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Survival strategies in Ming dynasty China: Planting techniques and famine foods

Chinese rulers assumed a paternalistic obligation for the welfare of the population; this assumption is an important theme in political thought throughout the imperial period. Responsibility for the people is shared by Confucian officials at all levels and to a certain extent by the local wealthy. In the Chinese tradition, morality and subsistence are closely tied to one another. If the people are to understand morality, they must be guaranteed a basic level of subsistence. Confucian political theories posited that human action could alleviate or even prevent famine. Consequently, strategies for both famine prevention and relief appear in the statutes and regulations of Chinese dynasties, the imperial pronouncements, and the writings of concerned officials. Building on the accomplishments of earlier dynasties, the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) established a set of famine policies which included the construction of granaries, tax remission, humanitarian aid, and locust control. Official concern for the people in times of food shortage is clearly enunciated in the