{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0422757643247621, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03199028143348856, 'mean_word_length': 4.988360814742968, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 4, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 3, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Assessment of circulating levels of microRNA-326, microRNA-424, and microRNA-511 as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptians

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer. Differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs)-326, miRNA-424, and miRNA-511 has been associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC in different populations. However, limited information is available regarding their expression in Egyptian HCC patients. AIM To assess the role of circulating miRNAs-326, miRNA-424, and miRNA-511 in Egyptian HCC patients. METHODS This prospective observational study included 70 HCC patients and 25 healthy controls. The circulating levels of these three miRNAs were evaluated by real-time PCR. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to test the diagnostic accuracy of microRNA expression levels. RESULTS All miRNAs were differentially expressed in HCC patients; miRNAs326 and miRNA-424 were upregulated, while miRNA-511 was downregulated. Both miRNA-326 and miRNA-424 showed sensitivity and specificity of 97%, 71.4%, and 52%, 60%, respectively, to differentiate HCC from controls. Moreover, miRNA-326 was associated with survival and could differentiate between Child grades (A vs B); miRNA-424 significantly differentiated early vs intermediate stages of HCC; while miRNA-511 was significantly correlated with response to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST). CONCLUSION We conclude that miRNA-326, miRNA-424, and miRNA-511 have diagnostic and prognostic roles in Egyptian patients with hepatitis C virus-related HCC and should be considered for better disease management.


INTRODUCTION
Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer in men and is the second cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer and constitutes 80%-90% of all primary tumors of the liver [2,3]. It has a high incidence and mortality rate, with approximately 662.000 deaths every year [4]. Most HCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, contributing to the high rates of recurrence and development of metastasis [5]. In addition, the commonly used biomarker for HCC screening and diagnosis is alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which has modest sensitivity and specificity [6] and is actually influenced by tumor size and cancer stage [7]. Due to these factors, it is crucial to identify more efficient biomarkers that can be used for the early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate the transcription or degradation of certain target mRNAs [8][9][10]. They mediate important physiological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival [11,12]. Aberrant regulation of miRNAs is associated with the initiation and progression of numerous cancers, including HCC [13]. Moreover, survival and response to chemotherapeutic drugs have been found to be linked to miRNAs [14][15][16]. Experimentally, a number of miRNAs have been proven to be related to HCC, and have been proposed as diagnostic and prognostic markers of HCC [17,18].
Aberrant expression of miRNA-424 has been documented in HCC tissues and cell lines [19,20]. It plays a tumor suppressor role [19]. A similar correlation was found for miRNA-326 [21] and miRNA-511 [22], and both were significantly associated with survival [23]. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas, Lu and colleagues studied the prognostic and diagnostic roles of 33 miRNA signatures and found 11 downregulated and 22 upregulated miRNAs by comparing cancerous and non-cancerous samples. They observed the good role of miRNA-326, -424, and -511 [24].
Most miRNA studies in HCC are experimental and are based on HCC tissues and cell lines. They were mainly performed to identify the etiopathogenetic role of miRNAs in HCC. However, few studies have shown their fundamental role in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Hence, this cross-sectional study with prospective follow-up of HCC patients was performed to search for three miRNAs (326, 424, and 511) in blood to highlight their potential role in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.

Patients and study design
This prospective observational study included 70 adult Egyptian patients who developed HCC on top of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis and 25 healthy age-and sex-matched participants who were seronegative for HCV and HBV, and served as controls. HCC was diagnosed according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases updated practice guidelines[25], or was histopathologically confirmed. All the patients were recruited from the multidisciplinary HCC clinic, the Endemic Medicine Department, Kasr al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, and were HCCtreatment naïve at the time of enrollment. Exclusion criteria included; HBV co-infection, any cause of chronic liver disease other than HCV, any associated malignancies other than HCC, and prior treatment for HCV or HCC.

Data collection
All patients were subjected to clinical assessment, laboratory investigations (complete blood count, prothrombin time and concentration, liver and kidney function tests, AFP, hepatitis markers), ultrasound examination, and triphasic CT with documentation of HCC site, size, and number as well as the presence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT). At the time of enrollment into the study, blood samples were obtained from each participant, and Child-Pugh-score[26] and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage [27] were assessed based on the clinical, laboratory, and imaging data obtained.

Collection of blood samples
Whole blood samples were collected from each participant in 5-mL sterile RNAase-free vacutainer tubes containing EDTA. Blood samples were collected on ice and processed within 30 min of collection. To separate the plasma, each blood sample was centrifuged for 10 min at 1900 g at 4 ℃ (Heraeus, Labofuge 400 R; Germany). Plasma samples were carefully transferred into sterile RNase-free tubes, and then centrifuged for 10 min at 12000 g at 4 ℃ to remove cellular nucleic acid contamination, and haemolysed plasma samples were excluded. Samples were separated into aliquots and stored at 80 ℃ until processed.

RNA extraction
Total RNA was extracted from 200 µL plasma using the miRNeasy Serum/plasma cell lysates kit (Qiagen, Germany), according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA concentration and purity were monitored using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer device (ThermoScientific, Wilmington, DE, United States).

Quantitative RT-PCR
The reverse transcription reaction was performed using the TaqMan™ MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit, Cat number # 4366596, (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, United States) according to the manufacturer's instructions. miRNA-326, miRNA-511, and miRNA-424 quantification was carried out using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) (Stratagene Mx3000p; Agilent Technologies, Germany). The qRT-PCR for each sample was carried out in duplicate using TaqMan 2x universal master mix II (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, United States) and TaqMan microRNA Assay Mix containing PCR primers and TaqMan probes for each miRNA. The expression level of RNU6B was used as an endogenous control for normalization. To determine miRNA relative expression, it was reported as a fold change (ΔCt and ΔΔCt calculations).

Patient management and follow-up
After blood sampling, all patients were managed according to the BCLC guidelines [27] after a case-bycase discussion. All HCC patients were followed up for a period of 24 mo. HCC response to treatment was evaluated according to the Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) [28]. The overall survival time of the patients was defined as the period from the initial presentation to the last follow-up or death.
Corp., Armonk, N.Y., United States) were used to analyze the data. Continuous, normally distributed variables were presented as mean ± SD, with a 95% confidence interval (CI), while non-normally distributed variables were summarized as the median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Student t-test was performed to compare the means of normally distributed variables between groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normal variables. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to determine the distribution of categorical variables between groups. The diagnostic performance of the studied miRNAs was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The area under the ROC (AUROC) was used as an index to compare the accuracy of tests. The optimal cut-off point value was taken from the maximum combined sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity of relevant cut-offs are also displayed. The survival analysis was conducted using the "Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) Kaplan-Meier test".

Demographic results
The mean age of the studied cohort was 62.0 ± 7.6 years. Most of the patients were male (68.8%), nondiabetic (74.3%), non-smokers (80%), and Child A (82.9%). According to the BCLC staging system, most patients were in the early stage (48.6%). Most of the HCC lesions were single (70%), present in the right hepatic lobe (84.3%), and not associated with PVT (92.9%). That is why most of the patients were subjected to hepatectomy and microwave ablation (MWA), and most of them showed complete response according to mRECIST. All HCC patients were followed up for a period of 24 mo or until death. The mean survival time was 367.1±173.9 days. The median values of miRNA-326, miRNA-511, and miRNA-424 were 35, 1.2, and 5.1, respectively ( Table 1).

Correlation of miRNAs with different parameters in HCC patients
There was no significant association between the studied miRNAs levels and gender, smoking, or the patients' performance status. The serum level of miRNA-424 was significantly elevated in diabetic patients. There was a significant difference in miRNA-326 between Child grades A and B. Moreover, there was a significant difference in miRNA-424 between early and intermediate HCC ( Table 2).

Diagnostic efficiency of miRNAs in our patients
On comparing the miRNAs levels between healthy participants and HCC patients, it was found that HCC patients showed significantly higher levels of miRNA-326 (P = 0.001) and significantly lower levels of miRNA-511 (P = 0.02) ( Table 3).
ROC analysis revealed the diagnostic performance of the studied miRNAs. miRNA-326 showed the best diagnostic performance, diagnosing HCC at a cut-off value of 1.165 with a sensitivity of 97.1%, specificity of 52%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 85%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 86.7%. The area under curve (AUC) was 78.4% (67.7-89.1), and the overall accuracy was 85.3% (P < 0.001) (Table 4, Figure 1).

Association of miRNAs with response to treatment and survival
Despite finding no statistically significant differences in the studied miRNAs between the surviving and non-surviving HCC patients, we found that miRNA-326 >1.165 was significantly associated with overall survival (P = 0.001) (Table 5, Figure 2). Moreover, there was a significant association between the BCLC stage as well as the response to treatment according to mRECIST and overall survival ( Figure 2). It was also found that miRNA-511 was significantly associated with the response to treatment according to mRECIST (Table 6).

DISCUSSION
Several experimental studies have shown that miRNAs play a regulatory role in the progression of HCC by controlling cell cycle progression, cell growth, and apoptosis. Our study focused on three important miRNAs: miRNA-326, miRNA-424, and miRNA-511. miRNA-326 upregulation is known to inhibit cell proliferation and colony formation, and influence the invasiveness and migratory properties of HCC. It has a tumor suppressor role, and its low expression was found to be associated with tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging, tumor differentiation, and lymph node metastases in HCC patients. Regarding miRNA-424, experimental studies found that it is downregulated in HCC and has a role in inhibiting tumor migration, proliferation, and invasion. It was associated with AFP, TNM, multinodularity, vascular invasion, and intrahepatic metastases, as well as poor survival [29,30] and predicted tumor recurrence in HCC patients following liver transplantation [31]. Few studies have mentioned the role of miRNA-511 in HCC proliferation and invasiveness. August    In our study, miRNA-326 was upregulated, in contrast to the aforementioned studies in which miRNA-326 was down-regulated. Importantly, these studies were on HCC tissues and cell lines, while our study adopted an easier methodology of testing miRNA-326 in the blood. It seems that blood tests could give paradoxical results. The study by Moya et al[32] assessed different miRNAs as biomarkers for prostate cancer and found a similar paradox. This difference is attributed to the possibility of preferential retainment of oncomirs (these are miRNAs that are overexpressed in cancers) and the release of tumor suppressor miRNAs into the circulation to promote oncogenesis. Added to this, the authors highlighted the physiological cancer conditions that can cause leakage of molecules. In our study, a statistically significant difference was noted while revising the miRNA signature of miRNA-326 and miRNA-424 between our HCV-related HCC patients and healthy controls. A clear diagnostic role was identified for both markers. We would like to document another crucial issue. We found no single miRNA to correlate with the different HCC parameters. For example, miRNA-424 August    differentiated early vs intermediate HCC significantly, miRNA-326 was a major factor related to survival, and miRNA-511 significantly correlated with response to treatment. miRNA-326 cut-off level > 1.165 showed statistically significant sensitivity and specificity when upregulated, while miRNA-511 cut-off < 2.063 showed statistically significant sensitivity and specificity when downregulated. This provides the main clue that no single miRNA can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Wang and Lei identified an eleven long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature for predicting HCC prognosis and incorporated seven miRNAs (including miRNA-326 and -424) [33]. In another study, the authors mentioned seven miRNAs that were found to have different expressions between tumors and in-vicinity non-tumorous tissues and found that they were significantly associated with survival (including miRNA-326 and -511) [23]. Similarly, a multidimensional signature stratified the HCC patients into low-risk and high-risk groups (P < 0.001) in the training set, validation set, and independent set, and all were statistically significant. It showed better survival prediction power when compared to TNM staging and included three miRNAs (-149, -424, and -579) [34]. In the study by Lu et al [24], five biomarkers (among 33 miRNAs) significantly correlated with patient survival. These markers were miRNA-326, -421, -511, -3677, and -424. They divided patients into low-risk and high-risk groups according to the miRNA signatures. None of the high-risk patients survived for 5 years. Thus, it seems that using a combination of miRNAs gives better results than using one biomarker. The mechanism of action of miRNA in HCC has been proposed in several experimental studies. Concerning miRNA-326, different mechanisms of action were proposed, including NF-kB expression [35], targeting MAPK1 and CSF1 as regulated by circASAP1 [21], and targeting LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) [36]. Also, it acts by suppression of PDK1 in the PDK1/AKT/C-myc axis [37]. It acts as a sponge for circular RNA circ-0000517 [38] and a regulator for the SMAD 6 axis[39]. HCC proliferation was found to be promoted via CircRNA-PTN that also sponges miRNA-326 and affects ErbB/PI3K in HCC cells [40]. Finally, HOXD-AS1 binds directly to miRNA-326, thereby targeting gene SLC27A4, which also plays a role in HCC progression and metastasis promotion [41]. Proposed mechanisms of action of miRNA-424 include the direct targeting of C-Myb [19], AKT3 and E2F3 [30], E2F7 expression [42], and acts as a sponge to different lncRNAs such as lncRNA CASC9 [43], LINL 00657 [44], lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 [45], and lncRNA LINC00511 [34]. All these targets are correlated with poor prognosis, promotion of cell viability, and migration. Also, it affected angiogenesis by activating the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway [46]. Serum clinical samples from HCC patients and healthy volunteers showed that miRNA-424 significantly decreased in HCC patients and correlated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival [47]. With regard to miRNA-511, studies proposed its action through sponging LINC01559 [22], regulation of the AKT1 axis [48], and targeting PIK3R3 in the PIK3R3/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway [49]. August    Finally, we would like to highlight the aggressive behavior of HCC. Our patients were predominantly BCLC-A, Child-Pugh score A, performance status 0-1, and the majority had single lesions without evidence of vascular invasion or lymph node metastases. Moreover, we had good overall response rates (complete and partial response rates were nearly 60%). Nearly half of patients died during the follow-up period despite all these facts. This indicates the importance of primary prevention of HCV-related HCC through early management of its risk factors rather than managing HCC after its development.
Nonetheless, our study has limitations. We could not study more miRNAs that are correlated with HCC, and we could not correlate blood tests with tissue tests. However, our study is a clinical (not an experimental) one, and this helped to better correlate miRNA with different co-existing potentials and factors that could be present in actual life scenarios. In conclusion, we found a good diagnostic and prognostic role for our studied biomarkers (miRNA-326, -424, and -511) in HCC patients.

CONCLUSION
We conclude that miRNA-326, miRNA-424, and miRNA-511 have diagnostic and prognostic roles in Egyptian patients with HCV-related HCC and should be considered for better disease management. August

Research background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is lethal and is the fifth most common cancer. Differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs)-326, miRNA-424, and miRNA-511 has been associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC in different populations. However, limited information is available regarding their expression in Egyptian HCC patients.

Research motivation
This study aimed to assess the role of circulating miRNAs-326, miRNA-424, and miRNA-511 from plasma as a non-invasive route of detection and to explore the impact of these miRNAs in Egyptian HCC patients.

Research objectives
The study objectives were to assess the role of circulating miRNAs-326, miRNA-424, and miRNA-511 in Egyptian HCC patients by a non-invasive method using plasma samples.

Research methods
This prospective observational study included 70 adult Egyptian patients who developed HCC on top of HCV-related liver cirrhosis and 25 healthy age-and sex-matched participants who were seronegative for HCV and HBV, and served as controls. HCC was diagnosed according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases updated practice guidelines, or was histo-pathologically confirmed. All patients were recruited from the multidisciplinary HCC clinic, the Endemic Medicine Department, Kasr al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, and were HCC-treatment naïve at the time of enrollment. Exclusion criteria included; HBV co-infection, any cause of chronic liver disease other than HCV, any associated malignancies other than HCC, and prior treatment for HCV or HCC. Data collection: All patients were subjected to clinical assessment, laboratory investigations [complete blood count, prothrombin time and concentration, liver and kidney function tests, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), hepatitis markers], ultrasound examination, and triphasic CT with documentation of HCC site, size, and number as well as the presence of PVT. At the time of enrolment into the study, blood samples were obtained from each participant, and Child-Pugh-score and BCLC stage were assessed based on the clinical, laboratory, and imaging data obtained. Whole blood samples were collected from each participant in 5-mL sterile RNAase-free vacutainer tubes containing EDTA. Blood samples were collected on ice and processed within 30 min of collection. To separate the plasma, each blood sample was centrifuged for 10 min at 1900g at 4 ℃. Plasma samples were carefully transferred into sterile RNase-free tubes. Plasma samples were then centrifuged for 10 min at 12000g at 4 ℃ to remove cellular nucleic acid contamination, and haemolysed plasma samples were excluded. Samples were separated into aliquots and immediately stored at 80 ℃ until processed. RNA extraction: Total RNA was extracted from 200 µL plasma using the miRNeasy Serum/plasma cell lysates kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA concentration and purity were monitored using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer device.
Quantitative RT-PCR: The reverse transcription reaction was performed using TaqMan™ MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. miRNA-326, miRNA-511, and miRNA-424 quantifications were carried out using quantitative real-time PCR. The qRT-PCR for each sample was carried out in duplicate using TaqMan 2x universal master mix II and TaqMan microRNA Assay Mix containing PCR primers and TaqMan probes for each miRNA. The expression level of RNU6B was used as an endogenous control for normalization. To determine miRNA relative expression, it was reported as a fold change (ΔCt and ΔΔCt calculations). Patient management and followup: After blood sample withdrawal, all the patients were managed according to the BCLC guidelines after a case-by-case discussion. All HCC patients were followed up for a period of 24 mo. The response of HCC to treatment was evaluated according to mRECIST. The overall survival time of the patients was defined as the period from the initial presentation to the last follow-up or death.

Research results
The mean age of the studied cohort was 62.0 ± 7.6 years. Most of the patients were male (68.8%), nondiabetic (74.3%), non-smokers (80%), and Child A (82.9%). According to the BCLC staging system, most patients were in the early stage (48.6%). Most of the HCC lesions were single (70%), present in the right hepatic lobe (84.3%), and not associated with PVT (92.9%). That is why most of the patients were subjected to hepatectomy and microwave ablation (MWA), and most of them showed complete response according to mRECIST. All HCC patients were followed up for a period of 24 mo or until death. The mean survival time was 367.1 ± 173.9 days. The median values of miRNA-326, miRNA-511, and miRNA-424 were 35, 1.2, and 5.1, respectively. Correlation of miRNAs with different parameters in HCC patients: There was no significant association between the studied miRNAs levels and gender, smoking, or the patients' performance status. The serum level of miRNA-424 was significantly elevated in diabetic patients. There was a significant difference in miRNA-326 between Child grades A and B. Moreover, there was a significant difference in miRNA-424 between early and intermediate HCC.
Diagnostic efficiency of miRNAs in our patients: On comparing the miRNAs levels between healthy participants and HCC patients, it was found that HCC patients showed significantly higher levels of miRNA-326 (P = 0.001) and significantly lower levels of miRNA-511 (P = 0.02). ROC analysis revealed the diagnostic performance of the studied miRNAs. miRNA-326 showed the best diagnostic performance, diagnosing HCC at a cut-off value of 1.165 with a sensitivity of 97.1%, specificity of 52%, PPV of 85%, and NPV of 86.7%. The AUC was 78.4% (67.7-89.1), and the overall accuracy was 85.3% (P < 0.001). Association of miRNAs with response to treatment and survival: Despite finding no statistically significant differences in the studied miRNAs between surviving and non-surviving HCC patients, we found that miRNA-326 > 1.165 was significantly associated with overall survival (P = 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant association between the BCLC stage as well as the response to treatment according to mRECIST and overall survival. It was also found that miRNA-511 was significantly associated with response to treatment according to mRECIST.