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Developmental Mechanism of Rainfall-Induced Ground Fissures in the Kenya Rift Valley

Active tectonic movement and frequent ground fissure disasters occur in the Kenya Rift Valley. Ground fissures are often exposed to the ground surface after rainfall, resulting in disasters and huge economic losses. We conducted a field geological survey and exploratory trenching in order to identify the developmental characteristics of ground fissures in the Kenya Rift Valley. The ground fissures were found to be connected with concealed bedrock fissures, which is a typical characteristic of tectonic ground fissures. From the perspective of regional tectonic stress and plate movement, we investigated the causes of hidden bedrock cracks and conducted a finite element numerical simulation to study the rainfall infiltration process in the presence of hidden bedrock fractures. The results showed that the fractures in the concealed bedrock are controlled by regional tectonic stress and a northwest-trending basement tectonic shear zone. The most intense rainfall infiltration erosion occurs in concealed cracks, where the settlement induced by rainfall is also greatest. Therefore, rainfall erosion is an important factor driving the expansion of ground fissures towards surface fractures. The results of this study provide a theoretical scientific basis for disaster reduction and the prevention of ground fissures in the Kenya Rift Valley.