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Modeling of droplet formation in stratified immiscible liquid-liquid flows

This study concerns prediction of the extent and location of mixing due to turbulence in flow of stratified, essentially immiscible two-liquid systems (such as that of diesel fuel and water) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The theoretical basis and calibration procedure for an empirical droplet formation (DF) model is presented. Then this new DF model is implemented into two different commercial CFD codes, namely CFX-4, developed by AEA Technology and FLOW-3D, developed by Flow Sciences, Inc.®, by way of a drift-flux model. The results of validation studies are presented in comparison to relevant experimental data. The validated model is then applied to various cases to study the mechanisms of mixing. Both steady and unsteady two-dimensional, as well as three-dimensional simulations are considered. The results are assessed with regards to their implications of what constitutes real mixing. Comparative results from two different codes using similar mathematical models are also presented.