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Women as Volunteers: the Double Subsidy

A salient feature of the highly bureaucratic society in which we live is a pragmatic, rational orientation which assumes that human beings can control the forces that influence their lives. Tradition is not the most important guideline for action. One has to seek solutions demanded by goals and situations. It means the cultivation of a value for a sense of control over one’s life. To the extent that people recognize that power flows from active participation in society, those who desire to be able to control the influence on their lives will seek a variety of forms of participation in formal and informal organizations. For men in American society, the desirability of full participation in formal organizations and/or the cultivation of professional skills is taken for granted. It is also taken for granted that such participation and activity are geared to yield both monetary and nonmonetary rewards. For women, the desirability of paid activities and technical skill development have been down played through a number of social control mechanisms. Participation has been sanctioned variously, depending upon the woman’s marital and socioeconomic status on the one hand and upon the kind and extent of rewards attached to the organizational position