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Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases in childhood.

The curing chance of cancer disseminated to the lungs depends on the global curing chance of that specific tumor, the extent and distribution of its systemic spread and the availability of additional treatment modalities besides surgery. Of all tumors occurring in childhood and adolescence only osteosarcoma, Wilms tumor and Ewing's sarcoma preferentially disseminate to the lungs and such are the most promising candidates for successful treatment. In osteosarcoma with pulmonary dissemination surgical removal of the metastases is indispensable. In Wilms tumor chemoradiotherapy may replace or be used as an adjunct to surgery while in Ewing's sarcoma with primary pulmonary metastases chemoradiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Although metachronous lung metastases may still cured in osteosarcoma and Wilms tumor, they tend to be fatal however in Ewing's sarcoma. A small chance of success itself should not contraindicate metastasectomy but only the actual technically impossible intervention or the definite demonstration of tumor progression no longer controllable of different location. However, even palliative metastasectomy may be indicated in an individual patient.