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Multifunctional Cationic Poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) Polyelectrolytes for Selective Recognition, Imaging, and Killing of Bacteria Over Mammalian Cells

The rapidly increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance to pathogen bacteria is becoming a serious global public health problem. [ 1 , 2 ] Thus, in addition to the ongoing development of new antibiotics, a major research effort has been made to develop alternative antibacterial therapeutics that are not easily able to develop resistance, such as bacteriophages, [ 3 ] quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds, [ 4 , 5 ] and antimicrobial peptides. [ 6 , 7 ] In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a primary treatment for cancer has found new application in the killing of bacteria and has been proposed as a therapy for localized pathogen infections. [ 8–10 ] Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under light irradiation in the presence of photosensitizer and oxygen [ 11 ] are mainly responsible for the killing of bacteria. The multiantibiotic resistant bacteria can be easily killed by PDT and the bacteria do not readily develop resistance to PDT. [ 12 , 13 ] Despite much work in the application of PDT for localized pathogen infections, demonstrations of the selective killing of bacteria over host mammalian cells are few. [ 14 , 15 ]