{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.025018953752843062, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0037907505686125853, 'mean_word_length': 5.470588235294118, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Determinants of the copper concentration in cerebrospinal fluid

The measurement of CSF copper concentration can serve as an indicator of brain copper concentration.1 2 However, the complex mechanisms by which copper crosses into the CSF, and the factors determining the CSF copper concentration in humans are largely obscure. Copper can pass into and out of the CSF by various mechanisms. For example, active transport through the blood-brain barrier or the blood-CSF barrier, or passive diffusion of the free or the bound fraction (bound to albumin or coeruloplasmin) through the blood-CSF barrier. We studied the factors influencing CSF copper concentration using a stepwise multiple linear regression model. The independent variables were age, plasma coeruloplasmin, CSF/serum albumin ratio, total serum copper concentration, and calculated serum free copper concentration (based on serum coeruloplasmin and total serum copper concentration). The CSF copper concentration was treated as a dependent variable of continuous type. We investigated lumbar CSF samples from 113 patients. These patients had dementia, extrapyramidal, or tremor symptoms; lumbar puncture was performed to exclude Wilson’s disease, and none of the patients had the disease. Copper was measured by flameless atomic absorption (Perkin Elmer, …