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William Jenkins, Between Raid and Rebellion: The Irish in Buffalo and Toronto, 1867–1916 . Québec: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013. 540pp. Bibliography. £72.00 hbk.

and the preservation of the community as the site for the annual Odunde festival as successful structural changes produced by working-class black political agency. Hunter ends his discussion with a cursory glance at the effect more contemporary expressions of black political agency have on the landscape of the current spatial boundaries of the black Seventh Ward. The Seventh Ward was folded into the Thirtieth and Eighth Wards during the Supreme Court-mandated redistricting of the 1960s, and currently is a white middle-upper-class neighbourhood. Using theories from urban sociologists, political scientists and planners, and engaging the works of critical race and gender scholars, Hunter interprets black political agency through the expressions of framing community issues, voting, mobilizing and migrating. Migration, both to Philadelphia and within the city (secondary migration), is an important driver of the narrative, illustrating the shifting political power of first the black population in the city, as well as specific black neighbourhoods in the latter half of the twentieth century. The pre-war casestudies emphasize the importance of framing issues and mobilizing, while the post-war case-studies examine the strength of the black electorate to place black Philadelphians in local, state and eventually federal offices through mobilizing and voting. The strengths of this work lie in the methods and careful data collection that produce varied frameworks across disciplines that enrich the archival materials and Hunter’s conclusions. His treatment of agency is nuanced, and engages the more problematic aspects of the structure versus agency debates: ‘Here, then, agency is not situated as more important than or superior to structure. Rather, agency is situated as an empirical and analytic lens to gauge the range of attitudes and actions of black residents as they came up against structural changes over time’ (p. 15). A methodological appendix makes a strong case for historical ethnography, particularly as a means of engaging understudied perspectives, and drawing conclusions that contribute to general socio-historical theories. Hunter’s larger conclusions add to the growing scholarship on the political agency of the disenfranchised. The examination of a marginalized population in an understudied city has surprisingly broad implications for other North American cities. The text contributes both theoretically and empirically to the field of urban sociology, demonstrating through careful historical ethnography that ‘the truly disadvantaged be also seen as citymakers’ (p. 214). Students of housing, political science and urban sociology will find this text as useful as the urban historian. The rich narrative and strong theoretical foundation make it appropriate for undergraduate and graduate students alike.