{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.027945205479452055, 'fraction_numerical': 0.019178082191780823, 'mean_word_length': 5.2320819112627985, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Maxwell–Wagner Relaxation in Two Desert Soils at Medium and High Water Contents: Interpretation From Modeling of Time Domain Reflectometry Data

Maxwell-Wagner relaxations (MWRs) are generally between 1 and 20 MHz in fine grain soils at volumetric water contents less than 10%. Isolated water inclusions appear to cause MWR. We used time domain reflectometry to measure complex permittivity from 6 kHz to 6 GHz of two, quartz-rich desert soils to test if MWR occur at a limited number of higher water contents because inclusion concentration should then decrease. One soil had lesser calcite; the other lesser gypsum. Water contents ranged from 6.2% to 33.8%. Unwanted electrode polarization (EP) dominates the real part of permittivity below 1 MHz. We interpreted MWR from complex refractive index models (CRIMs) that summed expressions for EP, Debye-type MWR, free water relaxation (FWR), and air volume. Broadband MWRs centered from 1 to 36 MHz exist up to 17% volumetric water contents and up to 196 MHz in the quartz-gypsum soil at saturation, with small to significant Cole-Cole factors that suggest a range of relaxation processes, and attenuation rates that increase to nearly 100 dBm-1 as frequency increased across the 100-1000 MHz GPR bandwidth. The Cole-Cole factor generally decreased with increasing relaxation frequency, while inclusion conductivity, derived from relaxation frequency, generally increased with increasing bulk conductivity and water content. These results suggest inclusion concentration and a spectrum of their conductivity values decreased, while ionic mobility increased. At saturation, the quartz-calcite soil provided an unexpected low relaxation frequency of 1.28 MHz, possibly caused by inclusions retained within calcite growths upon quartz grains, and within minor amount of smectite.