{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.026555386949924126, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0015174506828528073, 'mean_word_length': 5.562189054726368, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Heparan sulfate structure is influenced by the ER-Golgi dynamics of its modifying enzymes

The cell surface and extracellular matrix polysaccharide, heparan sulfate (HS) conveys chemical information to control or influence crucial biological processes. Attempts to describe its structure-function relationships with HS binding proteins in a classical ‘lock and key’ type manner, however, have been unsuccessful. HS chains are synthesized in a non-template driven process in the ER and Golgi apparatus, involving a large number of enzymes capable of fine-tuning structures. Changes in the localization of HS-modifying enzymes throughout the Golgi, rather than protein expression levels, were found to correlate with changes in the structure of HS. Following brefeldin A treatment, the HS-modifying enzymes localized preferentially in COPII vesicles and at the trans-Golgi. Further, shortly after treatment with heparin, the HS-modifying enzyme moved from cis to trans-Golgi, which coincided with increased HS trisulfated disaccharide content. Finally, it was shown that COPI subunits and Sec24 gene expression changed. Collectively, these findings highlight that the ER-Golgi dynamics of HS-modifying enzymes via vesicular trafficking processes are critical prerequisite for the complete delineation of HS biosynthesis.