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Antiproliferative effects of sorafenib and pegylated IFN-α2b on human liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to treat patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Combination therapy of sorafenib and type I interferon (IFN) has substantial activity in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We investigated the antiproliferative effects of sorafenib in combination with pegylated interferon-α2b (PEG-IFN-α2b) on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro and in vivo. A poorly differentiated HCC cell line derived from a patient with hepatitis C virus infection, HAK-1B and the moderately differentiated HCC cell line KIM-1 were used in this study. We demonstrated a synergistic antiproli ferative effect of combination therapy on HAK-1B cells in vitro. In the in vivo study, a significant reduction of tumor volume and weight were observed in the combination group in both HAK-1B and KIM1 tumors, although synergistic effects were not clearly observed. The density of CD34-positive microvessels was significantly lower and cleaved caspase-3-positive apoptotic cell numbers were higher, in the sorafenib group and the combination group compared to the control or PEG-IFN-α2b group in both HAK-1B and KIM-1 tumors. Ki67 labeling index was significantly lower in the combination group compared to the control group in KIM-1 tumors. In conclusion, our results suggest that the combination therapy may be more effective for the treatment of HCC cases with variable sensitivity to antitumor effects of single therapy with either sorafenib or PEG-IFN-α2b.


Introduction
Primary liver cancer, of which hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the major subtype accounting for between 85 and 90%, is the sixth most common tumor globally and the third most common cause of cancer-related death (1). Systemic treat-ment options for advanced HCC are limited and most deaths occur within 1 year of diagnosis (2)(3)(4).
Sorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in December 2005 for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and in November 2007 for the treatment of HCC. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of Raf kinase and several receptor tyrosine kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)-1, 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α and β, FLT3, Ret and c-Kit. The intracellular signaling pathway Raf/MEK/ERK and the extracellular receptors VEGFR and PDGFR have been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of HCC (5).
The Sorafenib Hepatocellular Carcinoma Assessment Randomized Protocol (SHARP) trial revealed efficacy of sorafenib in the treatment of HCC, i.e., both median survival and time to progression showed 3-month improvements by sorafenib therapy (6). Cheng et al (7) also reported the efficacy of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Combination therapy with sorafenib has a potential to improve the outcome of sorafenib monotherapy. Phase II trial of combination therapy of sorafenib and IFN-α has substantial activity in patients with metastatic RCC (8,9). The combination therapy of IFN-α and 5-fluorouracil is partly or completely effective in about 50% of the patients with advanced HCC (10). Type I interferon (IFN) has various effects, including anti-viral effects, antiproliferative effects and anti-angiogenic effects (11), and our laboratory previously reported the antiproliferative effect of IFN-α on human liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo (12)(13)(14). In addition, type I IFN has suppressive effects on the occurrence of HCC, and the recurrence of HCC after curative treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). On the basis of above-described background, our current study examined the growth inhibitory effects of combination treatment of sorafenib and Pegylated IFN-α2b (PEG-IFN-α2b) on human HCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and methods
Cell line and cell cultures. This study used two HCC cell lines [KIM-1 (21) and HAK-1B (22)], which were originally established and characterized in our laboratory and previously confirmed to retain morphological and functional characte-ristics of the original tumor. Both of these two cell lines were established from surgically resected HCC nodules. KIM-1 is a moderately differentiated HCC cell line, and HAK-1B is a poorly differentiated HCC cell line which was derived from a patient with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
Sorafenib and pegylated IFN-α2b. Sorafenib, kindly provided by Bayer Pharmaceutical Corporation (West Haven, CT, USA), was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to create a 10 mM stock solution and stored at -20˚C for in vitro study. For the in vivo study, we prepared the solution at time of use.
Combination analysis was performed by using the method as described by Chou and Talalay (23), and the CalcuSyn software program (Biosoft, Cambridge, UK) for automated analysis. This program calculates the combination index (CI). A CI of 0.9-1.1 indicates a nearly additive effect, a CI of <0.9 a synergistic effect, a CI of >1.1 an antagonistic effect. (2,000 IU/ml), or both sorafenib (1.25 µM) and PEG-IFN-α2b (2,000 IU/ml) for 72 h. After incubation, the cells were stained with the Annexin V-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) using Apoptosis Detection Kits (Medical and Biological Laboratories, Nagoya, Japan) according to the manufacturer's protocol. After staining, the cells were analyzed using a FACScan (Becton-Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA, USA), and the rate of Annexin V-EGFP-positive apoptotic cells was determined.
Effects of sorafenib and/or PEG-IFN-α2b on HCC cell proliferation in nude mice. This experiment was approved by the institutional committee for animal experiments and conducted according to the 'Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals' published and revised by the National Institute of Health in 1985.
Cultured HAK-1B or KIM-1 cells (1.0x10 6 cells/mouse) were transplanted subcutaneously (s.c.) to 4-week-old female BALB/c athymic nude mice (Clea Japan Inc., Osaka, Japan). On the 7th day when tumor size became 5 to 10 mm in diameter (day 0), the mice were divided into four groups (n=8 each) in a manner to equalize the mean tumor diameter of every group. Each group was assigned to one of the four treatments: i) control; ii) PEG-IFN-α2b alone; iii) sorafenib alone; and iv) sorafenib + PEG-IFN-α2b (combination).
Sorafenib was diluted with 12.5% Cremophor EL/12.5% ethanol/75% water for oral dosing in mice. Sorafenib (200 µg/day) was administered by tube feeding once a day for 14 days. PEG-IFN-α2b (1,920 IU) was subcutaneously injected twice a week for 14 days (days 1, 4, 8 and 11). In the control and the sorafenib alone groups, 0.1 ml of medium as the replacement of PEG-IFN-α2b was injected subcutaneously twice a week. In the control and the PEG-IFN-α2b alone groups, 0.2 ml of Cremophor EL/ethanol/water (12.5/12.5/75) as the replacement of sorafenib was administered by tube feeding once a day. The dose of sorafenib (200 µg) in the ratio to the average bodyweight of a mouse (20 g) was 10 mg/kg and this is almost comparable to a clinical dose (800 mg total daily dose). The clinical dose of PEG-IFN-α2b in chronic hepatitis C is 96,000 IU/kg per week. Because of species difference and different target which is not virus, but tumor, we used twice the dose per week in nude mice.
Tumor size was measured in two directions using calipers, and tumor volume (mm 3 ) was estimated by using the equation: length x (width) 2 x 0.5. This measurement was performed every two days. Mouse body weight was measured on days 0, 7 and 14. Mouse was sacrificed and the tumor was resected the next day after the completion of the 14-day treatment (day 15). The resected tumor was fixed in formalin after the weight measurement, prepared into paraffin sections, and underwent HE staining and immunohistochemistry.
Immunohistochemistry. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were cut into 4-µm sections. Anti-mouse CD34 (Rat monoclonal, MEC14.7, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) (1:50 dilution) and Ki67 (Rabbit monoclonal, SP6, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) (1:100 dilution) staining were performed by standard avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) solution was used for color development. Microvessel density (MVD) was evaluated within the tumor according to a modified method introduced by Tanigawa et al (24). Briefly the slides stained with CD34 were screened at low power field (x40 or x100) and the two or three most vascular areas were selected. Microvessel counts of these areas were performed at high power field (x200, 0.74 mm 2 ). All positive stained cells were counted as microvessels and every 40 µm length of vessel lumen was calculated as one point. The average microvessel counts of selected areas were regarded as MVD, which was expressed as the absolute number of microvessels per 0.74 mm 2 . Immunohistochemically, cleaved caspase-3 was expressed perinuclearly and Ki67 was on the nuclear. The rate of apoptotic cells and Ki67 labeling index were evaluated by calculating the rate of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells and Ki67-positive cells, respectively.
Statistical analysis. Comparisons of estimated tumor volume and colorimetric cell growth were performed using two-factor factorial ANOVA and Student's t-test, respectively. The other data comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test.

Effect of sorafenib alone or combination treatment of sorafenib and PEG-IFN-α2b on the proliferation of HAK-1B or KIM-1 HCC cells in vitro.
Seventy-two hours after the addition of sorafenib, the relative viable cell number was suppressed in both HAK-1B and KIM-1 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 1). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) was 2.1 µM for HAK-1B and 2.5 µM for KIM-1.
Seventy-two hours after the addition of PEG-IFN-α2b and sorafenib, the relative viable cell number was suppressed to various degrees. The results are shown in Fig. 2. In HAK-1B cell line ( Fig. 2A), significant difference in the relative viable cell number was observed between combination group and sorafenib or PEG-IFN-α2b alone groups, additionally, CI in all combination of PEG-IFN-α2b and sorafenib was <0.9. The CI was 0.879 in the combination of 2,000 IU/ml of PEG-IFN-α2b and   (Fig. 2B), there was also a significant difference in the relative viable cell numbers between combination group and monotherapy groups. The CI was 0.912 in the combination of 2,000 IU/ml of PEG-IFN-α2b and 1.25 µM of sorafenib, 0.992 in 4,000 IU/ml of PEG-IFN-α2b and 2.5 µM of sorafenib, and 0.823 in 8,000 IU/ml of PEG-IFN-α2b and 5.0 M of sorafenib. These results indicate that combination therapy may produce an additive or synergistic growth inhibitory effect in KIM-1 cell line.
Morphologically, HAK-1B cells showed characteristic features of apoptosis, such as cytoplasmic shrinkage and nuclear chromatin condensation at 72 h after adding 1.25 µM of sorafenib (Fig. 3).
The rate of Annexin V-EGFP positive apoptotic cells was increased by adding 2 µM of sorafenib in HAK-1B cells (5.8% of the control and 37.8% of the sorafenib). In KIM-1 cells, however, the increase was relatively small (7.9% of the control and 9.5% of the sorafenib) (Fig. 4A). In another setting, the combination group with PEG-IFN-α2b showed higher rate of apoptosis than control or monotherapy groups in HAK-1B (4.8% of control, 37.4% of the PEG-IFN-α2b, 14.3% of the sorafenib, 42.8% of the combination) (Fig. 4B).  Table I. In the experiment of HAK-1B tumors, the tumor volume of mice receiving PEG-IFN-α2b, sorafenib, and sorafenib+PEG-IFN-α2b was 34, 73 and 36%, respectively, of the control volume and the tumor weight was 23, 71 and 34%, respectively, of the control weight. Statistically, there were significant differences both in tumor volume and weight      Table II. The significant decrease of MVD and increase of apoptotic cells were observed in the sorafenib group (P<0.0005 and 0.05 respectively vs. control in HAK-1B, P<0.05 and 0.05 respectively vs. control in KIM-1) and the combination group (P<0.05 and 0.05 respectively vs. control in HAK-1B, P<0.05 and 0.05, respectively, vs. control in KIM-1) compared to the control group in both HAK-1B and KIM-1 tumors, although there was no significant difference between the combination group and monotherapy groups. Ki67 labeling index was significantly lower in the combination group (P<0.005 vs. control, P<0.05 vs. PEG-IFN-α2b group) than in the control group or the PEG-IFN-α2b group only in KIM-1.

Discussion
In this study, we showed the synergistic effect of sorafenib and PEG-IFN-α2b on HAK-1B cells in vitro. We previou sly reported that PEG-IFN-α2b induced apoptosis on both HAK-1B and KIM-1 cells in vitro (14). We found that sorafenib also induced apoptosis on HAK-1B in vitro. On the other hand, the increase of apoptotic cells was not clearly observed on KIM-1 cells in spite of the fact that the proliferation of KIM-1 cells was inhibited by sorafenib in MTT assay. A possible explanation is that cell proliferation might be inhibited by other antiproliferative mechanisms. The blockade of Raf signaling which is the main effect of sorafenib can lead to the repression of transforming growth factor α-epidermal growth factor receptor autocrine loops of tumor cells (5). Such a mechanism could have inhibited the growth of KIM-1 cells. In addition, a limitation of in vitro study is that we are not able to assess the indirect anti-angiogenic effect against endothelial cells.
In the in vivo study, there was a significant reduction of tumor volume and weight in the combination group on both HAK-1B and KIM-1 tumors compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the combination and the monotherapy groups, and it seemed that HAK-1B tumors were sensitive to PEG-IFN-α2b and KIM-1 tumors to sorafenib. Only in KIM-1 tumors that might be sensitive to sorafenib, Ki67 labeling index was lower in the combination group than in the control group. Recently Wang et al (25) reported that combination therapy of sorafenib with recombinant human INF-α2a was effective in vitro and in vivo on two HCC cell lines, Huh-7 and Sk-Hep-1. In their study, the significant differences between combination and monotherapy groups were clearly observed. This partial difference might be due to the different experimental settings, such as different cell lines and different dose of drugs. One of the greatest differences, we surmise, is the site of IFN administration. They injected IFN directly into subcutaneous tumors, whereas we did subcutaneously but not into the tumors.
Since sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor, it is considered that sorafenib has both direct antiproliferative effect due to the blockade of Raf kinase on tumor cells themselves and indirect effect due to the blockade of receptor tyrosine kinases, such as VEGFR-2, on endothelial cells followed by the inhibition of angiogenesis (5). Therefore we also evaluated MVD of xenografts and confirmed the significant decrease of MVD in the sorafenib alone and the combination group in both HAK-1B and KIM-1 tumors. It has been repeatedly shown that IFN suppresses the growth of various types of human tumors that were transplanted into mice through the anti-angiogenic effect. Tedjarati et al (26) reported that the subcutaneous injection of 7,000 IU per week of PEG-IFN-α2b into nude mice bearing human ovarian cancer cells induced a significant decrease of CD31-positive endothelial cells and Huang et al (27) showed similar results with the subcutaneous injection of 70,000 IU per week of PEG-IFN-α2b on human prostate cancer cells. PEG-IFN-α2b administered at higher or lower doses was less effective. In our current study, however, there was no significant decrease of MVD in the PEG-IFN-α2b group compared with the control group. Moreover, in our previous report, the decrease of artery-like blood vessels was not observed in the same HAK-1B tumors by the administration of PEG-IFN-α2b at either higher or lower doses (14).
Another notable finding regarding the MVD in this study is the discrepancy between MVD and tumor weight or size. Interestingly, the reduction of tumor weight and size was not so much in sorafenib monotherapy group in HAK-1B tumors despite the most prominent decrease of MVD was observed in this group. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction of tumor weight and size in PEG-IFN-α2b alone group in HAK-1B, although this group did not show any significant decrease of MVD. This result supports our previous findings in which we showed there was no relationship between tumor shrinkage and the number of artery-like blood vessels in HAK-1B tumors after the administration of the various concentration of PEG-IFN-α2b (14). Hlatky et al (28) mentioned in their review article that the efficacy of antiangiogenic agents cannot be simply visualized by alterations in microvessel density during treatment because of the difference of the tightness of the coupling between vessel drop-out and tumor-cell drop-out after the treatment. In addition, Yao et al (29) recently reported that the expression of VEGFR-1 in tumor cells which is normally expressed specifically in endothelial cells were strongly associated with anti-PlGF antibody efficacy, but not with anti-angiogenesis. More studies are needed to investigate new approaches to assess the efficacy of anti-angiogenic drugs in vivo and molecular mechanisms of their action of 'anti-angiogenic' drugs.
In conclusion, we demonstrated the synergistic antiproliferative effect of combination therapy on HAK-1B cells in vitro. Although, in vivo the synergistic effects of the combination therapy were not clearly observed, the combination therapy induced nearly maximal antitumor effects, independent of the HCC cell sensitivity to antitumor effects of single therapy with either PEG-IFN-α2b or sorafenib. These findings suggest that PEG-IFN-α2b might be a promising candidate for use in combination therapy with sorafenib and warrant further investigation.