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Offshore wind turbines as an anthropogenic noise source

The pivot from offshore oil to offshore wind has ushered in the advancement and development of offshore windfarms. While wind energy generation is an environmental improvement with regards to decreasing atmospheric carbon associated with fossil fuel energy generation, it does not come without environmental costs. Siting, construction, installation, operations, and maintenance are all accompanied by noise—from airborne and underwater sound transmission, to benthic substrate vibration and mechanical impulse propagation. These noises will be transforming the soundscapes of large areas of our Outer Continental Shelf habitats, with known and unknown impacts on marine and avian biota. This presentation will provide an overview of turbine and windfarm noise sources with a focus on the known and potential biological impacts.