Rather, when available, glutamine readily supports ureagenesis, suggesting a close coupling of hepatic glutaminase flux with citrulline synthesis.