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Review of the Phytochemistry and Biological Activity of Cissus incisa Leaves.

BACKGROUND
Cissus incisa is a Vitaceae with pantropical distribution. In northern Mexico its leaves have traditionally been used to treat skin infections, abscesses and tumors. Despite its medicinal uses, few studies are reported.


OBJECTIVE
To summarize the phytochemical and biological studies carried out so far on the leaves of C. incisa, since this part of the plant is the one frequently used, and awaken scientific interest towards the plant.


METHOD
Since C. incisa was an undocumented species, most of the information comes from reports of our research group. Databases, books, and websites were also consulted. The information collected was organized and presented in a synthesized way. Plant name was checked with the database "The Plant List".


RESULTS
171, 260, and 114 metabolites were identified by UHPLC-QFTOF-MS in the hexane, chloroform/methanol, and aqueous extracts, respectively. Fatty acyls, sphingolipids, sterols, glycerolipids, prenol lipids, and terpenes are common metabolites found in these extracts. 2-(2´-hydroxydecanoyl amino)-1,3,4-hexadecanotriol-8-ene, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl tetracosanoate, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-D-glucopyranoside, α-amyrin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were also isolated and characterized. Extracts, phytocompounds and semi-synthetic derivatives showed antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria, and various cancer cell lines. Results from Perturbation-Theory-Machine Learning-Information-Fusion model (PTMLIF), molecular docking, and vesicular contents assay identified potential targets on cell membrane, suggesting an antibacterial mechanism of action for ceramides from C. incisa leaves.


CONCLUSION
This review reports the efforts of the scientific community in authenticating species used in traditional medicine. Moreover, it gives a compendium of phytochemistry and the biological activities of the components from C. incisa leaves.