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Communicable Disease and Health Protection Quarterly Review: September to December 2008.

A Daubenton’s bat found dead at a heritage site in Shropshire tested positive for European Bat Lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2). This was the eighth confirmed EBLV-2 case in United Kingdom (UK) bats since 1996, and the second case in Shropshire. The bat was found dead by a member of staff early in the morning before the area was opened to the public. It was placed in a sealed box, using protective gloves. The carcass was subsequently examined by a bat worker from the Shropshire bat group and placed in a container for transfer to the Veterinary Laboratories Agency. EBLV is a rabies-like virus found in insectivorous bats across northern Europe. It comes from the same family of viruses as rabies, but is a different strain from that which causes ‘classical’ rabies in dogs and many other domestic and wild animals. Humans are not at risk from EBLV unless they have been exposed to the saliva or nervous tissue of an infected bat or have been scratched or bitten. All those licensed to handle bats or who regularly handle bats in Great Britain should ensure that they have up to date rabies vaccination and should always wear protective gloves when handling bats. Anybody who is potentially at risk from EBLV but is given prompt protective treatment will not develop the infection. The first oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) isolate for the 2008/09 season was identified in week 34/08. The virus contained the H274Y mutation but remained sensitive to zanamivir and amantadine, and is antigenically similar to the H1N1 reference strain A/Brisbane/59/2007, which was included in the season’s influenza vaccine. Further, isolates were subsequently reported, including a cluster in the South West region. The epidemiological evidence from the 2007/08 season suggested no reported increase in morbidity associated with these confirmed oseltamivir-resistant cases. On 12 December 2008, the UK Department of Health issued a letter to NHS staff in England to inform them that the use of antiviral drugs for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza was now recommended, in line with NICE guidance. In October, there was an isolated case of inhalation anthrax contracted from imported animal hides used for making drums. The patient subsequently died. Testing was carried out to see whether there were traces of anthrax at the property and if any specialist cleaning was needed before it could be used again. Results confirmed that anthrax was found on one of five drums in the property and also on some animal skins: these were removed for professional disposal. No traces of anthrax were found in the other samples which were taken from a wide variety of places within the property.