{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.048295454545454544, 'fraction_numerical': 0.032670454545454544, 'mean_word_length': 4.746039366298608, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 18, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 3, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Coronary slow flow in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

Background: The relationship between coronary slow flow (CSF) and insulin resistance (IR) is still a subject of debate with conflicting data. So the aim was to assess the relationship between IR as measured by IR index (HOMA-IR) and coronary slow flow as measured by the TIMI frame count in patients which (impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and IR. Results: Out of 87 patients enrolled, 64 (73.6%) patients were assigned to the IGT group while 23 (26.4%) patients were assigned to the NGT group. There were significantly higher BMI (30.15 ± 2.29 vs 23.90 ± 2.5, P < 0.001), waist circumference (105.05 ± 9.0.06 vs 92.92 ± 16.5, P < 0.001), and frequency of hypertension (60.9% vs 34.8, P = 0.03). Also, there were significantly higher 2-h post-prandial (hPP) glucose (161 ± 30 vs 110 ± 20, P < 0.05), fasting serum insulin level (9.56 ± 2.5 vs 7.03 ± 2.1, P < 0.001), HDL (40 ± 6.5 vs 49 ± 5.6, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR index (2.84 ± 0.03 vs 1.6 ± 0.05, P < 0.05), and mean TIMI frame count (33 ± 5 vs 26 ± 4, P < 0.001) among the IGT group, while HDL was significantly lower in the IGT group (40 ± 6.5 vs 49 ± 5.6, P < 0.001). There was a highly significant positive correlation between TIMI frame count and HOMA-IR (r = 0.43, P < 0.001); predictors that add significance to the model were age > 50 years, hypertension, high waist circumference, HDL < 35, and HOMA-IR. For HOMA-IR (OR 95% CI = 1.9 (1.05–3.49), P = 0.02 demonstrating that HOMA-IR is a powerful independent predictor of high TIMI frame count (Table 4). Conclusion: IR is an independent risk factor for slow coronary flow in patients with IGT. Those with evident coronary slow flow, IGT should be managed aggressively even before any evidence of frank diabetes. Also, IR workup should be recommended among the other standard workup for those patients; if documented, targeting IR in such patients should be a priority (whenever possible) while selecting medications for comorbid cardiac disease, as well as using interventions targeted against IR should be considered among the other standard management for slow flow.


Background
Pre-diabetes is a condition that has been described by the American diabetic association (ADA) and includes those with impaired fasting glucose level [1]. Fifty percent of patients with prediabetes are estimated to develop overt diabetes mellitus within a 10-year course [2]. Mortality and future MACE are increased in patients with prediabetes [3,4]. Both diabetics and pre-diabetics are more frequently screened for coronary artery disease and even with angiographically normal coronary arteries; still have a considerably increased risk for future MACE [4]. Insulin resistance (IR) is well known for promoting coronary artery disease (CAD) even with the severity of CAD due to IR [5][6][7]. But we still evaluate the CSF-IR relationship with conflicting data; we hypothesize that IR plays a role in coronary slow flow in patients with glucose intolerance and IR. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate the relationship between IR (measured by the HOMA-IR) and coronary slow flow (measured by TIMI frame counts) in glucose intolerance and IR patients.

Methods
This study was conducted from January 2018 to May 2020.
The study included and enrolled 87 consecutive patients in this study who were diagnosed as CSF as evidenced by invasive coronary angiography after excluding coronary plaques or obstructive coronary artery disease or overt diabetes mellitus. Peripheral vascular disease, uncontrolled systemic hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%, valvular heart disease, thyroid hormonal dysfunction, malignancy, pregnancy, septicemia, thrombocytopenia, chronic inflammatory disease, and hepatic or renal insufficiency were other exclusion criteria. The patients then were assigned into two groups according to the presence or absence of IGT into (IGT group, n = 64 ) or NGT group (NGT group, n = 23). The research was compiled by the CONSORT 2010 [8] and the Helsinki Declaration. All participants were fully informed in written. Coronary angiography was conducted using the Judkins method to identify patients of angina symptoms which could not be sufficiently described by noninvasive imaging. Two experienced cardiologists, not informed of the scopes of the study and of each other, visually evaluated both angiograms.

TIMI frame count evaluation of coronary slow flow
For coronary flow assessment, the time elapsed between the appearance of the contrasting agent and the distal end of either the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, circumflex artery, or the right coronary artery was regarded as the thrombolysis in MI frame count (TIMI). The final count became deducted from the initial count, and the specified artery was determined for each TIMI frame count. Nevertheless, when the LAD artery was the case, it was divided by 1.7. The cutoff values were defined by Gibson et al. according to the TIMI frame count method [9]: 36.2 ± 2.6 LAD frames, 22.2 ± 4.1 circumflex frames, and 20.4 ± 3.0 right coronary artery frames. The revised LAD coronary artery cutoff value was 21.3 ± 1.5 frame. Any frame count above these thresholds is considered to be slow coronary.

Blood samples and analysis
After 12 h of fasting, blood samples were collected from patients. The Rouche Medical Integrated Systems Analyzer includes plasma glucose levels and performed all routine blood tests. A 75-g glucose load was given orally in patients under WHO (WHO) guidelines, and plasma glucose levels were determined by an enzymatic glucose oxidase process (Roch Company, Ontario, Canada). Chemilumino metric immunoassay measured insulin levels (DPC-Immunite 2000, No. 152).
IR assessment using the Homeostasis Assessment Model (HOMA-IR) arises from the mathematical modeling of fasting glucose and insulin concentrations [10]. The HOMA-IR model is an easy, practical, and cheap method of IR assessment compared to the Euglycemic clamp. HOMA-IR formula: fasting insulin level (μU/ml) × fast glucose (mg/dl)/405 [11]. Subjects with values exceeding 75 percentiles (i.e., 2.0) is known to have resistance to insulin (HOMA-IR index) [12]. Lipid profile also measured [13], HbA 1 C, hs-CRP, and other routine clinical as well as laboratory testing was done.

Definitions
Normal fasting glucose (NFG), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and DM were defined as fasting glucose level < 100 mg/dL, 100-125 mg/dL, and > 126 mg/dL, respectively. Impaired glucose tolerance is defined as a 2-h postprandial glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dL. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by the square of height (m 2 ). The presence of the metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the modified national cholesterol education programadult treatment panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria [14]. The primary endpoint was assessing the relationship between IR as measured by IR index (HOMA-IR) coronary slow flow as measured by the TIMI frame count.

Statistical analysis
The continuous variables were expressed in mean ± SD while discrete variables were expressed in percentage. The differences in continuous variables were checked for statistical significance by student t test as appropriate, and the differences in the discrete variables were checked for statistical significance by X 2 test. Multiple regression analysis had been done between the TIMI frame count indicative of slow coronary flow versus variables predicting its occurrence. Also, correlation had been done using a post hoc test.
P value < 0.05 was considered significant. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.11 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results
Out of 87 patients enrolled, 64 (73.6%) patients were assigned to the IGT group while 23 (26.4%) patients were assigned to the NGT group. The demographic and clinical variables of our study population are shown in Table 1. No statistically significant differences in the age, gender, frequency of smokers, or prior MI were found between the two groups. On the other hand, there were significantly higher BMI (30.15 ± 2.29 vs 23.90 ± 2.5, P < 0.001), waist circumference (105.05 ± 9.06.5 vs 92.92 ± 16.5, P < 0.001), and frequency of hypertension (60.9% vs 34.8, P < 0. 03).
Biochemical, echocardiographic, and angiographic variables of our study population are shown in Table 2.
The correlation was done using Pearson's correlation coefficients. There was a highly significant positive correlation between TIMI frame count and HOMA-IR (r = 0.43, P < 0.001) ( Table 3).
Multiple regression analysis was done and revealed that predictors that add significance to the model were age > 50 years, hypertension, high waist circumference, HDL < 35, and HOMA-IR. For HOMA-IR (OR 95% CI = 1.9 (1.05-3.49)), P = 0.02 demonstrating that HOMA-IR is a powerful independent predictor of high TIMI frame count (Table 4).

Discussion
Coronary slow flow is a well-recognized clinical entity, characterized by delayed opacification of coronary arteries despite normal coronary angiography [15]. TIMI frame count provides an assessment of the basal microvascular    tone [16], and a higher TIMI frame count may be a reflection of microvascular resistance [17]. The interrelationship between IR, vasomotor endothelial function, and glucose intolerance was discussed above [1,2,4,15,[18][19][20][21]. We relied more, for our patient group classification, on IGT rather than IFG because the role of IGT is relatively more important in the IR pathophysiology [22].
The results of our study demonstrated that a higher mean TIMI frame count is indicative of coronary slow flow among patients with IGT and IR. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been implicated including microvascular and endothelial dysfunction [18][19][20][21].
CSF could reflect lower coronary flow reserve [23], an endothelial function that can be measured also with more sensitive tools such as acetylcholine test or noninvasive ultrasound-based flow-mediated dilation. IR is related to the vaso-motor dysfunction of the endothelial cells. Previous clinical trials had investigated the relation between IR versus coronary slow flow.
El-Sherbiny et al. [24] found that IR in patients without overt diabetes mellitus is associated with the slow coronary flow. Again, Turhan et al. [25] found that in patients with IR on top of metabolic syndrome, TIMI frame counts were higher. Those findings were similar to the present study, but different from that of Yazici and colleagues' [26], who studied the association between slow coronary flow versus serum glucose and insulin. They found no link between the adjusted TIMI frame count and the levels of serum glucose and insulin. Nevertheless, only the basal serum insulin without the homeostatic pattern was measured, not the IR investigated.

Study limitations
Initially, our sample size was fairly limited and we wanted a bigger, randomized, standardized, multi-center analysis. Furthermore, since our research demographic was a selectively targeted group, most of the patients were in cardiology clinics with confirmed CAD in coronary angiography. Thirdly, a large percentage of our patients were hypertensive, taken B-blockers and diuretics that understood to have an effect on glucose homeostasis.

Conclusion
IR is an independent risk factor for slow coronary flow in patients with IGT and metabolic syndrome. Those with evident coronary slow flow, IGT should be managed aggressively even before any evidence of frank diabetes. Also, IR workup should be recommended among the other standard workup for those patients; if documented, targeting IR in such patients should be a priority (whenever possible) while selecting medications for co-morbid cardiac disease, as well as using interventions targeted against IR should be considered among the other standard management for slow flow.