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A CINC's Perspective

Abstract : The humanitarian assistance operations undertaken in Somalia by the Armed Forces during the last year have brought relief to millions of people who faced famine or even starvation. They also have presented a number of challenges that are likely to confront the commanders of similar nontraditional military operations in the future. U.S. activities in Somalia fall into three phases. Operation Provide Relief began in August 1992 as an emergency airlift of food and other urgently needed materials through Kenya to supply starving Somalis. By November, it had become apparent that the magnitude of the task, coupled with U.N. organizational deficiencies and a lack of security within Somalia, precluded delivery of sufficient supplies. Hence, the United States offered to lead a U.N.-sponsored operation, Restore Hope, which ultimately involved contributions by more than 30 nations. The final objective of that effort, to transition to a U.N.-led operation, was subsequently realized in May 1993, when the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II), commanded by a Turk, Lieutenant General Bir, assumed control of military activity in central and southern Somalia. Each phase has required innovative solutions by commanders and their staffs, both in CONUS and deployed. This account offers some insights into both Operation Provide Relief and UNOSOM II, but primarily focuses on Operation Restore Hope, which had the most extensive U.S. involvement. Several important lessons were validated through the U.S. experience in Somalia that are key to success in humanitarian assistance operations. The formulation of a clear and precise mission statement that defines measurable and attainable objectives is paramount. The application of decisive force can minimize resistance, saving casualties on all sides. And developing a comprehensive strategy that coordinates all instruments of national power -- not just the military -- greatly enhances the probability of achieving the stated objective7