{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02617397998460354, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006928406466512702, 'mean_word_length': 6.428571428571429, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 1, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Mutagenesis of Catalytic Nucleophile of β‐Galactosidase Retains Residual Hydrolytic Activity and Affords a Transgalactosidase

Glycosidases that cleave oligosaccharides can also synthesize the glycosidic bond. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the catalytic nucleophile commonly abolishes their hydrolytic activity, affording glycosynthases that use glycosyl fluorides as substrates. Here, the synthetic ability of β‐galactosidase from Bacillus circulans isoform A (BgaD‐A; EC 3.2.1.23, GH2) was investigated by site‐directed mutagenesis. The cold‐shock expression ensured selective induction and correct folding. Three mutants were constructed at the active‐site catalytic nucleophile E532 as putative glycosynthases. However, none of the mutants could process α‐galactosyl fluoride as a galactosyl donor. With only negligible hydrolytic activity, two mutants selectively synthesized azido‐functionalized N‐acetyllactosamine using the p‐nitrophenyl β‐d‐galactoside as a galactosyl donor. Thus, they behaved as transglycosidases. This study demonstrates that substitution at the catalytic nucleophile for the assembly of glycosynthases is not unrestrictedly versatile and that the effect of mutagenesis on synthetic abilities depends on the relative orientations of amino acids in the enzyme active site.