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Altruism in animalsEvolution of moralityand Evolutionary ethics Giving alms to beggar children In the science of ethology the study of animal behaviourand more generally in the study of social evolutionaltruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.

Two related strands of research on altruism have emerged from traditional evolutionary analyses and from evolutionary game theory a mathematical model and analysis of behavioural strategies. Some of the proposed mechanisms are: Even subtle cues indicating kinship may unconsciously increase altruistic behavior.


Another cue is having the same family name, especially if rare, and this has been found to increase helpful behavior. Another study found more cooperative behavior the greater the number of perceived kin in a group. Using kinship terms in political speeches increased audience agreement with the speaker in one study.

This effect was especially strong for firstborns, who are typically close to their families. People are likely to suffer if their friends, allies, People helping people similar social ingroups suffer or even disappear.


The effective tit for tat strategy is one game theoretic example. Many people seem to be following a similar strategy by cooperating if and only if others cooperate in return. People tend to be less cooperative if they perceive that the frequency of helpers in the population is lower.




As such, it may be an optimal strategy to be slightly forgiving of and have a slightly generous interpretation of non-cooperation. This may be due to better assessments of cooperativeness or due to exchange of promises. They are more cooperative if they can gradually build trust, instead of being asked to give extensive help immediately.


Thus, giving grades and promotions based only on an individual's performance relative to a small local group, as is common, may reduce cooperative behaviors in the group. A person with a good reputation for reciprocity have a higher chance of receiving help even from persons they have had no direct interactions with previously.

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A number of theories have been proposed as explanations as well as criticisms regarding its existence. Costly signaling and the handicap principle.

People helping people


Costly signaling is pointless if everyone has the same traits, resources, and cooperative intentions but become a potentially more important signal if the population increasingly varies on these characteristics.During slavery, black people had to endure forced labor, had to learn a religion they never heard of, had to allow their infant children to be used as alligator bait, and had to live like they were less than human.

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Research has found that people are most likely to help if they recognize that a person is in need and feel personal responsibility for reducing the person's distress. How athletes are building and leveraging their personal brands. USC experts join with the NFL to guide players on everything from public speaking to social media.

Social psychology - Wikipedia