{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.020385050962627407, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011325028312570781, 'mean_word_length': 5.696969696969697, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Regulation and function of the TSC‐mTOR pathway in cell growth

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth. mTOR exists in two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 is known to receive inputs from multiple signaling pathways, including growth factors, nutrients, and cellular energy levels to stimulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating key translation regulators such as ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) and eukaryote initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1). In contrast, mTORC2 regulates cell morphology and also phosphorylates AKT. Recent studies have established that dysregulated mTOR activity is associated with several hamartoma syndromes and metabolic disorders. The mechanism of mTOR regulation by numerous intracellular signaling pathways and the function of mTOR in physiological regulation will be discussed.