Food Preparation Terms

Words of Food Preparation


A la carte (adj.) – separately priced items from a menu, not as part of a set meal.

Al dente (adj.) – cooked so it’s still tough when bitten, often referring to pasta

A la grecque (adj.) – served in the Greek style of cooking, with olive oil, lemon juice, and several seasonings, often referring to vegetables

A point (adj.) – cooking until the ideal degree of doneness, often referring to meat as medium rare

Acidulation (n.) – the process of making something acid or sour with lemon or lime juice

Aerate (v.) – the process when dry ingredients pass through a sifter and air is circulated through, changing the composition of the material, often referring to flour

Aspic (n.) – a dish in which ingredients are set into a gelatine made from a meat stock or consommé

Au gratin (adj.) – sprinkled with breadcrumbs and cheese, or both, and browned

Au jus (adj.) – with its own juices from cooking, often referring to steak or other meat

Au poivre (adj.) – coated with loosely cracked peppercorns and then cooked, often referring to steak

Au sec (adj.) – the descriptor for a liquid which has been reduced until it is nearly dry, a process often used in sauce making


Bain Marie (n.) – a container holding hot water into which a pan is placed for slow cooking,  otherwise known as a “water bath” or “double boiler”

Barding (v.) – to cover a meat with a layer of fat, such as bacon, before cooking, effectively maintaining the moisture of the meat while it cooks to avoid overcooking

Baste (v.) – to pour juices or melted fat over meat or other food while cooking to keep it moist

Beurre blanc (n.) – a sauce made with butter, onions, and vinegar, usually served with seafood dishes

Bisque (n.) – a thick, creamy soup, with a base of strained broth (see coulis) of shellfish or game

Blanching (v.) – to plunge into boiling water, remove after moment, and then plunge into iced water to halt the cooking process, usually referring to vegetable or fruit

Braising (v.) – a combination-cooking method that first sears the food at high temperature, then finished it in a covered pot at low temperature while sitting in some amount of liquid

Brining (v.) – the process of soaking meat in a brine, or heavily salted water, before cooking, similar to marination


Chiffonade (n.) – shredded or finely cut vegetables and herbs, usually used as a garnish for soup

Concasse (n.) – to roughly chop raw or cooked food by peeling, seeding, and chopping to make it ready to be served or combined with other ingredients, usually referring to tomatoes

Consommé (n.) – a type of clear soup made from richly flavored stock that has been clarified, a process of using egg whites to remove fat

Confit (n.) – meat cooked slowly in its own fat, usually referring to duck

Coring (v.) – to remove the central section of some fruits, which contain seeds and tougher material that is not usually eaten

Coulis (n.) – a thick sauce made with fruit or vegetable puree, used as a base or garnish

Croquette (n.) – a small round roll of minced meat, fish, or vegetable coated with egg and breadcrumbs


Deglaze (v.) – to remove and dissolve the browned food residue, or “glaze”, from a pan to flavor sauces, soups, and gravies

Degrease (v.) – to remove the fat from the surface of a hot liquid such as a sauce, soup, or stew, also known as defatting or fat trimming

Dredging (v.) – to coat wet or moist foods with a dry ingredient before cooking to provide an even coating
Dress (v.) – to put oil, vinegar, salt, or other toppings on a salad or other food


Effiler (n.) – to remove the string from a string bean or to thinly slice almonds

Emincer (n.) – to slice thinly, similar to julienne style, but not as long

Escabeche (n.) – a dish consisting of fish marinated for approximately one day in a sauce of olive oil, vinegar, herbs, vegetables, and spices, and then poached or fried and allowed to cool


Fillet (n.) – a boneless piece of meat, poultry, or fish; the French version, spelled as “filet,” is also used when referencing a cut of beef that is boneless, such as filet mignon

Flambe (v.) – the process of adding alcohol such as brandy, cognac, or rum to a hot pan to create a burst of flames

Frenching (v.) – the process of removing all fat, meat, and cartilage from rib bones on a rack roast by cutting between the bones with a sharp paring knife, often referring to lamb, beef, or pork rib


Galantine (n.) – a Polish dish of de-boned stuffed meat that is poached in gelatin stock, pressed, and served cold with aspic or its own jelly

Galette (n.) – flat, round cakes of pastry, often topped with fruit, or a food prepared in served in the shape of a flat round cake, such as “a galette of potatoes”

Gazpacho (n.)  – a Spanish dish of cold, uncooked soup, which typically contain tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, garlic, oil, and vinegar


Harissa (n.) – a spicy, aromatic chile paste made from a variety of hot peppers and spices, often used in North African and Middle Eastern cooking


Infusion (n.) – the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from a vegetable in water, oil, or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the liquid over time, also known as steeping

Involtini (n.) – food such as meat, poultry, seafood, or vegetables, wrapped around a filling such as cheese, cured meats, or nuts

Irradiation (n.) – the process of exposing food to radiation, designed to eliminate disease-causing germs from foods

Isinglass (n.) – a pure, transparent form of gelatin, obtained from the bladders of certain fish, used in jellies as a clarifying agent


Jacquarding (v.)  – the process of poking holes into the muscle of meat in order to tenderize it, also known as needling

Jeroboam (n.) – an oversize wine bottle holding about three liters

Jus lie (n.) – meat juice that has been lightly thickened with either arrowroot or cornstarch


Kipper (n.) – a whole herring that has been split into a butterfly fashion from tail to head, gutted, salted, or pickled

Kirsch (n.) – a fragrant, colorless, unaged brandy distilled from fermented cherries , used with fondue

Kissing Crust (n.) – the portion of an upper crust of a loaf of bread which has touched another loaf when baking


Lactobacillus (n.) – a bacterium usually found in fermenting products, such as yogurts

Larding (v.) – the process of inserting strips of fat into a piece of meat that doesn’t have as much fat, to melt and keep the meat from drying out

Liaison (v.) – a binding agent of cream and egg yolks used to thicken soups or sauces


Macerate (v.) – the process of softening or breaking into pieces using liquid, often referring to fruit or vegetables, in order to absorb the flavor of the liquid

Marinate (v.) – the process of soaking foods in seasoned and acidic liquid before cooking for hours or days, adding flavor to the food

Mesclun (n.) – a salad consisting of tender mixed greens such as lettuce, arugula, and chicory, herbs, and edible flowers

Mignonette (n.) – roughly cracked or coarsely ground peppercorns, used for au poivre dishes or for mignonette sauce, which contains vinegar and shallots as well and is often used for oysters

Mince (v.) – to finely divide food into uniform pieces smaller than diced or chopped foods, prepared using a chef’s knife or food processor

Mise en place (v.) -the preparation of ingredients, such as dicing onions or measuring spices, before starting cooking

Mother (n.) – the base sauce used to make other variations of the original sauce; there are five variations: brown or espagnole, velouté, béchamel, tomato sauce, and emulsions


Nappe (n.) – the ability of a liquid to coat the back of a spoon or the act of coating a food, such as a leg of lamb, with glaze

Needling (v.) – injecting fat or flavors into an ingredient to enhance its flavor

Nutraceutical (adj.) –  used to describe food that provides health or medical benefits as well as nutritional value, also known as functional food


Oeuf (n.) – the French term for egg

Oignon brule (n.) – literally meaning “burnt onion,” a culinary term for a half-peeled onion seared on a skillet

Ort (n.) – a scrap or morsel of food left over after a meal

Ouzo (n.) – an anise-flavored, strong, colorless liquor from Greece


Parboiling (v.) – the process of adding foods to boiling waters, cooking until they are softened, then removing before they are fully cooked, usually to partially cook an item which will then be cooked another way

Parcooking (v.) – the process of not fully cooking food, so that it can be finished or reheated later

Pâté (n.) – a mixture of seasoned ground meat and fat minced into a spreadable paste

Paupiette (n.) – a thin, flattened piece of meat, rolled with a stuffing of vegetables or fruits, which is then cooked before served

Persillade (n.) – a sauce or seasoning mixture of parsley chopped with seasonings, often used as part of a saute cook’s mise en place

Polenta (n.) – a mush or porridge made from yellow or cornmeal which originated in Northern Italy

Praline (n.) – a confection of nuts cooked in boiling sugar until brown and crisp


Quadriller (v.) – to make criss-cross lines on the surface of food, as part of food presentation

Quatre-epices (n.) – literally meaning “four spices,” a finely ground mixture of generally pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, or cloves, used to season vegetables, soups, and stews

Quenelle (n.) – a small quantity of a mixture of creamed fish or meat with a light egg binding, usually formed into a round shape, and then cooked


Remouillage (n.) – a stock made from bones that have already been used once to make a stock, making it weaker

Render (v.) – to cook the fat out of something, such as bacon

Rondeau (n.) – a wide, shallow pan with straight sides and two loop handles, often used for searing and poaching


Sautéing (v.) – to cook food quickly over relatively high heat, literally meaning “to jump” as the food does when placed in a hot pan
Scald (v.) – to heat a liquid so it’s right about to reach the boiling point, where bubbles start to appear around the edges

Sear (v.) – a technique used in grilling, baking, or sautéing in which the surface of the food is cooked at high temperature until a crust forms

Staling (v.) – a chemical and physical process in which foods such as bread become hard, musty, or dry, also known as “going stale”

Steep (v.) – to allow dry ingredients to soak in a liquid until the liquid takes on its flavor, often referring to coffee, tea, or spices

Sweat (v.) – gently heating vegetables in a little oil, with frequent stirring and turning to ensure emitted liquid will evaporate; usually results in tender, or in some cases such as onions’, translucent pieces


Tempering (v.) – raising the temperature of a cold or room-temperature ingredient by slowly adding hot or boiling liquid, often referring to eggs

Tourner (v.) -to cut ingredients such as carrots or potatoes into a barrel-like shape that form six or seven sides on the length of the item being cut, using a Tourner knife or a paring knife

Trussing (v.) – to tie meat or poultry, such as turkey with a string, woven through the bird parts by using a needle, in order to create a more compact shape before cooking


Ultra-pasteurization (n.) – the process of heating up milk products to 280 degrees Fahrenheit for a few seconds and chilling it down rapidly, resulting in milk that’s 99.9% free from bacteria and extending their shelf-life

Unleavened (adj.) – made without yeast or any other leavening agent, often referring to bread


Vandyke (v.) – to cut a zig-zag pattern around the circumference of a lemon to create decorative garnishes for food presentation

Velouté (n.) – a type of sauce in which a light stock, such as chicken of fish, is thickened with a flour that is cooked and then allowed to turn light brown

Victual (n.) – any food or provisions for humans; all food is a “victual”

Vol-au-Vent (n.) – a round pastry that is baked and then filled with meat or vegetables after the fact


Whip (v.) – to beat food with a mixer to incorporate air and produce volume, often used to create heavy or whipping cream, salad dressings, or sauces

Whisk (n.) – a cooking utensil used to blend ingredients in a process such as whipping


Xanthan gum (n.) – a food additive, commonly used to thicken salad dressings, that is water-soluble and produced by the fermentation of sugar with certain microorganisms

Xylitol (n.) – a naturally fulfilling alcohol found in most plants such as fruits and vegetables, widely used as a sugar substitute in sugar-free chewing gums, mints, and other candies


Yakitori (n.) – a Japanese dish of small pieces of boneless chicken that is marinated, skewered, and grilled


Zest (v.) – to cut the zest, or the colorful part of the skin that contains oils and provide aroma and flavor, away from the fruit