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Comparative effects of proximal and distal small intestinal administration of metformin on plasma glucose and glucagon‐like peptide‐1, and gastric emptying after oral glucose, in type 2 diabetes

The gastrointestinal tract, particularly the lower gut, may be key to the anti‐diabetic action of metformin. We evaluated whether administration of metformin into the distal, vs the proximal, small intestine would be more effective in lowering plasma glucose by stimulating glucagon‐like pepetide‐1 (GLP‐1) and/or slowing gastric emptying (GE) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).