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Occurrence of true spiders associated with some fruit trees at Sohag governorate, Egypt

This study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence and the presence of true spider associated with banana, citrus, grape and guava fruit trees. This study was conducted at El-Menshah and Tahta districts at sohag governorate, Egypt during two successive years 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. A total of specimens belonging to 75 species, 48 genera and 32 families were collected. The most dominant family with the largest number of species were Lycosidae, Philodromidae, Theridiidae, Cheiracanthiidae, Salticidae, Gnaphosidae and Thomisidae. While, the families Titanoecidae, Dictynidae, Scytodidae, Hersiliidae, Sparassidae, Corinnidae, Oonopidae, Eresidae, Liocranidae, Pisauridae, Agelenidae and Tetragnathidae including few species. As spiders are potential biological control agents of fruit orchard’s pests, so any practice that may disrupt this group should be avoided by the farmers.


Introduction
Spiders are one of the more diverse arthropod taxa, ranking in global diversity, which makes them a fascinating group to study (Coddington and Levi, 1991). True spiders are worldwide distributed and occupy many ecological environments through agroecosystems. True spiders are one of the most abundance predatory groups in terrestrial ecosystems spiders have proved to be beneficial in regulation of agricultural pests and their role as natural enemies has recently been more and more stressed (Ghabbor et al., 1999). All spiders are considered as biocontrol agents, they attack most of pests infesting crops, vegetables, ornamental and orchard fruit trees (Ghavani, 2006;Luczak, 1979). On the other hand, spiders feed and consume phytophagous mites also, they can feed and consume usefully lepidopteran insect larvae. Ecological parameters and taxonomic importance of different species of spiders from some, fruit orchards (i.e., apple, citrus, grape, guava, fig, and mango fruit gardens were investigated by many researchers (Abo-Zaed Amal and Mansour, 2019;Metwally, 2012;Mohafez, 2000;Sallam, 1996). The aim of this work is to study the occurrence and distribution of the most common families and species of spiders associated with four fruit trees orchards (banana, citrus, grape, guava trees). In two districts El-Menshah and Tahta at Sohag governorate, Egypt during two successive years (2018/2019 and 2019/2020).

Materials and methods
This study was conducted in old areas at two districts (El-Menshah and Tahta) at sohag governorate, Egypt during two successive years (2018/2019 and 2019/2020), respectively. Individuals of the true spiders were randomly collected from four fruit orchards banana (Musa sp.), citrus (Citrus medica), grape (Vitis vinifera) and guava (Psidium guajava). In the fields by tree methods as follow: (1) Pitfall traps: The pitfall traps consist of plastic bowls (6 cm diameter and 8 cm depth). Into which 6 m1 of foamy soup solution was added. Traps were set at different sampling sits on 5 meters distance of each other (Southwood, 1987). (2) Branch shaking: For citrus trees, 6-8 branches were chosen randomly and shacked for each sample. For branches were 100-125 cm. large number of leaves was shacked over the shaking cloth. After shacking specimens were individually picked up in a plastic vial (2×5 cm); while larger ones kept in vial (2×5 cm); and transferred to the laboratory for counting and identification. Individual adult males and females were isolated for ecological studies. The collected spiders were preserved in 70% alcohol and transferred to laboratory for classification. Locality, habitat, date of collected samples and other information were recorded attached to each specimen in the side of tube.
(3) Hand sorting: Spiders were picked handily, the big individuals kept in tubes and small ones collected by gimel's hairbrush and kept into the plastic tubes (l×4 cm). Samples were collected monthly for one hour from 11-12 am in the winter and 10-11 am in the summer.

Classification studies
All specimens after transfer to laboratory, examined and kept in petri dish of 10 cm diameter, the individual examined using a stereoscopic binocular microscope. Each specimen was individually kept in a large tube containing 70% alcohol; date of collection, locality, host plant and other information were recorded in the side of each tube. Samples of spiders were identified according to nomenclatures of Petrunkvitch (1939) and Kaston (1978).

Statistical analysis
Population density and frequency of occurrence of spider families and species were determined according to their localities and sort of fruit trees using to the following equations: all obtained data were statistically analyzed according to Duncan (1955).