{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.035273728208787845, 'fraction_numerical': 0.022122540524008565, 'mean_word_length': 5.292495189223861, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 3, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Additions to the genera Asterolibertia and Cirsosia (Asterinaceae, Asterinales), with particular reference to species from the Brazilian Cerrado

Four new Asterolibertia species and a new variety of Cirsosia splendida, all found on native Cerrado plants, belonging to three host families are described, illustrated and named as: A. bahiensis sp. nov. on Erythroxylum sp. (Erythroxylaceae); A. barrinhensis sp. nov. on Diospyros burchellii (Ebenaceae); A. campograndensis sp. nov. on Hirtella glandulosa (Chrysobalanaceae); A. parinaricola sp. nov. on Parinari obtusifolia (Chrysobalanaceae); and Cirsosia splendida var. laevigata var. nov., showing both sexual and asexual morphs, on H. glandulosa and H. gracilipes (Chrysobalanaceae). Finally, A. licaniae is reported on a new host, H. gracilipes. Keys to all the known species of Asterolibertia and Cirsosia are included.


INTRODUCTION
Molecular data are generally unavailable for members of Asterinaceae and the taxonomy of most genera in this family to date relies chiefly on morphological data. That is the case of Asterolibertia and Cirsosia. Overcoming this limitation will depend on recollecting the taxa described in the past and where appropriate epitypifying these after extracting and sequencing genomic DNA. There have been a few cases where this was performed successfully from old herbarium specimens (Telle & Thines 2008, O'Gorman et al. 2010, Hawksworth 2013, Guatimosim et al. 2015, Thomas et al. 2015.
The genera of Asterinaceae are presently segregated using well-defined morphological characters, such as the presence or absence of appressoria on the external mycelium, setae on ascomata and/or on the external mycelium, appressorium type (intercalary or lateral), and ascospore septation (Bezerra 2004, Hosagoudar 2012. Within the family, only three genera have intercalary appressoria: Asterolibertia, Cirsosia, and Bheemamyces (Arnaud 1918, Bezerra 2004, Hosagoudar 2010, 2012. However, in Bheemamyces the appressoria are both lateral and intercalary . For almost a century, Asterolibertia was considered a well-supported genus, due to the presence of intercalary appressoria as originally established by Arnaud (1918), and this has been always regarded as a strong morphological character. However, Hongsanan et al. (2014), without any molecular basis and morphological justification, recombined species of Asterolibertia into Asterina, a genus with species showing only lateral appressoria. Such recombinations must be regarded as questionable, particularly in the absence of molecular data.
Currently, Asterolibertia includes 35 species (Tables 1-2) found only in the tropics and mainly on the host families Chrysobalanaceae, Malpighiaceae, and Rubiaceae (Hosagoudar 2010, Farr & Rossman 2015. The genus Cirsosia accommodates 15 species and one variety, all from the tropics (Tables 3-4), found mainly on Arecaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Malpighiaceae (Hosagoudar 2010, Farr & Rossman 2015. Asterolibertia couepiae, the type species of the genus, was collected in the Brazilian Cerrado by Ule in 1892, while C. manaosensis, the type species of Cirsosia, also from Brazil, was collected also by Ule in the Amazonian forest (Arnaud 1918). Asterolibertia species are characterized by having circular thyriothecial ascomata opening by a central starshape fissure, adhering to the host by superficial hyphae with intercalary appressoria, and showing 2-celled ascospores. Cirsosia species differ from Asterolibertia in the lirelliform or V-Y-shaped ascomata, opening by a longitudinal fissure. However, as in Asterolibertia, Cirsosia species have superficial hyphae with intercalary appressoria and 2-celled ascospores (Bezerra 2004, Hosagoudar 2010, 2012. The specimens studied here were collected from different areas of the Brazilian Cerrado (including a fragment of Cerrado vegetation inserted in an area of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest in the State of Bahia) and yielded what is here recognised as novel taxa and hostassociations for Asterolibertia and Cirsosia.
This paper describes four new Asterolibertia species, a new variety of C. splendida, and illustrates A. licaniae in association with a new host.
i m a f U N G U S Firmino et al. Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of Asterolibertia species (µm), including five new ones described in this study.

MATERIAL AND METHODs
Leaves bearing black colonies were collected and dried in a plant press before being processed and deposited in the Fungarium known as the UB Mycological Collection, a part of Herbarium UB (Universidade de Brasília). Colonies were initially examined using a Zeiss Discovery v.8 stereomicroscope. Entire colonies were removed from the leaves by applying small drops of nail polish. After these had solidified and fungal structures became embedded preventing the collapse of the colonies, these were peeled from the leaf surfaces. These colonies and small samples taken directly from the leaves were mounted on slides containing lacto-glycerol for light microscopic observations. Imaging and measurements were done using a Leica DM 2500 light microscope adapted with a DFC 490 Leica digital camera, operated by a Leica Qwin Plus digital image-processing software. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), air-dried material was fixed to disks using carbon double-sided tape, and then treated with gold using a 25-mA current, at 1.10-2 mbar for 2 min and 30 s. Photographs were obtained using a JEOL Model JSM-700 1 F SEM.

Asterolibertia bahiensis
i m a f U N G U S Firmino et al.  Diagnosis: Asterolibertia barrinhensis is quite close to A. campograndensis but differs in having opposite hyphal branching, loose ascomatal fringes and verruculose ascospores.

Asterolibertia campograndensis
Notes: Seven species of Asterolibertia have been reported previously in association with living leaves of chrysobalanaceous hosts. Four of these were recorded from Brazil: A. couepiae on Couepia grandiflora, A. licaniae and A. licaniicola on Licania sp., and A. peruviana on Licania macrophylla. Additionally, A. nodulifera was recorded on Angelesia splendens from the Philippines, A. parinarii on Parinari subcordata from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and A. schroeteri on Chrysobalanus icaco from India (Arnaud 1918, Hansford 1947, 1949, 1955, Müller & von Arx 1962, Hosagoudar 2010, Farr & Rossman 2015.
Asterolibertia campograndensis is the fifth species of Asterolibertia reported on hosts belonging to Chrysobalanaceae in Brazil, and the first on Hirtella.
Asterolibertia parinaricola differs from the species previously reported on Chrysobalanaceae (Table 1) (Arnaud 1918, Hansford 1947, 1949, 1955, Müller & von Arx 1962, Hosagoudar 2010, Farr & Rossman 2015, and is most similar to A. licaniicola. However, the latter has barrel-shaped appressoria, no pseudoparaphyses, and much smaller, smooth ascospores constricted at the central septum. Asterolibertia couepiae differs from the new species in the wider hyphae, lack of pseudoparaphyses, smaller asci and ascospores, and smooth ascospores. Asterolibertia nodulifera differs in the amphigenous colonies, smaller thyrothecia, lack of pseudoparaphyses, and echinulate ascospores. Additionally, A. licaniae differs from the new species in the larger thyriothecia and wider hyphae, barrel-shaped appressoria, the lack of pseudoparaphyses, and smaller, ellipsoidal, smooth ascospores that are constricted at the central septum. Asterolibertia parinarii has narrower hyphae, unbranched pseudoparaphyses, smaller appressoria, asci and ascospores, and also smooth ascospores. Asterolibertia parinaricola and A. parinarii are described on the same host genus, but on different Parinari species. Besides, there is no record of the host species of A. parinarii in Brazil, further supporting that they are really distinct species (Sothers et al. 2015). Asterolibertia peruviana has narrower appressoria without a lateral protuberance to one side of the hypha, and smaller, smooth ascospores. Finally, A. schroeteri differs from A. parinaricola in the larger thyriothecia, asci and hyphae, the lack of pseudoparaphyses, and smooth ascospores (Tables 1-2) (Arnaud 1918, Hansford 1947, 1949, 1955, Müller & von Arx 1962. Asterolibertia campograndensis, newly described above, differs in the unbranched pseudoparaphyses and smaller, smooth ascospores.
Asterolibertia parinaricola is distinct from all seven species known on Chrysobalanaceae, and represents the sixth species of Asterolibertia reported on this host family in Brazil. This is the second species of Asterolibertia described on Parinari, and the first species found on P. obtusifolia.
Cirsosia splendida var. laevigata, the first Asterinaceae reported on H. glandulosa and H. gracilipes, is almost identical to C. splendida, except for the smaller ascomata, presence of pseudoparaphyses, and smooth ascospores (Batista & Maia 1960b. Such differences are here considered enough to recognize the specimen studied as a new variety of C. splendida. Furthermore, both occur on the same host genus in Brazil, but on different species. Finally, Cirsosia moquileae differs from the new variety by dehiscence through a central star-shaped fissure (instead of the longitudinal fissure normally shown in Cirsosia species), and narrower ascospores (Batista & Maia 1960b). Indeed, such a form of dehiscence and the shape of the ascomata in C. moquileae indicate that that species could be better accommodated in Asterolibertia (Batista & Maia 1960b).
i m a f U N G U S Firmino et al.

ACKNOwLEDgEMENTs
We dedicate this publication to the memory of Mariza Sanchez recently deceased, UB Mycol. Col. Curator for over 24 years. We thank CNPq for fellowships, and acknowledge the financial support from PPBIO/CNPq/MCTI-Projeto Fungos do Cerrado.