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Resource-Aware routing in delay and disruption tolerant networks

Over recent years, the popularity of mobile networks has grown as a consequence of the ubiquity of communication devices. In many mobile networks, nodes can move freely and connect to their neighbours as they move into each other’s radio range. However, due to high node mobility, limited bandwidth or energy, radio obstruction or malicious attacks, the route between source node and destination node may be disrupted frequently and for relatively long periods of time. Traditional adhoc networking models that assume continuous connectivity are largely incapacitated in such challenged environments. In response to that, a new class of networks, known as delayand disruption-tolerant networks (DTNs), have emerged with applications in vehicular communications, emergency response, the military, and wildlife monitoring, to mention a few. This thesis undertakes a study of the resource-aware routing problem in DTNs along four lines. First, the thesis presents the design and comparative evaluation of a delaytolerant routing protocol (ORWAR) which optimises message transmission and bandwidth usage during opportunistic encounters. This is done through the estimation of contact duration between nodes, the selection of the most suitable message to forward at any contact opportunity, and message differentiation. Second, the thesis proposes a hybrid scheme whereby opportunistic and infrastructure-based communication can be combined to overcome network partitions and packet losses. Collaboration between two networks characterised by different capacities, costs, and performance levels has been shown to be not only costeffective, but also capable of increasing network survivability in the combined network. Third, it proposes and evaluates a mathematical model and an algorithm that can be used to compute the optimal level of redundancy and replication of a routing protocol as a function of message characteristics, such as size and time-to-live. Fourth, a holistic approach to resources is proposed, where variations in the spatial and temporal distribution of various resources can feed strategies to reduce resource consumption. Using estimates of vicinity resources, a routing protocol may not only use up fewer resources overall, but may also consume resources preferentially from nodes with higher resource levels, sparing whenever possible those with limited supplies.