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A de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M4) case with a complex karyotype and yet unreported breakpoints

Background Acute myelogeneous leukemia (AML) is a malignancy of the hematopoietic stem cells, for which cytogenetic analysis is still one of the most important diagnostic and prognostic tools. Still, we are far away from having seen and described all possible genetic changes associated with this kind of acquired disease. Results Bone marrow cells of a female patient with clinical diagnoses of AML and immunophenotypically confirmed AML-M4 were studied by GTG-banding. The later was not able to resolve all karyotypic changes and the complex karyotype was characterized in more detail by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array-proven multicolor banding (aMCB). To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the only one ever seen with a del(5)(q14q34), a der(17)t(4;17)(p13;p13), a del(2)(p23), a der(4)t(4;7)(p13;q11.23), a der(22)t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) and two complex rearranged chromosomes 11 involving chromosomes 7 and 22 as well as 2. Conclusions The yet unreported breakpoints observed in this case seem to be correlated with an adverse prognosis. Overall, molecular cytogenetic studies are suited best for identification and characterization of chromosomal rearrangements in acute leukemia and single case reports as well as large scale studies are necessary to provide further insides in karyotypic changes taking place in human malignancies.


Background
Acute myelogeneous leukemia (AML) is a disease of the myeloid compartment of the hematopoietic system and is characterized by the accumulation of undifferentiated blast cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow [1]. Cytogenetics is considered the most important independent prognostic parameter in AML [2,3]. Chromosomal abnormalities also provide useful information for monitoring residual disease [4]. Most of chromosomal abnormalities are detectable by banding cytogenetic analysis, and they occur in 55% of de novo AML in adults [5,6]. Some chromosomal aberrations in AML are recurrent and closely associated with specific cytomorphological subtypes according to French-American-British (FAB) criteria [7][8][9][10]. However, 5-10% of AML patients present with multiple chromosomal rearrangements involving three or more chromosomes. These patients usually have a poor prognosis, and it is likely that some of these rearrangements contribute to their disease progression [2].
We present a primary AML-M4 case with yet unreported translocation events including seven different chromosomes.
In general, a complex karyotype in MDS or AML is associated with a median survival of less than 1 year [11,14]. Furthermore, the adverse prognostic effect of monosomal karyotype was evident both in the presence and absence of monosomy 5 and/or 7, which suggests that tumor suppressor or other critical genes are not necessarily clustered in specific chromosomes but are instead distributed across several chromosomes [15].
Monosomy 7 is a valuable prognostic marker in AML, and chromosome 7 defects are prominent cytogenetic lesions in primary myelofibrosis, associated with unfavorable prognosis; they present with high incidences after leukemic transformation [16]. Similarly, deletions on 7p12 of IKZF1 gene (which encodes the transcription factor Ikaros) are associated with a very poor outcome and high relapse rate in B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia [17]. Monosomy 7 is known as a recurrent cytogenetic aberration in approximately 10% of adult and 5% of childhood AML cases [18]. Jäger et al. [19] found two of seven myeloproliferative neoplasms patients with loss of IKZF1 had monosomy 7. This result suggests that IKZF1 may represent an important tumor-suppressor gene affected by monosomy 7 [19].
Complex karyotypes, which occur in 10-12% of AML patients, have consistently been associated with a very poor outcome [21]. A complex karyotype has been defined as the presence of 3 or more (in some studies ≥ 5) chromosome abnormalities. For AML it turned out that the presence of t(8;21), inv (16) or t (16;16), and t (15;17) ameliorates the adverse effect of increase karyotypic complexity [20]. As indicated in the new WHO classification, cases with other recurring genetic abnormalities, such as t(9;11) or t(v;11), inv(3) or t(3;3), and t(6;9) should also be excluded from complex rearranged karyotype patient group [22], because these groups constitute separate entities. One striking observation is the increasing incidence of adverse versus favorable cytogenetic abnormalities with increasing age. This, at least in part, contributes to the poorer outcome of AML in older adults [23].
In conclusion, we reported a de novo case of AML-M4 with yet unreported translocation events involving seven different chromosomes. Taken together all findings an adverse prognosis for this specific AML-case must be considered.

Case report
A 65-year-old woman was diagnosed as suffering from AML in September 2011. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, fatigue and weight loss were the indicative symptoms. Her hematologic parameters were: white blood cells (WBC) of 34.2×10 9 /l with 25.5% neutrophils, 36.2% lymphocytes, and 38.3% immature cells, red blood cell (RBC) count was 1.86×10 6 /mm 3 , hemoglobin level was 6.7 g/dl and the platelet count was 19×10 9 /l. No treatment had been administered prior to the tests mentioned below. All human studies have been approved by the ethics committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The patient gave his informed consent prior to its inclusion in this study. Later the patient was lost during follow-up.

Chromosome analysis
Chromosome analysis using GTG-banding was performed according to standard procedures [24]. A minimum of 20 metaphase cells derived from unstimulated bone marrow culture were analyzed. Karyotypes were described according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature [25].