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Evidence of Foodborne Transmission of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) through the Animal Products Food Supply Chain.

T coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in significant social disruptions and human costs. The predominant transmission routes are conjectured to be inhalation of airborne virus and contact with fomites on shared surfaces. Recently, COVID-19 infection clusters have been reported related to the fresh meat and seafood industry in different countries which caused concerns about the foodborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to the human population. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants between live animals and humans has recently been reported at mink farms in several countries, such as Denmark, the U.S., Netherlands, and Spain. In Denmark, over two hundreds human cases of COVID-19 were infected by a specific mink-associated SARSCoV-2 variant, resulting in the culling of minks in the country to preventing humans from infection. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected live animals, including farmed minks, household cats and dogs, and tigers. Thus, the potential transmission loop of SARS-CoV-2 spreading from humans to animals and back to humans has announced serious concern. In summary, there is growing consensus that both farmed and household animal species can be host for SARS-CoV-2 variants, and future research should focus on revealing the possible transmission pathways. Frequent outbreaks of COVID-19 infections have also been reported among workers in slaughtered meat processing plants in different countries, such as Canada, Brazil, Germany, and Ireland. In Auckland, New Zealand, four new COVID-19 infected cases were reported in August 2020 following a period of no new infections for more than 100 days in the country, one of whom was a worker engaged in handling frozen food. In Qingdao, China, two dockers handling imported frozen seafood tested positive which resulted in a small-scale COVID-19 outbreak. At the end of meat and seafood supply chain, such as food markets and grocery outlets, COVID-19 clusters have also been reported. In Beijing, China, after no local cases had been reported for 56 days, a new COVID-19 cluster was reported by the China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on June 11, 2020, with most cases traced to the Xinfadi Wholesale Food Market, the largest wholesale market for agricultural products in Beijing, providing fruits, vegetables, and seafood and meat in fresh or frozen packaging. The source of the infection was traced to imported frozen salmon. During the food processing of infected animals, including slaughtering, dissecting and packaging, the food, its packages, and the associated environments could be contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Although it is hard for SARS-CoV-2 to replicate after leaving the host, evidence exists that the virus can survive even on frozen surfaces for prolonged periods of transit and export. As the dose of most of respiratory viruses needed for