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Complement in structure and immune homeostasis in placenta

Aberrant complement activation can induce “thrombo-inflammation”
attacks to host tissue. Beside kidney and blood vessel, the placenta is
also susceptible to these attacks. Complement dysregulation is recently
classified as one of the new mechanisms leading to pregnancy disorders.
Studies have indicated that dampening complement activation can
ameliorate pregnancy outcomes. During pregnancy, the mother’s immune
system is finely domesticated to accept the semi-allogeneic fetal
antigens. As an important part of the innate immune system, some
interesting changes have also taken place in complement system during
pregnancy. The complement proteins are highly expressed in placenta, and
their split products are increased. They are tuned in maintain placental
immunity and structural homeostasis. An abundance of evidence shew that
complement protein deficiency lead to autoimmunity disease and
pathological pregnancy marked by excessive inflammation. Although
complement suppressing strategies have been proven effective in treating
some pathological pregnancy in individual case studies. we should take
the dual role of the complement into consideration that fully and
completely inhibit of complement may not be a wise choice.