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Selected highlights from other veterinary journals

In human medicine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention define the time from infection with Salmonella to shedding of the organism in the faeces as one to three days (although sometimes longer). This study evaluated the time from infection in animals to the first detection of Salmonella in the faeces, and the onset of clinical signs, to see whether the three-day criterion could be used to identify nosocomial infection in animals. The literature was searched for journal articles, theses and book chapters that contained studies in which cattle, horses and sheep were experimentally infected orally with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica. The time to detection of Salmonella in faeces and onset of diarrhoea and pyrexia were recorded, as well as host species, age at infection, Salmonella serovar and magnitude of infective dose. Analysis of covariance was used to examine any relationships between these variables. Forty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies were published in the 1920s, 15 in the 1970s, and there was a median of four studies from each of the other decades between 1940 and 2010. Time to detection of Salmonella in faeces ranged from 0.5 to four days. Times to onset of diarrhoea and pyrexia ranged from 0.33 to 11 days and from 0.27 to five days, respectively. Time to onset of diarrhoea was related to the host age and Salmonella serovar; no other associations were identified. The authors conclude that the time to detection of Salmonella in faeces is not a reliable measure for identifying hospital-acquired infections; a three-day criterion would misidentify hospitalversus community-acquired infections. They add that relying on clinical indices, such as time to onset of diarrhoea or pyrexia, before sampling for Salmonella would increase the risk of environmental contamination and nosocomial spread, as animals may begin shedding Salmonella in the faeces several days before the onset of clinical signs.