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Compound-Simplex Verbal Iteration in Plautus

The use of a simple verb with the meaning of a preceding compound verb is now widely recognized as a feature of several Indo-European languages, including Latin and Greek; it is quite possible that the usage descends from the original Indo-European tongue itself.' In the case of Latin, Housman, Clausen, and Fraenkel have provided the documentation.2 Clausen describes the usage as "a native feature of Latin."3 Fraenkel observes, "Diese Art der Wiederaufnahme hat an sich mit poetischer Sprache nichts zu tun; sie gehort der Sprache des Lebens an. ..4 Watkins agrees: "It will be observed that the authors cited above . . . quite correctly attribute this feature to genuine popular speech; in no wise can it be considered by origin a purely literary phenomenon."5 Such is the consensus. What is the evidence? Of over sixty Latin examples hitherto adduced, only one comes from prose-Twelve Tables 8. 12: "si im occisit, iure caesus esto" (cited by Fraenkel). An archaic legal document is good evidence for a native feature of the language, perhaps less decisive for "popular speech." Of the other examples the great majority come from poets of the first century B.C. and later (Lucretius, Catullus, Vergil, Horace, Propertius, Ovid, Manilius, Seneca, Lucan, Martial, Priapea). This evidence is ambiguous, since the possibility that in these poets the construction is a Grecism cannot be absolutely excluded.6 What remains? Plautus (seven examples), Ennius (one example), Pacuvius (two examples), Terence (three examples). In the case of Ennius and Pacuvius, and perhaps even of Terence (?), one could attempt to explain the usage as a literary Grecism. Plautus therefore provides our best proof that compound-simplex verbal iteration was in fact a feature of everyday Latin speech. Additional documentation from him would be useful.7