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Myopia and diabetes: A review

Refractive change in diabetic patients were first reported by Horner in 1873 (ref Duke-Elder 1970). Most of the literature on the subject is connected with the transient changes of refraction associated with dysregulated diabetes. Both myopic and hyperopic changes have been observed. Usually, it is considered that myopia will develop in hyperglycemia and that after the treatment of diabetes has begun, the refraction will change back, towards more hyperopia or less myopia (Granstrom 1933; Turtz & Turtz 1958; Marmor 1973; Birnbaum & Leu 1975; Gwinup & Villarreal 1976). However, there are also studies reporting on hyperopic changes of refraction in hyperglycemia (Rosen 1956; Planten 1975; Eva et al. 1982; Fledelius 1987). Except for that, there is very little information about the prevalence of myopia in a diabetic population. The amount of myopia in diabetic and non-diabetic populations has been studied only recently (Fledelius 1983, 1986). Thus, there seems to be two types of myopia connected with diabetes: transient myopia and permanent myopia.