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Superconductor Digital Electronics Past, Present, and Future

This paper presents the history of superconductor digital circuits starting from several years after the discovery of the Josephson junction in 1962. The first two decades were mainly devoted to developing voltage-state logic, which is similar to semiconductor logic. Research on circuits employing the manipulation of single magnetic flux quanta resulted in a form called RSFQ in the mid-1980s; this is the basis of superconductor logic systems of today. The more difficult problem of random access memory is reviewed. We analyze the present status of the field and outline the work that lies ahead to realize a successful superconductor digital technology.