{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.023323615160349854, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.481132075471698, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Authentication for Smart Grid AMI Systems: Threat Models, Solutions, and Challenges

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has been regarded as a foundational part of the Smart Grid (SG). Consequently, AMI security is of critical importance. In this paper, we describe and investigate the current proposed authentication schemes and techniques for AMI. We discuss the challenges and desired objectives of authentication. We also provide a review of the recent proposed schemes for AMI along with their advantages and drawbacks towards meeting the discussed challenges and objectives. Based on the current survey, we identify open issues and suggest possible future research directions.