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Meiotic, cryptic, and stable unannotated transcripts: Noncoding RNAs add to the epigenetic tool box controlling meiotic development

Less than 2% of the genome codes for the ≈20,000 genes found in humans. Rather than representing a genetic desert as originally thought, high-resolution expression profiling has found that these noncoding regions of the chromosome are actively transcribed, producing several types of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Recent studies have found that these ncRNAs can be divided into several groups based on origin and/or function (1). For example, small ncRNAs (e.g., small interfering RNAs or microRNAs) negatively regulate gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs for destruction or preventing their translation. However, ncRNAs have also been shown to stimulate gene transcription by inducing changes in chromatin structure (2–4). In addition, ncRNAs regulate diverse processes, including chromosome segregation, cell cycle progression, and cellular differentiation (5, 6). In particular, several aspects of germ cell development are regulated by ncRNAs [reviewed in (7)]. For example, ablation of the small ncRNA processing pathway disrupts oocyte development (8, 9) whereas small ncRNAs (e.g., miR-122a) can target individual genes for silencing (10).