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Eugenics, Race, and Margaret Sanger Revisited: Reproductive Freedom for All?

In winter 2001, the International Center for Photography (ICP) in New York City sponsored an exhibit, "Perfecting Mankind: Eugenics and Photography," where posted on the wall was a quotation ascribed to my grandmother, Margaret Sanger: "More children from the fit, less from the unfit-that is the chief issue of birth control." My grandmother never said this. The quotation actually came from a 1919 editorial in American Medicine that followed my grandmother's review of an article. This quotation has been repeatedly and falsely attributed to my grandmother over the decades since. After I objected, the ICP promptly removed the offending quotation from the exhibit, but only after countless gallery visitors had seen it. Misattributions, misunderstandings, and outright falsehoods about eugenics, race, and Margaret Sanger have too often been the norm in the twentieth and now the twenty-first centuries. Issues of race permeate current American arguments about abortion and reproductive rights. Abortion opponents, including some African Americans, liken abortion to slavery or the Holocaust in Nazi Germany. Such imagery is not new. My grandmother called women subject to "involuntary motherhood" slaves. Some of the most prominent men of the early twentieth century endorsed eugenics. At the First International Eugenics Congress in London in 1912, the attendees included the type of men my grandmother wanted to win over for birth control-Alexander Graham Bell; Winston Churchill; Charles Eliot, immediate past president of Harvard University; and Havelock Ellis, her friendto-be. While attended by an overwhelmingly white, male, well-to-do audience, the impulses of the attendees and of those who supported eugenics should not be classified as necessarily class, gender, or race based. Eugenics in its infancy was seen as a tool for societal and human improvement. Reformers saw it as a way to enlist science, biology, and genetics in service of healthy human reproduction