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The Mushā‘irah in the Nineteenth Century

Chapter 1 briefly locates the longer history of the mushā‘irah and then focuses on the Mughal mushā‘irahs in order to chart the subsequent changes that took place both in terms of their spatial configuration and content. The chapter uses the example of the Anjuman-e Punjab mushā‘irahs in order to demonstrate the intervention in the space by colonial authorities and the subsequent changes, including the rise of print as an extension of the mushā‘irah. Most importantly, structural changes will be highlighted that emphasized the inclusion and, therefore, increasing importance of the audience as a central feature of the mushā‘irah.