{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.010924369747899159, 'fraction_numerical': 0.005042016806722689, 'mean_word_length': 5.403225806451613, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Economic Fundamentals and Exchange Rate Movements

This paper provides a non-parametric test of modern exchange rate models that is an alternative to econometric methods. The economic fundamentals from three well-known exchange rate theories are used to devise quarterly net predictions for the movement of sterling against four major currencies over the period 1973-98. Each model is examined under six expectations mechanisms. Although the test can lead to very diverse predictions from different models, it is shown that there is very little difference in the predictive success of rival exchange rate theories. The paper shows that the role assigned to market expectations is more crucial to the success of the models than the particular specification of the fundamental variables.We find some weak evidence to suggest that extrapolative and adaptive expectations mechanisms seem to offer a better specification of exchange rate expectations as compared to regressive and rational expectation mechanisms. One significant advantage of the test is that it can readily deal with hybrid models and heterogeneous expectations; however, neither route seems to improve exchange rate forecasts.