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Recent papers and talks



A new physics

Since the days of Newton, physics has been done using ordinary and partial differential equations. This involved confusion about the nature of time: Newton made time "mathematical" to try and fit the calculus to European beliefs about the perfection of mathematics.

Making time physical led to relativity. After relativity, physics must be done using functional differential equations (FDEs). The resulting paradigm shift in physics could explain key features of quantum mechanics. Einstein made a mathematical mistake in this matter....more.

In an ironical tribute to Einstein, Sir Michael Atiyah, in his Einstein lecture of 2005, also suggested FDEs as a potential new paradigm for physics, and conjectured that this might explain quantum mechanics. He did not mention me (nor even Poincare or Einstein in this connection), and put out the idea as his original suggestion, later called "Atiyah's hypothesis". My work was acknowledged only subsequently. But Atiyah too made a mistake...more.

  • For the layperson, the new physics means it may be possible to know the future, but that can't be done mechancially: time travel is possible, but time machines are not.
  • The structured-time interpretation of quantum mechanics satisfactorily resolves the paradoxes of quantum mechanics.

A new mathematics

Present-day mathematics rests on formal proof, which varies with logic,  but logic varies with time beliefs and culture. So mathematical theorems are no more than cultural truths. That seems the end of formal mathematics...more.

The new mathematics would value calculation above proof.

Gives a new way to tackle infinities in computing, calculus, quantum field theory, and shock waves.

  • For the layperson: this means maths becomes very easy if the Western approach to maths is abandoned. Anyone can learn the calculus in 5 days as I have shown.

A new type of computer


About India's first parallel supercomputer Param that I helped to build.....more

(This was not really new, similar things had been done before elsewhere, but people then thought of India as technologically backward, and dismissed the effort as "mad".)

Quantum computing

Computers become obsolete every 3 years, but this may soon stop. Worried that this may result in an economic slowdown, many countries (not India) are betting billions on quantum computing as the solution. But will quantum computers work? That requires a proper understanding of quantum mechanics. Does the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics mean quantum computing is parallel computing? Or is something missing so that quantum computers should be designed differently?....more.

Software etc.

Download free educational software (for all), and lecture notes (students only).

A new ethic

Can ethics be based on science? The harmony principle provides a new basis of ethics not based on outmoded cultural beliefs. It gives meaning and purpose to life without having to believe in God... more.

Also: Has the AMS made a mockery of its ethics in the Atiyah case? ...more.

A new history


The calculus developed in India, and was transmitted to Europe. Newton and Leibniz did not "independently rediscover" it. Why not? And what difference does it make?... more.

Western history of science

The Western history of science was designed by priests during the Crusades and Inquisition. Colonialism made this ultra-chauvinisitic story the "standard" and any realistic corrections are dismissed as chauvinistic! The story created awe of the West,  and fooled people into aping the West as the right way to "catch up". This worked like a leash to enslave people mentally. If you are one of those slaves, break out now....more


Mathematics is supposedly based on Euclid's Elements. But did Euclid exist? Was the Elements a religious book?... more.

A new look at science and religion

Buddhist Mathematics

Is the certainty of mathematics only  a religious belief? Would mathematics change if we changed the underlying religious belief? What would Buddhist mathematics be like? ...more

Christian Physics

Is Stephen Hawking's theory of "singularities" just a sophisticated articulation of Christian ideas of creation?...more

Is the authority of science being misused to control people's behaviour by persuading them about the validity of a certain set of values. ...more

A new way to learn

  • The 5-day course on calculus without limits, (for those who know 8th std. math), using zeroism....more. Math experts can look here.
  • Solve tough problems of Newtonian physics easily with the software Calcode that I developed to teach differential equations to my children.....more  
  • Why the lowly string is a superior substitute for the compass box in primary math education....more



What others say

P. A. M. Dirac

(Nobel Prize 1933)

“Mr Raju has shown that he has great initiative and has worked extremely hard.”

P. C. W. Davies

(Templeton Award 1995)

“...shows great imagination and promise...“

Referee Report

(paper on the Dirac delta function, in J. Phy. A)

“This is a paper of very high quality addressed to problems that are certain to be of increasing importance in the future. The presentation is exceptionally clear...“

Karl Popper

“I found your critical remarks...very good.“

Jagdish Mehra

(UNESCO Distinguished Professor and Feynman's biographer)

“Dr Raju is full of brilliant ideas... It is my conviction that Dr Raju has decidedly within him certain elements of genius...“

A. W. Joshi

(author of Group Theory for Physicists)

“It is fantastic...You are now rising to the level of Bohr and Pauli and others.“

A. K. Raychaudhuri

(author of Raychaudhuri equation)

“Raju is a very good researcher. He has imagination, creativity and confidence in himself.“

J. N. Mohanty

“Indian philosophy certainly needs scholars like you.“

Referee report

(paper on Time Travel, Foundations of Physics)

“It was a pleasure to read this paper. I enjoyed its grace and delightful wit... the appeal to equations of finite difference (a la Poincare) seems a clever and promising approach.“

More reviews.

Press reports

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Press reports


Some that I have been in and liked.

Some  I helped to build

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Time: Towards a Consistent Theory (Kluwer, 1994)

Image: Time: Towards a Consistent Theory

An analysis of the notion of time leads to a non-mechanistic physics done in a new way using functional differential equations... more

"Raju writes with ease and deft wit...The bare concept that I have just summarised is exploited with subtlety and elegance by Raju. ...about the niftiest explanation of our intuitive sense of time I have yet seen....an important book..." -J. F. Woodward (Foundations of Physics )

"Altogether a delightful book". -A. N. Mitra

"authoritative and written with impeccable clarity...an excellent book."- D. J. Klir (International Journal of General Systems)

The Eleven Pictures of Time (Sage, 2003)

Image: The Eleven Pictures of Time

How religion has influenced physics through time beliefs and how this unholy alliance is used to control your behaviour today... more

 "...magnificent, a true magnum opus...a truly revolutionary book (not merely an excellent book...)" -Arun Ghosh

"masterly command of primary sources and a delightful sense of wit and humour...Brilliant, thought provoking, and singular..."- Kapila Vatsyayana (Sandhan)

"This is a book with a difference, and the difference will excite some readers, as it did me, and infuriate many others. -Don Miller (Time and Society, London)


Image: book release

Pictures of Book Release by Dr Kapila Vatsyayana and Prof. Yashpal 

Cultural Foundations of Mathematics (Pearson Longman, 2007)

Image: Cultural Foundations of Mathematics

Why mathematics is not certain, and a new history of how the calculus developed in India and was transmitted to Europe... more

"proof in the western mathematical tradition is dealt with remarkable originality by C. K. Raju...among the best treatments of the history and philosophy of mathematics." -Ubiratan D'Ambrosio

"an essential reference book in libraries the world over" - Review in The Hindu by K. Srinivasa Rao.


Review in Sandhan by Susantha Goonatilake.


Ghadar Jari Hai.

Read full reviews  

Image: Pamphlet

"an excellent monograph ... though small in length, [it] is much larger in significance. ...It is highly learned in its contents..."

Asghar Ali Engineer in Islam and Modern Age

In Hindi

क्या विज्ञान पश्चिम में शुरू हुआ?

Image: Hindi Pamphlet

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