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Surface-chemical and -morphological gradients.

Surface gradients of chemistry or morphology represent powerful tools for the high-throughput investigation of interfacial phenomena in the areas of physics, chemistry, materials science and biology. A wide variety of methods for the fabrication of such gradients has been developed in recent years, relying on principles ranging from diffusion to time-dependent irradiation in order to achieve a gradual change of a particular parameter across a surface. In this review we have endeavoured to cover the principal fabrication approaches for surface-chemical and surface-morphological gradients that have been described in the literature, and to provide examples of their applications in a variety of different fields.