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Force methods for the two-relaxation-times lattice Boltzmann.

The two-relaxation-times collision benefits the steady lattice Boltzmann method by yielding viscosity-independent numerical errors. We present in an intuitive way how to incorporate popular force methods into the two-relaxation-times collision. We subsequently rewrite force methods into a generic equation to reveal commonalities and differences. We prove that force methods with a second-order velocity moment of the force break the viscosity independence. A force method with only a first-order velocity moment of the force averts this breakage. We validate our proof numerically.