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Language evolution from a cognitive-grammar perspective


 This paper considers language evolution from a cognitive-grammar (CG) perspective taking
 Classical Arabic Case Marking (CACM) as a case in point and a departure point. It is argued that the accusative case is
 diachronically the baseline case mark, designating the Objective Scene (OS) and demarcating an object of perception in the initial
 stage of maximal subjectivity in which the ground (G) is totally implicit. Such maximum is then attenuated through a
 process of objectification such that g entities are gradually put onstage to fulfill the functions of
 identification and predication. The nominative case, then, figures to mark such emerging entities in their
 baseline, immediate status. This conception of G with its functions is later extended to mark entities external to G, which gives
 rise to the full, nominative-marked, baseline existential core (C∃) comprising the existential
 predicate (P∃) and the existential subject (S∃). The truncation (T) of a verb’s
 nominative case is argued to fulfill the semantic function of situating a process out of existential reality yielding the
 existential predicate minus (P-∃), which represents a basic elaboration on baseline C∃. Processes
 being extensions from perception, the accusative case attenuates to mark entities (D) that demarcate processes, implementing the
 semantic function of processual modification. Finally, a genitive-marked entity (RP) is proposed to implement the
 semantic function of referential modification, anchoring and referencing the conceptions of all those facets of
 reality.