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The diagnostic value of CD1d expression in a large cohort of patients with B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders.

Immunophenotyping is indispensable in the differential diagnosis of B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (B-CLPDs). However, B-CLPDs often show overlapping immunophenotypic profiles and may be diagnostically challenging. CD1d is an HLA class I-like molecule that presents glycolipids to invariant natural killer T cells. Normal mature B cells constitutively express CD1d, but with the exception of some conflicting data, its expression in B-CLPDs is unknown. We demonstrate that in 222 B-CLPD cases, CD1d expression of less than 45% is strongly predictive of CLL (likelihood ratio, 32.3; specificity, 97.4%; sensitivity, 84.1%). In addition, CD1d showed significantly higher staining intensity in splenic marginal zone lymphoma compared with atypical hairy cell leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma, thus allowing the discrimination of the former from the latter immunophenotypically overlapping B-CLPDs. It is important to note that in a given patient, CD1d expression on malignant B cells was similar between tissues and remained unaffected by disease stage and treatment status. Our findings strongly argue for the incorporation of CD1d into routine lymphoma panels.