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I. Attachment Theory Revisited: Challenging Conceptual and Methodological Sacred Cows

On the cusp of the 21st century there are few issues in psychology that have been more compelling and more divisive than attachment theory. Feminists have been drawn to attachment theory because it addresses the earliest relationship between mothers and their infants and young children, and deals with one of women’s major roles. As feminist psychologists we are keenly interested in the origins and determinants of behavior. What are the interpersonal, as well as historical and cultural factors that determine who we become, what kinds of lives we live, what work we do, and how we interact with others? What are the intrapsychic as well as external factors that determine how we have been raised and how we raise our children? As feminists we are committed to social change and improving the lives of women. The underpinnings of our research, scholarship and practice are codetermined by how we think human behavior develops and the critical factors that interact at any one moment in time to construct the mosaic of our lives. What is the role of attachment theory in our own conceptual models? As the articles in this journal indicate, many feminists consider attachment theory intrinsic to their own beliefs. It is my purpose briefly to summarize the historically logical evolution of the theory, but to make clear its limitations and some of its negative effects on how we view women’s lives. This article will present criticisms of the theory and alternative views, and will discuss factors other than mother that play critical roles in both normal and pathological development. It