Friday, March 29, 2019

Knowledge Modeling

I recently presented a webinar on “knowledge modeling.” I usually have spoken or written only of creating controlled vocabularies, or more specifically taxonomies, rather than creating knowledge models. Now, I am beginning to think of knowledge models and knowledge modeling.

A knowledge model is not just a fancy buzzword for a controlled vocabulary. It’s more complex than that. A knowledge model is more similar to a knowledge organization system, which I defined in an earlier blog post. As a system or a model, it comprises not only the concepts, their labels and attributes, and their relationships, but also rules or policies for their use. Furthermore, a knowledge model is either a complex type of knowledge organization system, such as a thesaurus or an ontology, or a set of multiple controlled vocabularies to be used in combination for the same content set  that form a set of taxonomies, such as facets, but it is not a simple single controlled vocabulary. The designation of “model” is also what is used for RDF, SKOS, and OWL-based systems. These are often called semantic models.

The activity of “knowledge modeling” is also slightly different and more complex than mere “taxonomy creation.”   Taxonomy creation involves identifying concepts through obtaining input from stakeholders/users and from surveying the content, possibly with some additional external resources, but the extent of obtaining user input may vary. It is possible to build a taxonomy, especially one for external users, with no user input and just input from some other stakeholders. Knowledge modeling also involves inputs of people and content, but more emphasis is on stakeholder/user input. Content contains information, but people contain knowledge, so knowledge modeling requires the input of various people, with the input gathered in a comprehensive and systematic way, such as through interactive brainstorming workshops and interviews. Furthermore, knowledge modeling does not look at merely content, but starts out considering the body “knowledge” that can be derived from the content.

Knowledge modeling may also involve a slightly different thinking of the taxonomist or knowledge modeler. Instead of thinking of what terms are needed for indexing and retrieval of a set of content, the knowledge modeler thinks of what are the possible classes, facets, or concept schemes to describe a domain of knowledge, and what are the various user activities and use cases that could be supported. From there, specific concepts are then created. Taxonomy creation involves a combination of top-down and bottom approaches to the hierarchy of concepts, but knowledge modeling puts more emphasis on the top-down approach.

Knowledge modeling is a very apt description for what is involved in designing and creating ontologies, which are knowledge organization systems that describe a domain of knowledge, through concepts, classes of concepts, and customized semantic relationships between concepts of different classes. (Ontologies, by definition, should also follow the OWL standards of the World Wide Web Consortium for data representation.) There are knowledge organization systems which are not ontologies yet make use of some semantic relationships, and designing these also involves the activity knowledge modeling. Determining what additional semantic relationships are desired, how specific they should be, and what they should be named in both directions is very much a knowledge modeling task.

Knowledge modeling also suggests that it is an activity of knowledge management and not merely information management. Knowledge management is defined as “the process of capturing, distributing, and effectively using knowledge,”(Tom Davenport, 1994), which goes beyond the mere support of search, discovery, and retrieval. Knowledge management is especially for internal enterprise-level knowledge.

I think knowledge modeling is more challenging than mere taxonomy creation, but I am up for the challenge.                                                                                                                                                                             


  1. Hi Heather - thanks for sharing this blog with us. Good stuff!

    Sorry I missed your webinar. When is your next one?


  2. If you missed the webinar "Semaphore Knowledge Modeling with the Accidental Taxonomist" you can view the recording for free by registering on the Smartlogic website:

  3. Excellent post thanks. I’m interested in such models and see the power but struggling to see how to integrate into our current generation of applications to gain benefit from the change. Will have to listen to your webinar. Thanks!

  4. Hi Heather,

    A couple of years ago I wrote an article called “The Art of Modeling Concepts – What’s SKOS go to do with it?” – Link:
    While it does not mention the words “Knowledge Modeling”, I think it has relevance in the discussion on this topic.  If we think of knowledge modeling generally as creating a computer interpretable model of some area of knowledge, the article covers one way to do that.
    The article focuses on leveraging controlled vocabularies built using SKOS, and adding a little “power under the hood.”  The “power under the hood” is a model that utilizes the concepts, entered by the professional creating the controlled vocabularies, in relationships developed from the knowledge of subject matter experts (SMEs).  The additional power then comes from the knowledge base built “under” the SKOS model that was used in instantiating the controlled vocabulary.
    The article describes a straightforward example, and walks through one process of knowledge modeling to build an associated knowledge base.  Then if the controlled vocabularies are built with a tool that allows the professional to maintain the controlled vocabulary in a SKOS structure, (and there are a number of tools that do that), you can thereby have what are really knowledge model instances maintained by multiple taxonomists.  I think this a great way of leveraging the skillsets of the taxonomists focused on properly defining concepts, subject matter experts, and the knowledge modelers!

    - Paula Markes

  5. You are welcome. And thanks too Heather... I enjoy your blog! :-)

  6. Hi Heather

    I know content models (taxonomy and metadata are lifelines of content models), and I know domain models. And I live the way you setup the context for knowledge models, in relation to taxonomy. So, is it fair to say that knowledge modeling is at the intersection of content models and domain models?

  7. I had not thought about that, and I am afraid I am not experienced enough in all things modeling to say. Perhaps someone else has a comment on that.