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John Witheridge, In the Shadow of Death: A Life of Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury

and challenges four widely held and closely connected propositions. These are that anger is ‘the most fitting blame response’ towards wrongdoers; that we should blame wrongdoers; that when we forgive we ‘foreswear or renounce’ our ‘angry blame feelings’; and that in forgiving we develop benevolence towards the wrongdoer for which they should be grateful. In terms of his conclusions regarding forgiveness, he is not persuaded by forgiveness sceptics such as Nietzsche and Nussbaum and he comes to the view that, while there are many cases of forgiveness, those that ‘manifest trust represent forgiveness at its moral best’ (p. 236). This leads me to reflect on the relationship between trust and the theological virtue of hope and to wonder whether any form of forgiveness may be possible in situations where the harm inflicted includes the egregious and repeated abuse of trust: a question that has deep theological undertones and ethical and pastoral urgency.