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THE SCIENCE BEHIND MILK EJECTION

Suckling not only provides the young with nutrients but is also a way to establish social contact between the mother and young. The biology of the milk ejection reflex has therefore been of considerable scientific interest both in farm and wild animals. It is well known that species differences exist when it comes to the biology of milk ejection, such as hormonal release during suckling. In some species milk let down can only occur if the young is present. In pigs, for instance, the oxytocin release during suckling is related to frequency of the sow’s grunting. Furthermore, the significance of the anatomy of the mammary gland for milk ejection and milk removal has been observed. However, in the following the milk ejection in dairy cows will be discussed. Anatomical Arrangements of the Udder of Importance For Milk Ejection The udder of the dairy cow consists of four separate quarters, each with a teat. During normal circumstances milk produced in one gland can never pass over to the other glands and during milking the milk is released from each gland independently. Usually, milk flow from the front and rear quarters respectively is equal. However, milk flow from the different quarters can also be quiet different, where one gland might have long milking time and low milk flow rates, while another gland within the same udder might have a short milking time with high milk flow rates (Seeman, 1997), where the difference probably indicates some kind of disturbances in the udder. The milk is synthesised in the epithelial cells of the alveoli and is stored in the alveolus, ducts and cisterns. In an udder filled with milk, usually less than 20 % of the milk is stored in the cisternal compartment (udder and teat cisterns and the bigger milk ducts) (Bruckmaier et al., 1994b), while the rest of the milk is stored in the smaller ducts and the alveolus. From a milking point of view this has to be considered, since removal of alveolar milk is only possible through activation of the milk ejection reflex, while the cisternal milk can be removed by overcoming the