In 1872, the California Legislature enacted the following 37 maxims of jurisprudence:

3509.  The maxims of jurisprudence hereinafter set forth are intended not to qualify any of the foregoing provisions of this Code, but to aid in their just application.


3510.  When the reason of a rule ceases, so should the rule itself.


3511.  Where the reason is the same, the rule should be the same.


3512.  One must not change his purpose to the injury of another.




3514.  One must so use his own rights as not to infringe upon the rights of another.


3515.  He who consents to an act is not wronged by it.


3516.  Acquiescence in error takes away the right of objecting to it.


3517.  No one can take advantage of his own wrong.


3518.  He who has fraudulently dispossessed himself of a thing may be treated as if he still had possession.


3519.  He who can and does not forbid that which is done on his behalf, is deemed to have bidden it.


3520.  No one should suffer by the act of another.


3521.  He who takes the benefit must bear the burden.


3522.  One who grants a thing is presumed to grant also whatever is essential to its use.


3523.  For every wrong there is a remedy.


3524.  Between those who are equally in the right, or equally in the wrong, the law does not interpose.


3525.  Between rights otherwise equal, the earliest is preferred.


3526.  No man is responsible for that which no man can control.


3527.  The law helps the vigilant, before those who sleep on their rights.


3528.  The law respects form less than substance.


3529.  That which ought to have been done is to be regarded as done, in favor of him to whom, and against him from whom, performance is due.


3530.  That which does not appear to exist is to be regarded as if it did not exist.


3531.  The law never requires impossibilities.


3532.  The law neither does nor requires idle acts.


3533.  The law disregards trifles.


3534.  Particular expressions qualify those which are general.


3535.  Contemporaneous exposition is in general the best.


3536.  The greater contains the less.


3537.  Superfluity does not vitiate.


3538.  That is certain which can be made certain.


3539.  Time does not confirm a void act.


3540.  The incident follows the principal, and not the principal the incident.


3541.  An interpretation which gives effect is preferred to one which makes void.


3542.  Interpretation must be reasonable.




3545.  Private transactions are fair and regular.






3548.  The law has been obeyed.