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Structure resonances due to space charge in periodic focusing channels

The Vlasov-Poisson model is one of the most effective methods to study the space charge dominated beam evolution self-consistently in a periodic focusing channel. Since the approach to get the solution with this model is not trivial, previous studies are limited in degenerated conditions, either in smoothed channel (constant focusing) [I. Hofmann, Phys. Rev. E 57 , 4713 (1998)] or in alternating gradient focusing channel with equal initial beam emittance condition in the degrees of freedom [I. Hofmann et al. , Part. Accel. 13 , 145 (1983); Chao Li et al. , THOBA02, IPAC2016]. To establish a basis, we intentionally limit this article to the study of the pure transverse periodic focusing lattice with arbitrary initial beam condition, and the same lattice structure in both degrees of freedom, but with possibility of different focusing strengths. This will show the extension of the existing work. The full Hamiltonian is invoked for a pure transverse focusing lattice in various initial beam conditions, revealing different mode structure and additional modes beyond those of the degenerated cases. Application of the extended method to realistic lattices (including longitudinal accelerating elements) and further details will then reveal many new insights, and will be presented in later work.


I. INTRODUCTION
A fundamental understanding of the equilibrium and stability properties of high intensity beam in linear and circular accelerators is crucial for the development of advanced particle accelerator applications [1][2][3]. Thus, great attention has been paid in the past to the collective beam instability caused by space charge in high intensity machines. From the analytical point of view, the stability study of the intense beam requires a self-consistent process in which the Vlasov and Poission equations have to be satisfied simultaneously. Researches following the selfconsistent Vlasov-Poisson description are known as collective beam dynamics [4][5][6]. The solution for such coupled Vlasov-Poisson system is not trivial and the researches on the subject started from simplified approaches and models, typical examples are systems with low degrees of freedom and smooth approximation leading to a constant focusing channel assumption. As to the smooth approximation-the constant focusing channel, the oscillating mode of a uniform 2D beam with only one degree of freedom was first studied by Sacherer and Smith [7,8], in which the dispersion relationship was derived to show the unstable parameter region indicated by the existence of an imaginary part of the eigenfrequency. In the 1970s, R. L. Gluckstern extended Sacherer's work to the beam system with two degrees of freedom [9,10], assuming 4D Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij (KV) input beam distribution [11], but limited to the specific condition that the external focusing forces are constant and the emittances in two degrees of freedom are equal. Hofmann extended Gluckstern's work to various initial beam emittance ratios in two degrees of freedom and gave the general dispersion relationship formulation when different orders of perturbation due to space charge of the initial distribution are injected into a constant focusing channel [6].
However, smooth approximation removes all details inside the transverse focusing period and nearly all actual ring and linear accelerator lattices contain details inside the transverse focusing period that we want to understand, such as, the separated functionality of the actual transport, inclusion of driving functions other than just transverse focusing elements, etc.
In a nonsmoothed periodic alternative gradient focusing channel, the collective modes based on the Vlasov-Poisson approach and 4D KV initial beam assumption were first studied by Laslett and Smith [12] at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The first general report is given by Hofmann et al. in 1983 [4] and revisited by Chao Li et al. in 2016 [5]. However, these results are for a limited case with equal external focusing and emittances in two degrees of freedom.
To establish a basis, we intentionally limit this article to the study of the pure transverse periodic focusing lattice. This will show the extension of the existing work. The full Hamiltonian is invoked for a pure transverse focusing lattice, revealing different mode structure and additional modes beyond those obtained from the smooth approximation [6] and those from limited beam initial conditions [4,5,12]. Application of the extended method to realistic lattices (including longitudinal accelerating elements) and further details will then reveal many new insights, and will be presented in later work.
In this paper, following the former studies [5], the Vlasov-Poisson model is extended to pure transverse periodic focusing channels with no smooth approximation and arbitrary emittance ratio between two degrees of freedom. The eigenmodes up to the 4th order are analytically constructed and eigenvalues are numerically obtained for collective stability analysis. Since the KV beam initial distribution supplies only linear space charge inside the beam and lacks detuning and damping mechanisms except only from numerical noise, conclusions obtained from KV beam analysis have to be carefully checked to extend to other beam distributions. In Sec. II, we carefully define the terminologies of different kinds of resonances we identify in this paper, and specify the structure resonance mechanisms we will mainly discuss. In Sec. III, the basic idea to construct collective modes and the mathematical approach to get the related eigenvalues are given. The parameter region where structure resonance takes place is termed as collective unstable stop band. In Sec. IV, we show that results obtained degenerate to results discussed in Ref. [6] if the smooth approximation is adopted. Discussion is given in Sec. V.

II. NOMENCLATURE OF RESONANCES IN ION ACCELERATORS
In periodical dynamics system with period length S, Zðs þ SÞ ¼ MðSÞZðsÞ, the term "phase advance" is defined as the phase that the oscillator sweeps in phase space ðZðsÞ; Z 0 ðsÞÞ; MðSÞ is usually defined as the transfer matrix requiring MðsÞ ¼ Mðs þ SÞ. In a general sense, the eigenvalues of transfer matrix Abs½MðSÞ indicates the stability of the system and the eigenphase Arg½MðSÞ gives the related phase advance. In ion accelerators, we focus on three motions: single particle motion xðsÞ, beam envelope oscillation RðsÞ, and collective motion I j;k;l ðsÞ (defined in Sec. III), which have to be carefully evaluated simultaneously. As a consequence, three types of "phase advance" can be defined in the isolated phase spaces (xðsÞ,x 0 ðsÞ), [RðsÞ, R 0 ðsÞ], and [I j;k;l ðsÞ, I 0 j;k;l ðsÞ] respectively.
Single particle phase advance σ s is used for single particle dynamics. The nonlinear effects from external elements and internal space charge cause different particles to have different particle phase advance σ s , leading to a beam phase advance spread. In rings, this phase advance spread in equivalent to tune spread.
Envelope phase advance Φ e is used to depict the envelope RðsÞ oscillation characteristics. In a periodic channel with matched beam condition, the envelope oscillates once in one focusing period, which makes one whole elliptical trajectory in (R, R 0 ) phase space. Thus this envelope phase advance Φ e ¼ 360°. Φ e naturally represents the periodicity of the lattice. The words "envelope oscillation period" and "lattice period" are considered equivalent.
Collective mode phase advance Φ j;k;l is used to depict the collective modes I j;k;l . In this manuscript, one of the key issues is to model the collective motions and to show how to get these collective mode phase advances-Φ j;k;l .
Phase advance with and without beam current σ 0 , σ are the standard notation; σ 0 and σ are used to evaluate the average focusing strength in one focusing period without and with space charge. They play the same role as working point and detuned working point in rings. In periodic linacs, they are obtained from the integration of the betatron function numerically.
In general, the terminology resonance is expressed as ratios between normalized frequencies in the form ω 1 /ω 2 ¼ n/m, where m and n are arbitrary integers. If appropriate driving forces were applied on such systems, driven resonances take place between the two motions. In a simplified periodic lattice, normalized by the period length S, three frequencies can be defined: ω s ¼ σ s /360°, ω e ¼ Φ e /360°¼ 1, and ω j;k;l ¼ Φ j;k;l /360°due to motions of single particle motion, envelope and collective modes. Since we are mainly concentrating on the collective beam behavior, resonances related to single particle behavior σ s will not be discussed in the paper but in a separate research on beam halo formation. Thus in the following, we will mainly discuss the resonances between any two collective modes Φ j;k;l or between any Φ j;k;l and Φ e .
Following the former study of envelope dynamics [13,14], the collective unstable stop band is derived from parametric resonance with the condition Φ j;k;l /Φ e ¼ n/2 or confluent resonance when two eigenphases satisfy Φ 1 j;k;l þ Φ 2 j;k;l ¼ nΦ e . We adopt the terminology structure resonance to include both parametric resonances and confluent resonances. Physically, we emphasize again that the parametric resonance refers in particular to resonance between collective mode Φ j;k;l and lattice period Φ e ; whereas the confluent resonance refers in particular to resonance between different collective modes Φ j;k;l . Generally, parametric resonance is indicated by eigenphase Φ j;k;l locking to n Ã 180°lines and confluent resonance is indicated by the merging of two eigenphases. The collective motions can be grouped into positive energy oscillation modes and negative energy oscillation modes. It is believed that when the (positive-negative) energy oscillation modes merge, it is a peculiarity of the KV beam and these unstable modes are usually ignored.

III. COLLECTIVE MODES ANALYSIS WITH VLASOV-POISSON MODEL
In this section, we summarize the basic methods and approaches to get the collective modes based on the coupled Vlasov-Poisson model. Following the former researches, the 4D KV (the only known beam profile that is self-consistent and can be treated analytically in linear channel) initial beam evolution in a periodic linear focusing channel-coasting beam-is used to model the beam behavior. The classical linearized perturbation theory [15] is used to obtain the collective motions-eigenmodes. Defining the KV beam function in phase space as f 0 ðH 0 Þ, and the unperturbed particle Hamiltonian is noted as H 0 , equilibrium condition requires where k x ðsÞ and k y ðsÞ represent the external focusing strength supplied by the focusing elements; p x and p y are generalized momentum in x and y direction; V sc ðx; yÞ is the space charge potential without any perturbation.
The distribution function f 0 has to meet the Vlasov equation and space charge potential has to meet the Poisson equation that where ½; is the Poisson bracket operator. The existence of an arbitrary perturbation f 1 will lead to the perturbed space charge potential V 1 sc ðx; y; sÞ. Thus, the first order linearized Vlasov and Poisson equation can be obtained which indicates the evolution of perturbation f 1 will be affected both by the space charge potential V sc generated by f 0 and perturbed space charge potential V 1 sc generated by f 1 . Meanwhile, (f 0 V sc ) and (f 1 V 1 sc ) both have to meet the Poisson equation and boundary conditions to ensure the self-consistence. Thus, with appropriate coupled equations constructed, the eigenmodes analysis of the perturbed system can be used to check if f 1 would be self-motivated and self-magnified by the space charge potential V 1 sc generated by f 1 itself-if so, this would constitute an instability.
Generally, it is assumed that the perturbed space charge potential function is polynomial form in the interior of the beam. This actually assumes that the beam surface is distorted in real space by the space charge potential to a regular pattern. It will be shown that with different perturbation potentials V 1 sc ðx; y; sÞ, various collective motions I j;k;l ðsÞ-definition as shown in Eq. (9)-can be constructed, which physically represent the integrals of the surface electric field discontinuity from period to period. To ensure self-consistence, the constructed I j;k;l ðsÞ have to meet the Poisson equation and boundary conditions, and finally the transfer of the collective motions IðsÞ ¼ ½I j;k;l ðsÞ; I j;k;l ðsÞ 0 in one period is in the form I 0 ðsÞ ¼ MðsÞIðsÞ, which is exactly the Mathieu equation. The stability of the system IðsÞ ¼ MðsÞIðsÞ is decided with the eigenvalues λ of the Jacobi matrix MðSÞ in one period (Floquet's theory). In a general case, with N constructed integrals I j;k;l ðsÞ, the obtained 2N Ã 2N Jacobi matrix MðsÞ can be grouped into N pairs of eigenvalues λ i , λ Ã i and eigenphases Φ i , Φ Ã i . Each pair of eigenvalues are reciprocal pairs and complex conjugates that It means that the total 2N dimension phase space composed of [I j;k;l ðsÞ; I j;k;l ðsÞ 0 ] is derived from a Hamiltonian system and has to meet the Liouville theorem. If the phase space in one direction is stretched, the other is always compressed. Fig. 1 shows the possible eigenvalues for map MðSÞ. Whenever the structure resonance takes place, the eigenvalues will leave the unit circle with the condition λ ≠ 1-collective instability. Since Φ j;k;l and Φ Ã j;k;l describe the same physics, in the following, only Φ j;k;l > 0°is kept for discussion.

A. Collective modes in time dependent periodic channel
Hofmann et al. showed the basic mathematical approaches to construct the dynamics caused by the perturbation f 1 in periodic focusing channels, limited to equal emittance and equal external focusing in two degrees of freedom in Ref. [4]. Here, with similar method, we extend the mathematical approaches to cover problems with various beam conditions by citing a new parameter noted as emittance ratio Γ ¼ ϵ y /ϵ x in two degrees of freedom and retain the nonsmoothed condition-full time (position) dependent. In the following, we introduce the basic model and approaches briefly.
Denoting s as the longitudinal variable (physically, s plays the role as time here) along the channel, with Courant-Snyder transformation, the single particle Hamiltonian Eq. (1) can be normalized in the form where V 1 sc ðx; y; sÞ denotes the generalized electrostatic space charge potential perturbation function on the ideal self-consistent KV beam. The KV distribution function has the form where δ denotes the Dirac delta function. Note f 1 ¼ δf 0 is the perturbation of the density distribution function. For clarity and simplicity, we inherit the symbols used in Ref. [4], skip the tedious mathematics and just show the basic ideas and indispensable equations here. Physically, there are only two sets of constraint conditions that the system is subject to. The first one is the Poisson equation Eq. (3), which shows that the perturbation f 1 and the related perturbed space charge potential V 1 sc ðx; y; sÞ have to be treated consistently. The second set of constraint equations requires the continuity of the space charge electric field at the beam boundary. From one side, the electric field jump is expressed as the solution for perturbed space charge potential V 1 sc ðx; y; sÞ outside of the beam is a superposition of angular harmonics which vanish at infinity as Combining the Eqs. (6), (7), (8) together, the second set of constraint equations can be derived. Finally, the constructed integrals I j;k;l ðsÞ, composing of the dynamic system and representing the motion of the collective modes, are expressed with the general form The dynamics equation that the I j;k;l have to obey is where C k;l ðsÞ ¼ ½ k β x ðsÞ þ l β y ðsÞ . In the following, V 1 sc will be replaced by V for simplicity. It is noteworthy that for a given order n in Eq. (7), the even mode and odd mode, which directly represents the tilt of the beam elliptical distribution in real space, conveniently may be treated separately, on the basis of whether the index m is restricted to even or to odd integer values.
B. General treatment of collective modes

The 1st order modes
For the 1st order mode, the perturbed space charge potential inside near the beam boundary is assumed as The influence of the 1st order mode will be recognized as a simple oscillation of the beam as a whole [16]. It does not lead to any collective instability.

The 2nd order modes
For the 2nd order mode, the related perturbed space charge potential inside near the beam boundary is in the form V 2e ¼ A 0 ðsÞx 2 þ A 2 ðsÞy 2 and V 2o ¼ A 1 ðsÞxy respectively, where subscript e and o refer to even and odd modes. Table I gives the explicit forms of the eigenphases with and without beam current, structure resonance driving terms, and the related forms of the perturbed space charge potential. Figure 2 shows the eigenvalues and eigenphases evolution when the space charge effect is increased (right to left) for the 2nd order mode. Compared with the case σ x ¼ σ y , Γ ¼ 1 [14], where only confluent resonance can be excited, here both the confluent resonance and parametric resonance can be excited. Clearly, since the FODO channel used here is limited to σ x0 ¼ σ y0 ¼ σ 0 , once σ 0 < 90°, the 2nd order even mode instability can be avoided. For the 2nd odd mode, with the initial condition we chose, the Φ 1;1;1 just slightly passes through the 180°l ine and will not lead to any instability.
It is worthwhile to point out that the well-known envelope instability stop band obtained from the perturbed envelope dynamics actually gives exactly the same result as the 2nd order even mode. It is not surprising, because the dynamics of the perturbed envelope equations exactly describes the same physics as the 2nd order even mode, although they are derived with different basic assumptions and approaches. The Φ 0;2;0 that touches the 180°line faster is also named the quadrupole mode; the slower one Φ 2;0;2 is named the breathing mode. It has been proved that this instability in particularly refer to a bifurcation process [17] in a degenerate 1D envelope dynamics. Here, we suppose that bifurcation process can be extended to instabilities due to higher order modes.

The 3rd order and 4th order modes
As suggested by Eq. (7), the perturbed space charge potential inside the beam for the 3rd and 4th order can be obtained explicitly. Similar process is adopted to construct the periodic discontinuity of the electric field I j;k;l ðsÞ. It is important to point out that the lower order perturbation V n−2 has to be contained in the nth order perturbation V n to
meet the boundary conditions. This indicates that the lower order stop bands are components of the higher order stop bands. To be less confusing, the order of collective instability discussed in the following refers in particular to the highest term in V n . The reason why the effect V n−2 could be separated will be explained latter. Table II shows the periodic integrals I j;k;l , the corresponding eigenphases Φ j;k;l , the forms of driving forces, and the forms of perturbed space charge potential of the 3rd order even mode, 0 x. Six periodic perturbation integrals are constructed, which requires evaluation of the eigenvalues of a 12 × 12 Jacobi matrix MðSÞ. However, MðSÞ actually is made up of a 2 × 2 sub-matrix, which is related to the term I ð1Þ 0;1;0 , and a 10 × 10 sub-matrix composed of other integrals. The term I ð1Þ 0;1;0 , particular to the potential perturbation A ð1Þ 0 ðsÞx, does not lead to any instability. Thus, only the other 5 integrals I j;k;l contribute to it. For the 3rd order odd mode due to V 3o , the unstable stop band given is the same as the even mode, because of the symmetry (interchanging x and y). Figure 3 shows the 3rd order unstable stop band in FODO channel. The parametric resonances and confluent resonances are clearly identified. The stop band due to Φ 0;1;0 ¼ Φ 2;1;−2 , which covers the whole parameter space, is a (positivenegative) energy oscillation merging mode (see Fig. 5) [18]. According to Ref. [19] the instability of such confluent (positive-negative) energy modes is a peculiarity of the KV distribution as a delta function distribution and such modes disappear for beams with monotonically decreasing distribution functions. Clearly, in the current case σ 0 ¼ σ x0 ¼ σ y0 , the main third order collective unstable modes caused by parametric resonance can be avoided by choosing σ 0 < 60°. However, if the channel has unequal external focusing σ x0 ≠ σ y0 , then the parametric resonance stop band will shift and a new condition is required to avoid it.
Similarly, Table III shows the periodic integrals I j;k;l ðsÞ, the corresponding eigenphases Φ j;k;l , the forms of driving forces, and the forms of perturbed space charge potentials for the 4th order even mode V 4e ¼A 0 ðsÞx 4 þA 2 ðsÞx 2 y 2 þ A 4 ðsÞy 4 þA Not surprisingly, it gives the same unstable components as the second order even mode. In another words, the 2nd order even mode of instability is naturedly included in the 4th order even mode because of the requirement of beam boundary conditions. Thus, it is a fake proposition to identify which collective mode (2nd even mode or 4th even mode) takes a dominate position in the 2nd order even mode stop band [20,21] [22]. Excluding the 2nd order  terms, the eigenvalues and eigenphases, obtained from the 16 × 16 submatrix MðSÞ, are shown in the two top subfigures in Fig. 4 with σ x0 ¼ σ y0 ¼ 80°in FODO channel. The stop band caused by confluent resonance Φ 4;0;2 ¼ Φ 2;2;0 covering the whole parameter range, is the (positive-negative) energy oscillation merging mode. Clearly, the parametric resonance condition Φ j;k;l ¼ 360°and Φ j;k;l ¼ 180°both have the opportunity to be excited if σ 0 > 90°. Table IV shows the periodic integrals I j;k;l , the corresponding eigenphases Φ j;k;l , the form of driving forces, and the perturbed space charge potentials for the 4th order odd mode, 1 ðsÞxy. The eigenvalues and eigenphases of the 4th order odd modes are shown in the two bottom subfigures in Fig. 4 with σ 0 ¼ σ y0 ¼ σ x0 ¼ 80°in FODO channel. Similar to the 4th order even mode, the 4th order odd stop band covering the whole parametric space caused by Φ 3;1;1 ¼ Φ 1;1;1 is considered as a merging of (positive-negative) oscillation modes merging. The main parametric resonance stop band can be avoided with the condition σ 0 < 45°. Again, if with   different external focusing characteristics, the parametric resonance stop band will shift and a new condition is required to avoid it. Clearly, with higher order terms added in the potential polynomial V, more collective modes I j;k;l could be constructed, leading to higher order stop bands. In fact, these stop bands would cover the whole parameter space if infinite orders of perturbation were plugged in. However, the effect of these higher order modes could be easily washed out by the nonlinearity in the density profile, and when traversed, in general cause a small accumulative scattering effect.

IV. COLLECTIVE MODES WITH SMOOTH APPROXIMATION
The smooth approximation is widely used in former studies in the collective mode analysis in accelerators.    The tune ratio is σ y /σ x ¼ 0.48, rms beam size ratio is a/b ¼ 1.54. It gives the same result as Fig. 5 and Fig. 7 shown in Ref. [6].
In the collective beam dynamics, the smooth approximation represents the constant focusing assumption [23], in which the matched beam rms size RðsÞ is constant, which simplifies the derivation and analysis in most of the cases. With the self-consistent Vlasov-Poisson approach, Hofmann studied the dispersion relationship [6,19] up to the fourth order systematically with smooth approximation. It is proved that the results from structure resonance discussed in this paper degenerates to Hofmann's result [6], if constant focusing channel is used. Fig. 5 shows two examples, obtained from structure resonance with constant focusing condition, and the eigenphases are plotted with logarithmic coordinate system. It shows the characteristics of the 3rd and 4th order even modes versus tune depression. The colored curve represents the normalized eigenphase Φ j;k;l /σ y0 . The black curve represents the single particle resonance line mν x AE nν y (ν ¼ σ/ν y0 ). Two parametric stop bands are seen when the tune depression is below 0.82 (Φ 3;1;−2 ¼ 0°) in Fig. 5(b) and the tune depression below 0.3 (Φ 4;2;−2 ¼ 0°) in Fig. 5(d). The Φ j;k;l ¼ 0°stop band is also considered as the modes merging with their conjugates. For the 4th order even mode there are another two stop band components resulting from the (positive-negative) energy mode merging. These results obtained by structure resonance in a smoothed channel are the same as those given by Hofmann in Ref. [6].
Since the beam envelope is constant in the smoothed channel, the consequence is that beam only suffers from the parametric resonance Φ j;k;l ¼ n Ã 180°, n ¼ 0 [24] and positive energy oscillation and negative energy oscillation modes merging resonance. As discussed, the latter is a peculiarity of the KV distribution and usually is ignored. Whereas, in the nonsmoothed channel, the parametric Φ j;k;l ¼ n Ã 180°, n ≠ 0 and confluent resonance between negative modes can also be excited, typical example is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 6 shows the 3rd order and 4th order even modes obtained from a smooth approximation channel, which are with the same parameters as in Figs. 3 and 4. Comparing Fig. 3 and the two upper subfigures in Fig. 6, or comparing the two upper subfigures in Fig. 4 and the two lower subfigures in Fig. 6, show how the eigenvalues of the 3rd and 4th even modes are affected by the smooth approximation. The parametric resonance stop band due to Φ 2;2;−2 ¼ 0°of the 4th order modes agrees well in smoothed and nonsmoothed FODO channels. Extra stop bands appear in nonsmoothed FODO channel. The (positive-negative) merging mode Φ 2;1;−2 ¼ Φ 0;1;0 of the 3rd order and Φ 4;0;2 ¼ Φ 0;2;0 of the 4th order, in both smoothed and nonsmoothed FODO channels can be ignored as discussed.

V. DISCUSSION
One question we need to answer from the former study [14] is that, if just considering the 2nd order even mode with symmetric beam condition (σ x ¼ σ y , σ x0 ¼ σ y0 ), why only parametric resonance takes place in the symmetric solenoid channels, and only confluent resonance takes place in the antisymmetric FODO channels. Now it is seen that the symmetry of the whole beam system plays as a key role. With an unsymmetric beam condition in the two degrees of freedom, both resonances can be excited, accompanied with stop band position shifting and width changing.
Again, the theory of structure resonance is based on linearized Vlasov-Poisson with KV initial distribution function. The eigenvalues discussed are always canonical conjugate pairs, which reflects the fact that the perturbed dynamics system is still in the frame of the Hamiltonian system. The 4D beam phase space can be distorted but the total area is still conserved. In numerical simulation, the n-fold projection phase space pattern that leads to rms emittance growth or exchange between different degrees of freedom can be foreseen.
Another thing is that one may suspect that the δ function nature of KV distribution is responsible for these instabilities and the question arises as to how the unstable modes patterns change if the distribution is broadened and the loss cone in the KV beam is partially filled up. Certainly, nonlinear damping will be present to stabilize the beam, and "equilibrium" of a coasting beam would be reached as a compromise between resonance response, damping, and eventual saturation as the beam changes and moves out of the resonance. However, in a general sense, it is almost not possible to launch the study analytically, thus numerical simulations are always used to check the validity of theory prediction.
From the practical point of view, we propose that the accelerators should be designed or operated in the resonance free region, or with appropriate care when traversing resonances, to avoid emittance growth and beam halo leading to hardware damage. In future studies, we plan to show how beams are affected in the structure resonance stop bands with PIC simulations, and to investigate the effects of additional elements inside the transverse focusing period, such as rf gaps and additional types of focusing elements, and different forms of the transverse focusing lattice such as unequal focusing strengths.