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From artisan to worker: the language of class during the age of liberalism in Peru, 1858-79

In March 1873, a newspaper titled El Artesano appeared in the city of Lima claiming to give artisans a voice and calling upon them to take an interest in public affairs. Artisans, it stated, had undergone much suffering and ‘yet had been forced to muffle their voice and their feelings because they lacked a medium to make themselves heard’. While oriented primarily toward artisans, the newspaper occasionally included this social group as part of a broader working class. Only two years later another newspaper El Obrero (1875–7), made a much more explicit connection between artisans and workers. The newspaper stated that it would welcome contributions by artisans and others and that its objective was to ‘to serve as the medium for the republic’s numerous working class, particularly that of Lima and Callao’. By emphasizing the ties of artisans with other workers, these newspapers marked a new stage in artisan politics – an attempt to strengthen the position of artisans within the liberal polity by appealing to the notion of a working class. The idea of a working class emerged gradually over the course of the 1850s, 1860s and 1870s. During the first decades of Peru’s republican life, following independence from Spain in 1821, artisans had operated primarily through their guilds. Seeking to protect crafts from competition from cheaper imported goods, these guilds had successfully lobbied for protectionist policies under the rule of most of the military caudillos who ruled Peru from the 1820s to the 1840s. Yet, by the 1850s, as liberal reforms swept the entire Latin American continent, the guilds found themselves on the defensive, fighting a losing battle against the new ideas of free trade. The guilds themselves came under fire from liberal ideologues who saw the guild as an outdated and exclusivist organization that stood in the way of the country’s path to progress. The eventual abolition of the guilds in 1862 formed part of a broader process of liberal reforms intended to dismantle the colonial order and create a liberal polity. Liberals sought to replace colonial corporate organizations with new legal, political and social institutions based