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Selected annotated bibliography.

Weaver AJ, Koënig HG, Flannelly KJ, et al. A review of research on chaplains and community-based clergy in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine: 1998–2000. J Pastoral Care Counsel 2004; 58:343–350. Research articles in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Lancet and the New England Journal of Medicine were reviewed for the period of 1998 to 2000. Of the 2,385 quantitative research articles that appeared, only 2 included and assessed the role of chaplains or other clergy. This lack of reference to spirituality/religiousness in the medical research literature strongly contrasts with the nursing literature where a similar review showed evaluation of the roles of chaplains in approximately 1 in 100 research articles. Nursing education emphasizes spirituality as intrinsic to human experience with 6 in 10 nurses reporting that spiritual care was included in their professional training. By contrast, until recently, medical schools rarely included course work in religion/spirituality, which may help to explain why at Duke University 88% of referrals to chaplains came from nurses while only 8% came from physicians.