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Are volcanoes hazardous to your health? What have we learned from Mount St Helens?

"Is THE VOLCANIC ASH harmful to health?" This was the question posed repeatedly to physicians and public health officials when the violent eruption of Mount St Helens on May 18, 1980, and smaller eruptions later in the summer showered ash over a considerable portion of central, eastern and southwestern Washington state and northwestern Oregon state. The purpose of this review is to report what is known about the health effects of volcanic ash, point out the deficiencies in our knowledge and describe the ways in which the health effects of this unusual form of environmental pollution are being evaluated. The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St Helens was the first major volcanic eruption in the 48 contiguous states of the United States since the eruptions of Lassen Peak in California between 1914 and 1917. As volcanic eruptions go, the eruption of Mount St Helens was quite modest, with only about 2.7 cu km of volcanic rock displaced, compared with eruptions in ancient times that displaced up to 1,000 cu km of material.' In the past century, however, only the eruptions of Santa Maria in Guatemala (1902), Krakatoa in Indonesia (1883) and Mount Katmai in Alaska (1912) have surpassed Mount St Helens in magnitude. In terms of energy released, the May 18 eruption was on the order of 100 times