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Applications of Bubblegram Imaging

Dense packing of macromolecules in cellular compartments and higher-order assemblies makes it difficult to pick out even quite large components in electron micrographs, despite nominally high resolution. Immunogold labeling and histochemical procedures offer ways to map certain components but are limited in their applicability. This presentation will review our progress to date with an alternative procedure that we call “Bubblegram Imaging”. It is based on the principle that some proteins are acutely sensitive to radiation damage in the form of bubbling, especially when deeply embedded in nucleic acid, and that property may be exploited to localize them. Our first application was in determining the “inner body” structure of bacteriophage phiKZ (1; Fig. 1A). Subsequent applications have targeted, among other specimens, herpes simplex virus capsid (2; Fig. 1B), bacteriophage P22 (3; Fig. 1C). human immunodeficiency virus (4; Fig. 1D), and bacteriophage T7 (5; Fig. 1E),