Sie sind auf Seite 1von 474


Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
Microsoft Corporation
189 1.
In preparing an English edition of Professor Kluge's famous work, the Trans-
lator has aimed at making the book as easily comprehensible to English
students as the original work is to Germans. To this end he has given the
chief meanings of all the German words, some of which are rather obscure, and
are not to be found in any German-English Dictionaries hitherto published. In
assigning the equivalents to the words quoted from foreign languages, great care
has been taken to give as closely as possible the corresponding English mean-
ing to the words. In all cases of doubt, the Translator has consulted English,
French, and German Dictionaries of foreign languages, such as

Sanscrit (Monier Williams).

Greek (Liddell and Scott ; Pape).
Latin (White and Riddell ; Lewis and Short ; Smith ; Georges).
Gothic (Skeat).
Anglo-Saxon (Toller ; Bosworth
Middle English (Stratmann).
Icelandic (Cleasby).
Old High German (Graff ; Schade).
Middle High German (Miiller ; Lexer).
Lithuanian (Schleicher's Handbook).
Dutch (Calisch).
Swedish (Helms).
French (Sachs; Clifton and Grimaud; Littre; Brachet; Fleming and
Italian (Ferrari; Baretti).
Spanish (Neumann and Baretti ; Lopes and Bensley).
Welsh (Pugh).
A few misprints and errors in the order of words of the German edition
have been corrected, but they are not of sufficient importance to be specially
On the completion of the present work, it is to me a pleasant duty to express my
thanks to all those who have rendered its execution possible, and have helped to
give it its new shape.
I might have mentioned, under the separate words, those scholars who have
discovered any etymological data bearing upon the vocabulary of our mother-
tongue ;
the vast extent of etymological literature deterred me, however, from
doing so. There is no Teutonic scholar or linguist of any repute who has not
by his researches either helped to determine the etymology of some German
word or actually settled it. It would have been an extremely toilsome and yet
useless task to give the name of the discoverer of the etymology of each word
and how frequently have several scholars at the same time deserved credit for
clearing up the history of a word. 0. Schade, in his
Old German Dictionary,"
has with untiring industry collected materials from the copious literature for
the older period, and has received the thanks of specialists. I could not expect
that those who may use my book would wade through the numerous errors and
occasional imperfections of scientific investigation in order to form their own
opinion on the evolution of particular words. By foregoing such a plan I
obtained space, in spite of the limited compass to which this book was confined,
to describe pretty fully the actual development of the word itself.
If my attempt to give a brief, clear, and connected view of the history of
each element of our vocabulary has been in any degree successful, a great part
of the credit is due to the men who have watched over the germs planted by
the great founders of our philology, and have in the course of the last twenty
years made them bloom anew. In their foremost ranks I view with pleasure
those whose academical instruction I was permitted to enjoy, and others who in
friendly intercourse have taught me much and stimulated me in my work. The
fact that some of them too have testified their kindly, helpful sympathy with
the new edition has been highly grateful to mc, in the interest of the subject I
have at heart.
I have also received, since the first appearance of my work, encouragement
in various ways, even from anonymous and unknown readers of this book, who
have made communications to the author respecting dialectic, etymological, and
other pertinent facts. Much of it has proved useful for the new edition. Moreover,
all reasonable objections of critics have been duly considered. In particular
points the book has gained much by the notices of Herren Birlinger, Franck, and
Hager; and a detailed, critical letter of my Swedish friends, Prof. A. Noreen
and Dr. E. Brate, has placed in the most liberal manner at my disposal nume-
rous valuable improvements and new combinations. For dialectic communica-
tions I am indebted to Herren W. Gordack of Konigsberg and F. Holthausen
of Gottingen, and especially to Prof. Hermann Fischer of Tubingen, who gave me
access to his rich stores of Swabian dialectic materials. For the Jewish-German
words which the book contains Prof. Euting of Strassburg placed materials at
my disposal. Valuable connecting details, for which I had to resort to the
liberal help of specialists, I owe to Herren K. von Bahder, O. von Bohtlingk,
P. von Bradke, B. ten Brink, K. Brugmann, S. Bugge, C. Cappeller, H Fischer,
W. Franz, F. Holthausen, A. Horning, H. Hiibschmann, R. Kohler, Th.
Nbldeke, K. Schorbach, O. Schrader, R. Thurneysen, B. Wheeler, and E
I have been especially helped and cheered by the liberal sympathy of Pro-
fessors A. Leskien of Leipzig, W. Meyer of Jena, H. Osthoff of Heidelberg,
and E. Sievers of Halle. They have with praiseworthy liberality made over to
me for publication very many new investigations of importance, and have also,
by their corrections, objections, and retrenchments, given to many articles a
greater fulness and completeness.
For the careful extension and completion of the old Index, the author is
much indebted to Herr Vincent Janssen of Kiel, who will very shortly publish
independently complete Indexes to this book.
For all the stimulus and sympathy, help and encouragement, I have received
in the old as well as in the new edition, I beg to express my most sincere
Strassburg, July 1883.
Jena, October 1888.
It cannot be denied that the study of German etymology is held in less esteem
among us, and is pursued with less zeal, than that of French. This fact is not sur-
for how easily the results of Romance philology can be made evident to a
man of classical training, who has in Latin the chief source, and in his own native
German the most important subsidiary source of French entirely under his com-
mand ! And what gratification there is in viewing through the medium of etymology,
well-known words in a new light
If German etymology could be built up to the same extent as French, from the
materials furnished by the better known civilised languages, it would certainly
have long ago evoked the same appreciation as is now shown for French. But the
perception of historical connections is made more difficult when the earlier stages of
the language are not so accessible as Latin is for the history of Romance words. A
scientific knowledge of German etymology rests upon facts, whose coherence can
only be explained by going beyond the limits of the chief civilised languages. It is
impossible, however, for the student to go so far back, unless all the difficulties are
smoothed and explained, and all the necessary details for ascertaining the history
of a word are placed before him. In investigating a German word, we cannot and
must not stop at Middle High German, the only earlier stage of our mother-tongue
with which every educated man has some acquaintance
and even Old High German,
the oldest literary period of German, is not, except in a very few cases, sufficient for
the needs of the etymologist who knows how to appreciate the importance of philology
in acquiring a knowledge of the history of the German language.
It is these pre-historic periods of German that furnish the indispensable foun-
dation for etymological inquiry. Not until we have obtained an insight into the
difference between the High German and Low German system of consonants
can we determine the relations of a German word to its Teutonic cognates ; not
until we have thoroughly mastered the relations of the Gothic consonants to
those of the allied Aryan languages are we able to understand the comparison of
a word with its Greek and Latin cognates. To explain the earlier stages of develop-
ment in German, and to throw light upon them as a chief means of ascertaining the
history of a word, is the task of historical grammar. The etymologist must, if he
wants to produce conviction, presuppose a general knowledge of the main crises in
the history of our mother-tongue.
To the scientific acquisitions of the present century we owe the knowledge of a
primary period of the history of the German language, which is authenticated by no
other record than the language itself. The literary records of the old Hindus,
unlocked to the learned world at the end of the last century, led to the pregnant
discovery that the Teutons, several millenniums before our era, spoke one and the
same language with the ancestors of the Hindus and Persians, the Greeks and
Albanians, the Italics and Kelts, the Slavs and Armenians, a fact which clearly
proved that they were descended from the same tribe. The primitive seat of those
tribes, which, in conformity with the utmost limits of the settlements of their
descendants, have been designated Indo-Teutons, Indo-Kelts, and also Indo- Euro-
peans, was the South of Europe, or more probably Asia.
Scientific investigation, which has been endeavouring for more than half a
century to unlock the common source of their language from the later records of
the various Aryan tribes, bestows on it the highest praise for its wealth of forms,
the development of which has been traced by German grammarians in our mother-
tongue down to the present day. The vocabulary of this primitive speech is proved
by some of its offshoots to have been exceedingly rich, and at the same time capable
of extension ; but its fundamental perceptions and ideas were limited. The fact that
it expressed the most necessary relations and wants of life has made it the treasury
from which the various Aryan languages have drawn their supply of words. Of
this old hoard German too has preserved no small a portion, even down to the
present time.
Compare our terms for expressing degrees of relationship with those of the
allied languages, and these words, with slight divergences in sound, or with
unchanged significations, will be found in the whole of the Aryan group. Of
course the stock of such terms was far greater than we might suspect from the few
which have remained to us. At one time we had, e.g., various designations for
mother's brother ' and
father's brother' (comp. Df)cim and better with Lat. avun-
culus and jmtiiius), for 'father's sister' and 'mother's sister' (comp. AS. faftu and
mAdrie with Lat. amita and matertera). This implied wealth of pre-historic terms
for degrees of kinship can be only understood by us as existing at a time when our
ancestors lived together in clans as shepherds and nomads. When with the changing
years the more fully developed relations of kinship lost the old inherited terms, how
seldom have alien designations attempted to oust the native words, and how seldom
with success ! Compare Dufel and Xante with 93atcr and 2J?utter, ruber and Sdjivejicr,
Dljetm and SWidjme, Diejfe and 9ttd?te, better and S3afe, (djn>a()et and djuneger, <Sd)tmt and
The terms for expressing kinship, whose unimpaired vigour we see in German,
are, in combination with the numerals up to a hundred, an infallible indication of
the Aryan origin of a language. Thus German testifies also by its old inherited
numerals its close relation to the allied languages. Moreover, the designations of
parts of the body are specially characteristic of all Aryan tongues. If German in
its later development has lost many of them (comp., e.g., OHG. gebal,
skull,' equiv.
to Gr. Kf>dkr], under OHefrel), yet it preserves in most cases the old inherited words;
Jpirn, D(ir, 23raue, 9iafe, 3af)it, ate, 33ug, SldJfef, 9lrm, He, 91agcl, Jfnie, Qfttj?, gel! recur
sometimes in one, sometimes in several of the allied languages. The knowledge
too of natural history was displayed in the primitive speech by some essential words.
Of the mammals, apart from the domesticated animals (see 93iet), Jtitft, Dd)\t, ^mib,
geljteit, 9tefj, and <Sd)af), only a few destructive quadrupeds, such as 5Udf and 2Waug,
5Mbev and &afe (see also Sdr), have been transmitted to German from that primitive
linguistic period. The names for birds and trees are, however, but rarely common
to several languages of the Aryan group (see 9lar, .Rranidj, SSirfe, gofj", Sicfjte, and
33ud)e). Of inanimate nature also the primitive people had only a limited percep-
tion ; few names for the periods of the day and the year were coined, and, as might
have been expected, the circle of their religious ideas was narrow. Only the German
words 9iad)t, 9JJonat, and omntcr have corresponding terms in several allied tongues
the two old Aryan gods of light, Dieus and Aus6s, have left their final traces in
Alemannic 3te3tag and in German Dftent.
There is a further rich supply of isolated words in our mother-tongue inherited
from the primitive stock. They relate chiefly to the most simple and natural
expressions, needs, and activities of life
jlefyeit, gcljeit, cffen, becfen, fdjiMfcen, tiarft, jung,
ueu, of(,
mitten, burr, &c, are derived from the primitive speech. In moral
conceptions our mother-tongue inherited the stems of Swunb and geitib, liefon and
fyaffen, l)abern and ttugett from the old vocabulary.
With the division of the primitive Aryan people into tribes, which may have
been caused by religious and political dissensions, or perhaps only by the constant
increase in number, and with the migration of these tribes from their primitive
home, the Teutonic language may be said to begin. The old materials partly sufficed
for the constant growth of perceptions and ideas. Old words received a new shade
of meaning ; the root (Sans, mf) for 'to die ' acquired the signification of 'murder';
the dear, the cherished one ' became
the freeman
to follow ' came to mean
see ' (fcljen) ;
to split ' was extended into
to bite ' (beiflcit), and
to persist,' ' to stride,'
were developed into
to live ' (teben) and
to mount ' (fteigen). Derivatives from
existing stems assumed characteristic significations ; in this way ett, Jfeiiig, Jtinb,
fd)6n, and 9Boge originated. On the other hand, we note the loss of old roots, which
in other Aryan groups developed numerous cognates ; the roots j)6,
to drink,' and
to give,' which we recognise in Lat. potare and Gr. Treiraica, and in Lat. dare and
Gr. Si'&a/it, have completely disappeared in Teutonic. Of other primitive roots we
find in Teutonic only a few slight relics nearly disappearing, some of which will in
course of time vanish altogether. The root ag, ' to drive ' (in Lat. ago, see Slrfer), the
root an,
to breathe' (in Lat. animus and Gr. uvf/ios), the root glw,
to live' (in Lat.
vivere, see querf), have never had in Teutonic, during the period of its independent
development, such a wide evolution as in Latin and Greek. In the case of such
words, when the idea is a living one, the term that supplants them already exists
before they die out ; in fact, it is the cause of their disappearance. Occasionally,
however, we find in the Teutonic group characteristic word stems, which we look
for in vain in the sphere of the allied languages, although they must once have
existed there too in a living form. Such primitive stems as Teutonic alone has
preserved may be at the base of tunfen, gefcen, fiird)ten, fcdjtcit, ffiefyen, tyalteii, <fcc. Other
roots peculiar to the Teutonic languages may owe their existence to onomatopoetic
creation during the independent development of Teutonic ; such are perhaps Uiitgen
and niefeit.
Only such a pliancy of the primitive speech could keep pace with the higher
intellectual development which we must assume for the progress of the Teutonic
group after the first division of dialects. The capacity of our race for development
is sufficient, even without the assumption of foreign influences, to account for the
refinement and development of the conditions of life among the Teutons during the
second period of the primitive history of our language. The growing susceptibility
to the external world resulted in the extension of the sphere of the gods, the contact
with foreign nations led to a refinement of social life, and with both these the
conception of propriety grew up. What an abundance of new ideas and words,
which were foreign to the primitive speech, had now to be evolved !
In fact, we find among the Aryans but a slight agreement in the designations of
ethical ideas
gut and libel, utilb and org, l;clb and treu, are specifically Teutonic ; Stbcl,
Gbe, and fd)woren have no exact correspondences in the remaining Teutonic languages,
ctt, immef, ^cllc, Grbe, as well as SBoban (see 2But), greia (see frti), and enar (see
tenner), owe their existence to the special religious development of the Teutons,
while we find the belief in elfish beings (see
even in the Vedas.
It is true that this increase does not altogether suffice to characterise the develop-
ment of the languages of the Teutonic group. If we assign the year 2000 b.c. as the
latest date for the Aryan division of dialects, the second period of the history of th
German language would end with the beginning of our era. This interval of two
thousand years, at the end of which we assume the development of the consonant
and vowel forms peculiar to Teutonic, as well as the settlement of the Teutons in
Germany, has no well-defined divisions with prominent characteristics
; but the later
evidence of the language indicates in this pre-historic period so many points of con-
tact with civilised nations as would in historic times probably be regarded as form-
ing a new epoch.
The Teutonic tribe, with the western group of nations of the Aryan stock, had
left its eastern home as a pasturing people. Evidence in the language itself subse-
quently shows us these people with their flocks on the march. The term tageweide,
current in Middle High German, could exist as a measure of length only among
a race of shepherds in the act of migrating ; only nomads could count their stages by
periods of rest (0?aficu). That the great stream of Aryan tribes poured through the
South Russian lowlands (the Italics and Kelts had shown them the way) is antece-
dently probable, and this theory is finely illustrated by the history of the word Jpanf.
Here we see the Teutons in contact with a non-Aryan people in the south of Russia
and so, too, the foreign aspect of the Teutonic word <2itber (comp. (Srbfe also) testifies
to the pre-historic contact of our ancestors with people of a different race, whose
origin can unfortunately no longer be determined. We suspect that its influence on
the Teutons and their language was manifested in a greater number of loan-words
than can now be discovered.
On the other hand, the emigrant Aryans, whom we find at a later period in our
part of the world, and whose languages were differentiated only gradually from one
another and from the primitive speech, were led by constant intercourse to exchange
a large number of terms expressive of the acquisitions of civilisation, which the
individual tribes would perhaps have acquired only after a longer independent
development. Numerous words are peculiar to the European Aryans, which we
seek for in vain among the Indians and Persians. They relate chiefly to agriculture
and technical products, the development of which did certainly not take place at the
same time among all the European peoples belonging to the Teutonic stock. Occa-
sionally the language itself bears witness that correspondences in the languages
spoken by the Western Aryans are due only to the adoption of words by one people
from another (see ndfyen). Thus the stems of old words such as fden, ntaljlen, mdljfn,
and ntclfen, whose Aryan character is undoubted, will not necessarily be regarded as
genuine Teutonic, since they may have been borrowed from a kindred people.
The evidence of language, which alone gives us a knowledge of the primitive
contact of the Teutons with foreign and kindred people, is unfortunately not full
enough, and not always transparent enough, to furnish sufficient material for a clear
view of these pre-historic events. It is generally acknowledged that the intercourse
with the neighbouring Slavonic people took place in the second period of the history
of the German language. For the influence of the Kelts upon the Teutons, Slmt and
3Reid) afford valuable testimony, which at the same time shows what decisive results
can at times be obtained from language itself. We have in the term to>clfi the last
offshoot of the Teutonic word Walk (borrowed from the Keltic tribal name Volcae),
by which the Kelts were formerly designated by the Teutons.
The name by which the Teutons called themselves is unfortunately lost to us
Our learned men have therefore agreed to use the Keltic term which was customary
among old historians, and which, according to the testimony of the Venerable Bede,
was applied in England to the immigrant Anglo-Saxons by the Britons even in
the 8th century. The national character of the Teutons and the type of their
language were for a very long period after the division into tribes the same as
before. In the last century before our era, when numerous Teutonic tribes became
known to the ancient world, we have not the least evidence to show that the lan-
guage had branched off into dialects. The same may be said of the time of Tacitus
but his account of the genealogy of the Teutonic tribes seems to have some connec-
tion with divisions into dialects, recorded at a later period.
The linguistic division of the Teutons into an Eastern group, comprising Goths
and Scandinavians, and into a Western, including the English, Frisians, Saxons,
Franks, Bavarians, Swabians, and Alemannians, is generally regarded as undoubted.
The evidence of language goes, however, to prove that a close connection exists only
among the West Teutonic tribes ; and unless Tacitus' ethnogony includes all the
Teutons, his group of tribes, comprising the Ingaevones, the Erminones, and the
Istaevones, are identical in fact with the Western division. The permutation of
consonants and the development of the vowel system, which we assume to have
been effected before the beginning of our era, were the chief characteristics of all
the languages of the second period ; but the most important factor in the develop-
ment of West Teutonic was the uniform attrition of the old final syllables. With
the operation of this law in West Teutonic begins the decay of the old inherited
forms, most of which were lost in the third period. The German language is now
entering upon a stage of development which had been reached by English some
centuries ago.
But in spite of this loss of forms, the language retains its old pliancy in undi-
minished force
after independent words, even in the second period, had been
transformed into suffixes and prefixes, the language still possessed new elements
which were ready to replace what had been lost. Moreover, the same forces operate
in the later history of the vocabulary as in the primitive Teutonic period.
Thus West Teutonic has preserved the stems of old words, which in Gothic and
Scandinavian have either died out or have fallen more or less into the background
gcljen, fteljen, tfjun, Bin, fcdjten, jievben, as well as 93nfen, Dbfi, genet, grog, &c, are the
essential characteristics of a West Teutonic language. Other words, such as 9lad?bur,
clcitb, gefunb, Stfeffer, #etrat, and 9tad)Hgalf, owe their existence to later composition.
But, above all, the absence of numerous old words, preserved by Gothic or Scan-
dinavian, is a main feature of the West Teutonic group. But this is not the place
to adduce every loss and every compensation which has diminished and re-shaped
the old elements in the sphere of languages most closely allied to German.
The pre-Old High German periodthe third period of our mother-tongue, which
is not attested by literary recordshas, however, acquired its distinctive features by
new contact with the languages of civilised nations, which added new elements to
the existing material : above all, the contact with the Romans resulted in an ex-
change of productions and contrivances. However fond we may be of overrating the
influence of Latin on the West Teutonic languages, yet it cannot be denied that it
materially widened the most various spheres of ideas.
Words which point to active commercial intercourse, such as SKunje and *Ffunc,
trajje and SWcite, tftfte and Sacf, fel and $fau, were made known in the pre-High
German period, probably even in the first century a.d., to our forefathers both
mediately and immediately by the Romans. Contemporaneously with these the
Latin nomenclature of the culture of the vine was naturalised in Germany in the
words Skin, 2cfi, Saucr, JMter, and Sridjter. Not much later a rich terminology,
together with the Roman style of building, was introduced ; SKaiier, better, oiler,
<gpctd)er, hammer, SBeifyer, 3iegct, $feiler, ^fojlen,
and numerous other cognate
ideas, evidently bear the stamp of a Latin origin. The adoption of the Southern
method of building in stone, however, brought about a transformation of the entire
domestic life. When a migratory life is exchanged for a permanent settlement, the
example of a highly civilised people cannot fail to furnish abundant material for
imitation. We are not surprised, therefore, to find in the language itself the influ-
ence of even Roman cookery and of Roman horticulture before the Old High
German period ; JlodE>, Jtiid)e, <2<$ufiel, J?cffc{, 93ecfen, SifdJ, (Sfjig, <Senf, ^feffcr, Jtcfyf, ^flanje,
{Rettig, Miixtis, Jttimmcl, J?irfd)e, $firfxc&, ^fiauute, Dttitte, gcicje, &c, testify how ready the
German of that period was to extend his knowledge and enrich his language when
he exchanged the simple customs of his ancestors for a more luxuriant mode of life.
It would, of course, be a too hasty assumption to explain such Southern alien
terms (a few Keltic words such as carrus, carruca, and paraverediis, see barren,
J?urd), and $fevb, were introduced through a Roman medium) from the importation
of products and technical accomplishments which were unknown to our ancestors
till about the beginning of our era. We have indubitable reasons, supported by the
extent of the Teutonic exports to Rome, and not merely linguistic reasons. We
know from Pliny's Natural History that the Teutons furnished effeminate, imperial
Rome the material for pillows by the importation of geese
; eoque processere deliciae
ut sine hoc instrumento durarejam ne virorum quidem cervices possint. This suggests
to the historian of languages the connection of the Latin origin of ^fawtt, tfijfett, and
^fufyt with Pliny's account ; our ancestors adopted the Latin designation for the
articles which the Romans procured from Germania, Thus our $ful?( with its
cognates attests the share Germania had in the decline of Rome.
With Greece the Western Teutons have had in historical timesthe word 9lr$t
does not prove muchno immediate contact producing any influence on the German
language. It was really the Romans who made known to the new conquerors of the
world the name of that nation which at a subsequent period was destined to affect
our development so powerfully. But the settlement of the Goths in the Balkan
peninsula (their latest descendants were the Crimean Goths, who died out about the
beginning of the last century) had such an influence on the Western Teutons that
they have left traces even in our mother-tongue ; the first knowledge of Christianity
spread from them among the other Teutons. Our oldest supply of loan-words bearing
on the Christian religion belongs to Greek terminology, which never existed in the
Roman Church ; the words birdie and
<Sam3tag and spftnjtag, we undoubtedly
owe to Greek influence, through the medium of the Arian Goths ; and probably the
same may be said of (Sngel and eufe(, S9ifcr)of and *Pftngjkn. The connection between
the German tribes and the Goths, which we think can be recognised in other words
expressive of religious ideas, such as cibe and taufcn, lasted till the 7th century ; the
Alemannians were until the year 635 a.d. under the dominion of the Gotbs. Orthodox
Christianity of the Middle Ages, which supplanted Arianism, was no longer in a
position to reject entirely the naturalised terminology, and thus our mother-tongue has
preserved down to the present day some expressions of Gothic-Arian Christianity.
All the words that Romish missionaries introduced into German also evidently
bear the stamp of a later linguistic period. Not until the development of the
peculiar system of sounds in High Germana new permutation of consonants
divided from this point High German from Low Germandoes the influence of
Romish Christianity begin to express itself in the language. From the end of the
8th century our mother-tongue remained for more than two hundred years in the
service of religious literature. It is the period in our history in which literary
records appear, and during that time High German was greatly influenced by
Romish Christianity. A large number of Latin words was naturalised among us
for ecclesiastical offices and dignities, for ecclesiastical rites and appurtenances, we
adapted the current terms consecrated by the official language of the Church, such
as *pricfter, SPvobji, 2lbt, 3JJond>, Syenite, <Stgvijr, Jtfiftev, SRefiner, 2flejfe, geicr, fegnen, prebtgcn,
faficicn, Mrbammen, -ftreuj, Jfelcf), Drgcf, SUtur, <fcc. The unceasing pliancy of our language
is attested by the fact that some German words were constructed on the model of
the Latin, such as Scidjte, from confessio, eatter, from compater, @en>iffen, from
conscientia. The Church brought learning with a new nomenclature in its train
contemporaneously with the ecclesiastical Latin words, djirte, fdjmben, Xinte, 93rief,
received among us the rights of citizenship.
While the Old German vocabulary was enriched by such materials, there existed
a store of words which is dying out in the literary language, and is prolonging to
some extent its semi-conscious life in the old popular songs. At the same time the
terminology of war receives a new impress ; old words for
combat,' such as gund,
hilti, badu, hadu, disappear as independent words, and leave behind indistinct traces
only in proper names, such as iintfycr and ebung. Words such as mark (see SWdfyre),
and er, 9iecfe, and SEciganb have been brought down as archaic terms to the Middle
High German period.
With the rise of chivalry the old German terms applied to war must, as may be
imagined, have undergone transformation ; as it was French in its essential charac-
ter, it also introduced French loan-words among us. French influence, which first
made itself felt in Germany about the year 1000 a.d. (the word fein is, perhaps, the
earliest loan-word of genuine French origin), has never ceased to operate on our
language. But it reached its zenith with the introduction of chivalry, as it did once
again at the time of the Thirty Years' War. It is therefore not to be wondered at
that words relating to war and the court, such as Sauje, (Solbat, Q3atafl, Jfajhfl, Xurnicr,
Slbcnteucr, have been borrowed from the French vocabulary in exchange, as it
were, for the stock of Teutonic words connected with war which passed some
centuries earlier into French (comp. French auberge, gonfalon, marechal, heraut
under cvberge, $al)iic, SWavfdjaK, and Revolt). Moreover, courtly and fashionable words,
such as fofteit, licfern, prtifen, and prtifen have also passed into Germany.
When the linguistic influence of the West had reached its culminating point,
Slavonic began to make itself felt on the German Eastern marches. As it was due
to neighbourly intercourse among the border tribes, it was at first insignificant and
harmless. But several words which came to light in this way, such as elmftf<fe,
ren^e, Jhrotmct, $ettfd?e, ^etfdjaft, and <Sdjcp$, gradually won for themselves from the
13th century a place in the language of our literature.
These are in their main features the facts of those periods of the history of the
German language whose material has furnished the essential contents of the present
work. In those periods lie the beginnings of most of the words whose origin
demands a stricter etymological investigation.
abstr. =abstract,
ace. = accusative
adj. =adjective,
adv. =adverb,
adverb. = adverbial.
Alem. =Alemannian.
Amerie. =American.
Arab. =Arabic.
Armen. = Armenian.
Armor. =Armorican.
AS. =Anglo-Saxon.
Bav. = Bavarian.
Bohem. = Bohemian.
Bret. = Breton.
Burg. =Burgundian.
causat. causative.
Chald. = Chaldean.
Chin. = Chinese.
class. = classical.
collect. =collective.
comp. =compare.
conj. = conjunction.
conjug. =conjugation.
contr. = contracted.
Corn. =Cornish.
CrimGoth. =Crimean Gothic.
Cymr. =Cymric.
Dan. =Danish.
dat. =dative,
declen. =declension,
denom. =denominative,
dial. =dialect, dialectic,
dimin. =diminutive.
Dor. =Doric.
Du. = Dutch.
E. = English.
EAryan = East Aryan.
East Tent. = East Teutonic.
Egypt. = Egyptian.
e-qmv. = equivalent.
Europ. = European.
f. = feminine.
Finn. =Finnish.
Fr. = French.
Franc. =Franconian.
frequent. = frequentative.
Fris. = Frisian.
Gael. = Gaelic.
Gall. = Gallic,
gen. =genitive.
Goth. =Gothic.
Gr. = Greek.
Hebr. = Hebrew.
HG. = High German.
Hung. = Hungarian.
Ic. = Icelandic
Ind. = Indian,
indeclin. = indeclinable,
infin. =infinitive,
inflect. =inflected,
instrum. =instrumental,
intens. =intensive,
interj. =interjection,
interr. =interrogative,
intrans. =intransitive.
Ion. = Ionian.
Ir. =s Irish.
Ital. =Italian.
Jew. =Jewish.
Kelt. =Keltic.
Lapp. = Lappish.
Lat. =Latin.
Lett. =Lettic.
LG. = Low German.
lit. = literal(ly).
Lith. Lithuanian.
Lombard = Lombardic.
Lower Rhen. =Lower Rhenish.
m. =masculine.
MidDu. =Middle Dutch.
MidE. =Middle English.
MidG. = Middle German.
MidGr. = Middle Greek.
MidIIG. = Middle High German.
MidLat. = Middle Latin.
Mid LG. = Middle Low German.
ModDu. = Modern Dutch.
ModE. =Modern English. prep. =preposition.
ModFr. =Modern French. pros. = present.
ModGr. = Modern Greek. pret. =preterite.
ModHG. = Modern High German prim. = primary.
ModIc. = Modem Icelandic. primit. = primitive(ly).
ModLG. = Modern Low German. pron. = pronoun.
ModTeut. = Modern Teutonic. pronom. =pronominal.
Mongol. =Mongolian. prop. = properly.
Proven. = Provencal.
n. =: neuter. Pruss. = Prussian.
naut. = nautical.
nom. = nominative.
redup. = reduplicated
Norw. Norwegian.
refl. =reflexive.
num. =numeral.
Rom. = Romance.
Russ. = Russian.
Aryan = Old Aryan.
OBulg. =01d Bulgarian.
8. =singular.
ODu.= Old Dutch.
OFr.= Old French.
OFris. = Old Frisian.
OHG. = 01d High German.
OIc. =Old Icelandic.
Sans. = Sanscrit.
Sax. = Saxon.
Scand. =Scandinavian.
Scyth. = Scythian.
Sem. = Semitic.
OInd. =01d Indian.
OIr. = Old Irish.
OKelt.= Old Keltic.
OLat. = Old Latin.
OLG. = 01d Low German.
Serv. =Servian.
Slav. = Slavonic.
Slov. = Slovenian
Span. = Spanish,

onomat. =onomatopoetic.
subst. = substantive.
OPers. = 01d Persian.
Suff. = Sllffix.
OPruss. = Old Prussian.
ord. =ordinal.
super. superlative.
Swab. = Swabian.
orig. =original(ly).
Swed. = Swedish.
OSax. = Old Saxon.
OSlav. = Old Slavonic.
OSlov.= Old Slovenian.
Teut. =Teutonic.
OTeut. =Old Teutonic.
Thrac. = Thracian.
trans. =transitive.
partic. =participle,
perf. =perfect.
Pere. = Persian.
UpG. = Upper German.
Phcen. =Phoenician.
Pied. = Piedmontesc.
vb. = verb.
plur. =plural.
Pol. = Polish.
voc.= vocative.
Port. =Portuguese. W.=Welsh.
poss. =possessive.
Prak. = Prakrit.
West Sax. = West Saxon.
West Teut. = West Teutonic.
pref. =prefix. wk. =weak.
An asterisk (*) signifies that the form adduced is only theoretical.
tCt, tCtd), afrequent suffix in the formation
of the names of hrooks and rivers (or
rather the places named after them)
the whole,
(Uvaefc, teuiacfy, aljad),
Ototacf), (Scfjivaqact)) is more UpG, sa more
MidG, and LG. (gnlba, SBevra, <Sd)n?aqa)
from OHG. aha, 'running water,' Goth.
river ' (for details see 2lu), whence
also the names of the rivers Sla (Westph.),
Di)t (Hesse).
Jlctl, m., 'eel,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. OHG. dl, m., a term common to the
Teutonic dialects ; comp. OIc. dll, AS. tie',
E. eel, Du. aal (allied perhaps to Sllaut
i.). No original affinity to the equiv. Lat.
anguilla, Gr. ?7xXw, U possible, for the
sounds of the Teut. words differ too much
from it ; even from *anglu-, OHG. al or
AS. ml could not he deri ved. Besides, th ere
is no hereditary stock of names of fishes
possessed in common by Teut. and Gr. and
Lat. (see gifd)).

Jlalraupe, f., 'eel-pout'

(also called Slatquappe, see Gitappe), an eel-
. like fish, originally called 9iaupe merely ; in
MidHG. rUppe, OHG. rAppay as the Mid
HG. rutte (the equivalent and parallel
form) indicates, tlie base of the word is
probably supplied by the Lat. ruJbita, from
which, through the Teut. custom of dis-
placing the accent in borrowed words
(see Slbt), we get r&beta, and then, by the
assimilation of the consonants through
syncope of the intermediate e, the forms
mentioned ; names of fishes borrowed in
OHG. from Lat. rarely occur. See Guayye.
Jlcnr, m., from the equiv. MidHG. ar,
OHG. aro, bl,
; a prim. Teut. word,
which has also cognates outside the Teut.
group. Comp. Goth, ara, OIc. are, m.,
'eagle' ; further OIc. qrn, OHG, MidHG.
urn (to which is allied ModHG. Slrnolb,
OHG. .lra/ioft. orig. sense 'eagle-guardian'),
AS. earn, 'eagle,' Du. arend, 'eagle'
marily cognate with OSlov. orllu, Lith,
ea^le,' Gr. 6pvts,
bird,' Corn, and
Bret. er. W. eryr,
eagle.' See Slbler.
Jlcts, n., from the equiv. MidHG., OHG.
and OLG. ds, n.,
carcase, carrion' ; comp.
the equiv. AS. ties; allied to ejfen.
ab, adv., also a prep, in older ModHG.
(hence the modern abbanben, lit 'from the
hands,' as well as Swiss patronymics like
?lb bet glid). Sib bev alb), 'off, away from,'
from MidHG. abe, ab, prep., 'down from,
away from, off,' adv.,
down,' OHG. aba,
prep., 'away from, down from here,' adv.,
'down.' Corresponding to Goth,
af (ab),
prep., 'down from there, from' (also adv.),
MidDu. af, ave, OLG.
af, equiv. to AS.
orig. cognate with Gr. dir6, Sans.
away from.' Of course phrases like
ab ^amburo, do not contain the OG. prep.,
but are due to incorrect Latinity ; since
the 17th century commercial language has
adopted Latin expressions.
JtbCttb, m.,
evening,' from the equiv.
MidHG. Absnt (dbunt) ; OHG. dband,
m. ; corresponding to OSax. dband, Du.
avond, AS. tiefen,
evening,' whence E. eve
also the deriv. AS. tiefning, E. evening
(comp. morning)
OIc. aptann; similarly
Goth, andanahti, orig. sense 'forenight,'
and sagqs, lit.

setting.' The SEurop. term
corresponding to Gr. tartpos, Lat. vesper, is
non-Tent (comp SQ3efl and 2Binter). A verb
abm (ecben),
to grow dusk,' adduced from
the Swiss dialects to explain Slbcitb, can
be none other than a later derivaiive of
Sibenb. Moreover, Slbenb (base Sp-) can
scarcely be connected with ab (base apo),
as if Slbenb were the waning period of
the day. According to old Teut notions,
the evening was regarded rather as the
beginning of the following day. See
(Boiutabenb and gufhtacfjf.
Jlbcnfcuer, n., 'adventure,' from Mid
Aber ( 2 ) Ach
UQ.dventiure, f, 'occurrence, a marvellous,
fortunate event, a poem on such a theme,
sources of the court poets ' ;
the latter
is derived from Fr. aventure (MidLat.
adventuw, allied to MidLat and Horn.
advenire, 'to happen').
abet, adv. and conj.,
hut, however,'
from MidHG. aber (aver), abe (ave), adv.
and conj., 'again, once more, on the con-
trary, but' ; OHG. abur, uvar, adv. and
conj. with both meanings ; to this OHG.
to repeat,' ModHG. (UpG.) afern
is allied. Comp. Goth, afar, prep., ' after,'
adv., ' afterwards,' OIc. afar, 'very,' in
compounds ; the word does not occur
in Sax. dialects, but its deriv. OSax.
abaro, AS. eafora, 'descendant' (comp.
Goth, afar, 'afterwards'), exists. It is
probably related to ab and its cognates
comp. further Sans, dpara,
the later,'
apardm, adv., 'latterly, in future,' apart,
aber, &ber, adj. (UpG), dfer (Franc),
'free from snow, laid bare'; from the
prim, form *dbar, dbiri (dfiri) ; orig. cognate
with Lat. aprieus,
^Iberglcmbe, m., 'superstition,' first
occurs in early ModHG. (15th cent.)
since Luther it has made its way into
orig. a LG. word (comp. Sflbebar,
2>emut), as the vowel-sounds indicate. LG.
aber, for over, ober, points to OLG. *otar-
giltibo (Du. overgeloof), 'superstition,' which
is formed after the model of Lat. superstitio;
comp. Dan. overtro, Sw. ofvertro, but also
in MidLG. btgeldve, Du. bijgeloof.
(thermal, adv., first occurs in ModHG,
for the equiv. MidHG. aber, 'again, once
more,' formed with the suffix mat
Jlberraufe, f., ' southern-wood,' a cor-
ruption of Lat-Gr. abrotonum (Fr. aurone),
due to its supposed connection with (Jtaute
see also
JlbcrttJtfj, m., 'false wit, craziness,'
from MidHG. aberwitze, abewitze,
want of
understanding,' from MidHG. abe,
from,' as in MidHG. abegunst,
abgcfcimf, see %tim.
^Ibgoff, m., 'idol,' from MidHG. and
OHG abgot, n.,
idoi, idolatrous image'
note the retention of the older gender
of ctt as late as MidHG. ; comp. Goth.
afgups, 'godless' (antithesis to gaguj>s,
; hence ?ll\jett is properly
; see Jlbetwifc.
Jlbgrurto, m.,
abyss, precipice,' from
MidHG. abgrunt, m., most frequently ub-
griinde, n., OHG. abgrunti, n., 'abyss,' pro-
; comp. Goth, afgrundipa,
ablctrtft, adj., ' oblong, oval,' first occurs
in ModHG., formed on the model of Lat.
Jlblafi, m.,
sluice, remission,' from
MidHG. abld}, m., OHG. dbld$, n., 'in-
dulgence, remission, pardon
; comp. Goth.
dfUts, m.,
remission, pardon.' allied to
af-letan, ' to remit, pardon,' OHG. ob-ldftan.
see meiufyln.
Jlbfeife, f.,
wing, aisle,' from MidHG.
apsite, f.,
the domed recess of a church,' a
corruption of MidLat. and OHG. absida
(Gr. dv/'/s),
vault,' due to its supposed con-
nection with site,
adj., 'alienated, disaffected,'
first occurs in ModHG., from OHG. spen-
sttg, 'seductive,' allied to OHG. spanst,
; see under efpenfl and ttnbm
m., 'abbot,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. apt, abbet, abbdt, OHG. and MidHG.
abb&t,m.; comp. Du. abt,A&. abbod(w\ih an
abnormal d), and less frequently abbot, E.
abbot. Borrowed with a change of accent
in OHG. from MidLat. abbdt- (nom. sing.
abbot' ; coin
p. Ital. abdte, Fr. abM,
Olr. ahb, ace. abbaith. It will be seen
under Jtreuj that in words borrowed from
Lat the stem of the oblique cases as well
as the noinin. often forms the base
regard to the ecclesiastical terms borrowed
in OHG. comp. among others SRcucfy, 91onnc,
$avft, $riejhr, $robft.
jlbfet, f., 'abbey,' from MidHG. aptei,
abbeteie, OHG. abbateia, f., 'abbey' (for
*abbeiaX), formed from MidLat. abbatia,
under the influence of OFr. abbaie, and
based upon abbdt.
abfrttttttig, adj., from the equiv. Mid
HG. abetriinnec (ahetriinne), OHG. aba-
irunntg, adj.,
; orig. sense,
who separates himself from,' for trennen
contains the same stem. Comp. also OHG.
anttrunno, 'fugitive,' MidHG. triinne, 'a
detached troop.'
,Jlb3Ucbt, f., 'drain, sewer,' first occurs
in ModHG., germanised from Lat. aquae-
ductus (whence also Swiss Slften, ' conduits').
See Slnfcaudjf.
ad), interj., 'ah ! alas
from MidHG.
ach, OHG. ah; to this is allied MidHG.
and ModHG. 9ld), ah, n.,
woe,' and its
deriv., which first occurs in ModHG., dcfcjnt,
( 3 ) Ade
orig. sense,
to utter Slcfy ' (formed like
ifyrjen, butjen).
Jldjcti, m.,
agate,' from MidHG. achdt,
achdtes, equiv. to Gr-Lat. achates.
Rhen. for JJladjeit.
see &f>re.
ttdjcltt, Jew., ' to eat,' from Heb. &khdl,
to eat.'
f., 'axle, axis,' from the equiv.
MidHG. ahse, OHG. ahsa, f. ; comp. Du.
as, AS. tax, f., E. axle (even in MidE.
eaxel-tree occurs, E. axle-tree), with de-
riv. /, like OIc. o'xull, m., 'axle'; Goth,
*ahsa, or rather *ahauls, is, by chance, not
recorded. The stem ahsd-, common to
the Teut. languages, from pre-Teut. aksd,
is widely diffused among the Aryan
it is primitively related to Sans.
dl:Sa, in., Gr. &Zuv, Lat. axis, OSlov. ost,
Lith. aszis, 'axle'; the supposition that
the Teut. cognates were borrowed is quite
unfounded ; comp. 9kb. The orig. sense
of Aryan alcso- remains obscure ; with the
root ag, 'to drive,' some have connected
Lat. ago, Gr. &yu. See the following word.
.Jlcfyfel, f., 'shoulder,' from the equiv.
MidHG. ahsel, OHG. ahsala, f. ; comp.
AS. eaxl, OIc. qxl, f., 'shoulder'; Goth.
*ahsla, {., is wanting. It is probable that
the Teut. word is connected with the O.
Aryan Slcbje ; Lat. axilla (Olr. oxal),
'arm-pit,' and dla, 'arm-pit, wing,' are
also cognate with it. In OTeut., Goth.
*ahsla (Aryan *aksld) has a still wider
family, since forms with Teut. 6, Aryan d
in the stem belong to it; comp. AS. 6xn, 6cu-
arm-pit,' and OHG. tiohsana, MidHG.
iiehse, uohse, f., 'arm-pit,'Du. oksel,' shoulder.'
ctdjt, num., 'eight,' from the equiv.
MidHG. ahte, OHG. ahto, common to the
Teut. and also to the Aryan groups. Comp.
Goth, ahtau, AS. eahta, E. eight, Du. acht,
OSax. ahto
further, Sans. aStdu, Gr. <J*cti6,
Lat. octo, Olr. ocht, Lith. asztunl, prim.
Aryan okt6, or rather okt6u,
eight' Re-
specting acfyt $age see the historical note
under iflacfyr.
$d)f, f., ' outlawry, ban,' from MidHG.
dhte, ahte, f., 'pursuit, proscription, out-
lawry, ban
; OHG. dhta (AS. 6ht), f.,
tile pursuit.' Goth. *dhtjan.

to pursue,'
is wanting. Comp. OSax. dhttan, AS. ihtan
(from anhtjari),
to pursue.' Teut *aflhtian,
to pursue,' and *aht6,
pursuit,' seem to
be based on a non-dental root, which is
perhaps connected with the cognates of
tng (Aryan root angh).
arf)tcn, vb., ' to have regard to, esteem,
value,' from MidHG. ahten, OHG. aht6,
to heed, ponder, take care
; allied to
MidHG. ahte, OHG. ahta, f.,
heed, paying
attention.' Comp. Du. achten, AS.eahtian,
'to ponder'; also with deriv. I, OIc. oztla
(Goth.. *ahtil6n), 'to suppose, think.' It
is based upon a Teut. root ah,
to sup-
pose, think
; comp. Goth, aha,
standing,' ahjan,
to believe,' ahma,
The Aryan root ak is widely diffused, yet
no other language coincides with the signi-
fication of the Teut. cognates.
cufytev, LowG. for after.
$djfertt>afTer, 'back-water.' See under
cidjaett, vb., see ad).
.Jlcuer, m., 'field, arable land,' from
the equiv. MidHG. acker, OHG. accliar
(ahhar), m. ; a common Teut. and OAryan
word corresponding to Goth, akrs, m., AS.
ozcer, E. acre (aker), Du. akker, OSax. ukkar.
Teut. *akra-z, m., from pre-Teut. agro-s
comp. Sans, djra-s, m.,
plain, common,' Gr. &yp6s, Lat. ager (stem
field.' It is certainly connected
with the Ind. root aj, 'to drive' (comp.
Xrijt, allied to tretben), Lat. ago, Gr. &yu,
to which in OIc. aka, 'to drive,' was
Thus djra- signifies in the widest
field and common,' orig. as
land,' the greatest part of which, when
tillage supplanted the rearing of cattle,
was used for crops." The transition in
meaning was, probably, completed on
the migration of the Western Aryans to
Europe ;
moreover, the root ar,
to plough,
till,' is West Aryan
; comp. Gr. ip6w, Lat.
arare, Goth, arjan, OHG. erian, OBulg.
to plough.' See Slrt.
Jlbcbctf, m. (Holland, ooijevaar), a Low
G. name for the stork, MidLG. odevare,
MidHG. odebar, OHG. odobero (in Old Ger.
times the term was, moreover, prevalent in
Germany). No certain explanation of the
word can be given
it is most frequently
interpreted as
bringer of children, of good
luck' (comp. 9l(lob). Respecting the LG.
vowel-sounds see 9lbervjlaube.
nobility,' from MidHG. adel,
in., n.,
lineage, noble lineage, noble rank,
perfection,' OHG. adal, n. (and edili, n.),
lineage, esp. noble lineage
; correspond-
ing to OSax. atSali, n., 'body of nobles,
notables, nobility,' Du. adel, AS. atSelu,
n. plur.,
noble birth,' OIc. atSal,
tion, talent, lineage.' In Goth, the stem
Ade ( 4 ) Ahn
<tji (by gradation 6}>) is wanting ; to it
belong OHO. ttodil, n., ' patrimony, home
(ModHG. Wti^.from OHO. UodulrMi or
Ublanb, from Uodal-lant), OSax. ffiil, AS.
itiel, m., 'patrimony, home.' Hence the
fundamental idea of the Teut. root ap, hy
gradation 6}> (from Aryan &t
seems to he
by transmission, inheritance.' The aris-
tocratic tinge evinced by the WestTeut
cognates is not remarkable when we con-
sider the early period ; only the patrician
had a 'family'
genealogies of nobles (in
old documents) reach back to the OTeut.
period ;
the names beginning with Slbct are
primitive, SllfonS, influenced by Bom. from
OHQ. Adalfuns, Adalheid, Adalberaht,
Slbolf, from Atha-ulf; also the deriv. OHG.
Adalung. See too SlHcr, ebcl.
Jlber, f., 'vein,' from MidHG. dder,
OHG. Mara, f.,
vein, sinew,' correspond-
ing to MidLG. ader,
vein, sinew,' Du. ader,
AS. ckdre, f., 'vein ' (rarely &Sr), OSw. apra,
ModSw. ddra; also without the deriv. r,
OIc. ctiSr (the r is simply a nomin. suffix),
' the Goth, cognate ip is not
found. The pre-Tent. it- has been con-
nected with Gr. 1/Top, 'heart,' fjrpov, 'abdo-
men,' and here it must be recollected that
MidHG. and MidLG. dder in the plur. may
Jlofor, m., ' eagle,' from MidHG. adel-ar
(also adel-arn), m.
prop, a compound,
'noble bird of prey.' It is noteworthy
that 2lat in ModHG. is the nobler term,
while Slblcr serves as the name for the
species without any consciousness of its
origin from 3lDcl and Slar. OHG. *adal-aro
appears by chance not to be recorded.
Corresponds to Du. adelaar (besides arevd).
to repeat,' an UpG. word
MidHG. atferen, OHG. afardn. See under
jt*ff, suffix used to form names of rivers
(Criajf, OHG. Eril-affa,
OHG. Asc-
affa), and of places (esp. in Franc, and
Hess., comp. J&oneff), allied to which -ep,
(also Westpli.), occurs as an unchanged
LG. form, e.g. in 8eimc|. The base *apa
is Kelt, (equiv. to Lat. aqua,
water,' Goth.
ahtra, 'river').
,Jlffc, m., 'ape, monkev,' from the equiv.
m. ; also in OHG.
the feminine forms
affa, affin, affinna,
female ape.' A word common to the
Teut. group, unrecorded by chance in Goth,
alone, in which, by inference from OIc.
ape, AS, apa, E. ape (whence Ir. and Gael.
apa), Du. anp, the form must have been
*apa. Facts and not linguistic reasons lead
to the conclusion that a/xin- is a primitive
loanword with which OBuss. opica, OBoh.
opice, is connected, and through commer-
cial intercourse reached the Teutons by
some unknown route. On account of the
assonance it is very often referred, without
sufficient reason, to Sans, kapi (Gr. kjJtoj),
'ape' ; at all events, it is certain that no
word for Sljfe common to the Aryan, or
even to the West Aryan, group does exist.
JlffoHer, m., 'apple-tree.' See 9lpfd.
Jljffev, m.,
buttocks, backside,' from
MidHG. after, OHG. aftaro, m., 'funda-
ment, anus'; lit. 'the back part,' from
MidHG. after, OHG. aftar,
adj., 'behind,
following' ; akin to Goth, aftana,
from be-
hind,' AS. after, E. after ( LG.and Du. achter),
Goth, aftra,
back, again.' It is certainly
allied to Goth, afar, 'behind,' and the cog-
nates discussed under afccr.Sifter; in com-
pounds is lit.
after,' whence the idea of
'counterfeit, baseness'; comp. MidHG.
aftersprdche, 'slander, backbiting,' after-
wo>t, 'calumny'; the older meaning,
after, behind,' is preserved in ModHG.
?lftermtete, smufe, met. Note too Suab.
(even in the MidHG. period) aftermoiitag
f., from the equiv. MidHG. agleie,
OHG. ageleia, f.,
columbine,' which is de-
rived from Lat. aquilegia, whence too the
equiv. Fr. ancolie, Du. akelei.
Jll)Ie, f., from the equiv. MidHG. die,
OHG. dla, f., 'cobbler's awl.' To this
is allied the equiv. OHG. deriv. dlvmsa,
dlansa, f. (with the same suffix as <Senj>)
prop, alesna (Swiss alesne, alsne), whence
the Bom. cognatesSpan, alesna, Ital.
lesina, Fr. aline, 'awl,' are borrowed
comp. Du. (Is, 'awl' (from *alisna), AS.
chl (in the Orkneys alison), OIc. air,
The consonance with Sans, aid, f., 'punch,
awl,' points to an OAryan word ;
existed also a widely ramified Aryan root
to designate articles of leather. See Sauiu
and aide.
affmen, vb., in nad)u^mett, which is
wanting in MidHG. and OHG. ; from the
equiv. MidHG. dtnen,
to measure a cask,
gauge,' figuratively
to estimate,' from Mid
HG. and MidLG. dme, ' ohm ' (cusk =about
40 trails.). See Cljm.
Jlrjn, m., 'grandfather, ancestor,' from
MidHG. ane (collateral modified form ene),
OHG. ano, m., 'grandfather' ; akin to the
( 5 )
Alem. dimin. &fjni, ' grandfather.' Further
ModHG. ?U)tte, MidHG. ane, OHG. ana, f.,
grandmother.' To these are allied Mod
HG. Urafytt, MidHG. urane, urene, OHG.
*urano, m., great-grandfather'; in OHG.
alt-ano, altar-ano (for the force of ur* in
Uratyne see vx-). The class is peculiar to
G., being foreign to the remaining Teut.
comp. also (Snfelreally a dimin.
form which belongs to it. There is no
doubt that Lat. anus,
old woman,' is a
primit. cognate. Perhaps the Teut. mas-
culine name OHG. Anelo (AS. Onela, OIc.
Ale) is allied to it.
afjnoen, vb., ' to punish,' from MidHG.
anden, OHG. antdn, anaddn, 'to punish,
censure,' allied to OHG. anto, anado, m
' in-
sult, embittered feeling, anger.' It corre-
sponds to OSax. ando,
exasperation, anger,'
AS. anda, onejxi,
zeal, vexation, hatred,'
whence andian,
to be angry
; moreover,
Goth, preserves in uz-anan, 'to die,' the
root an,
to breathe, respire, snort,' which
appears in these words. Comp. OIc. ande,
m., 'breath, spirit,' qnd, f, 'breath, soul'
and also AS. iSian,
to breathe' (implying
Goth. *anj)j6n), AS. orup,
breath' (Goth.
*uzanj?), orpian,
to breathe,' OIc. $rendi,
breathlessness.' The root an, preserved
in all the cognates, is OAryan, and means
to breathe
; comp. Lat. animus, anima,
Gr. &v/j.os, connected with the Aryan root
an, 'to breathe, respire.' af;ufcen, vb., 'to
; see afynen.
Jlf>ttC, f., ' boon ' (of flax or hemp), from
MidHG. dne, older ayene, f., ' chaff' ; OHG.
or/ana, f.,
' also AS. *agon, agne,Mid
E. awene, E. awns, Goth, ahava, Olc. qgn,
chaff.' In these cognates two really dif-
ferent roots seem to have been blended in
various ways ; the meaning 'chaff' would
be applicable to the one, just as the exact
Gr. correspondent
chaff, foam ' (of
the sea), likewise points to Aryan aghnd
(comp. besides Gr.
other is perhaps lit. 'prickle, awn,' and
belongs to the root ali (Aryan ak)
af)ttett, vb.,
to forebode, suspect,' from
MidHG. anen,
to foresee, forebode,' foreign
to the older period and to the rest of the
Teut. dialects
it has been connected with
the OAryan root an,
to breathe, respire,'
60 that it may be a primit. cognate of al)tt-
beit, under the influence of which it also
appears in ModHG. as aljufcen. It is better,
however, to regard it as a derivative of
the prep, an; allien, lit. 'to befall, seize,
attack' (properly said of ghosts or visions).
ttf)ttitd), adj., from the equiv. MidHG.
dneltch, OHG. dnagilih (*dnallh), adj.,
similar.' It corresponds to Goth, dnaleikd,
; from the OTeut. (Goth.)
prep, ana (see an) and the suffix lid) ; see
$Ijoro, m.. 'maple,' from the equiv.
MidHG. and OHG. dhorn, m., the d of which
is inferred from the Swiss dial. ; comp. Du.
ahorn. It is primit. allied to Lat. deer, n.,
'maple' (Gr. &kcl<ttos) and Gr. dKara\U
uniper berry.' The G. word, at all events,
cannot be regarded as borrowed from Lat.
Foranother old name see under SWapljclbcr.
ear ' (of com), from the plur.
of MidHG. eher, OHG. elrir, aldr, n.,
(of corn) ; corresponds to Du. aar, AS. ear
(from *eahor), E. ear. As the derivative r
standsforan older s, Goth. ahs,n. (gen. alisis)
and OIc. ax (also S\v. and Dan.), 'ear'
(of corn), are identical with it ; so, too,
OHG. ah,
ear ' (of corn). Comp. besides
OHG. ahii, ModHG. 9ld?ct,
prickle, spike
(of corn), (with regard to the ch, comp. Bav.
ear of com,' AS. and Northumb.
cehher), AS. egle, 'spikes' (of corn), E.
ails, eils
beard of wheat or barley,' LG. (in
Brockes) (Site, 'spike '(of corn), Goth. *agij>1
Comp. also Slfyne. The Teut. root ah, which
consequently, specially means
spike, ear'
(of corn), agrees with Lat. acus (gen. aceris),
n., ' corn-prickle.' It may be said generally
that a root, ah, with the primary meaning
pointed,' is very widely developed in the
Ayran group
; comp. Gr. Akwos,
a kind
of thistle,' &Kaiva, '<;oad,' &kuv, 'javelin,'
at the point,' Lat. acus, aculeus, acies
(see <Sd().
Jlfyrcn, m.,
vestibule ' (dial.), from
MidHG. gro, m.,
floor, threshing-floor,'
also ' ground, bottom,' OHG. erin, m. (Goth.
*arins), to which OIc. arenn, m., ' hearth,'
corresponds. Further, OHG. Sro, OIc.
earth,' as well as Lat. area,
yard, threshing-floor,' Lat. arvum, 'plain,
cornfield,' and Gr. tpafc, 'to the ground,'
may be cognate.
aid)cn, see cid)cn.
Jlfttct, see 8lgWi.
JUabctffor, m., 'alabaster,' from Mid
HG. alabaster (Goth, alabastraun), from
Lat-Gr. alubastrum.
JUcmt (1.), m.,
chub* (a fish), from the
equiv. MidHG. alant, OHG. alant, alnnt,
m., corresponds to OSax. alund; allied la
Ala ( 6 ) Aim
01c. Slunn, 'a fish'; of obscure origin,
perhaps akin to Slal.
JManf (2.),
m., 'elecampane ' (a plant),
from the equiv. MidHG. alant, OHG. alant,
m. ; of obscure origin
it has been sup-
posed to be connected with the equiv.
Span, and Port. ala.
JUarm, m., ' alatm,
first occurs in Mod
HG., like E. alarm, from the equiv. Fr.
alarme ; the latter is derived from Ital.
allarme, prop., all' arme,
to arms.' See
JUmm, m., ' alum,' from MidHG. alun,
alum,' from the equiv. Lat. alumen,
whence also Lith. alunas, Eng. and Fr.
alun, E. alum (AS. celifne, also efne).
Jllbc (1.),
alb.' from MidHG. albe,
OHG. alba, f.,
a white vestment used at
mass,' formed from the equiv. EcclLat.
alba (E. alb).
Jllbc (2.),
bleak, whitebait,' from
the equiv. MidHG. albel, m., formed from
the Lat. albula, whence also Fr. able.
JUbeere, SUbeftna,, LG. 'black currant,'
even in MidLG. albere ; al- is generally
connected with 9llant (2).
to Du. aalbes, aalbezie.
^Uber, f., ' white poplar,' from MidHG.
alber, OHG. albdri, m., 'poplar'; prob.
borrowed from Rom. ; comp. Ital. albaro,
which is connected either with Lat. albus
or with Lat arbor; OHG. arbar, 'poplar,'
occurs once.
albem, adj., ' silly, foolish,' earlier Mod
HG. a/ber, from MidHG. dlwasre,
silly,' OHG. dlaiodri,
kind, friendly, well-
disposed' (with an interesting change of
meaning from OHG. to MidHG). The
OHG. adj. signifies also
truly, quite true
so Goth, wers,
true,' also means
by inference from un-wirjan,
to be un-
willing, displeased ' (comp. too OHG. miti-
friendly '). See todfyt and all. More-
over, albem has not the present meanings
in the UpG. dialects ; Luther introduced
it from MidG. into the written language.
JMdjimic, f.,
alchemy,' from late Mid
HG. alcliemie, f., which is derived from the
equiv. Rom. cognatesItal. alchimia, Fr.
alchimiethe origin of which from Arab.
al-kimtd and the earlier Gr. xiyt6j, 'juice,' is
undoubted. AI- as the Arab, article is still
seen in Sllfali, Sllforan, SUfabe, Sllljarabra,
SUfobot, SUaebra. See 9Ufoen.
JMfana'errf, f-, ' foolery,' from MidHG.
ale-vanz, m.,
trick, roguery, deceit' ; con-
nected with OHG. giana-venzon,
to mock
(ihe al- of MidHG. as in albem
also gir-
lefanj and gant.
JU&ouen, m.,
bedchamber, alcove.'
first occurs in ModHG. from Fr. alcdre
(comp. also E. alcove), which with its Rom.
cognates is based upon Arab, al-qobbak,
vault, tent' ; comp. Sldumie, also SUtyambva,
all, adj., ' all, whole,' from MidHG. and
OHG. oi(infl. gen. alien), adj., 'entire, each,
every one
; a word common to the Teut.
; it corresponds to Goth, alls, OIc.
allr, AS. eall, E. all, Du. al, OSax. <d, with
the samemeanings. There is also anOTeut.
form ala- in compounds and derivatives
comp. OHG. and OSax. alung, MidHG.
entire, complete,' Goth, alamans,
plur., 'everybody,' OHG. ala-wdr, 'quite
true' (see albem), alaniuwi, 'quite new.'
Probably Goth, alia- as a participial form
is based upon an older al-na- (comp. voll,
SBofle), since ala- shows that the root was
al or rather ol. Whether Goth, alan,
grow up ' (see alt), is a cognate, remains
; in any case, the Kelt, words,
Olr. uile, ule,
entire, each, all ' (base olio-),
and AV. oil,
entire,' are rightly compared
with it, while Gr. flXoi, on account of Sans.
sdrvas (from Aryan solvo-s), ' entire, each,'
must be kept apart.ttllein, adj.,
tary, sole,' from MidHG. aUein, al-eine,
like MidE. al-one, E. alone.ctllmahlicf).
atlm&liQ, adj ,
gradual,' earlier allmdcr/-
lidj and al(gemad), from MidHG. almech-
; the later form allmdlig is based
upon 9JJal,
time,' but the MidHG. form
upon gemaeh.

JUltttcnbe, f. (Alem.),
common land,' from MidHG. almtnde, f.,
; on account of the MidHG.
spelling almeinde and algemeine, the deri-
vation from gemeine is probable (OHG.
*alagimeinida). The derivation from an
assumed OHG. alagimannida,
nity,' must be rejected, as such a form
could never have existed.

Jiilob, n.,
'allodial estate, freehold,' first occurs in
ModHG., adopted from MidLat. allodium,
which is the latinised form for the OG. and
OFranc. alddis, OHG. al-6d, 'entire pro-
perty or possession, free property
; comp.
OSax. da, AS. edd, 'estate, possession,'
OHG. 6tag,
wealthy.' To this the Teut.
proper name Odoardo, Edward, is allied.
^FUm, f.,
mountain pasture,' equiv. to
JUtttanad), m., ' almanac,' first appears
in early ModHG., from Fr. almanack, which
( 7 ) Amb
with its Eom. cognates is said to have come
from Arab, through Span., like other words
beginning with 9U* (see SUdjtmie, 9Ufoen).
But as the Arab, word fur calendar is cer-
tainly not SKmanadj, but taqulm (Milan.
taccuino), the derivation from Gr.-Egyp.
&\(ievixiaK(L, 'calendar' (found in the Eccl.
Hist, of Eusebius), is much more likely to
be correct.
n., 'alms, charity,' from the
equiv. MidHG. almuosan, OHG. alamuo-
stin-y alamdsan, n. ; corresponds to Du. aaU
moes, AS. celmesse, E. alms, OIc. olmusa, f.,
alms.' The derivation from Lat.-Gr. i\efj-
HoatiPT), 'sympathy, compassion, alms,' is
incontestable ; as the OHG. collateral form
elemosyna, elimosina indicates, the Lat.-Gr.
origin was as firmly accepted in the OHG.
period as the derivation of OHG. chirihha,
'church,' from KvpiaKdv. Yet the question
remains how the ecclesiastical word found
its way so early into the Teut. languages,
so as to become a common possession of
the MidEurop.and Northern Teutons. The
absence of a corresponding Goth, word
is explained by the fact that we obtained
the word from the Rom. nations, as the
congruent phonetic form proves : common
Rom. alimosna, in accordance with Fr.
aumdne, OFr. almosne, Prov. almosna, Ital.
limosinaj allied also to Olr. alrnsan, OSlov.
almuSino, Lith. jalmuSnas.
m., 'nightmare, incubus,' from
MidHG. alp(b),m., 'spectre, incubus, night-
mare, oppression caused by nightmare'
prop, a term applied to mythical beings,
AS. celf, OIc. dlfr, 'elf, goblin' (the Scan-
dinavians distinguished between fairies of
light and darkness) ; these appear to be
identical with the OInd. rbhti, (lit.
nious, sculptor, artist'), the name of three
clever genii (the king of the fairies was
rbhukSdn). By the ASaxons, nightmare
was called celfddl, alfsoyofta, 'elf-malady,
elf-sickness (hiccough), ' (lumbago in the
Eng. dialects is termed aw/shots, AS. ylfa
gesceot). Comp. further (Slf (proper names
like SUfcoin, SUfreb, have Sltb as their first
f., from the equiv. MidHG. albe,
mountain pasture,' allied to Lat. alpes,
so too OHG. Alpun and Alpi,
JUratmc, f., ' mandrake,' from MidHG.
alrAne, OHG. alrtina, f ,
mandrake, sorce-
ress'; this, as the component -rAne indi-
cates, is a priniit. term, which has been sup-
posed to be connected with old Teut.
mythical beings who do their work secretly
(comp. Goth, r&na,
secret' ; see rauuen).
ttls, conj.,
as,' from MidHG. als, dlse,
dlsd, 'likewise, thus, as, as if, because,'
hence prop, identical with alfo ; OHG.
likewise, like,' is a compound of al,
entirely,' and s6,
thus,' like the exactly
corresponding AS. ealswd, whence E. as,
from eal,
entirely,' and swd,
alfo, adv., related to ah?, like ModE. also
to as, identical in every respect with the
alt, adj., from the equiv. MidHG. and
OHG. alt, adj.,
; the corresponding
OSax. aid, AS. eald, E. old, have the same
meaning ; Goth. a!J>eis (instead of the ex-
pected form *alda-),
old.' The West
Teut. form al-da- is an old t6- participle
(Lat. al-tus, 'high'), like other ModHG.
adjs. (see under fatt), and belongs to Goth.
to grow up,' OIc. ala,
to bring
forth' (priniit. related to Lat. alo. Olr. alim,
'1 nourish'), therefore lit. 'grown up.'
Hence perhaps it was used orig. and chiefly
in reckoning age, &c. (comp. Lat. X annos
natus), but afterwards it was also used at an
early period in an absolute sense,
See Sitter, (tern.
JUtar, m., 'altar,' from MidHG. dlter,
altdre, altawe, under the constant influ-
ence of Lat. altdre, which forms the base.
Comp. altdri, dlteri, found even in OHG.
the word was introduced by Christianity.
Goth, uses hunsla-staf>s, lit. ' temple-table
AS. wlhbed for *wihbe6d\
sacred table ' (see
wetfien and Scute).
filter, n., ' age, antiquity,' from MidHG.
alter, OHG. altar, n., 'age, old age ' (opposed
to youth) ; comp. the corresponding OSax.
life, time of life,' AS. ealdor,
OIc. aldr,
age, hoary age,' Goth. *aldra-,
in framaldrs,
of advanced age, in years.'
An abstract term formed from the root al,
to grow up, bring forth,' mentioned under
alt, and the suffix -tro- frequent in Gr. and
Lat. See further cognates under ffictt.
see Ohefter.
JUfoor&crrt, plur., from the equiv.
MidHG. altvordem, OHG. alt-fordoron, m.
plur., 'forefathers,' lit. 'the old former
ones,' from OHG. fordoro,
farmer.' With
regard to the signification of alt- in this
compound, comp. OHG. and MidHG. all-
grandfather,' OHG. alt-hirro,
cestor,' OHG. alt-may,
Jlmbofj, m., ' auvil,' from MidHG. erne-
Ame ( 8 ) Amt
L6x, GHG. anabd^, m., 'anvil'; a specifi-
cally G. word allied to OHG. bfyan, MidHG.
bd^en, 'to beat, strike.' Comp. AS. bedtan,
E. to beat (see JBttfujj, SJeutet, fccffclti).
Whether OHG. ana-b6^ is formed by the
imitation of Lat. incus (allied to cudere) is
uncertain, for the smith's art was early
developed among the Teutons without any
Southern influence. The corresponding
terms AS. anfilt, E. anvil (also OHG. ana-
faiz), Du. aanbcld, MidLG. anebelle, Dan.
ambolt, are similarly formed.
Jlmeife, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
Smeiu (emeze, whence ModHG. (Smfc),
OHG-. dmei^a, f., 'ant'; note ModHG.
dial. ametee, OHG. dmeitza. It corresponds
to AS. cemette, E. emmet, ant. The deriva-
tion can scarcely be ascertained with cer-
tainty, as the relations of the vowels of the
accented syllable are not clear
; the OHG.
form dmei^a evidently indicates a connec-
tion with emfta, ;9lmetfe, lit. 'the diligent (in-
sect).' On the other hand, OHG. d-meizza
and AS. ce-mette point to a root mart, 'to
cut, gnaw' (see under fKetjjet), so that it
would signify 'gnawing insect ' (MidHG.
and OHG. d- means 'off, to pieces'). Du.and
LG. mier, 'ant,' is more widely diffused than
Stntciff, CiimGoth. miera (Goth. *miuzj6),
AS. m$ra, E. mire, Sw. mfra,
that which lives in the moss, the moss
insect,' allied to Teut. memo- (see 9RccS).
A word formed from the Lat. formica is
probably at the base of Swiss wurmeisle.
JlmeImoI)(, n., ' starch-flour,' from Mid
HG. amel, amer, OHG. amar,
spelt' ; tlie ModHG. signification seems to
be influenced by Gr.-MidLat. amylon,
meal ' (E. amel-corn).
Jlmmann, m. ( Alem. ; the Franc, term
is ->etmbi"ira,f), 'chief magistrate, bailiff,'
from MidHG. amman, a shortened colla-
teral form of ambetman, 'magistrate, bail iff';
orig. sense, 'servant, official,' afterwards
magistrate.' See also Slutt.
Jlmmc, f.,
(wet-)nurse, foster-mother,'
from MidHG. amine, f., 'mother, in so far
as the child is fed by her
OHG. ammn, f. ; allied to OIc. amma,
'grandmother' (Suab. and Bav. even yet
Probably an instinctive sound,
since, undoubtedly independent of the
Teut. group, Rom. also and other lan-
guages have similar words for Slntmt
comp. Span, and Port. ama.
Jltttmeiff or, m., 'chief magistrate,' from
MidHG. ammeister, from ambetmeister, like
Imn, from Slmfrotmann ; MidHG. am-
manmei8terand ammeister,
president of the
guilds 'of Strasburg).'
Jlmmer, f., from the equiv. Mid 110.
amer, OHG. amero (*amaro), m.,
hammer,' with the deriv. OHG. and Mid
HG. amerinc, 'yellow-hammer,' MidLat.
amarellus, which may have been formed
from the G. word ; E. yellow - hammer
(clcamnter) is a corrupt form. Whether
OHG. *amaro was derived from OHG.
amar, 'summer-spelt,' is as doubtful as its
relation to Slntfd.
$mpel, f., ' lamp,' from MidHG. ampel
(also ampulle), OHG. ampulla, f.,
vessel.' Borrowed in OHG. from
Lat. ampulla,
flask, vessel,' whence also
AS. ampelle, OIc ample,
vessel ' (LG.
Jlmpfer, m., 'sorrel,' from the equiv.
MidHG. ampfer, OHG. ampfaro, m. ; allied
to the equiv. AS. ompre ; an adj. used as a
substantive. Comp. Du. amper, 'sharp,
bitter, unripe,' OSw. amper, 'sour, bitter,'
OIc. apr (for *ampr), 'sharp' (chiefly of
; also LG. ampern,
to prove bitter to
the taste.' Sauc.rautVfcr (also corrupted to
Saner; ramf) is a tautological compound like
SSinKjunb. In case Teut. ampra-, from
*ambro-, represents the prop. Aryan *amr6-,
Sans, amid, 'sour' (also 'wood-sorrel'),
and Lat. amdrus,
bitter,' are primit. cognate
with this word.
JUttfol, f., 'blackbird,' from the equiv.
MidHG. amsel, OHG. amsala, f. It corre-
sponds to AS. 6sle (6s- fromams-), E. ousel
the equiv. Lat. mirula (Fr. merle), whence
Du. meerle and E. merl are borrowed, may
represent *me
suht, and have been orig.
cognate with 9lntfc(. Its relation to Slmntct
and to Goth, ams,
shoulder,' is uncertain.
Jlmt, n.,
office, council, jurisdiction,'
from MidHG. ammet, older ambet, OHG.
ambaht, ambahti, n.,
service, office, occu-
pation, divine service, mass' ; a word com-
mon to the Teut. group. Comp. Goth.
andbahti, 'office, service' (from andbalds,
'servant,' OHG. ambaht, 'servant'), AS.
anbihJ, ambiht, n., 'office, service,' ambi/tt,
m., 'servant' (obsolete at the beginning
of the MidE. period), Du. ambt, OSax. am-
baht-skepi, 'service,' ambaht-man, 'servant.'
The relation of the common Teut. word
to the Gall.-Lat. ambactus (mentioned in
Caesar's Bell. Gall.),
vassal,' is much dis-
puted. The WestTcut. words may be best
explained from Goth. andQTent.dndbahta-,
( 9 ) Ang
and the genuinely Teut. aspect of such a
vorcl cannot indeed be ilenied, even if the
origin of -lahts cannot now be determined
(and- is a verbal particle, ModHG. ant;).
The emphatic testimony of Festus, how-
ever, is against the Teut. origin of the
Gall.-Lat. amhactus; ambacttisapudEnnium
lingua gallica servus appellatur. This coin-
cides with the fact that the word can be
fully explained from Kelt. ; amhactus con-
tains the Kelt, prefix amb- (Lat. amb-),
; and ag is an oft-recurring verbal
root (see Slcfcr) in Kelt, meaning 'to go'
hence amhactus,
messenger ' (lit ' one sent
hither and thither'), from which comes
MidLat. ambactia, ambactiala, 'errand'
(Ital. ambasciata, Fr. ambassade,
bassy '). This explanation of the Lat.-Rom.
cognates makes it possible that the OTeut.
class was borrowed from Kelt, and trans-
formed (Goth, andbahts for amhahts) ; in
any case, it was borrowed in prehistoric
times (comp. 9ieirf)).
cm, prep., adv., 'on, by, along,' from
MidHG. ane, OHG. ana, prep., adv., 'on, in,
upon' ; it corresponds to Goth, ana, prep.,
adv., ' on, upon, in,' AS., E. on, prep., adv.,
Du. aan, OSax. an. Primit. allied to Gr. d.v&,
upon, on,' Zend ana,
upon,' Lat. an- in
to respire,' OSlov. vu (for *on).
cmbcrcutmcit, vb., 'to fix or appoint
(a time),' with a dialectic transmutation of
d into au (013av.), or the word was based
by popular etymology on 9tattm, from Mid
HG. rdmen (rasmen),
to make proposals,
aim, strive' (berdmen, 'to fix'), OHG.
rdmin, OSax. rdmCn,
to aim, strive,' Du.
beramen, 'to fix' ; allied to MidHG. rdm,
goal ' (root rS, as in 9lete ?). Further OFr.
to define legally ' ?.
Jlttbacr)f, f., 'devotion,' from MidHG.
addht, OHG. dnaddht, 'attention, devo-
tion'; MidHG. ddht, I'., 'thought,' is a
verbal abstract from MidHG. and ModHG.
%{nba\ia)C, f., 'drain,' older ModHG.
dduc/te, transformed from Lat. aquaeductus.
See abjufy.
anccr, adj., 'other, different, second,'
from MidHG. ander, OHG. andar, 'the
other' ; it corresponds to Goth. an]mr, 'the
other,' OIc. annarr, AS. 6Ser, E. other, Du.
ander, OSax. diiar, 6<Sar. The meanings
the second, one of two, the other,' are
due to a comparative form (Aryan dnteros,
one of two,' Lat. alter). Comp. the corre-
sponding Sans, dntara-, 'different from,'
Osset. andar, 'otherwise than, with the
exception of,' Lith. dntras,
the other.'
The root an- is proved by Sans, and Zend
an-ya-, 'another.' With OHG. andar,
other,' is also connected OHG. antardn,
to imitate.'
Jln&ers, see eittjr.
Jlnfcont, in., from the equiv. MidHG.
and OHG. andorn,
horehound, the plant
Marrubium' ; the suffix -orn as in Slfyoui ?
The root has not yet been explained.
cmfacrjen, see*gdd)rc.
Jlncjel, m. and f., from the equiv. Mid
HG. angel, in., f., 'sting, fish-hook, hinge
of a door,' OHG. angul, m..
sting, point,
fish-hook' ; diminut. of OHG. avgo, 'sting,
door hinge,' MidHG. ange,
fish-hook, door
hinge.' Comp. AS. ongel, E. avgle, AS.
sting,' OIc. qngull,
fish-hook,' allied
to ange, 'sting, point' (Alem. angel,
sting,' angelmuck, 'stinging fly'). The
supposition that the primit. and widely dif-
fused cognates are borrowed from Lat. an-
gulus, 'angle, corner,' is untenable
aglu, E. avgle, AS. angul, 'angle, corner,'
are, however, primit. allied to it ; so too
@ita,fant>, Slugclfatfyfett. The root idea of the
Teut. cognates is 'pointed.' An Aryan
root onk,
to be pointed,' also lies at the
base of Lat. uncus, Gr. fry/cos, 6yicivot,

AyKiarpop, 'fish-hook,' Sans, anka, 'hook,'
Osset. Ungur, 'hook, hinge,' Olr. 4cad,
cmcjeneljm, adj.,
agreeable, pleasant,'
from MidHG. gename, late OHG. gindmi,
adj., 'acceptable, agreeable' (without the
prefix an-), allied to ncfymett. Comp. Goth.
agreeable,' allied to and-niman,
to accept'
paddock, grass plot,' from
MidHG. anger, OHG. angar, m.,
land, grass plot, arable laud' ; allied to OIc.
eng, enge,
meadow, pasture ground.' Tne
cognates can scarcely be derived from cage,
narrow ' (Teut. root ang). Trustworthy
correspondences are wanting.
^nftcpdjf, n., 'face, presence,' from
MidHG. angesiht, n., ' aspect, view,' MidG.
face' ; allied to ejidjt, fcfyeit.
Jlncjff, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
ang>8t, OHG. angust, f., 'anxiety, appre-
; this abstract form is wanting
in the other OTeut. dialects, the suffix st
being also very rarely found
; comp. iDicnft.
But it must not be assumed therefore that
the OHG. angust is borrowed from Lat.
narrowness, meanness.' It is
Anh (
io ) Apf
rather to be regarded as a genuine Tent,
derivative from the root ang appearing in
tnge, especially as the OSlov. in its primit.
allied azostl, 'contraction,' shows the same
derivation. Hence Slngfl must he consi-
dered as primit. cognate with L;it. angustiae.
See bange and enge.
unhcifd)tg, adj., from the equiv. Mid
HG. antheiyc, anthei}e. adj.,
bound, en-
gaged,' influenced byfyeifcfoen ; the MidHG.
adj. is derived from MidH( J. and OHG. an-
vow, promise,' which, like Goth.
confession,' AS. ovdettan,
confess,' is composed of the particle ant-
and the root hait,
to hid.'
Jlttis, in., from the equlv. MidHG. ants,
also enis, n., 'anise,' borrowed perhaps
even before the MidHG. period from Lat.
antsum (Gr. dMow), 'anise,' whence also
Fr. ants, E. anise.
^Ittfec, m., ' butter,' an Alem. word, from
MidHG. anke, OHG. ancho, 'butter' ; the
genuine G. term for the borrowed word
utter, for which, in the OHG. period, anc-
smero or chuo-smero, lit.
cow-fat' (see
(Sdjmeer), might also be used. Goth. *agqa
for OHG. ancho is not recorded. It is
certainly allied primitively to the Ind. root
to anoint, besmear,' and to Lat. unguo,
to anoint
; coinp. Sans, djya,
offerinir,' Olr. imb (from imben-),
lrtfeer(l.), m., 'anchor,' from the equiv.
MidHG. anker, late OHG. ancliar. m. ; cor-
responding to Du. anker, AS. (even at a very
early period) oncor, E. anchor, OIc. akkere,
'anchor.' A loan-word early naturalised
among the English, and before 1000 A.D.
even among the MidEurop. Teutons and in
the North. From Lat. ancora (comp. Ital.
ancora, Fr. ancre, f. ; allied also to Lith.
inkaras, OSlov. anukura, ankura), in con-
nection with which the different gender of
the Teut. words is remarkable. In OHG.
there exists a genuinely native word for

senchil, m., sinchila, f.

Jlnfecr (2.),
m., ' a liquid measure,' Mod
HG. only, from Du. anker, which, like the
equiv. E. anchor, points to MidLat. anceria,
ancheria, 'cupa minor' (smaller cask)
origin of the cognates is obscure.
Jltilefjen, n., 'loan,' from MidHG. an-
lehen, OHG. analihan, n., ' loan of money on
interest,' from a\u and ittyn.
<mrud)ig, adj., also anrudjtig, 'disre-
putable,' ModHG. only, formed from rudSbar
under the influence of riedjen. See ruc$tbar.
Jlnftolf, f.,
institution,' from MidHG.
; sftalt is an aostract
from jie ((en.
cmffctff, see tatr.
prefix, preserved in ModHG. only
in 9lnt4tfc and Slnt;tr<ort (see also 5Smt, att;
t>cifd)ig, and ->ant>iverf). It is found in the
early periods in many noun compounds,
to whicli ModHG. ent; is the correspond-
ing prefix of verbal compounds. Comp.
MidHG. and OHG. ant-, Goth, anda-, AS.
and-, ond- (comp. E. answer under Slut;
roort) ; also the Goth. prep, and, 'on, upon,
in, along.' The orig. meaning of the prefix
is 'counter,' which makes it cognate with
Gr. ami,
against,' Lat, ante, 'before,' Sans.
JlnilifS, n., from the equiv. MidHG.
antlitze, n., late OHG. antlizzi, n.,
tenance'; allied to the equiv. collateral
forms MidHG. antliitte, OHG. antlutti
{analdti), n., 'countenance.' Two origi-
nally different words have been combined
in these forms. It is probable that OHG.
and MidHG. antliz corresponds to AS. and-
wlita, m., OIc. analit, n. (comp. Goth, anda-
wleizn, n.) ; comp. Goth, wlits, m.,
wlaitdn, Olc. lila (for *vlUa),
to spy
; the
root wltt (pre-Teut. id'td), preserved in
these words, has not yet been authenticated
beyond the Teut. group. With these cog-
nates were combined those from Goth.
ludja, 'face,' parallel to which an equiv.
*anda-ludi, for OHG. antlutti, n.,
tenance,' must be assumed.
JlntttJorf, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
anticurt, f., OHG. antvmrti, f., 'answer,'
beside which there is a neut. form Mid
HG. anluiirte, OHG. antwurti, Goth, dnda-
icaurdij lit. 'counter-words' (collective).
Comp. ants ; also, AS. andsicaru, E. an-
swer, under fdMr-crcn.
Jlpfcl, n.,
apple,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. apfel, OHG. apful (also
afful, plur.
epjUi), m.
a word common to the Teut.
group, by chance not recorded in Goth.
Comp. Du. and LG. appel, m., AS. appel, m.
(in the plur. neut.), E. apple, OIc. eple, n.,
'apple' (Goth. *aplus,m.l). The apple-
tree in WestTeut. is *apuldr, f.
; comp.
OHG. affoltra, AS. apuldr, which are pre-
served in the local names ModHG. Slffclteru,
9lffaltracl>, (Slpctba
Du. Apeldoren, E. Apple-
dore. In spite of this diffusion throughout
the entire Teut. group, and of the mention
of wild apple-trees in Tacitus, the whole
class must be recognised as loan-words
(Dbjl has no connection whatever with
Apr f
TI ) Arm
them). They must, however, have been
borrowed long before the beginning of our
era, since the Teut.
in apla- has, in accord-
ance with the permutation of consonants,
originated in a prehistoric b; comp. Ir,
aball, uball, Lith. obulys, OSlov. abluko,
apple.' As nothing testifies to the Aryan
origin of these oblu- cognates (in Lat.
mdlum Gr.
found only in the North
of Europe, we must assume that the word
was borrowed. The derivation from Lat.
malum Abellanum (the Campanian town
Abella was famed in antiquity for its
apples), is on phonetic and formal grounds
doubtful, although in the abstract (comp.
4>firjicfy) the combination is interesting. No
other explanation of how it was borrowed
has yet been found. It is noteworthy that
for 9(ugapff(,
pupil,' apful alone (as well
as ougapful) can he used in OHG. ; comp.
AS. ceppel, n. (plur., also masc), E. apple
the eye (also eyeball), Du. oogappel ; but,
on the other hand, OIc. augasteinn.
$prtf, m.,
April,' from the equiv Mid
HG. aprille, aberelle, m. ;
from Lat. Aprilis
(comp. Fr. avril, Ital. aprile), borrowed at
the beginning of the MidHG. period in
place of the genuine OHG. 6starmAn6d,
in., n., a square measure (about
120 sq. yards), ModHG. only, formed from
the equiv. Fr. are (Lat. area).
$(vheit, f., ' work, labour, employment,'
from MidHG. arbert, arebeit, OHG. ar(a)bei',
f., ' labour, toil, distress.' Corresponding to
OSax. artidi, n., 'toil, hardship, suffering,'
arbM, f., and Du. arbeid, m., AS. earfoft,
earfefie, n., 'toil, hardship,' ear/efte, adj.,
difficult,' Goth. arbaips(d),f., 'oppression,
; OIc. erfiSi, n., 'toil,' erfiSr, adj.,
'difficult, toilsome.' Hence 'toil' must be
accepted as the fundamental meaning of
the cognates, and therefore any connection
with the stem of (Srfce is improbable. It
has been compared with greater reason with
OSlov. (Russ.) rabota, f.,
servants' work,'
and rabu, robu, 'servant, thrall,' as prim,
cognates, although this comparison is open
to doubt Lat. l&boTy
work,' is at all
events certainly not allied to it.
,Hrd)C, f., 'ark,' from MidHG., arclie
(also arke), OHG. arahha (also archa), f.,
Noah's ark.' The ModHG. form with ch
(instead of k) seems to point to Upper Ger-
many (Luther's Bible has dloafy Jfajhn)
OHG. buoh-arahha, 'book-chest,' MidHG.
chest, money-chest' It corresponds
to Du. ark,
Noah's ark,' AS. euro, m., earce,
chest, covenant, ark, box,' E. ark, OIc.
ork, f., 'chest, coffin, Noah's ark,' Goth.
arlca, f.,
box, money-box, Noah's ark.'
This widely diffused word was borrowed
at an early period from the equiv. Lat.
(also Romance) area, which, as the mean-
ings of the Teut. group coextensive with
those of the Lat. indicate, was not perhaps
naturalised on the introduction 01 Chris-
tianity, to which the more recent meaning
Noah's ark' may reler. Both the word
and the thing had probably at the beginning
of our era found their way to the Teutons
with Lat. cista. See Jtifte and <arf.
arg, adj., 'bad, severe, hard,' from Mid
HG. arc(g), 'vile, wicked, stingy, avari-
cious,' OHG. arg, arag, 'avaricious, cow-
ardly, vile' ; also OHG. arg, MidHG. arc(g\
'evil, vileness, wickedness.' Comp. AS.
earg, adj., 'cowardly, slothful' (no longer
found in E.), OIc. argr, 'cowardly, effe-
minate' (also ragr). Paul the Deacon cites
arga as an abusive term among the Lom-
bards. Through a Goth. *args the Teut.
word may have made its way into Span,
and Finn. ; comp. Span, aragan, 'sloth-
ful,' Finn, arka, 'cowardly.' As it is not
easy to deduce the meaning 'cowardly'
from 'avaricious,' which appears chiefly in
OHG., we must assume that the root idea
of the Teut. arga- was
vile, base,' of which
'avaricious' and 'cowardly' would be spe-
cialisations resulting from the liberal hos-
pitality and bravery which characterised
the Teutons. This word, like almost all
words within the ethical sphere, is pecu-
liar to Teutonic ; comp. arm, befe, gut, ixUi.

cirflcrtt, 'to annoy, vex, fret,' from Mid

HG. erqern, 'to incite to evil, deteriorate,
corrupt,' OHG. ergir&n, argiron, 'to make
worse.' from the comparative of arg. From
this ModHG. &rger, m., is formed (comp.
from astftyia,
eij from flcijftt,
Jpanbfl from Ijanfccln, Cpfer from rpfmt) ; in
MidHG. erge, OHG. argt, f., 'malice.'

JitQWOfytl, m., from the equiv. MidHG.

arcwdn, m. (comp. SOabu), 'suspicion, mis-
trust' ; comp. ModHG. Slrglijt, L from Mid
HG. arclist, f., 'cunning, malice,' from arg
even in OHG. arcwdnen,
to suspect,' oc-
curs, MidHG. arciccenen.
drflern, vb., see arg.
Jlrtcsbaum, m., 'service tree,' from
MidHG. OHG. arliz-boum, in., 'acernus,
cornus' ; scarcely allied to Qxlt.
Jlrm, in., ' arm, branch,' from the equiv.
Arm ( >2 )
MiilHG. arm OHG. aram, arm, in.; a word
common to the Teut group ;
comp. OSax.
arm, Du. arm, AS. earm, E. arm, OIc. armr,
Goth, arms, in., 'arm.' Like many terms
for parts of the bo<ly (see Slri'd), gufj,
Stmt, 91ao,tl, &c.), 9lrm extends beyond the
Teut dialects. It is.primit related to Lat.
armus, 'the topmost part of the upper
arm, fore-quarter' (Gr. ippAs, 'suture, joint,
shoulder,' belongs to another division),
OBulg. rame,, 'shoulder, arm,' Sans, trmd-s,
m., 'lore-quarter, arm.' See Grmcl.
arm, adj., 'poor, unfortunate, miser-
able,' from the equiv. MidHG. arm, OHG.
aram, arm, adj. ; comp. OSax. arm, Du.
arm, AS. earm (obsolete in E.), OIc. armr,
Goth, arms, adj., 'poor.' A term common
to Teut, with no correspondence in the
allied Aryan group ;
comp. fcarmfierjig, at$,

Jlrtttttf, f., from the equiv. Mid

HG. armuot, f., armuote, n.,
OHG. aramuott, f. : a derivative of the
Goth. adj. *arm6f>s ; comp. Gtttebf, &tintat.
Jlrmbruff, f., 'crossbow,' from the
equiv. MidHG. armbrust, n., which must
be a corruption of MidLat. arbalista, arcu-
balista,ht. 'bow for projectiles' (Lat. arcus,
Gr. f3&\\eiv). A compound of Slrm atid
is, properly speaking, impossible in
G., especially as the MidHG. word is
neut From MidLat. arbalista conies the
equiv. Fr. arbalete; comp. E. arbalist, Du.
armborst, Ital. balestra, from the last of
which the older ModHG. Qklcftft, 'cross-
bow for shooting bullets,' is boirowed.
$rtttcl, see SrmrL
Jlrmuf, see arm.
.Brnolb, see 9lar.
m., *ar3e, fundament,' according
to the analogous cases cited under birfefyftt,
from an older 9lrS, MidHG. and OHG. ars,
m., ' arse.' It corresponds to the equiv. Mid
LG. ars, ers, Du. aars, naars (with prefixed
n), AS. ears, E. arse, OIc ars (and rass,
p. argr and ragr, see arj), m., 'arse.'
Teut. arsa-z, m., from 6rso-s, is rightly held
to be priuiit allied to Gr.
6fif>oi (pp
for rs),
'coccyx, rump' ; akin to Olr. err, f.,
end, point'?. Comp. the remark under
f., 'kind, sort, species, manner,'
from MidHG. art, m., f., 'innate peculi-
arity, nature, condition, kind
; OHG. art,
is not recorded with these meanings, nor is
the word found elsewhere. Instead of
this there occurs the homonymous OHG.
art,!., 'tillage, ploughing,' with which arttin,
to inhabit, cultivate,' is connected ;
OSax. ard, m., 'dwelling-place,' AS. eard,
m., 'dwelling, native place,' OIc. qrt), f.,
harvest, produce.' These cognates, which
belong (see Slrftr) to an OTeut and Aryan
root, ar,
to plough ' (Lat arare, Gr. &p6w,
&c), are scarcely allied to MidHG. art, m.,
nature, condition
; comp., however,
ai'oftitung from gwclnini. It is. more pro-
bable that Slrt is connected with Lat ars
(gen. plur. arti-um), 'method, art,' and
Sans, rtd, 'method.' The compounds
9lrtarfer, artbar, artfiaft contain MidHG. and
OHG. art, 'agriculture, tillage,' and be-
long consequently to the Teut and Aryan
root ar, 'to plough.'
Jlr3enet, (in the 17th cent accen-
ted on the SI also),
medicine,' from
MidHG. arzenle (erzonte), f., 'art of heal-
ing, remedy.' The OHG. word does not
occur, but only a derivative OHG. erzinen,
giarzintin, MidHG. erzenen, 'to heal ;' the
verb, by its sufiix, suggests Goth, lekintin,
AS. Iwcnian, OHG. lahhindn,
to heal.
From OHG. gi-arzin&n, the MidHG. sub-
stint arzenle, which did not appear until
a later period, might then have been
formed with a Rom. termination. The
assumption that MidHG. arzenle referred
to Archigenes of Apamea (in Syria), a
fiimous physician, is untenable ; if this
assumption were correct, we should have
expected OHG. *arzin, or rather *arzino,
physician,' which, however, u nowhere
to be found. Besides, OHG. arzintin
formed into arzdt, 'physician,' under the
influence of the genuinely Teut. and Goth.
IShinSn^ OHG. Idhhinfin, 'to heal,' makes
any reference to Archigenes quite super-
fluous. Moreover, MidHG. has also a
form arzatte (MidDu. arsedte),
See Strit.
-Hr^f , m.,
physician,' from the equiv.
MiuHG. arzet, arzdt, OHG. arzdt, m., a
specifically Germ, word, unknown to Eng.,
Scand. and Goth. Its early appearance in
OHG., in which OTeut. Idhki was the more
Krevalent form, is remarkable (comp. Goth.
ieis, 'physician,' AS. Idee?, E. leecli ; also
the ModHG. proper name 2dd?nrr, from
MidHG. Idchenare,
enchanter,' lit. ' physi-
cian'). The MidDu. form arsatre, OLG.
physician ' (MidLG. arsle), proves
the origin from the oft-recurring Frauc and
MidLat. archiater (i.p\iaTpin),
(espec. physician-in-ordinary to the king).
There are no phonetic difficulties in con-
As ( 13 ) Atz
necting OHG. arzdt with arzdter, arcidter,
archidter, since the OLG. and MidDu. form
itself points to the MidLat. form. Moreover,
the technical terms of Greek physic found
their way at an early period to the West
(comp. 93ud)fe, ^jlafht), hat always through
the medium of Lat. and Rom. The unique
arzdte(r) was entirely unknown to Rom.
(Ital. medico, OFr. mire, Fr. me'decin, which
of course were also unknown to Teut.).
Concerning arz-, erz-, as the representative
of Gr.
1-, see (Sr^. The theory advanced
on account of ModHG. SWufytaqt, 'mill-
wright,' that OHG. arzdt is from Lat. ar-
tista, is on phonetic and historical grounds
unwarranted. MidLat. artista was not
used for medical practitioners until late in
the Middle Ages (comp. ModFr. artiste
the word too is unknown in
earlier Rom. On the other hand, we meet
with archiatri even as far hack as the
Frank, king Childebert and Charlemagne.
See besides Slrienei.
ModHG. only, from the
equiv. Fr. as, m.,
the ace (of dice or
cards), a small weight ' (Lat. as). In Mid
HG. the prevalent term for the
ace (of
dice)' was esse, which comes from Lat. assis
(a later collateral form of as). Comp. !Dait$.
Slrfdj. Jlfcfj,
m., 'pot, basin,
bowl ' (to which 9l|"d;fud)en is allied), from
MidHG. asch, OHG. asc, m., 'dish, basin,
; lit.
of ash.' See (}d)t.
(I.), f., 'ashes, cinders,' from Mid
HG. asche (esche), OHG. asca, f., 'ashes'
corresponds to Du. asch, AS. asce, cesce, t'.
E. ashes (hut also sing, in bone-ash, potash,
&c.) ; OIc. aska, f., 'ashes'; akin also to
the abnormal Goth. azgS, f., 'ashes' (but
Span, ascua is borrowed). Trustworthy
correspondences in other languages are
wanting, nor is fdje allied to it.

brdoel, see under brobetuModHG.
6)et'., 'ash,' in the compound Slfcbfvmitt-
irocfy (forwhich the MidHG. form is aschtac),
occurs even in MidHG. in compounds.

fd)i<xud), m., 'shallot,' MidHG. asch-

touch, a corruption of the equiv. MidLat.
ascalonium. See cfyatotte.
Jlfd)C (2.),
f., 'grayling,' from the equiv.
MidHG. asche, OHG. asco, m.
allied to 9lfd)e, as if the fish were named
from its ash-grey colour; Ital. lasco.
m., espec J?cllcraffef, 'woodlouse,'
ModllG. only
generally derived from
Lat. asellus,
little ass,' and might have been
named from its grey colour ; comp. Gr.
&vos, iviffKos, 'ass, woodlouse,* Ital. asello,
woodlouse.' Yet the ffof the ModHG. word,
as well as the dialectic variant atzel, might
militate against this derivation ;
hence a
pre-Teut. stem at, att (allied to efim 1) seems
to be at the base of it. Comp. also GfeL
Jiff, m., ' bough, branch,' from the equiv.
MidHG. and OHG. ast, m., ' branch,' corre-
sponding to the equiv. Goth. asts. The
term is unknown to the other dialects, yet
its great antiquity is incontestable because
of the agreement of Teut. astaz (a permu-
tation of the pre-Teut. ozdos; comp. 3)<ajl,
and the examples cited there of the permu-
tation of the Aryan zd, so", to Teut. st) with
Gr. tffoj (6<r9o$),
brand1, twig, knot, node
(of a tree)
; the latter with Armen. ost,
brand),' is likewise based upon osdos. The
meanings of the Gr. word admit the sup-
position of its being allied to MidLG. 6st
(LG. aust), Du. oest, AS. 6st,
knot, node
(Aryan stein 6sdo-).
see Jlas
Jlfettt, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
dtem (dten), OHG. dtum
breath, spirit
comp. MidHG. der heilege dtem, OHG. der
wtho dtum, 'the Holy Spirit;' ModHG.
collateral form (prop, dialectic) Dbem. The
word is not found in EastTeut.
in Goth.
ahma, 'spirit,' is used instead (see adjten).
Comp. OS ix. dfiom, Du. adtm, AS. cefim
(obsolete in Eng.), ' breath.' The cognates
point to Aryan itmon-, Sans, dtmdn, m.,
'puff, breath, spirit'; also Olr. athach,
breath,' Gr. a.rp.6%
smoke, vapour.'
Whether ModHG. Slbcr and Gr. Ijrop,
heart,' are derived from the root St,
exhale, breathe,' contained in these cog-
nates, is questionable.
Jiffe, Jit f t,
in., ' father,' dialectic, from
MidHG. atte, OHG. atto, 'father.' The
mutation of the ModHG. is diminutive, as
is shown by the final i of the Swiss Utti.
Allied to Goth, atta, 'father' (whence At-
tila, MidHG. Etzel, lit. ' little, dear father'),
perhaps also to Olr. aite, 'foster-father'
(from attios), OSlov. otlcl,
JUtid), 111., from the equiv. MidHG.
attech (atech), OHG. attali (attuh, atah),
danewort,' borrowed and extended at an
early period from Lat. acte (Gr.
Akttj, iucrta),
elder-tree.' Comp. gatttd) from Lat. lac-
tuca, also JDattct from dactylos.
JU,)cf, f., 'magpie' ; see under Gljhr.
ctfjOit, vb.,
to corrode, etch, bait,'
from MidHG. etzen, OHG. ezzen, 'to give
to eat,' lit ' to make eat
; factitive of effm.
Aus ( 14 ) Aus
Jlu, JlltC,
'river islet, wet meadow,
fertile plan,' from MidHG. ouwe, f., ' water,
6tream, water-land, island, peninsula, mea-
dow-land abounding in water, grassy plain';
OHG. ouwa, from old *auj6- (the presumed
Goth, fui-m, comp. OHG.-MidLat. augia).
It corresponds to OIc. ey and AS. Sg, fg, f.,
island,' to which AS. tglond, iglond, E.
island, Du. eiland, 'islam),' are allied ; so
too Lat. and Teut. Batavia, Scandinavia;
Goth. *aujd- (for awj6-, avoid-) has lost a
(comp. SJtiere). The theoretical form agwjd-,
prop, an adj. used as a subst.,
the watery
place,' as it were (hence
water-lund,' i.e.,
\ island
belongs to Goth.
ahwa, f.,
river,' which with Lot. aqua is
based upon Aryan dkiod. The names of
places ending in a {e.g. Sutba) and ad) (e.g.
VLvaty) still preserve the OHG. aha equiv.
to the Goth. ahwa. See ta and tad).
ttud), adv. and conj., 'also, likewise,'
from MidHG. ouch, OHG. ouh,
and, also,
but.' It corresponds to OSax. ok, Du. ool;
OFries. dk, AS. edc, E. eke, OIc. auk,
sides,' Dan. og, 'and, also, but,' Sw. och,
Ic. ok; Goth, auk, 'then, but'; an adv.
common to Teut. Some refer this auk to
the Teut. root auk (Aryan aug),
to in-
crease,' wlience OHG. ouhh&n,
to add,'
OSax. dkian, AS. yean, OIc. auka, Goth.
to increase,' are derived (Lat.
augere, aug-ustus, Sans, vgrds, 'powerful,'
strength,' are allied to them) ; comp.
AS. t6-edcan,
moreover, also.' Others
trace Teut. auk to a compound of two
Arvan particles, au and ge (Gr. aft, ye).
^UC, f.,
ewe,' dialectic, from MidHG.
ouwe, OHG. ou, f., 'sheep.' Comp. AS.
eowu, E. ewe; primit allied to Lat. ovis, Gr.
ofc, Lith. avis (OSlov. ovica),
sheep.' See
in SUieredja, m., from the equiv.
MidHG. dr, dr-oclise, OHG. dr, drohso, m.,
; corresponds to AS. dr, OIc. drr,
(u- stem). The fact that even Roman
writers knew the Teut. term under the
form drus points to *drus (not dzus) as
the Goth, form
; comp. Teut. and Lat gU-
amber,' similar to AS. glosre,
Hence the proposed explanation of dr
from Sans, usrd-s, m.,
bull,' must be put
aside. Internal evidence cannot be ad-
duced to show that the OGerm. word is
non-Teut. ; the assertion of Macrobius that
drus is Kelt, proves nothing.

m., even in MidHG. the equiv. drhan
(and orhan), m., 'blackcock,' with drhuon
grey hen,' occurs. Slucrljjf)H was
evidently compared with 9luerodj$, the one
appeared to be among the birds of the wood
what the other was among animals of the
adv., prep., 'up, upwards, on, upon,'
from MidHG. and OHG.
adv., prep.,
upon '
; corresponds to OSax. dp, AS. dp-
Upp, and its equiv. E. up; Goth, iup, adv.,
'upwards, aloft ' differs remarkably in its
vowel. Probably pri mit. Teut. *ilppa, ' up,'
is allied to cben and iibcr.
aufmuijen, see
ufv\xt)V, see 9hd)t.
aufttriegcht, see nriegeln.
Jluge, , 'eye,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. ouge, OHG. ouga, n. ; a word common
to Teut. ; comp. Goth, augd, OIc. auga,
AS. edge, E. eye, Du. oog, OSax. 6ga, 'eye.'
While numerous terms for parts of tlie
body (comp. 2lrm,
->erj, ^inn, Jtitte,
Cr/f, &c.) are common to Teut. with the
other Aryan dialects, it has not yet been
proved that there is any agreement with
respect to 9lucje between Teut. and Lat.,
Gr., Ind., <fec. Of course there is au unde-
niable similarity of sound between the
Aryan base oq,
eye,' and Lat. oculus, Gr.
6tr<re for *6kJ, 6<f>6dkfjU>s, Snra, &c, Sans. akSi,
OSlov. oko, lath, aki-s, 'eye.' Jlugcnltb,
see Sib.
.ZUtflltff, m., formed, after being based
anew on Lat. and Rom. augustus, from the
equiv. MidHG.ougest, ougeste, OHG. augusto,
agusto, m.,
August' (the genuine OGenn.
term is (Jtntemonat, OHG. aran-mdnCt).
Comp. Fr. aodt, Ital. agosto. It was bor-
rowed in OHG. at the same time as Didvj
and ajfai.
aus, adv. and prep.,
out, forth, from,
by reason of,' from the equiv. MiilHG. and
OHG. &3,
adv., prep. ;
corresponds to Goth.
dt, adv.,
out (thither, hence),' AS. dt,
(thither, hence), out of doors, outside,' E.
out, Du. uit, prep., adv., 'out,' OSax. dt.
Comp. aujjen, aupcr. The common Teut. dt
(from dt-a ?) is based upon Aryan dd (ud)
comp. Sans, ud, a verbal particle,
out, out
(thither), aloft, upwards.'
Jlusfafj, m., from the equiv. late Mid
HG. dysatz, m., 'leprosy' ; a singular, late
and regressive formation from the Mid
HG. subst. d$setze nnd dyetzel^ leper,' Mid
HG. tiyetzig, adj., ' leprous,' OHG. dys&zzo,
dysdzeo, BL,
; lit.
one who lives
outside, separate
; those who were afflicted
with leprosy were exposed. Considering
the very late appearance of the subst.
in contrast to the early OHG.
ti^sdzeo, 'leper,' there is no doubt that
is a recent formation, like &tcjer
from avijetn. The Goth, word for leprosy
is Jyrutsfill.
JUtfier, f.,
oyster,' ModHG. only, from
earlier ModHG. "Aster, from Du. oester,
which, with the equiv. AS. dstre, E. oyster,
Fr. huitre, Ital. ostrica, is based upon
Lat. ostrea, ostreum, Gr. 6<rrpeov,
austveiben, see SBetbe and Stnge-
auswenbiQ, see luenben.
Ctufcett, adv., 'outside, out of doors,
without,' froni MidHG. A^en, OHG. H^ana,
A^dn, adv., prep., 'out of doors, outside,
out, without' ;
corresponding to AS. Aton,
adv., 'from without,' Goth. Atana, adv.,
prep., 'from without, outside, out'
; from
OTeut. At. See auS.
aujjer, adv. and prep.,
except, unless,
apart from, without,' from MidHG. A$er,
OHG. ^30?-, prep.,
outhere ' ;
sponds to OSax. 'Alar.
JUef, f. (with a dental added as in ufte,
^>abid>t, and Dbjl, &c), from the equiv. Mid
HG. ackes (late MidHG. axt), f., OHG.
acchus (plur. acchussi), f.,
axe.' It corre-
sponds to OSax. accus, Du. aaks (from akes),
AS. tex (from *03cces), E. ax, axe, OIc. ox,
Goth, aqizi, f.,
axe.' The Teut. word is
based upon Aryan agest, or rather agzt
(akst) ;
comp. the prim, cognate Gr. &ivy,
'axe,' with which perhaps the equiv. Lat.
ascia, in case it stands for ac-scia, is con-
nected. Lat. acies, 'sharpness,' and Gr. dcij,
point,' as well as Sans, acri,
edge ' (see
&ljte, (Stfe), are not allied to &rt.
bctctr, adj., from the equiv. MidHG.
and OHG. har (nom. MidHG. barer, barwtr,
OHG. barir), adj., 'naked, bare, denuded,
free, empty.' It corresponds to OSax. bar,
AS. bar, E. bare, OIc. Lerr, 'naked, bare'
Goth. *baza- is wanting. The r of the
non-Goth, dialects is an old s (not r) as
is proved by the affinity to OSlov. bom,
Lith. basas, 'bare-footed,' which, as well
as the Teut. adjs., point to an Aryan
denuded ' (with regard to the anti-
quity of this idea see nacft). Comp. also
Armen. bok, 'naked,' which is based upon
bhosko- ;
besides, E. bald (MidE. balled)
points to a Goth, participle *bazl6ps (AS.
*bodlod). Perhaps entbffjren is also con-
nected with the root bhes. Comp. further
~g&aas, m., ' master,' a LG. word
Du. baas; orig. perhaps it was a term of
endearment used in addressing superiors
(comp. 9hmm, SDJuljme, 83ube, Sufjle). It is
undoubtedly connected with 93afe, 'aunt on
the father's side,' because 93afe, 33aaS

are also titles given by domestics
to their mistress. Yet it is astonishing
that the area of diffusion of 93aa, m. (LG.),
and Safe, f. (MidG. and UpG), is different.
Perhaps 'paternal' was the root idea of
both word?.
Imbboln, see pa^eto.
"gSadj, m. (MidLG. and LG., fern.), from
the equiv. MidHG. bach (plur. beche), m.
(MidG. fern.), OHG. bah, m., 'brook.'
Comp. OSax. bski, MidLG. beke, Du. beek
a corresponding Goth. *baki-, m., is want-
beside which the equiv. AS. becc, and
OIc. bekkr (whence E. beck), m., presuppose
a Goth. *bakki-. No Aryan root bhag- witli
a meaning applicable here can be found
both HG. barfen and Gr. xryi),
source,' are
scarcely allied to it, though Sans, bhanga,
breach, wave ' (see 93ntdj) may be so.
~g&<X<f)burXQe, f., 'speedwell, brooklime'
(Veronica beccabunga), from MidHG. bungo,
OHG. bunge, 'bulb' ; allied to OIc. bingr,
bolster,' and more remotely with Sans.
baha, 'dense,' Gr. xaxfa?.
33ache, f., 'wild sow,' from MidHG.
bache, OHG. bahho, m., 'ham, (flitch of)
bacon' (Swiss and Bav. bachen) ;
the corresponding MidLat.ftoco and MidDu.
bake mean 'ham, pork,' and 'pig.' Comp.
Prov., OFr., and E. bacon, borrowed from
Germ. The Teut. root bak contained in
these cognates is further allied to the cog-
nates of ModHG. 93atfe.
"2.>ad)ftcIv-\ f-
' water-wagtail,' formed
from the equiv. MidHG. ica^erstelze, OHG.
watferstelza ;
the second part of the com-
pound is connected with <&te(}e. This term
is only HG.; comp. with it Du. kwikstaart,
Bac ( 16 ) Bag
Xorw. quickstiert, E. wagtail, LG. wippstert,
Dan. vipstiert ; also Gr. ffei<roirvyls ltal.
squassacoda, codatremola, cutrctta, Fr. hoche-
queue ; but Span, andario, which meant
^ac&, n., 'a deep wooden dish, in which
food is served for a certain number of
the crew '
borrowed, like many technical
terms of sea-life, from LG. ; LG. back,
dish,' E. buck (' tub, vat
; comp.
bac, 'brewer's vat or tub,' borrowed from
this word or the Du. bak. It has been
derived from Late Lat. bacca,
water ves-
sel,' whence also Fr. bac, 'ferryboat,' Du.
bak, E. bac, 'a flat-bottomed boat' Pro-
bably S3ccfen is allied to it.
"jHadtborb, n., 'larboard,' from LG.
(comp. the preceding word)
comp. Du.
bakboord (AS. bacbord), whence also the
equiv. Fr. bdbord; lit. 'the left side of the
ship to the back of the helmsman, who
is steering with his right hand, the left
hinder-part of the ship.' Du. and E. back is
an OTeut. word, which was, however, very
early obsolete in HG. (see the following
word) ; OHG. bah, OSax. bak, AS. bcec, E.
lack, OIc. bak, n., 'back,' Goth. *balc, n.
From LG. is also derived HG. Sorb. See
the latter.
jSadte (1.), 'gS adieit, nt, especially
used in the compounds with 9lfd);, gutter;,
hence the lit meaning, 'buttock.' The
correct HG. form, which has the regular
permutation of k to ch, is seen in MidIIG.
cache, OHG. bahho, 'ham, flitch of bacon'
(yet MidHG. also ars-backe, m.), which
as 'bacon' made its way into OFr., and
thence into Eng. also. Although it has
been connected by the linguistic instinct
of ModHG. with the following word, they
are not allied ; it is more probable that
3kd)e and the stem bak, discussed under
SJacfbcrb, is most closely connected with it.
33adie (2.),
in., f., also "gBadiett, m. (the
latter espec. in the compounds 93arfett$afnt,
sjlretd)), 'cheek' ; from MidHG. baclce, m.,
'jaw, jawbone, cheek.' OHG. has the
doublets bacclio (whence the MidHG. and
ModHG. ck) and bahho, which produce
MidHG. bache. Comp. MidHG. kinntbache
beside kinwbacke, which compound too,
even in OHG. (as chinni-baliho), is more
frequent than the simple word
OSax. kinni-bako, Du. hinnebakken. It is
still uncertain whether Lat. bucca, 'cheek,'
is allied to it ; its initial b might have
arisen from bh, as in barba (see 93art) ; but
the two differ in meaning ; while the Lat.
the inflated cheek,' the G. word
orig. denoted 'jaw.'
badictt, vb. (dial. UpG. bafyn), 'to
bake,' from MidHG. backen, bachen, str.
doublets are found even in OHG.
bacchan, bah/tan, str. vbs. ; OHG. cch is
based upon the double consonants l:k
(OSax. bakkeri, 'baker,' Du. baklcen, 'to
bake); but ch presupposes a simple k.
Comp. AS. baean, str. vb., E. to bake, as
well as E. batch, from MidE. bacche, AS.
*bcicce, where cc points to the ckof the Mod
HG. word. Whether a Goth. *baltkan or
*baqan, str. vb, must be presupposed is
the pre-Teut. form of the verbal
root is Aryan bh3g,&s is shown by its prim it.
kinship to Gr. 4>(!ryu, 'I roast' ; the affinity
of Lat fdcus,
hearth,' is doubtful.
"23a6. n., 'bath,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. bat{d), OHG. bad, n. ; comp. Du.
bad, AS. bee]j, E. bath, OIc. 5aS, 'bath.'
An important word in relation to the
history of OTeut. civilisation
; even the
Roman writers testify that bathing (comp.
further laben) was a daily necessity to the
Teutons. As a verb, a denominative was
already formed in the OTeut. dialects, Mid
HG. and ModHG. babett, from OHG. badun,
Du. baden, AS. ba/rian, E. to bathe; Goth.
*bap&n is not recorded. The dental of the
cognates is derivative, hence ba (Aryan
bhd) is the root syllable, (comp. bafjett,
in that case allied to it), to which OSlov.
banja, 'bath,' banjati, 'to wash, bathe,' be-
longs.jjjctoeit, the name of a place, is
prop. dat. plur. of 93ab, 'at the baths' (so
too E Bath)
probably an imitation of
Lat. aquae in names of places.
"gijafcer, m., 'barber,' from MidHG
one who looks after the bathers
in the bath-house.'
In the later period
of the Middle Ages it was a custom to <:et
the beard shaved and the hair cut by the
SBaber at the end of the bath."
baf ! baff !
I onomatopoetic term
for the report of a gun
first occurs in
ModHG. Allied to ModHG. bajfett, 'to
bark,' from MidHG. baffeii, beffen; comp.
MidE. bafferiy E. to beff;
of recent onomat.
to yelp,' derivative of bdffm.
to torment, plague,' prob.
allied to OHG. bdgan, MidHG. bdgen, str.
vb., 'to contend, quarrel.' Akin to Ir.
bdgim, 'I contend,' bag, 'combat'; hence
the Aryan root is bhigh, bh6gh.
3ag$er, m., ' dredging-machine
; like
many Words with
(comp. Slaggc), it is
not prop. HG. (since
in HG. must have
been changed to ck), but from LG. bagger,
identical with Du. bagger,
mud at the
bottom of water.'
bcifoert, vb.,
to warm by poultices, fo-
ment, toast (bread),' from the equiv.MidllG.
bain, bmjen, OHG. bdjan, bdan. The Teut.
root is bi, from pre-Teut. bid, to which ba-
of the OTeut. words for 53ab is related by
gradation. The orig. sense of the primit.
stem bhi, by gradation bha, was probably
to make warm by washing, bathing.'
"gSafytt, f., 'path, track, career,' from
MidHG. bane, ban, f., m.,'road, way' ; allied
to MidDu. bane, Du. baan. No word iden-
tical with this is found in any of the older
periods of the Teut. group. The cognates
of bcljttftt are probably allied to it.
~$ai)Ve, f.,
barrow, bier,' from the
equiv. MidHG. bdre, OHG. b&ra, f.; Goth.
*Mra or *berS, f.
AS. beer, bcere, E. bi-r
E. barrow (MidE. barewe), belongs to a dif-
ferent gradation since it presupposes Goth.
*barwa; comp. OIc. barar, plur. 'bier,'
Goth. *bar6s. The pre-Teut. phonetic form
is bhird-. From the OHG. word is derived
the equiv. Ital. bara (barella), Fr. biere.
The root is the primit. Aryan bher,
carry,' which is widely diffused, and ap-
pears in ModHG. 33iitfce, gcMren, cbttrt, as
well as in 3ubev; it occurs in Ind. as b/iar,
In Gr. as <t>ep, in Lat. as jer. From this
root the OTeut. languages, in agreement
with all the other Aryan tongues, formed
a str. vb., Goth, balvan, OHG. beran, Mid
HG. bern (the latter means only 'to bear
fruit, produce, give birth to'), AS. beran,
E. to bear. Comp. espec. gefcdren.
"gScti (1.),
f., 'bay of a window,' from
MidHG. beie, 'window,' which with the
following word is of Rom. origin ; comp.
E. bay, Fr. baie,
bay (of a window).'
"ggttt (2.),
f., ' bay,' derived through LG.
from E. bay (MidE. baie), which was bor-
rowed from Rom.
Fr. baie, Ital. baja,
Span, and Iber. (in Isidore), baja, 'haven'
prop, identical with the preceding word.
"J.iaftc, f.,
a mark at the entrance of a
harbour as a warning against shallows,
buoy'; from Fris. like other technical
terms relating to the sea, Fris. bdken (comp.
23acf), whence LG. bdke, Du. baak. It is
based upon Goth. *baukn, n., which by a
regular change became bedcen, 'beacon,' in
AS. ; comp. E. beacon and beckon. OHG.
bouhhan, MidHG. bouchen, OLG. bdean,
beacon, model,' are corresponding terms.
Thus the OTeut. word meant generally
'sign.' 5kfe has been restricted to a
definite caution signal.
"gjttlbter, m., for artier.
^alc^e, f., see f&dd).
falcon, see 93alfeit.
bato, adv., ' soon, nearly, quickly,' based
upon an OTeut. adj. which signified 'quick,
bold, brave
; Goth, balps,
bold,' preserved
only in derivs., AS. beald (with the change
after I to d, comp. 2Balb, fatten), E.
bold, OIc. ballr,
bold, impudent, auda-
; also OIc. baldr, AS. bealdor,
whence the name of the god 53aftet. In
HG. the meaning tended towards
; OHG. and OLG. bald, MidHG. bait
(gen. buldes). 'bold, zealous, quick' ; comp.
Ital. baldo, 'bold.' The development of
meaning of the OHG. adv. baldo, MidHG.
balde, is thus

diately.' The abstract Sdlbe, which is con-
nected with it, meant lit. 'boldness,' like
Goth, balpei and OHG. baldl; MidHG.
belde, 'audacity ' ; the meaning of the Mod
HG. subst. is based immediately on the
adv. To this word are allied proper names
like S3afbuin, as well as Fr. Baudouin (ap-
plied to the ass).
"g&albacfyixi, m., ' canopy,' not from Mid
HG. baldekin, 'raw silk from Bagdad,' but
from Ital. bahlacchino, which is identical
with the MidHG. word, but has been spe-
cialised in meaning to the canopy made
from such stuff.
"3aIortcw, m., 'valerian,' from MidHG.
baldrian, from Lat. Valeriana; comp. the
E. term.
"gSaleffei:, m., see SlrmBntfl.
m.,'skin, case, bellows, brat,' from
the equiv. MidHG. bale (plur. beige), OHG.
balg, plur. balgi, belgi, m. ; Goth, balgs, plur.
balgeis, 'leather bottle,' lit. 'the flayed skin
of an animal for keeping liquids.' On
the root balgi- is based AS. belg, bylg, E.
belly (93alcj, with the specialised meaning,
'swollen body'), and E. bdlmos, plur.
The primary idea of the root is
out' ; from the same root the OTeut. dia-
lects form a str. vb. belgan (see ^dttcr),
meaning 'to swell' ; OIc. bOlgcnn, 'swollen'
OHG. belgan, MidHG. belgen, 'to swell, be
angry.' The pre-Teut. form of the stem
according to the laws of the permutation
of consonants is bhelgh, and to this corre-
sponds Ind. barh (with the initial aspirate
Bal ( 18 ) Ban
displaced), 'to be great, strong' ; also Olr.
I swell,' Ir. bolg, Gall.-Lat. bulga,
bag.' It is also possible that HG. 93alcj is
cognate with Lat. follis (from *folvis, */olg-
vu). Comp. farther SBulcje.
bahien, vb., lit.
to talk angrily, quar-
rel,' then
to cudgel
; derived from the
verbal root belg,
to swell out,' discussed
under 93atg ;
comp. OHG. belgan, MidHG.
belgen, meaning
to be angry.'
"J.hrtkcn. m.,
beam, baulk, loft,' from
the equiv. MidHG. ba'ke, OHG. balcho, m.
comp. AS. balca, E. baulk, Du. balk, ' baulk'
in Scaud. beside the corresponding bdlkr,
fence, boundary-line,' there occurs with a
different gradation bijdlk-, 'baulk' (Goth.
*lrUka), in AS. likewise bolc<>, 'gangway'
(Goth. *bulka). From Teut. balkoii, Fr.
balcon and Ital. balco are derived. The
Aryan form of the root is bhalg, hence
Gr. (pd.Xa.'yii, <f>d\ayy-os, 'oval piece of wood,
trunk of a tree,' has been compared with
it, but the nasal of the second syllable ren-
ders the comparison dubious.
j!.>ttU, (1.)
m., 'challenge (of hounds),'
belongs to the stem of befleu.
2,ialt (2.),
m.. 'ball,' from the equiv.
MHG. bal (gen. balles) or balle, ballen, m.
OHG. ballo, m., balla, f. ; AS. *bealla is
wanting ; E. ball (MidE. balle) is borrowed
from the Rom. word Fr. balle, which was ob-
tained from German. OIc. bollr,
ball,' pre-
supposes Goih. *ballu8. The root bal- ap-
pears also with a further gradation in 53olle
(in QJolfier too?) ; comp. further 23cf(eit.
p.Jall (3.),
m., 'dancing entertainment,'
from Fr. bal,
; OFr. bailer,
to dance,'
and its Rom. cognates have been derived
from Gr. /SaMtfw,
I dance.'
^.Jallaft, in.,
ballast,' like other mari-
time expressions, from LG. ; comp. Du. bal-
last, E. ballast. In MidHG. simply last,
ballast,' whence the equiv. Fr. lest is de-
rived. The first component of the com-
pound is obscure ; it is scarcely of Irish
origin (Kelt. 6a/,
sand '), nor is it likely
to be identical with OIc. bdra, 'sea.' On
account of Dan. baglest,
ballast.' the least
improbable derivation is from bak,
discussed under 93acfe (1.). 93a((ajl might
perhaps be
load behind or in the rear.'
"2.5aUci, f., 'jurisdiction,' from MidLat.
ballia, formed from Fr. bailli, bailif,
'steward' (MidLat. balltvus, E. bailiff),
which is formed from Lat. bajulus, with
the suffix -tvus.
"2.$ttHert, m., ' bale, pack,' identical with
-8a((, which, as MidHG. allt and OHG. ballo
show, was formerly a weak masc.
; in con-
nection with the difference of form arose a
difference of meaning; orig. sense 'round
bundle of paper,' then 'a certain quantity
of rolled or packed paper.' E. bait and Du.
baal are borrowed from Fr. balle (also bal-
lon), which was again obtained from Germ.
ballen, vk, 'to clench (the fiUtV from
MidHG. ballen, 'to form into a ball.'
to make worse by altering
; derived from
58alll)orH,a publisher in LUbeck (1531-1599),
who in his 'enlarged and improved' edi-
tions of an ABC book was always making
fresh mistakes in his 'emendations.'
"JMrtlfam. m., 'balm, balsam,' from the
equiv. MidHG. ha/same, balsem, m
balsamo, m. ; Goth, balsan, with a very re-
markable deviation
comp. Arab, balasdn.
The Germ, word is derived from Gr.-Lat.
balsamum {fiakaanov), whence also Fr. baumc
(E. balm), Ital. balsamo.
").>al ], m., ' pairing time (of birds),' from
MidHG. baize (besides valz), m.
of obscure
bammeln, also bctmbdn, vb., 'to
dangle,' first recorded in M'dHG.. hence
it may be an onomatopoetic word collateral
with btntmetn, bemmeltt,
to tinkle.'
"g3anb (1.),
volume,' orig. identical
with the following word.
^Scmo (2.),
band, ribbon,' from
binDm; MidHG. bant, plur. bender (and
bant), n., OHG. bant, plur. bentir (and bant).
Comp. OSax. band, Du. band, m.,OIc. bandy
Goth, by another derivation bandi (whence
AS. bend, E. bend, as well as a later band
derived from Fr. bande). See the preced-
ing and the following word.
"p.)cm6c, f., 'cushion,' in 93U(arbbanbf,
from Fr. bande; similarly derived in the
sense of ' crew.' The Rom. wordFr. bande
(Ital. banda),
band, strip, gang, troop,' is
derived from OHG. bant, Goth, bandi.
bdnoicten, vb., ' to restrain, tame,' from
bdnbtii, ordinarily only in the compound
unbattbig ; MidHG. bendec,
tightly bound,
fettered,' hence bdnbiflcn,
to put in fetters.'
battgC, adj. ami adv., 'anxious(ly),
uneasy, uneasily,' from MidHG. and
MidLG. bange, adv., 'anxiously,' and subst.
'anxiety, tare.' The root is ange, which
further appears in Slitcjfl ; as enge is the cor-
responding adj., batute can only be based on
the MidHG. adv. ange, OHG. ango, the
adv. afterwards becoming an adj. The b
( 19 ) Bar
lias arisen from the unaccented prefix be
(bt), as
in ajaubeit, Qtabe, from ge. See
bariitfKrjtg, bleiben.
"3angcrf, m.,
orchard,' for bdn-, bdm-
gart, MidHG. boumgartej comp. 9? aunt and
^IJanft, f.,
bank, bench, reef,' from the
equiv. MidHG. banc, plur. benke, OHG.
banch, plur. benchi, m., f.
comp. AS. bene,
f., E. bench, OIc. beklcr. Besides the stem
bariki- (from pre-Teut. bhangi-), Teut. pos-
sessed others which are recorded in words
borrowed by Romance
comp. Ital. banco,
banco, paca, Fr. banc, banque, &c See
the following words.
"gjemfcert, earlier SBanfart, SSanfljari, m.,
bastard, bantling,' from MidHG. banchart,
m., 'illegitimate child,' lit.
a child begot-
t- n upon the bench'; a compound of
$3anf. The second part is sljart, appearing
in proper names as ebbart, diehityart, and
is formed by assimilation to Skftarb (older
93ajlart, also written 23ajlr/art).
"2Janhctf, n., 'banquet,' borrowed be-
fore the middle of the 16th cent, from
Fr. banquet, which (with Fr. banc, Ital.
was perhaps derived from
the German stem of 93anf.
"2.> arm, m.,
ban, outlawry, decree,'
from MidHG. and OHG. ban(nn), m., ' order
under threat of punishment, prohibition
jurisdiction and its sphere.' It corresponds
to AS. bann, E. ban, and belongs to an obso-
lete s:r. vb. bannan, of which the primary
meaning was 'to order or forbid under
threat of punishment.' The root is sup-
posed to be la, pre-Teut. bha-
nn was
perhaps a suffix (comp. riiuien), and pro-
perly belonged only to the pres. of the str.
vb., but was afterwards joined to the ver-
bal stem. To this pre-Teut. bha- belongs,
in accordance with the permutation of con-
sonants, Gr. <f>a. in <pd-ffKu, (fry-fii and Lat.
in /any the Teut. meaning must then
have been very definitely specialised. From
the Teut. word the Rom. cognate Fr. ban,
public proclamation' (OFr. arban, 'arriere
is derived.
"planner, m., 'banner, militia,' from
MidHG. bauer, more usual banier, baniere,
f., from Fr. banniere, which has been de-
rived from the stem of Goth, bandwa,
bandwC, 'sign.' Comp. MidLat. bandum
in Paul the Deacon,
vexillum quod ban-
dum appellant. See fattier.
pjjanfe, f., 'space in a barn near the
threshing-floor,' from MidG. and LG. ; the
word is wanting in MidHG. and OHG.
From *bans- arose AS. bos. E. dial, boose
cattle-trough '), and OIc. bass,
house.' The Goth, has bansts, f.,
barn,' in
which the stem has been increased by the
deriv. -ti-.
tbox, adj. suffix which is derived from a
complete adj., properly bare, MidHG. bare,
OHG. bdri; it means lit. 'bearing,' comp.
fructytbar, (ajtbar. also banfbat ; later on, when
it became a suffix, it assumed the present
meaning. The older adj. is a verbal form
of the str. vb. beran (see under SJafyre),
Teut. root ber (Aryan biter),
to bear, carry.'
In AS. too -bcere appears, e.g. in wmstmbebre,
fertile,' leblUbdbre,
ji3ar (1.),
(paving) beetle,' from
MidHG. bern,
to strike, beat,' whence
also MidHG. ber, f., ' blow, stroke.' OHG.
berjan, Goth. *barjan, agrees by the per-
mutation of consonants with Lat. ferio, 'I
strike,' as well as OBulg. borja,
I fight
(OIc. berjask,
to fight')
it is based on the
root bhtr,
to strike.'
2$ar (2.),
m., 'bear.' The Lat. name
of the animal (ursus) descends from the
pre-Aryan period, just as Gr. dp/rros and
Ind. rkSa-s (ursus for *urcsus). It is re-
markable that the Teutons have aban-
doned this old Aryan term for 'bear'
(rlcs6s, Teut. orhsa-s), since they have re-
tained other names of animals. In Mid
HG. we have ber, OHG. b'ero, AS. bera, E.
bear, OIc, bjorn,
bear ' (Goth. *baira). The
Teut. beron- is a subst. form based upon
an Aryan adj. bliero-, equiv. to Lith. beras,
(Lat. furvus ?),
from the root of
which, bher and ModHG. 93tbcr, braun, may
also be derived; in using the adj. as a
subst. the Aryan rksos is understood. Note
that 23raun is the name of the bear in the
OG. animal fables.
"23dr (3.),
brood-boar,' from the
equiv. MidHG. and OHG. bir, 111., which,
with OSax. bir-sicin, AS. bdr, E. boar,
points to Goth. *baira-.
"llarbe, f.,
barbel,' from MidHG. barbe,
f., OHG. barbo, in., which is based upon
the equiv. Lat. barbus. The fish derived
its name from barba, 'beard,' on account
of its beard-like appendages ; from the
Lat. word comes Fr. barbeau (from Mid
Lat. barbellus), whence E. barbel, as well
as barb; comp. also Ital. barbio, M>arbel.'
"pjarbicr, m., ' barber,' early ModHG.
only, borrowed from Fr. barbier (MidLat.
Bar ( 20 ) Bar
"23ctrcf), in., 'castrated hog,' from Mid
HG. bare (barges), OHG. barug and barh;
comp. AS.bear/i, bearg, E. barrow, Du. 6an/,
berg, OIc. bqrgr; Goth. *bargws (*b ngus).
No evidence of a pre-Teut. stem bharg/i,
bhark, for
hog,' can be adduced from
Other languages. Lat. verres and Sans.
boar,' cannot be allied to it, any
more than Lat. porcus, which belongs to
gerfel. It is more probable that Russ.
borov (primit. Slav. *borovu) is a cognate.
j$ard)ettt, m., 'fustian,' from MidHG.
barchant, barchdt, barchet, m^ formed from
MidLat. barcdnus,
cloth from camels'
hair ' ; derived, like 93erfan, from Arab.
coarse stuff.'
1$areff, n., 'skull-cap, hood,' adopted
in the 15th cent, from Fr. barrette, MidLat.
birrStta, a deriv. from L:it. birrus, birrum,
'cloak, pallium.'
gSctrfee, f., 'barque, boat,' from the
equiv. MidHG. barke, f. ;
corresponds to
Scand. barke, 'barque' ; not of Germ, ori-
gin. The cognates are based upon an equiv.
Rom. class with the primit. forms barca-
bariea (found even in the 7th cent, in
Isidore) ; comp. Fr. barque (besides OFr.
barge, from MidLat. barica; whence E.
barife, LG. S3arfe), Ital. barca; Olr. bare
is of similar oiigin. The ultimate source
of the cognates (Spain?) is uncertain.
jSdrlctpp, m., 'club-moss' ; orig. sense
bear's paw
; comp. the Lat.-Gr. term lyco-
podium formed from it ; allied to OHG.
lappo, lit. 'palm of the hand.'
jScirme, f., 'yeast,' borrowed from the
equiv. LG. barme, m., which corresponds
to AS. beorma and E. barm. Lat. fermen-
turn (if it does not belong to formus, Gr.
is perhaps akin to it. Teut.
b, Lat.
are Aryan bh.
baxmfyer^xQ, adj., 'compassionate,' from
the equiv. MidHG. barmherzic ; related to
ModHG. and MidHG. erbarmen, OHG. ir-
barmSn. This stem has been connected with
a Teut. word barm,
bosom ' (E. barm, from
AS. bearm, Goth, barms, OHG. and OLG.
burm, MidHG. barm, m.) ; hence erbarmen
means lit. 'to cherish in one's bosom, press
to one's heart.' Perhaps the equiv. Goth.
arman, 'to move to pity,' and armaid,
'compassion,' stand in a similar relation
to Slrm, the lit. meaning of the verb being
'to take in one's arms, cherish.' Others,
however, are of opinion that trbarmen con-
tains a b derived from bi (like bange, derived
from bwange), so that it would be more akin
to Goth, arman. But in that case either a
secondary meaning, 'misericors,' in addi-
tion to 'miser,' must be assumed for Teut.
arm, for which there is no support ; or we
niu-t regard it as an imitation of a Lat.-
Chri.-t. term, Goth, arman, horn arms, like
Lat. misereri, from miser; indeed HG. arm-
herzi, 'misericors,' and irbarmherzida (Goth.
misericordia,' render it cer-
tain that Christianity coined the words to
express a Lat.-Christ. idea ; comp. Scmut,
iiabe, &c.
j$artt, m., 'crib, hayrack above the
crib,' from the equiv. MidHG. bam, m.,
OHG. barno, m. ; AS. bern, E. barn, is
equiv. to Germ. <2d)euer. The Germ, and
Eng. words are not, perhaps, identical, but
only of a cognate stem ; the stem of the
Eng. word is bar-, which appears in Goth.
barley,' AS. bere, E. barley, and is
cotrnate with Lat.far,
spelt,' OBulg.
burii, 'a species of millet' ; AS. bern is ex-
plained from bere-ern,
"3aron, m., ' Baron,' not from the equiv.
MidHG. barun, but from the Fr. and MidL
Rhen. form baron, which is found in the
16th cent. ; MidLat. baro, baronis, is by
some based on Kelt, bar, 'man,' and by
others on AS. beorn or on OHG. baro,
'man, vassal.'
"gjarre, f., ^arrcn, m., 'bar, ingot,'
from MidHG. barre, f., ' bolt, railing,' which
comes from Fr. barre.
jScttfd), m., 'perch,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bars, m. ; there is also a deriv.
form MidHG. and OHG. bersich; comp. the
corresponding Du. baars, AS. bars, bears,
E. dial, barse (bass) ;
allied to the com-
pounds Sw. abborre, Dan. aborre (rr from
rs), with the same meaning. The cognates
cannot have been borrowed from the equiv.
Lit. perca; they are more akin to the Teut
root bars (bors) in 93crjk, Sh'irjlf, signifying
to be bristly.'
adj., 'rough, rude,' a modern
word, appearing also in Du. (larsch) and
Sw. (barsk), but foreign to theUpG. dialects.
It is not found in OTeut. In Swiss dialects
the term is barodsch (with the accent on
the second syllable), in which perhaps the
base of barftfy is preserved
; Ital. brusco (Fr.
brusque) may be connected with it. In
Swiss occurs also bars' in the phrase bars'
gd, 'to go alone' ; it also means 'without
a hat, a coat.' Both significations point to
its deriv. from bar. Yet barfeb may have
originated in the Teut. root bars, 'to be
Bar ( 21 ) Bat
bristly, rough,' mentioned under tlie pre-
ceding word, especially as Du. barsch means
"3arf, m., 'heard, cornh, harb,' from the
equiv. MidHG. bart, OHG. bart, m. ; comp.
Du. baard, AS. and E. beard. For this Teut.
word, the existence of which is proved by
the ethnical term gattgobartm to be ex-
tremely remote, skegg was used in Scand.
was, in accordance with the permutation
of consonants, bhardhdwhich is also pre-
sumed by OSlov. Lrada (with the usual
loss of aspiration and metathesis of the r),
and Lat. barba (with b for dk when next to r,
comp. rot, SBort ; the initial b is from bh, as
in 33arfe ;
in other cases initial bh is Lat./).
p. also Li th. barzdd,

beard ' (for *barJd).
"gUarte (1.),
f., 'broad axe,' from the
equiv. MidHG. barte, OHG. barta, f. ;
Bav.-Suab. the word,, which is properly
North G., does not occur ; allied to ODn.
and OSax. barda, OIc. barfia (OFr. barde,
'hatchet,' is borrowed from Teut.). From
this word OSlov. bradyj., 'axe,' is borrowed.
The words are derivatives of the stem
bhardh- appearing in 93art ;
the axe is, as
it were, 'the bearded thing,' OIc. skeggja,
broad axe,' being related in a similar way
to skegg, 'beard'; likewise MidE. barbe
(from Lut.-Rom. barba) signifies, among
other things, 'edge of the axe.' Comp.
jJ3arfe(2.), f., 'baleen,' aderiv. of art,
first occurring in ModHG., and akin to
93arte ; comp. E. barbs, from Lat. barba;
Du. baarden, plur.
f. (dialect, designating any of
the remoter degrees of relation on the
female side, e.g., in the Basle dial, 'aunt,
niece, cousin'), 'cousin, aunt,' from Mid
HG. base, OHG. basa,
father's sister
; the
AS. and Fris. dialects have a word allied to
aktct; AS. fajru, OYrit.fethe. The Teut.
type fapdn is certainly only a term of en-
dearment forfa/jar-, fadar-suestar,
sister.' Probably OHG. basa is also a pet
or childish name for the proper badar-,
fadar-siresd. The same might be said of the
variant MidG. and LG. IBaff, and with the
necessary qualifications of the masc. SBaafl.
^iJafl, m.,
inner bark of trees, husk,'
from the equiv. MidHG. bast (also buost
with gradation), OHG. *bast, iu., n. It
corresponds to AS. bast, E., Du. and OIc.
bast, Goth. *bastus. Hence the deriv. OHG.
and MidHG. besten,
to strap,' as well as the
Rom. cognate basto,
pack-saddle ' (>ee
under 33ajtait), with which Swiss bast,
saddle,' agrees. There is no justification
for deriving the words from binfcctt, for the
absence of the nasal, the occurrence of st
(for which we should have expected ss from
dh + t), and the gradation in MidHG. buost
render such a derivation impossible. The
resemblancein sound between thisword and
bittbcn proves nothing as to the etymology
this popular and superficial derivation w;;s
suggested by the use of bast. The Teut.
word, which is more probably connected
with the root bes appearing in Scfeti, found
its way into Rom.
comp. Ital. basta,
ing, stitching.'
"glaff orb, m., ' bastard,' from Fr. bdtard,
baslard (Ital. bastardo), borrowed in the
Middle Ages (MidHG. bastart). MidE.
illegal marriage,' and OFr. fils
baft, 'illegitimate son,' indicate the pri-
mary meaning of the Rom. word, which
came to England with William L, and at a
later period made its way to Scandinavia.
The. OFr. bastard (Fr. bdtard) has a Teut.
; see Stknfcrt. The first part of
the word, which in MidE. and OFr. signi-
illegal marriage,' is generally derived
from MidLat. and Rom. bastum,
; comp. Ital. and Span, basto, Fr. bdt,
'pack-saddle.' SJajkrb would then mean
'the son of a pack saddle' (comp. SBafi)

the saddles serving the Spanish muleteers

as beds
comp. SBattfert. Scand. bastarfir,
whence some would derive the modern
Europ. word, did not reach the North be-
fore 1200 a.d. nearly.
23a(Ict, f., 'bastion,' from earlier Mod
HG. bastte; comp. OFr. bastie (allied to
Oltal. bastire; Fr. bdtir) ; it is akin to
5kftion, f., borrowed from Fr. bastion, Ital.
!3ctg (1.),
bas,' derived like many
other musical terms from Ital. (basso).
bctfo (2.),
compar. adv., 'better,' from the
equiv. MidHG. ba^, OHG.
603 ; comp.
OSax. bat-bet, AS. bet from batiz (Goth.
*batis) ;
it is an old adv. from the adj. dis-
cussed under beffrc. The almost invariable
use at. present of the adv. bcffcr, instead of
the older bajj, is due to the fact that the
formation of the adv. was no longer under-
stood, and that the adj. at the same time
has in every case assumed an adv. function.
'germander,' a corrup-
tion of Lat. betonicula, dimin. of Lat. be-
tonica, whence MidHG. batdnje.
Bat ( 22 )
gSaljeit, m., 'a coin' (about a penny),
from MidHQ. batze, m., 'small coin of the
town of Bern with the Bernese coat of
arms, a bear' (MidHG. beta, ModHG.
; comp. J?reujet, SRappen. Hence Ital.
baszo, 'money.'
7J.5mt, m., ' construction, structure,' from
the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. bu, in. See
bauen, fflube.
~j&aii($), m., 'belly, bulge,' from the
equiv. MidHG. buch, OHG. buh (hh), m.
the corresponding AS. buc (E. dial, buck,
the inner part of a carriage
has the same
; OIc. bukr,
body, waist.' It is
uncertain whether 33aud) belongs to the
Sans, root bhuj (corap. L it. fungor),
to take
food,' or to Sans, bhuj, 'to bend' (Saucr-,
lit. 'the flexible part'). Perhaps it is
connected with Gr (pfoica (for <f>vy<TKa
stomach, blister ' ?. It is certainly not akin
to AS. bodig, E. body, OHG. botah,
nor is it allied to Gr. <f>a.ytiv,
to eat ' (Sans.
to enjoy, partake of).
baud)Ctt, vb., ' to steep in hot lye ' (LG.
biiken, MidLG. bAken), from the equiv. Mid
HG. buclien, OHG. *buhMn; E. to buck
(dial, to bonk), for which even a MidE.
term bouken occurs a few times, points to
AS. *bucian; to these Swed. byka, ic. bauka,
and Norw. boykja, are allied. Tiie word is,
moreover, diffused through most of the
Tent, languages, and correctly represents
MidHG. bile/ten/ only in the Bav. dialect
is the word unrecorded. Hence the exist-
ence of a Tent, verbal root buk (to which
AS. buc,
pail,' is allied ?) is undoubted, and
the Rom. cognate, Fr. buer (Ital. bucare),
to wash,' is more probably borrowed from
the Tent than vice versd. The Kelt origin
of baitcbett (Bret, boukat,
to soften
is im-
"23cutbe, see 93ube.
vb., 'to build, construct, culti-
vate,' from MidHG. buioen, OHG. and OLG.
buan (weak vb. with traces of a strong
to dwell, inhabit, till, plant'
with regard to the meaning
to dwell,'
comp. 93au, 93auer, and SBube. To the
OHG. buan corresponds Goth, bauan,
dwell, inhabit.' The root, in accordance
with the law of the permutation of con-
sonants, is pre-Teut. bhU, which, on com-
parison with Sans. b/<H, Gr. #tfw, Lat.
(futurus), &c, must mean

to be, become,
arise, beget,' With the same root are con-
nected the following nouns, which are of
importance in determining its primary
sense : OInd. bhumw,
earth,' bhutis,
tence,' <f>vfia, 'produce' (comp. also QJauni),
nature,' <pv\ov, <f>v\^,
trihe, race.'
jSctuer (l.),n.and m., ' birdcage,' a word
foreign to the UpG. dialects, from MidII< :.
bur, used only in the sense of 'sojourn,
;' but OHG. IrAr has the further
meaning of 'house, chamber.' AS. bur,
'dwelling' (to which E. neighbour from
AS. neahgebur is related ;
similarly the
more general meaning of 93auet appears in
HG. SRadjbarX E. bower, with which E. dial.
bire (' cowhouse
AS. bfire, is connected.
The pre-Teut. form would be bhur6, with
ro as a deriv. sulrix. See the three follow-
ing words.
gaiter (2.),
m., in Crrbauer, SHcferbaiicr,
tiller,' from MidHG. bAwcere, OHG. b&dri
(Goth. *bauareis is wanting), the term lor
the agent, from batten.
^axxex (3-)>
ni., 'rustic, peasant,' histo-
rically and etvmologically different from
for the MidHG. form is geb&r,
OHG. giburo, m., which belongs to the
OTeut. bur, 'dwelling.' discussed under
93aucr (1.), and meanslh. ' co-dweller, joint-
occupier,' then
neighbour, ft llow-ciiizen
(comp. @efe[(e,
one who shares the same
and at a later period
ger, peasant, boor.' See also 91acfobar.
"g&autn, m.,
tree,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. and OHG. bourn, m. ;
corresponds to
OSax. Mm, Du. boom, AS. beam, m., 'tree,'
whence E. beam (beam in sunbeam is quite
another word
; G. Saum is E. tree)
; E. boom
is LG. and Du. Mm,
tree.' The correspond-
ing Goth, bagms and OIc. batSmr have the
same phonetic form. The cognates, with
Gr. <f>vfia,
produce/are usually derived from
the Teut. root bA, Aryan bl<u\
to become,
arise,' discussed under bauen.
bautnetn, vb., simply ModHG. 'to
hover as on a tree' ?. See, however, bummefii.
bdumctt, vb., 'to rear,' ModHG. only,
to lift, oneself up like a tree.'
jSaufcf), ui., 'pad, bolster,' from Mid
HG. busc/t, m., 'cudgel, blow causing blis-
ters, swelling.' If
cudgel ' is the primary
sense, the word may be connected with
MidHG. b6$en, OHG. bS^an, from bautan
see Slmbefj, 93eutd, Setfu^) ; bAt- would be
another stage in gradation, and before the
suffix sch from sk the dental would inevi-
tably disappear
; comp. h:\t.fustis, 'cudgel,'
from *bhdd-stis.
bemfett, vb., 'to carouse, swell,' from
93au$, MidHG. bAs, 'inflation, swelling due
Bau ( Eee
to repletion'; the like stem also in E. to
bouse, Mid LG. b&scn,
to carouse ' ?.
^cmfen, plur., 'buildings,' ModHG.
only, from bauen.
baxen, vb., 'to box, cuff,' from LG.
bdxen, which is again allied to OHG. bd-
gan, MidHG. bdgen. St?e bdgern and 93cttget.
"gSajctr, m.,
bazaar,' ModHG. only
borrowed from Fr. bazar (ultimate source
Pers. bdzdr, 'market-place').
be-, prefix from MidHG. be, properly a
verbal prefix from OHG. and Goth. &?, which
has no definite meaning ; identical with
the prep, bet, from OHG. and MidHG. bt
(Goth, bi), AS. bt, E. by. For be there
appears a shorter syncopated form in battgc,
(Srbarmcn ? barfcfy ? bietbett, S3locf. See speci-
ally bei.
bebett, vb.,
to tremble, shake,' from
MidHG. biben, OHG. bibin,
to shiver,
; Gr. <f>^ofiat, on account of the
non-permutation of
and because of
the e oi the root syllable, cannot be origi-
nally cognate with bfben. The OTeut. word
hasiy coiiip. OSax. b'66a, OIc. bifa, AS. beo-
Jian (from bikdn). OHG. bibit, ' he trembles,'
corresponds exactly to Sans. bibhiti,
he is
afraid,' in which bi- (for bid) is the redupli-
cated syllable, and bhi for bhai is the aug-
mented root syllable. The OInd. verb bid,
to be afraid,' forms its pres. by reduplica-

bibhimi, bibhesi, bibhiti; to these

Goth. *bibaim, *bibais, *bibai}>, would cor-
respond ;
this present was then, on account
of its apparent deriv. ai, classed among the
weak verbs in ai (Goth, habaijy, OHG. ha-
bit). The root bht (Sans, bhi,
fear,' bhimd,
is found in OSlov. boja sg,
I urn
afraid,' besu,
demon,' Lith. bybti-s,
to be
afraid,' bdime,
fear,' bajus,
terrible,' baisd,
fright ' (and perhaps ModHG. betlen). Bi-
is one of the lew examples of reduplication
in the pres. tense preserved in the Tent,
group (comp. jittern), just as the perfect
ModHG. tl)dt, from OHG. teta, is the sole
instance of reduplication preserved in the
perf. tense.
"3ec^cr, m., 'beaker, goblet,' from the
equiv. MidHG. b'echer, OHG. behhar, beh-
hdri, m. ; comp. OLG. bikeri, Du. beker,
OIc. bikarr, whence MidE. biker, E. beaJcer.
These cognates are derived from LowLat.
bicarium, allied to Lat. bacar (' vas vina-
rium,' according to Festus), and still appear-
ing in Ital. bicchiere. The Lat. word was
naturalised in Germany perhaps as far back
as the 7th cent., probably at the same
period as JMcfy, since its c was changed into
hh, ch.
~*.\cd\, m., 'baker,' only dial. (Alem.,
Suab., Bav.), from MidHG. becke, OHG.
tyccho, akin to bacfen ;
the Goth, form may
have been *baqja; ModHG. SBecfer is a
recent form with the termination -er de-
noting the agent (AS. bcecere, E. baker).
Iu ModHG. 33ecf, SBcecfb,, as well as 93dcfcr,
have been preserved as family names.
^cdiClt, n., 'bowl, basin,' from Mid
HG. becken, becke, OHG. tycchtn, beccht, n.
the latter comes (comp. @d)ufie() from Low-
Lat. and Rom. bacctnum (comp. Ital. bacino,
Fr. bassiri),
; its cc being double, did
not undergo permutation, but remained
as cc, ck. Baccctnum lias been derived
Irom the LateLat. bacca, 'vas aquarium,'
discussed under 5kcf
comp. spitfelfjaube.
*g$ebc, f., ' gratuity
borrowed from the
LG. bede. It corresponds to MidHG. bete,
'command,' which still exists in ModHG.
with the meaning 'request, prayer.'
"giJeere, f., 'berry,' from the plur. of the
equiv. MidHG. ber, OHG. 6gn, n. ;
Goth. *busi (only in weinabasi, n
OSax. wtnheri). The OHG. r in beri pre-
supposes a Goth, bazi; to the 8 of the Goth,
word Du. bes corresponds ; in AS. berie, E.
berry, the a has been changed into r. See,
however, Seftitg. Foreign cognates are want-
yet the Sans, root bhas, 'to chew,' is
perhaps akin (Goth, basi, orig. 'the edible
substance'?); no connection with OHG.
to carry ' (see gebdten), or Lat. bacca,
berry,' is possible.
'p.Jcct, n., 'bed (of a garden)'
ModHG. SBctt still common to UpG.
really identical with ctt, for the MidHG.
has bet, bette, OHG. betti, meaning also
(garden) bed.' According to its form
93cet (comp. Stette') has arisen from the
neut. siiifr. badi, Qktt from the cases in dj
(gen. badjis, dat. badja, neut. ace. plur.
badja, &c). Comp. Goth. neut. sing, badi,
neut. plur. badja. E. bed is also used in
the same sense as 58cet (so even in AS.
riscbed), E. bed of
rushes, hotbed.
"g&cclc, f., ' beetroot.' This word, like
the names of many other edible vegetables,
has come from Lat. ; bita was borrowed
even before the 8th cent, and naturalised in
Germ., for it appears as bie$a (the ie from
i, comp. ^Jrieftcr, QJrief, SxtQtl, fRicntf, Spiegel,
OHG. Pietar, from Lat. I'etrum, &c.), With
the permutation of t to
; whence Mid
HG. biey. The ModHG.' $)ete may have
Bef ( 24 ) Bei
been based anew on Lat. bita, or bare been
taken from the LG. btte, thus displacing
the older bie$e, which is still found in Bav.
From Lat. and Rom. bita (Itul. bieta, F. bctte),
AS. bite (whence E. beet) is also derived.
In another group of words borrowed from
Lat., Lat. i became t (com
Qxiet, from
firiae) ; hence the dial, beifse (ei from Mid
HG. t) also appears occasionally for beete,
vb., 'to order, command, com-
mend,' MidHG. bevel/ten, becelen, 'to hand
over, entrust, deliver, command'; OHG.
bifelhan, bifelahan,
to hand over ' (also
to hide, bury, entrust, recommend '). The
chief meaning of the Goth. str. vb. filhan
in compounds with the particles ga-, vs-,
is also
to bury
; anafilhan approximates
the ModHG., 'to command, enjoin'; it
means 'to give, hand over, commend,
recommend.' AS. befMan (for befeolhan),
'to entrust, make over, devote oneself.'
Hence the primary meaning of the primit.
Teut. str. vb. bifelhan is
to entrust, hand
over, hide.' The Teut. root felh- is based
upon pre-Teut. felh ;
it is a mistake, there-
fore, to connect the word on account of its
earlier meaning,
to bury,' with Lat. sepe-
n., 'a clergyman's bands,'
diminut. ofbeffe (LG.), ' amess, cap worn by
officials in Rom. Catli. churches,' the origin
of which is obscure. In MidHG. both
words are wanting ; the latter is found
even in MidLG.
bcgebrcn, vb.,
to desire, crave, re-
quest,' from the equiv. MidHG. begem,
chiefly in the simple form g'ern, OHG.
the r probably belongs to the stem,
because gem as a no-partic. points in that
direction ; comp. gent, @ier.
begirmcit, vl>., 'to begin,' from the
equiv. Mid H.G.beginnen,OHG.beginnan
corresponds to Goth duginuan, AS. &-, be-,
E. tobegin, OLG. biginnau, with
a similar meaning. This verbal stem,
which appears at an early period only in a
compound form, is based upon a pre-Teut.
to-, bhi-Icemc6, with permutation of k to
Teut. g. For the Aryan root ken comp.
OBulg. po-lna (infih. po-fyti), 'to begin,'
bef)ttftcrt, vb. (to which fceljaglidj is
allied), ' to be comfortable,' from the equiv.
MidHG. behagen; OSax. bihagdn, AS. on-
hag'an, 'to suit, pleise,' OIc haga
'to ar-
range.' OG. has only a str. participle, OHG.
bihagan, MidHG. behagen,
fresh, joyous,
comfortable' (hence ModHG. tad SMjaatti,
Uitbcfiaaen) ; the old str. vb. no longer exists
in Teut. Probably the Ind. root cak is
primitively related to itgakn&mi,
strong, able, helpful, beneficial,' fahrd-s,
strong'; comp. further #ag, erfe, and
r/fgen, which with the same phonetic form
approximate the earlier meaning 'to help,
behctupfen, vb., 'to mantain, assert,'
not from MidHG. behaupten, which means
to behead.' This word, which first ocean
in ModHG., is rather derived with a change
of meaning from MidHG. behaben, 'to hold
fast, keep, maintain.'
bcbenbe, adj., 'nimble, agile, active,'
from MidHG. behende, adv., ' suitably, con-
veniently, skilfully, quickly
; in OHG. we
should have expected bi henti (dat.), for
which zi h$nti, 'at once,' occurs. The prep,
is compounded with the dat. of the sul>>t.
hant, OHG. henti comp. the similar origin
of abfyaufcen under ah
"g&efydrbe, f., 'the authorities,' first re-
corded in ModHG. from tyeren, MidHG.
zno behozren,
to belong to, be one's due.'
behalf, advantage,' from
MiuHG. behwif, m.,
business, purpose,
means to an end'
root haf (in fyefcea), as
also in E. behoof, AS. behof.
bet, prep, and adv., 'by, near, about'
the accented form of the unaccented prefix
bey the Goth used in both cases bl; the
Englishman makes a distinction like the
; AS. bl, E. by, but be as a prefix.
OHG. bl and bi- (coinp. also 93eid}te,93cifpifl).
In Goth, bl means 'around, near' ; hence
its kinship with Gr. ip<f>l, Lat ambi- is
probable ; the loss of the first syllable am-
abo occurein the OTeut word for bcibc ; the
base is probably ambhi- ; comp. also um.
~%&cid)te, f., 'confession,' from the equiv.
MidHG. blht, contracted from MidHG. and
OHG. bijiht, bigiht ; a regular verbal noun
from MidHG. bejehen, OHG. bi-jehan,
confess, acknowledge.' The simple form
jehan, usuallysignifying
to say, speak out,'
also means occasionally
to avow, confess'
hence OFr. gehir. Tiiis verb jehan may
possibly be connected with ja, which see.
bctoe, num.,
both,' from the equiv.
MidHG. beide, bide, m., f., (beidin, n.)
OHG. beide, bhle (beido, f., beidiu, n.)
OHG. and MidHG. have also a remarkable
variant with e (OHG. and MidHG. bide),
although ei in other instances in HG. is not
Bei ( 25 )
changed into i before dentals. In investi-
gating the word beifce we must start from
the tact that the stem of the num. had
really no dental ; AS. begen, bd, Goth, bai
(OIc. gen. beggja), 'both.' Allied in the
other Aryan languages to Sans, ubhdu, Gr.
&fi<f>w, Lut. ambo, OSlov. oba, Lith. obit,
with a syllable prefixed. The G. forms
with a dental are undoubtedly secondary
they obtained their dental by the blending,
at a comparatively late period, of the pri-
mary 5a- with the forms of the article, so
that OHG. bide arose from bS and de, betditt
from bei and diu, MidE. byt/ie (E. both) from
AS. bd and
(OIc. ba]?er from bai and
fcaiz). In Goth, ba is combined with the
article ba p6 skipa,
both the ships' ; simi-
larly in Gr. &}>L<pio. By assuming such a
combination in WestTeut. the following
ModHG. dial, forms in all genders are ex-

Bav. bed, bod^ beid, Suab. bid, bued,
boad, Wetterau bed, bud, bad.
m., 'a species of wormwood
used in seasoning food' ; the MidHG. and
OHG. word was written bib6"$, hence the
semi-LowG aspect of the ModHG. word.
OHG. bibo$ is cognate with anabti^ (see
Slmbcjj), and connected with an OTeur.
verb bautan, ' to pound ' ; bibfy,
pounded and mixed with food.' The LG.
form of the OHG. word is bivdt, and hence
arose the ModHG. SSetfujj, by the awkward
attempt of popular etymology to connect
btv6t with a well-known word.
"gSetgo, "3eitgc, f.,
a pile arranged in
layers' (an UpG. word), from MidHG.
bige, OHG. bigo, 'shock (of corn)'; hence
Ital. bica,
pile of sheaves' ; conip. E. bing
(heap of alum), Scand. bingr, 'bolster';
comp. S3arf)bunije. 33cncje has eu by being
based on bidden.
gjcit (Bav. 93eid)l), n., 'hatchet,' from
the equiv. MidHG. bll, Mhel, OHG.. UhaJ,
blal, n. (comp. the similar stages in the
derivation of %t\[t fromflhala) ; comp. Mid
LG. bll,
axe.' On account of OIc. bllda,
axe,' OHG. bihal must probably be traced
to blfcl, bttl (for Id from pi comp. emaljl).
Hence there may be a connection with the
cognates from blitd discussed under beijjcn
(is to the meaning, comp. especially Lat.
I split" (Olr. Mail, 'axe,' is primit.
akin). On the other hand, it is, of course,
not impossible that OHG. bVml may be
connected with 93icfe.
bctlcn, vb., 'to bring deer to a stand
by baying,' formed from MidHG. and OHG.
the moment when the deer stands at
bay; encircling by the baying hounds';
MidHG. btlen,
to bring to a stand by bay-
ing,' intr. 'to bark.' No kinship with feelleit
can be proved
; it is more probably con-
nected with the root bi in beben (for a deri-
vative in I from the latter word comp. Lett.
fear,' bailus,
timid,' Sans. bhtrb,
timid'). In that case MidHG. and OHG.
M-l would be lit
time of fear.'
"gjjeilt, n.,
bone, leg,' from MidHG.
bein, OHG. bein, n. ; comp. OLG. bin, AS.
ban, E. bone; ModHG. preserves the
earlier meaning 'bone' still existing in
UpG. in the words eiuljauS, Glfenbein,
gifdjbein, galjbein, cbein ; the later signi-
lower part of the thigh,' is re-
corded even in OHG., MidHG., and OIc.
The OIc. beinn, adj.,
straight,' favours the
supposition that originally at least the
straight thigh-bones were termed 53eine
(bones). Goth. *bain, n., is by chance not
recorded. A primit. Teut. word with the
primary meaning 'bone,' which cannot,
however, be traced farther back (Lat. os,
Gr. 6<rrov, Sans, astlu, asthan, to which an
Aryan osth-,
bone,' would correspond, are
not represented, on the other hand, in the
Teut. group). Comp. further (Siebeiu.
"gSeifptel, n.,
example,' from late Mid
HG. bispil, mostly btspel, n., 'fable, alle-
gory, proverb,' OHG. *btspell (for bt comp.
bet and 99eid)te). Comp. AS. btspell,
ample, parable
; formed from OHG. and
MidHG. spel (11),
tale, fable, rumour,'
Goth, spill,
legend, fable,' AS. spell, E. spell
(gospel from godspell), 'tale, fable' ; spell
(to which Fr. epeler, 'to spell.' is akin) is
the term for literary composition in prose,
and hence is as important for the history of
primit. Teut. civilisation as Sift, fingcrt, <kc.
beifjeit, vb., 'to bite,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bt^en
OHG. bttfan;
cognate with
Goth, beitan, AS. bitan, E. to bite. A pri mit.
Teut. verb with the sense of
to bite, which
has, however, as is shown by the cognate
tongues, been specialised from the more
general meaning 'to make smaller, to split
with a sharp instrument.' Comp. Lat.
Sans, root b/iid,
to split, break to
; in OTeur. poetry betfjen is also used
of the sworda remnant of the earlier
meaning. JBeil, too, if primit. akin to it,
must be connected wiih Lat. jindere, 'to
split' Comp. bitter, which signilifs orig.
'piercing.' From the same root 93ip, Mid
HG. and OHG. W3, m., is derived, to which
Bei ( 26 ) Ber
AS. bite, E. bit, corresponds ; 2Mj5(fycti is a
diniiiiutive of it. ModHG. SBtffen, from
MidHG. bi^y, OHG. W330 ;
OLG. bUi, E.
"gjeifjlier, no., 'loach,' adopted from
Slav. (Bohem. piskof, Russ. pishdrt), and
based by popular etymology on betjjen (the
fish is also called <teinbeijjer,
djtammbetjjer, 'pond-loach').
betjett, vb., 'to cauterise, pickle, etch,'
from MidHG. bei^en (beitzen), weak vb.,
'to macerate, make soft, hawk at birds'
OHG. 6 iyn (beizzen), orig. sense
to cause
to bite,' is the factitive of OHG. bi^an, see
beijkn. The corresponding E. to bait (a
hook, a horse on a journey, and hence to
put up, halt at a place, also to allure) is
derived from the Scand. beita, which is
identical with OHG. beizzan.
befclommcn, see Jtlamnt.
j$eld)e (I.), f., 'a kind of salmon' ; of
obscure origin. See Q3e(djf.
l$eld)e (2.), U
'coot,' from MidHG.
belche, OHG. tylihha; Lat. fulica seems
allied to it, although OHG. Ith implies a
the Germ, guttural suffix is the
same as in Goth, dhaks, 'pigeon.' See also
abicr/t, jfrauid).
belemment, vb., ' to cheat,' a LG. word,
from MidLG. and Du. belemmeren,
to hin-
der, molest,' and allied to ModHG. lafym ?.
vb., 'to snarl, nag,' ModHG.
; an intensive form of the following
bcllcit, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
b'ellen, HG. b'ellan,
to bark, bellow
; AS.
bellan, E. to bell (of a stag at the rutting
period) ; the E. word indicates accordingly
that the primary meaning was more general
than simply
barking, bellowing.' If an e
root be assumed, OBulg. bleja,
bleat,' and
Lat. fleo,
I weep '
(6, /
from bh and bhle
for bhel), may be compared. Others have
explained the WestTeut. root bell from belz,
bels, bhels, which would result in its being
cognate with Sans. bhaS, 'to bark,' bhdS,
to talk.' Comp. Lith. balsas,
voice, tone '
see, too. the following word ami uf(e.
g8ellf)amtttel, m., 'bell-we:her,' Mod
HG. only ; a LG. word (UpG. herma, equiv.
to ett>maitn,
exactly to Du. bel-hamel, E. bell-wether. Fr.
clocheman, clocman (of Germ, origin), also
Fr. mouton a la sonnette, make the connec-
tion of 93ellfyammel with Du. bel, MidDu.
and AS. belle, E. bell, indubitable. In Fr.
animal fables the bell-wether has the pro-
per name Uclin (akin to Fr. bslier, 'ram'),
from the Du. bel,
little bell,' whence also
Fr. bdliere,
ring of a bell-clapper.'
"3clf , ni., 'straits,' akin to OIc belte, AS.
and E. belt, baldrich (OHG. bah), 'girdle.
shoulder-belt ' 1. 93elt is thus a
zone of
land ' ?. The cognate Lat. balteus is, accord-
ing to Varro, a Tuscan word.
bcljcn, vb.,
to graft,' also pclj? ;
HG. belzen, OHG. belzdn with the same
meaning ;
cognate with Provenc. empeltar,
to graft,' which, with Fr. pellttier,
belongs to Lat. pellis.
"28emme, f.,
slice of bread,' first occurs
in ModHG.
a LG. and MidG. word, a de-
riv. of the dial, bammen,
to eat,' which may
have been *bazm6n in Goth., and is per-
haps primit. allied to the Sans, root bhas,
to chew.'
"gSenoel, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
bendel, OHG. bentil; comp. MidE. bendel,
OIc. bendell ; akin to btnfcen.
"3engel, m., 'cudgel,' then in a figura-
tive sense
rude person, blackguard,' from
MidHG. bengel, m., 'cudgel.' Comp. E.
bangle (club), from the verb to bang, OIc.
banga, 'to strike, beat,' LG. ba>gen. The
Teut. stem bang-, 'to strike,' seems to have
been nasalised from the root bdg, men-
tioned under baron.
t'., ' wicker cart,' MidHG. only;
an old Alem. and perhaps orig. Kelt, word
which Festus records as old Gallic benna.
Comp. Fr. bvnne,
dosser,' AS. binn, E. bin.
bertfcbett, Jewish,
to pronounce the
benediction, say grace,' from Lat. benedi-
bccjttcm, adj.,
convenient, comfort-
able,' from MidHG. bequdme, OHG. biqud-
suitable, fit.' Akin to AS. gecwime,
MidE. tcwems, cweme,
agreeable, suitable'
qemi-, the base, is a verbal adj. from Goth.
qiman, OHG. chuman, 'to come,' for whicli
the meaning
to be fitting, to suit,' already
existing in Goth, gaqimifi, 'it is fitting,' is
presupposed ; comp. AS. becuman, E. be-
come. See fcmmcn and Lat. convenire,
fit in with, be becoming, suit,' which is
primit allied.
bcrappen, vb., ' to pay,' ModHG. only.
The comparison usually made with rupfeit
must be abandoned
; it means
to give
Stamen' (a coin of small value having the
impress of a raven). Comp. SRappm and
bledjen (to give SBledj, i.e. money).
b'ercmmen, see anberaumen.
beretf, adj.,
ready, prepared,' from
Ber ( 27 )
MidHG. bereit, bereite, OHG. bireiti, ' ready
and willing, obliging; armed, ready';
p. AS. fftrcede, rcede, E. read/// Goth.
garaids, 'appointed,' does not correspond
exactly. The word may belong to the root
discussed under retten (comp. OHG. reita,
with the orig. sense of ' to equip
with armour'; like fertig, it would thus
mean properly
ready for a journey'; comp.
Olr. riadaim,
I am going on a journey,'
riad, 'practicable (of a route), passable.'
On account of the similarity in meaning
comp. fftticj.
^crg, m.,
mountain,' inherited from
the OTeut. vocabulary
; OHG. berg, Mid
HG. berc(g), m. Comp. AS. beorh(g), espe-
cially 'barrow' (called byrgels also), E.
only in the deriv.
to bury
(AS. byrgan)t
from *burgianj the Goth, form *bairga- is
deduced from the deriv. bairgahci,
tain range.' The rules for the permutation
of consonants demand a pre-Teut. bhdryho-;
with this is connected Sins, brhant, ' high
(6 from bh, because the aspiration at the
beginning of the root was, on account of
the following aspirate, necessarily lost) ; h
is ghy Zend barezanh,
height,' berezant,
'high' ; Olr. brigh, 'mountain' (ri, Sans.
r, might be compared wiih the ur of 93urcj),
Armen. berj,
height,' barjr,
high,' W. and
Armor, bre,
mountain, hill,' W.bry, 'high.'
Also the Kelt, proper names Brigiani and
Brigantes, like the Teut. Burgunden, Bur-
gundiones (lit. ' nionticulae
and the name
of the town Brigantia (Bregenz). Hence to
the root b'tergh belong the primary mean-
ings 'high, rising ground' (OSlov. brtgii,
bank (of a river),' is borrowed from G.)
perhaps 93m\} is derived from this root, if
it does not come from betgen. The attempt
to connect 93erg with Goth, fairguni and
Hercynia, identical with the latter, must
be abandoned. With jit SBergf, 'up, on
end,' comp. MidHG. ze tal, 'down.'
bcvQett, vb., 'to hide, recover (from
shipwreck),' from MidHG. bergen,
to hide,
secure,' OHG. bergan; comp. Goth, bair-
gan, gabairgan,
to keep, preserve,' AS. be-
organ, MidE. bergen, 'to preserve, protect.'
There are other E. words with a different
though allied meaning
; AS. byrgan, E. to
bur//; AS. byrgels(OLQt.burgisli), Y,.burials,
burial. For a similar division of a primary
meaning see under befer)fcrt. The root berg,
burg, pre-Teut. bhergh, bhj-gh, with the
primary meaning
to lay somewhere for
safe keeping,' is found outside the Teut.
group only in OSlov. briga, 'I take care
(of), wait upon.'
"g8eticl)t, 111., ' intelligence, report,' from
MidHG. benht,
report, instruction, recon-
ciliation.' Akin to xed)t.
"gSerfcan, m.,
a kind of cloth, fustian,'
from MidHG. barragdn, barkdn, from Mid
Lat. barracdnus (Fr. bouracan, Ital. bara-
cane), E. barracan; comp. ardent.
"giterKne, f., 'coach,' first occurs in
ModHG., from the equiv. Fr. berline, f.
(comp. gantauer), properly 'a Berlin car-
pcrttrfcttt, 111., ' amber' ; bern is a LG.
form for brenn, therefore properly SSrenn-
jlein (combustible stone) ?. The Teut.-Lat.
word is glesum, preserved in AS. glcere,
amber, resin.'
^crfcrfecr, m., first occurs in ModHG,
borrowed from the Scand. berserkr, lit.
bear-skin garment,' then
a savage warrior
who gets furious during the fight' ; from
OIc. ber-, 'bear,' serkr, 'garment.'
bcrftett, vb., ' to burst, crack,' from Mid
HG. bresten, OHG. brestan,
to break, tear,
burst,' impersonal ' to be wanting, lacking'
er for re is properly LG. and MidG. ; comp.
Du. bersten, AS. berstan, E. to burst. Comp.
further the Aryan root bhrest (cognate with
the root of bred)en), in Olr. brissim,
break ' (ss from st).
tbevi, "gSerk, in proper names, from Mid
HG. berht, OHG. btrahl, 'shining' ; comp.
Goth, bairhts, AS. beorht, E. bright.
gSerfrctm, m., 'Spanish camomile or
pellitory,' based by popular etymology on
the proper name Bertram (lit. 'shining
raven,' see 9rabc), and derived from bitron,
for Lat.-Gr. pyrethron (iriptdpov).
infamous, notorious,' a
partic. adj. from a weak vb. used even
by Lutherbcvudjtujcu,
to defame,' for
which bctudjteit was the common form in
the 16th and 17th cents. Comp. erndjt,
as well as anrudn'g and rudjbar ; all these
words are cognate with rufen, and are de-
rived, as is shown by the ch for
before t,
from LG.
^Berajtt, m., beryl,' from MidHG.
beri'le, barille, brille, m., formed from Lat.-
Gr. berijllusj also brille,
; see
SBriKe, ${e. The Gr.-Lat. term is derived
from Prak. viluWiga, Sans, vaid&rya.
"gilcfanmart , m.,'mizzen-niast,"'
n., mizzen-sail,' from Du. bezaav,
'mast nearest the stern of a ship,' which is
connected with E. mizzen, Fr. missatrw, Ita).
Bafl ( 28 ) Bet
mezzana (the Rom. wonl, n deriv. of Lat.
nxedius, is properly 'middle-mast').
vb.", ' to cover (a maiv),' first
occurs in ModHG. ;
a denominative from
MidHO. schel, schele, m., 'brood stallion.'
bee <8d>el(foettcut.
vb., 'to distribute, assign,
summon,' from MidHG. bescheideii, OHG.

to divide, decide, relate, report.'
Tlie ModHG. and MidHG. partic. beschei-
deii, meant prig, 'definite,' then 'clear, dis-
tinct^ intelligible, prudent.' See fcfyciben.
bcfdjncittfeln, bcfdmuffeht, be-
fdjnuppcrit, vb.,
to sniff at' ;
akin to the
E. vbs. to snivel, snuff, snuffl'',
and fdmauKit.
befd)Ummc(tt, vb., 'to deceive,' from
to worry.'
bofd)ttppcn, vb.,
to scale, deceive,'
from LG. ; the cognate words of the same
group show that
is the strictly
HG. form. It seems to belong to the stem
of 01c. stoj.a, 'to deride'; MidDu. scop,
derision.' To the same stem belongs an
OTeut. term lor 'poet,' AS. scop, OHG.
scopf, which, on account of its meaning, is
important for the right conception of poetic
composition among our ancestors.
sBcfd)tt>ei:oC, f., 'difficulty, grievance,
malady,' from MiiiHG. besiccerde, f.,
pression, grief,' allied to fefwer.
vb., 'to appease, com-
pose.' The Germans connect this word in-
stinctively with jcr>u>ciflftt ; it forced its way,
however, in the last half of the preceding
cent, from LG. into the written language,
and its cht is the earlier HG.ft; it corre-
sponds to MidHG. siriflen,
to pacify,'
OHG. siciftdn,
to be quiet.' The stem is
the same as in Goth, sweiban,
to cease,
leave off' ; with this the cognates of
f<6wcijtn accord fairly well both in sound
and meaning ; the Tent, root su*b, swig,
is based upon the Aryan smq (jnctg in Gr.
aiydu; see under fcfyivcignt).
jScfett, m., 'besom, broom,' from the
equiv. MidHG. besen, besitrt, b'esme, OHG.
besamo; it corresponds to AS. besma, E.
besom, Goth. *bisma, which have the same
meaning ; a pre-Teut. word of obscure ori-
perhaps SSeere and 99ajl are allied.
Since the Eng. dialects point to an AS.
besom,' it is possible that the word
is connected with SBitfwinb, and the Teut.
root bis,
to move in a restless, excited
"2.5c firu^. LG. word, a diminutive form,
like the MidLG. equiv. beselce, n., 'small
berry' ; akin to Du. bes, Goth. basi. See
under 33ecrr.
beffcr, compar. adj., 'better'
; see th<-
corresponding adv. bafj ;
superl. belt ; from
MidHG. be^er, best (be^ist), OHG. bey
^iro, b'$$istj- corresponds to AS. betera,
oetst, E. better, best/ Goth, batiza, batists.
Even inprimit. Teut. gut formed its degrees
of comparison in this way, which might be
represented in Ind. by *bhadyas-, *bhad-
iStha-. The etymology of ModHG. gut it
difficult to get at ; in the case of beffer we
are assisted by the cognate root in 93uJK,
the primit. meaning of which is
the ethical notion arose from that of in-
terest. At all events, thus the matter stands
from the merely Teut. point of view. It
has been connected more remotely with
Olnil.bhadrd-s, to which the primary mean-
ing 'shining' is assigned
but in this sense
the ind. word cannot be cognate
; it belongs
to the root bhand, anil would consequently
become *buntrs in Goth. The chief signi-
fications of bhadrd-s, however, are 'capable,
salutary, prosperous,' which are in closer
approximation to the idea of interest. Of
these meanings beffcr and bejt might form
the degrees of comparison.
bcfialff, partic. of bt|Uf(nt, for which
bffiedt is now used.
beff at
en, vb.,
to convev, bnrv,' from
jiatt, (Etdttf.
befltlbcrrt, vb., 'to cover with dirt,'
from MidHG. siiheen, sulwen, 'to soil,' also
siiln, OHG. sttllen, AS. sljlian, Goth, saul-
befchtbett, vb., 'to deafen, bewilder,
confuse,' lit.
to make deaf.' See taub.
befen, vb., 'to entreat, pray,' from the
equiv. MidHG. beten, OHG. betdn; comp.
Goth, bida, OHG. beta,
request, prayer.'
Formed from the Teut. root b\d (Aryan
b/ridli), discussed under bitten.
j23cff, n., 'bed,' from the equiv. M;d
HG. bet, bette, OHG. beti, bttti, n. ; comn.
AS. bedl, E. bed, Goth. badi. For ModHG.
53ctt the form SBftb, is found in the 18th
cent, (e.g., in Gessner), just as for 93t the
word 33ctt is used popularly (and in Mid
HG.) ; comp. Sett. The signification eft
('garden-bed') makes the connection with
the Lat. root in fodio, 'to bury,' possible
(comp. W. bedd,
; also OSlov. boia,
'I prick'); Goth, badi (Lat. *fddium),
might therefore have arisen from Aryan
bhodhiom. The primary meaning was pro-
bably 'an excavated spot'; the significa-
( 29 ) Bib
tion already common to the Teut. j;roup,
bed, lectus' (akin to OSw. boedhil, 'nest'),
may be elucidated by reference to the cave-
dwellings of the Teutons (see 2)img). In
early times the bed was evidently dug like
a niche in the sides of the subterranean
dwellings. The meaning 'bolster,' com-
mon to lc. &e5Y and Finn, patja (borrowed
from Goth.), does not, it is true, harmonise
with this explanation.
~g&ettel, m.,
beggarv, trash,' akin to
M\dRG. betel,
betteltt, vb., 'to be*/, live by beegiiiL','
from the equiv. MidHG. b'etelen, OHG. be-
tal&n, a frequentative of bitten ; to this Set-
tler, from b'eteleere, OHG. b'etaldri, is allied.
bctud>en, behidyt, adj. and adv.,
'quiet(ly), reserved(ly)' ; of Hebr. origin
(bdt&ach, 'confident sure').
~&et%el, jjj'ef^el, m.,
small cap,' from
MidHG. (MidG.) bezel, f., 'hood.'
be\x6)c, see baitdje.
bcUQen, vb., 'to bow, humble,' from
the equiv. MidHG. bougen, OHG. bougen,
it corresponds to AS. began, btgan,
to bow,' E. to bay,
to dam (water)
; facti-
tive of biegeu ; lience lit.
to cause to bend.'
"3eule, f., 'boil, swelling,' from the
equiv. MidHG. biule, OHG. bulla, *Ullea,
f., 'blister' ; comp. AS. b$le, E. bile (also
boil), Du. buil,
; Goth. *bulj6,
in^,' is connected with Goth, ufbauljan,
inflate,' and stands probably for *bAgwli6,
properly 93ucfct (hump) ; akin to biccjcit.
;28euttbe, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
biunde, OHG. biunt, 'a vacant and enclosed
plot reserved for a special wing or onlhouse,
no connection with Lat. fun-
dus is possible. MidLG. biwende, 'an en-
closed space,' shows that an OHG. *bi-want,
'that which winds round, a hedge,' is im-
plied. Respecting bi, 'round about,' see
;2.)eufe (1.),
f., 'kneading trough, bee-
hive,' from MidHG. biute, f., OHG. biutta,
f with the same meaning
it presupposes
Goth. *biudja. 93utte is the most nearly
allied, unless the latter is of Bom. origin.
The derivation from OHG. biot, Goth.
biufcs, AS. be6d,
table,' seems uncertain ; of
course AS. be6d also means 'dish.'
"peufe (2.), f., 'booty,' from the equiv.
MidHG. biute
on account of Du. buit,
OIc. bpte,
booty, exchange,' hence bta,
'to exchange, divide,' the t indicates that
the word was borrowed. E. booty is derived
from the OIc. bpte, but it has also been
confused with boot, 'uain, advantage' (see
Sujk). The t would have hecnmefs, tz in
HG. As t would represent the dental in
Goth., bieteit, Goth. 6ic?acannot,aceording
to the laws of the permutation of con-
sonants, be allied to SBeute ; we must assume
that the root of the hitter is Goth. Mt, pre-
Teut. blind. Fr. butin, 'booty,' is borrowed
from these cognates. Comp. Olr. buaiil,
"3cufel (1.),
m., 'a ripping chisel, a piece
of wood for beating flax,' first occurs in
ModHG. ; the t points to a LG. origin
; in
HG. we should have expected
in Mid
(MidHG. b6yl, ba$el). Comp. LG.
bcetel, AS. bytel, E. beetle (for beating flax)
from a root baut, 'to strike, beat' (AS.
bedtan, E. beat, OIc. bauta, OHG.
which still appears in Slntbefj.
IJBeufel (2.),
in., 'purse,' from MidHG.
biutel, m., n., 'purse, pocket,' OHG. butil;
com]). Du. buidel (, 'purse'; Goth.
*bHdils. The word cannot, however, be
traced farther back than OHG. ; its kin-
ship to bieten, root bud, from bhudli, would
throw no light on the meaning.
"g&Clltyeie, f.,
cooper's mallet for driv-
ing on the hoops.' SJeitt--, like SBeutef,
'beetle,' belongs properly to LG. ; rfjete,
'rammer, hammer,' from MidHG. heie,
OHG. heia,
; hence 93mtfjeie,
'driving hammer.'
bevov, conj., 'before,' from MidHG.
bevor, OHG. bifora; comp. the correspond-
ing E. before, from AS. beforan.
beXDCQCtl (l.) vb.,
to move/ from Mid
HG. beuegen, OHG. biwi'gan. See MM,
bcwCQCiX (2.),
vb., 'to stir, excite,' from
the equiv. MidHG. bewpjen, OHG. bitcecken,
biwegen, factitive of the preceding. See
^.Jouhmc, m., first occurs in ModHG.,
from MidHG. bewtsen,
to instruct, show,
; comp. toeifen.
be3td)fen, bc,}td)ttg<m, vb. ; the former,
with a change in meaning due to judjttgen,
is also written bejudjten, 'to accuse of,
charge with
; derivatives of a MidHG.
subst. biziht (bezMit), f., ' accusation
; comp.
jet ben.
^Scjtrft, m., 'circuit, district, sphere,'
from MidHG. tire, 'circle, circumference,
district'; from Lat. circus, 'circle.' The
word, as z for Lat. c shows, was borrowed
verv early during the OHG. period.
33ibet, f., 'bible,' from MidHG. bibel,
of which there is a variant, biblic (E. bible,
Bib ( 30 ) Bie
Du. bijbel, Fr. bible) ; formed from Gr.-Lat.
biblia. Comp. &ibd.
jjjibcr, m.,
beaver,' from the equiv.
MidHG. biber, OHG. bibar, m. ;
it corre-
sponds to AS. beofor, E. beaver, Du. bever,
OIc bj6rr, Gotli. *bibrus. A term common
to the Aryan family, originally signifying
a 'brown' aquatic animal; Lat fiber
(OGall. Bibracte), OSlov. bebrii, Lith. tebrus
(most frequently ddbras), ' beaver.' Olud.
babhrUs as an adj. means
brown,' as a
subst masc
great ichneumon
; bhe-b?<r-
<i-s is a reduplicated form of the root bher
in f&ax and braun. The primitive tribe
from which the Indo-Teutons are de-
scended had ere its dispersion several fully
developed names of animals ; comp. Jpunb,
Jfruj, 2Hau<5 Self, &c. The Teut. word had
at an early period supplanted the Lat.
fiber in Rom., LateLat. biber, Ital. bevero,
Span, bibaro, Fr. bievre, from Teut bebrti-,
gSibernelle, ^unpmeUe, "gfiutper-
ttCUC, f.,
pimpernel,' corruptions of the
MhlLat. botanical term pipinella, pimpi-
nella. Even in MidHG. various corrup-
tions are produced by popular etymology
Fr. pimprenelle.
Jitd:e. (., "SStCKCl, m., ' pickaxe,' from
the equiv. MidHG. btcke, bickel, m. ; comp.
MidHG. bicken, OHG. (ana)btcchan, wk.
vb., ' to prick, thrust' ; allied to AS. becca,
E. bick-iron. It is probably conned ed fur-
ther with a Kelt-Rom. class (Ital. becco, Fr.
bee, Du. bek,
beak,' Fr. bSche,
spade,' Ital.
to hack,' &c.) ; it is possible that
AS. becca,
pickaxe,' is allied to Ir. and
Gael, bacc,
hook.' 93fil seems to come
from another stem.
bibmcrt, wk. vb., an UpG. word equiv.
in meaning to bfbm, 'to tremble, shake,'
and allied to it; MidHG. biiemen, 'to
tremble,' OHG. *bidim6n, must represent
*bibim6n, bibintin; respecting the relation
of the consonants comp. OHG. pfedamo
and its variant pebano under ^Jfcbe. The
OHG. bibin&n is an intensive form of OHG.
biben. See bfben.
"33ieber, ' fever ' ?. Only in compounds
with stiff, ;fruut, strurj. Comp. MidHG.
biever, n., ' fever.' Its relation to Lat febris
is ambiguous ;
it is probably a corruption
of vieber. See gifbfr.
bteoer, adj.,
staunch, honest,' from
MidHG. biderbi, OHG. biderbi,
useful,' then
brave, gallant ' (comp. btffft
for a similar change of idea) ;
to one's need or purpose,' for the adj. is a
compound of the stem of burftn,
to 1*>
in need of,' and the prefix bi, which has
retained its earlier accent without being
replaced, as it usually is, by 61. The Goth,
form was perhaps *bi}>arba
further, the
adj. is identical with fcftb.
btCQCrt, vb.,
to bend, curve,' from the
equiv. MidHG. biegen, OHG. biogan, Goth.
to bend.' In Eng. the word be-
longs to a different class, AS. bdgan, E. to
bow; Du. biugen; comp. beugfn, the factitive
of this verb. Root bilg, from pre-Teut*; the k of which is changed in the
regular manner into h in SBuljtl, OHG. buhil.
In OInd. we should have expected *bhuc
instead of the recorded bhujijior
agrees with the Teut. word only in the
sense of
to bend
; Lat fugio, Gr. Qefryu,
have the more remote signification 'to
flee,' which AS. b&gan also shows. Further
cognates are SSocien and bie^fam (AS. bUhsom,
brixom, whence E. buxom).
f., 'bee,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. bine, bin, f., OHG. bint, n. ; 61 is the pro-
per root syllable, as is shown by OHG. bia,
Du. bij, AS. bed, E. bee, OSw. bt (OIc. by-
fluga) ; the n of the weak declension is re-
tained in the deriv. OHG. btnij the form
binni (from binja-), which we should have
expected, is not recorded. Besides these
there are OHG. and MidHG. forms with
OHG. btna, f., MidHG. bin, f. (Austr. dial.
93fin) ; they are related perhaps to MidHG.
bin like Goth, sunns to Sans. sAnus, Goth.
qlwa to Sans.j'Jfo-, &c. ; comp. <Sobn, CUtfcf,
laut, djauffl. Lith. bitis, Ir. bech,
seem allied, though they have a different
suffix. The word is based on a root bh\
be afraid,' discussed under bfbfii ; hence
93iftte is perhaps
the trembler ' ?. Respect-
ing QSiftttttbret comp. 9kot. ittunferb was
an early remodelled form for OHG. bini-
char. 23itnfatu, n., a botanical term, lit.
a plant that the bee is fond of sucking.'
jSier, n., ' beer,' from the equiv. MidHG.
bier, OHG. and OLG. bior, n., comp. Du.
bier, AS. be&r, E. beer, OIc. bj&rr ;
Fr. Here
is borrowed MidHG. 6ier. There can \>m
no connection with Lat 6160. Sans, pibdmi
nor can Gr. rtur, OInd. pivas, 'a rich
drink,' be cognate. It is rightly thought to
be akin to an OTeut.term for 'barley,'OLG.
and AS. bed (OIc. bygg), from Teut *bevy
wo-, l>ased on a pre-hist. *bhewo-, while the
cognates of 93i point to a deriv. *bhewro-.
Thus 93ifr is equal to ' barley-juice' 1.
( 31 )
tUefe, I$tfe,
f., ' north-east wind,' ear-
lier, SSeienrinb (with the regular ei), from the
equiv. bise, OHG. bisa, whence Fr. bise.
A Teut. root bis, biz, 'to rush in excitedly,'
nlsoappearsiuMidHG.and ModHG. (dial.),
to run about like cattle tormented
by horse-flies' (with this is connected Mod
HG. dial, beiern, with a change of into
r, in Hess, and Henneberg., with the same
meaning) ; comp. further OSw. blsa,
run,' Dan. bisse, 'to run excitedly.' Per-
haps the root bi,
to tremble,' is nearly
"gSteff , m., in SSiejlmilcfc, from the equiv.
MidHG. biest, OHG. Host, m. ;
comp. AS.
be6st, and its deriv. AS. basting, E. beast-
inus, biestings. ModHG. dialects have also
remarkable parallel forms with br, like OIc.
beastings,' e.g. Swiss briek (brieS),
which may be connected with 83ruft, OHG.
brust, AS. breost. Beyond the Teut. group
(whence OFr. bet, ModFr. beton is bor-
rowed) the stem has not yet been traced
it is most frequently compared with the
equiv. Gr. irvfc, Sans. piyuSa. Yet a Teut.
root bius seems to underlie biese, beise, 'to
milk,' in the Wetterau dial.
biefcn, vb., ' to offer, make a bid,' from
MidHG. bieten, OHG. biotan, 'to offer,
present, command' (similar meanings are
united in the MidHG. word for befeljlen) ; AS.
be6dan, 'to announce, offer' ; E. bid com-
bines the meanings of Germ, bieten and bitten.
Goth, anabiudan,
to command, arrange,'
faurbiudan, 'to forbid' (OHG. farbiotan,
MidHG. verbieten, AS.forbeddan, E. forbid).
Goth, biudan, as well as the whole of this
class, points to a pre-Teut. root bhudh;
Gr. wvO (according to the well-known rule
in, irv6io0a.i, 'to' ask,
demand, learn by asking, hear,' approaches
one of the meanings of the Teut. vb. ; the
latter has an active signification
to pub-
lish, communicate,' while the Gr. middle
vb. means 'to know by report, obtain in-
formation.' With the sensuous meaning
of HG. bieten is connected the OInd. root
budh (for bhudh),
to make a present to
' ;
yet it most frequently means
to be
watchful, a>tir.' then
to observe, notice'
and with this is associated OBulg. bildUi,
Lith. budeti, 'to awake'; Lith. budrus,
watchful' ; also Lith. bafcsti,
to chastise,'
and Olr. buvle,
thanks.' It is a prim.
Aryan verbal stem with a great variety of
meanings, the chief of which are 'to pre-
sent (make a present to one)to enjoin
(to command, communicate)to be active,
awake.' To the same stem belongs an
OTeut. word for 'table, dish' (both con-
ceived as the dispensers of food
has been mentioned under SBeute (Goth.
biu}>s, AS. bedd), also bote, from MidHG.
bote, OHG. boto (AS. boda, whence E. to
bode), lit. 'herald.'
j23ifang, m., 'enclosure, ridge,' fn>m
MidHG bttanc. m., 'circuit, ridge between
furrows,' OHG. bifang, 'circuit,' from bi-
fahan, 'comprise, encircle.' With respect
to the accented verbal prefix in the subst.
compound, comp. bet, where
around ' is
also quoted as one of the OTeut. meanings
of bi. SMfang (in opposition to 93eiivie(,
btspel) retains, like bieber, the old short
verbal prefix
comp. bieber, $8ift>, SBeunbe.
bictotf , adj.,
bigoted,' first occurs in
ModHG., borrowed from Fr. big A. but
based in spelling on ctt.
~jBild), f., 'dormouse,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bilch, OHG. bilich (whence OBulg.
pluchii, 'dormou>e,' is borrowed?); bit- is
primit. cognate with W. bele, 'marten.'
j!3ifb, n., 'image, portrait, representa-
tion,' from MidHG. bilde, OHG. bilidi, n.,
'image, figure, parable, prototype'; simi-
larly OSax. bilithij there is no correspond-
ing word in E. or Goth. (*bUiJn). The
derivation from a stem bil-, with which 93eil
has been absurdly connected, is untenable
bi- is probably the prep, be- (comp. bieber,
93ifaiivi, 93infe) ; *lipi is allied to lipu-,
limb ' (see lieb) ; the compound signifies
lit. 'a copy of a limb, counterfeit limb'?.
It is impossible to connect it with E. build,
which belongs rather to AS. bold,
a build-
ing,' and bauen.
f., from the equiv. E. bill, which,
Fr. billet, belongs to MidLat. bdla,
33We, f..
hatchet,' from MidHG. bil
(-.'en. bilks), 'pickaxe,' OHG. bill; AS.
sword/ E. bill (' sword, chopper,' also
axe ') ; not cognate with 93eil.
billifl, adj., adv.,
reasonable (-ably),
cheap (-ly),' for an earlier billicfy, used even
in the last century, from MidfiG. billtch,
OHG. (recorded since Williram) billkh
(adv. MidHG. billtche, OHG. billlhho). 'con-
formable, becoming'; cognate with AS.
bilevrit, MidE. bileunt, 'simple, innocent.'
It has been said, without sufficient reason,
that this class was borrowed from Keli.
Comp. other cognates under SBeic^bilb,
Bil ( 32 ) Bis
"gSUfCttftrauf, n.,
henbane,' from the
equiv. MidHG. bilse, OHG. bilisa, f.
a dial, form bilme, equal to Dan. bulme,
AS. beolene (Span, beleiio). The stems bilisa,
beluna, common to the Tent, group, cor-
respond to Lat. fdix, filix, 'fern,' but
more closely to Russ. belend, Pul. bielun,

henbane.' Comp. further MidDu. beelde,

bin, see fcitt, vb.
j3ims, m., "gjimsffcm, 'pumice-stone,'
from the equiv. Mid II G. bumez, OHG.
bumiz; hence we should have expected
ModHG. S3itmc$. The relation between
Stvtu\ and Lat. cruc-em is similar to that
between 93ume$ and the type, Lat. pumic-em
(nom. pumex). The i of the ModHG. form
is MidG, as in .Rut, *Tji(}. From Lit.
pumex (Ital. pomtice) are also derived Du.
puimsteen, and AS. pdmicstdn. With re-
gard to * for 2, see SSiiife.
btnbett, vb., ' to tie, bind,' from MidHG.
linden, OHG. bintan. corresponds to OSax.
and AS. bindan, E. to bind, Goth, bindan
the meaning does not change, hence it was
the same in primit. Tent, as in ModHG. and
Eng. The pre-Teut. form of tlie root must
have been bhendh ; comp. the correspond-
ing Sans, root bandh, 'to chain, fasten';
Lat. (with
for bh initially) offendimentum,
'bond, cable'; Gr. ireifffua for *irivOana,
bond,' also vndep6s,
father-in-law,' as
well as Sans, bdndku, 'a relative.' In
Tent, numerous forms are derived by gra-
dation from the sarue root (e.g. SBaiib, E.
bond, bend). Ital. benda,
bandage,' ben-
to bind np,' are borrowed.
^ingclttrauf, n., earlier Suitgcffraut,
33uitcjef, a name of a plant, from
MidHG. bunge, OHG. bungo,
bulb." See
binnen, prep.,
within,' from MidHG.
(MidLG. and MidDu.) binnen
comp. the
corresponding AS. binnan, 'within,' from bi-
innan, with suppression of the i of bi, as
in bailee, barmbcrjia,. See iiutcit.
(Swiss SBinj), f., 'rush,' from the
plur. of the equiv. MidHG. 61/13, bine^ 111.,
OHG. binu$, m. ; comp. OSax. binut, AS.
beonet, E. bent, bentgrass, as well names of
places, 53entlrt), 93ent^ctm, with a LG. vowel.
The most probable derivation is that given
in the OHG. period, by Notker, from bi- and
na$ (see nafj) ; hence lit. ' that which grows
in wet places.' LFranc. and LG. h&ve a
stem biusa corresponding to Du. bies, Mid
LG. bese, which are not cognate with 33tuj>.
^irhc (Swiss 53d*e, S:vcr, f., 'birch,'
from the equiv. MidHG. birhe (UpG.
birdie), OHG. bird/a, birihha ; comp. AS.
birce, E. birch ; also Du. berk, AS. beorc,
OIc. bjork, Goth. *bairka, f., or *bairkj6, f.
This term, common to the Teut. group, is
one of the few names of trees of primit.
Aryan origin (comp. 93uct)f) ;
the pre-Teur.
form is bhtrgd (bhergyd), and corresponds
to Sans, bhtiija, m., 'a kind of birch' (neu.
also 'birch bark'), OSlov. bnza, f., Lilh.
"j^intc, L, 'pear'; the n belongs pro-
perly to the inflexion ; MidHG. bir (and
still dialectic), plur. birn
OHG. bira,
'pear.' Derived from the Lat. plrum, or
rather plur. plra. On account of the initial
b of the German won), the date at which
it was borrowed can hardly be placed
earlier than the 9th cent. The Goth ap-
plied to the
mulberry-tree' the apparently
cognate term bairabagms. E. pear, AS.
peru, Du. peer, are based upon the Rom.
word (Ital. and Span, pera), derived from
Lat. pirum. Respecting the change of
gender see *J>flaumc.
bivfd)CTl, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
birsen, 'to chase with hounds, to shoot
deer' ; s after r became seh, as in Clrnf,
tatjft, orfd)e, Ijcrrfdjfii, >ivfd), Jtirfd)?, Miix-
fdnter, nurf<t) ; from OFr. berser (MidLat.
to pierce with an arrow.'
bis, conj., adv.,
until, as far a?,' from
(for which nnze, unz most Fre-
quently occur) ; in OHG. it was perhaps
bia$, i.e. bid is a compound of bi (see bet,
Goth, bt) and
(OHG 03,
'to,' Goth, at,
Lat. ad)
bia$ became 613, ' until ' Earlier
ModHG. has a variant bitze, bitz, which
likewise arose from an older bi and ze, 'to.'
Similarly ModHG. unz is composed of unt
(Goth, und) and ze.btsfanct, from the
equiv. MidHG. bissolange, 'so long, hither-
to,' for fo'3 s6 lange,
until so long.'
"D.'irctm, m., 'musk,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bisem, OHG. bisam, bisamo, from
MidLat. bisamum, which u of oriental
origin (Hebr. besem, Syr. besmo).
j5ifd)of, m_, 'bishop,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bischof (v), OHG. biscof (to which
SBilfou is related) ; Du. bisschop, AS. bisceop,
E. bishop, with the same meaning. In Goth,
with a closer adherence to the primit. term
(iwiijKoiroi), alpiskaUpus. This widely dif-
fused word was probably adopted, like tin;
Arianism of the Goths (comp. ,ftird)e), from
the Greeks without passing through Ro-
( 33 )
mance. Tlie Lat.-Rom. origin is indeed
supported by the initial 6 as well as the
loss of the original e at the beginning
comp. ltal. vescovo, OFr. vesque (also evesque,
ModFr. 4vique, and Olr. epscup). Conip.
further OSlov. jeptslcopu.
"gStfTen, m., ' l>it, morsel,' from the equiv.
OHG. fo'330; comp. AS. bita,
E. bit, and beifjett.
am, n.,
bishopric' Even in Mid
bischtuom and bistuom, OHG. bisce-
tuom, from biscoftuom. By a similar change
23t3marcf was formed from bischoves marc
on the borders of such a mark the property
of the tribe was situated.
p3i(, "gUtfjC^en,
'bit, trifle,' from beijjen.
uitfen, vb.,
to b*& entreat, invite,'
from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. bitten
(from bitjav, bidjan) ; it is a str. vb. of the
class e


e. Comp. Goth. bidjan, ba}>,

bedum, bidans ; AS. biddan; in E. to bid,
both bieten and bitten appear
E. to beg,
from AS. bedecian (Goth. *bidaq6n 1 comp.
Teut.and Goth. *bidaqa, 'beggar'). The str.
vb. belonged originally to the i class (Goth.
bidja, *baip, *bidum, bidans might therefore
be conjectured) ; a trace of this gradation
is shown further by the factitive Goth.
baidjan, AS. bdidan, OHG. beiten, with the
to order, demand, compel.' The
root bkeidh, blmlh, accords with Gr. vi0
(lor <piO, according to the well-known rule),
to induce by entreaties, get by ask-
ing, persuade, convince'; to this belongs
also Lat. fido (equiv. to the Gr. Mid. Voice
irdOofiat), 'to rely on a person.' With this
meaning an OTeur. bidan
'to await, wait
with full confidence' (Goth, b idan, OHG.
Mian, AS. bldan, E. to bide), has been con-
nected. The Germ, noun 2Mtte is OHG.
bita, most frequently beta, Goth. bida. See
betett, @cbct.
biffcr, adj.,
hitter,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bitter, OHG. bittar. This t, since
it comes before r, represents the t common
to the Teut. cognates
before / the permu-
tation of t to
tz does not take place (comp.
iter, tauter, tittetn) ; OLG. bittar, AS. bittor,
biter, E. and I hi. bitter ; hence we should
have expected Goth. *bltrs, for which a form
with a remarkable Cii, baitrs, 'bitter,'
occurs. The word is undoubtedly cognate
with beijjeit (root bit, inf. bltan); the adj.
properly signifies
pricking, sharp,' being
now, like beiften, restricted to the taste. For
other cognates comp. beifjen.
blad), adj.,
Hat,' from MidHG. black;
it is, like Swiss blache,
a large board,' re-
lated to flaeb.
gSIacfcfifdj, m.,
cuttlefish,' from LG.
Mackflsk. Blak is the LG. term for ink
(blakhorn, 'inkstand'); comp. AS. bla>c,
ink,' E. blade (a colour and shoemaker's
black), OHG. block.
U.Haf)C, f., 'coare linen,' from Mid
HG. balhe, bid, f.
a dialect, widely dif-
fused word, with the parallel forms bliil>e,
plane, blache, plauwe ; the primit. form is
Goth. *blahwa1.
bldbcn, vb.,
to inflate,' from the equiv.
MidHG. blozjen, OHG. bldjan, wk. vb. (the
OHG. word also means
to blow
' )
; comp.
AS. bldwan, E. to blow. The Teut. root bid
(bli) agrees partly with Lat. flare (Aryan
root bhld)
blafen, 33fott, and fatter are
also closely related to it. S3lafen especially
seems to have arisen from the shorter root,
also preserved in ^Matter, by adding s to
the stem of the present.
"plttfeetr, m., 'chandelier' (in Voss),
from the equiv. LG. and Du. Mater; comp.
AS. Meecern; from the MidLG. and Du.
to burn, glow.' For further Teut.
and Aryan cognates see under 83(i.
bidnil, adj., ' bright, drawn (of a sword),'
from the MidHG. Mane, OHG. blanch,
'gleaming, white, resplendently beauti-
ful.' Comp. E. blank ('white'), (AS. Manca,
blonca, OIc. blakkr,
white or grey horse')
related to OIc. blakra,
to gleam' ; formed
by gradation from the root blek in 93li($
(conip. also blecfeu). The adj. made its way
into Horn. (ltal. bianco, Fr. Mane), whence
83(anfett with a Rom. suffix ; comp. also
blafeti. The less frequent bliufa recent
formation from the verbis found as a
parallel form to btanf in ModHG.
"p.Hanllfcbcif, n., 'busk' (whalebone in
a corset), corrupted in ModHG. from Fr.
"2.51a To, f., 'blister, bubble, flaw,' from
MidHG. bldse, OHG. bldsa; the last two
specially mean
urinary bladder.' Comp.
flatter and blafen.
bfafen, vb., 'to blow, sound, smelt,'
from MidHG. bldsen, OHG. bldsan, 'to
breathe, snort' ; comp. the equiv. Goth.
bltsan; in E. only the deriv. AS. blast, E.
blast, has been preserved. The s of blafen,
which does not occur in the root bhlS of the
cognate languages, is considered by some
to be simply a present suffix which was
not joined to the stem until a later period
in that case bldfyen and 53Uttter may be cog-
B!a ( 34 ) Ble
Date. The OTeut wonls with iuitial bl
separate into two groups ; the one, contain-
ing bidden, tatter, blafen, btufyen, S3lutf, seems
to be based on tiie primary meaning of
'swelling,' the other, comprising blanf, blafj,
Hinfeit, bWrfctt, blt|en, blau, SBledj, Slut, on the
notion of
blag, adj., 'pale, faint (in colour),' from
MidHG. b'as, 'bald,' figuratively 'weak,
the earlier signification is 'shin-
ing' (comp.
from gldnjen) ; allied to
OHG. bias, 'whitish.' Hence by muta-
tion SSldfie, f.,
a white spot on the fore-
head,' OIc. bles (earlier Dan. bits), MidLG.
blare (but blusenhmgst,
horse with a blaze'),
Du. blaar,
cow with a blaze.' With the
meaning 'shining,' AS. blase, E. blaze, Mid
HG. bias, n., 'a torch,' are connected.
^Uott, n., 'leaf, blade, newspaper,'
from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. blat, n.
comp. the corresponding Du. Mad, AS.
bleed, 'leaf,' E. blad'.; Goth. *bla}>. The
dental of these cognates seems to be a suf-
bla- from pre-Teut. bhlo-, as well as
Lat. fol-ium, Gr., <f>v\\ov, 'leaf,' may have
been formed from a root bhol, bldd. It is
uncertain whether Goth. *blada- is really
a partic. with an Ayran suffix 16-, with the
having ceased to bloom ' or ' fully
grown.' See bluljm.
i ex, f.,
pock, pustule,' from Mid
bldtere, f., 'bladder, pock,' OHG. bldt-
tara, f., 'bladder'; comp. Du. blaar, AS.
bldedre, E. bladder. The Goth, form would
be *bliJr6 (or bladrd 1 see Matter), with drd-
as a suffix, corresponding to Gr. rpa. (see
Slber, Matter) ; for US as a root syllable see
blafen, bidden.
blent, adj., from the equiv. MidHG.
bid (Gen. bldwes), OHG. bldo,
; comp.
Du. blaauw, AS. Haw, and with a suffix
bltewen ; E. blue (from MidE. blew) is bor-
rowed from Fr. bleu, which, with its Rom.
cognates (Ital. biavo, from *blawo), is of
Germ, origin. The primit cognate Lat.
flaxen, yellow,' ha, like so many
names of colours, changed its meaning
compared with the Germ. word.
3Iducl, m., 'beetle, rolling-pin,' de-
rived from the following word.
Mttuert, vb., 'to beat, drub'; instinc-
tively allied by Germans to blau (bfau
fcfylagen, 'to beat black and blue'). It is
based, however, on a str. vb., MidHG. bliu-
wen, OHG. bliuwun, 'to beat' ; comp. the
equiv. AS. *ble6wan, whence E. blow; Goth.
bliggwan, 'to beat' (with an excrescent
for bliwan. The root seems to be blu, from
bhlu- ;
it can hardly be related primitively
to blatt, nor is it possible to derive *bliwan
from a root bhliw for b'-ligw from bhligh
(comp. dmtf, 9Uerc), and to compare it
with hat.
"^fccf), n., 'thin metal plate, tin plate,'
from the equiv. MidHG. blkch, OHG.
bleh, n. ; it corresponds to OIc. blik, n.,
'gold, thin plate of gold.' In Eng. the
word is not to be met with
it is formed
by gradation from the root blik, which
appears in blfid)ett, and means 'shining.'

j3Ied)ett, 'to pay money,' comp. beruvpm.

blcdtcn, vb.,
to show one's teeth, grin,'
from MidHG. blecken, 'to become visible,
show,' OHG. b'ecclien (Goth. *blokjan).
Factitive of a Goth. *blikun, which, accord-
ing to the law of the permutation of con-
sonants, is cognate with Gr. <t>\i-yu,
burn, shine' (comp. 0X07- in #X6, ' flame
Lat. flagro,
to burn,' and the Sans, root
to shine.' OHG. btycclien also
to lighten, gleam, shine forth.'
For further details see
i)., ' lead,' from the equiv. MidHG.
bit (Gen. bliwes), OHG. bllo (for *bltw),
; it corresponds to OIc.
*bleiwa- is wanting. Tlie word cannot be
traced farther back ; it is not found in
Eng., the term used being lead (Du. loot
comp. 2ct).
blcibctt, vb., ' to remain, continue,' from
the equiv. MidHG. bliben, OHG. biliban
comp. the corresponding AS. belt/an, Goth.
to remain ' (the factitive of which
is bilaibjan,
to cause to remain, leave
; AS. Ice/an, E. to leave). It is allied
neither to Lat. linquo nor to Gr. Xt/xw, to
which IetJ)en is more akin
I re-
main,' must be based on pre-Teut lipd
(Sans, root lip,
to adhere ') ; Gr. \11rap6i,
'greasy, shining,' Xbrot, n., 'fat,' Xlirop^w,
I persist,' comes nearest to the meaning
of the lent. vb. ; comp. OSlov. lipnati,
Lith. lipd, 'to adhere, remain.' With the
former meaning, ' to adhere,' ModHG. 2eber
is connected, and with the latter,
to per-
sist, abide,' the ModHG. 8eib and gfbtit.
See the separate words.
bletcf), adj., ' pale, wan,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bleich, OHG. bleih; comp. AS.
bide, bltece, E. bUai; Du. bleek, OIc bleikr,
'pale,' from the root blik appearing in
bWidjen. Derivatives : ModHG. SMetd^e, f.,
bleaching, bleaching-yard, wan appear-
; fcleidjfti,
to bleach, turn pale.
( 35 ) Bio
bleidjen, vb.,
to lose colour,' etbleicfyen,
to grow pale,' from MidHG. blichen,
shine, blush,' OHG. blihhan; comp. AS.
bllccu>, MidM bltken, 'to turn pale' ; OIc.
to appear, shine, lighten.' The i
root of Slav, blislcati,
to sparkle ' (for *blig-
splendour,' Lith. blaivytis, 'to
clear up,' is more closely connected with
the word than the e root in <l>\yu,
to burn,
flame.' The pre-Teut. form of the root
was perhaps bhlig, meaning
also 93tedj, Ueity ;
further OHG. Mick, see
H{$).]$teid)er(f), m., 'pale-red wine,
claret,' a recent deriv. from bleidj.
jlUcihc, f.,
whitebait, bleak,' Du. term
for a sj)ecies of white fish
; comp. Du.
blei, MidLG. and MidDu. bleie, AS. blcege,
E. *blay
from blajj&n for *blaigj&n (comp.
OHG. reia, AS. rouge, from raigjon; see
under CM)). As ModHG. fHi<fe is a parallel
form of OHG. rtia, so MidHG. and ModHG.
(Swiss) blicke is a variant of LG. bleie. The
primary meaning and further cognates are
OHG. bleihha, MidHG. bleiche,
Avould point to a connection with bleid)
(comp. OIc. bligja,
to glance at
blenben, vb., ' to blind,' from the equiv.
MidHG. btynden, OHG. blpnten; comp. AS.
btyndan, whereas E. has to blind based
upon blind; factitive of blinb. It is re-
markable in connection with this word
that an old form, *blandj<m, as it would be
written in Golh., is derived by gradation
from an adj. (blinds, Goth.) ; a str. vb.
to be blind,' has never existed.
93lenbe, 'blind, screen,' first found in Mod
HG., is a deriv. of blenben.
^SUmMtng, m., 'mongrel,' from Mid
HG. blanden, OHG. blantan,
to mix
Goth, blandan. This OTeut. str. vb., mean-
to mix,' is based, according to the laws
of the permutation of consonants, on a
pre-Teut. root bhlandh, not iound in any
other word.
to patch,' see under *piacfen.
j&ItCR, m.,
glance, look, gleam,' from
MidHG. blick,
splendour, lightning,
glance'; corresponds to OHG. blic (blicches),
in., 'lightning' (also blicfiur, 'electricity').
The orig. sense of the MidHG. word was
probably fyellet ttaf/l (a bright flash), (Strati
bein^ used figuratively of the eye as of
the physical meaning of the
stem has been preserved in 93li$. The
root is shown under bWcfen, and especially
to be the pre-Teut. b'deg.
blinb, adj., 'blind,' from MidHG.
blind, dark, murky, hidden, null,'
OHG. blint; comp. the corresponding Goth.
blinds, AS. blind, E. blind. An ancient but
very remarkable factitive form from this
adj., with no parallel str. vb., is blenben
(Goth. *blandjan). It is still undecided
whether d is an old partic. suffix, like
Gr. -tos, Lat. -tus, Sans, -tas
the meaningof the word, it might easily be
connected with the Sans, root bhram,
move unsteadily ' (partic. b/trdntd-s). Yet
its kinship with Lith. blandyti,
to cast
down the eyes,' blindo, blisti,
to grow dark,'
is more probable (comp. OIc. blunda,
close, blink the eyes,' E. to blunder).An-
other word for
in the Aryan group
is Lat. caecus, Olr. cdech; Goth, haihs, cor-
responding to these, means
It seems, moreover, that in i he Aryan lan-
guages there were no terms for
blind, deaf,
lame, dumb,' and other infirmities, com-
mon to all of them
there is only an agree-
ment between two or three languages at
]23Itnl>fdjtetd)e, see under fdjletcfjen.
btmfcett, vb., ' to "learn, twinkle, blink,'
first occurs in ModHG.
related to blank,
blink, adj.
comp. Du. blinken, MidE
blinken, E. to blink. The root may be iden-
tical with that of bleiclfjen (bltkm), the i-
root becoming nasalised ; blinfen would
then be regarded as a verb of the e class,
and blanf a secondary form.
blinjeln, vb., ' to blink, wink.' It may
be connected with blinb; yet comp. also
OIc. blunda,
to blink,' and Lith. blandyti,
to cast down the eyes.'
"jKUf^, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
blitze, blicz>; blicz, m., 'lightning' (Swiss
even now blitzq for bliktz) ; a derivative
of MidHG. bliczen, 'to lighten,' OHG.
blecchazzen (formed like the equiv. Goth.
lauhatjun). Allied to the earlier OHG. and
MidHG. blic, 'lightning.' The Teut, root
blek corresponds to Aryan bhleg, bhlog, in Gr.
to burn, blaze,'
flame,' Sans.
to radiate, sparkle
(whence Sans.
bharga{s), ' splendour,' and bnrgu, 'the spe-
cial gods of light
as well as Lat fulgur,
fulmen (for *fidgmeri),
lightning.' To the
Aryan root bhleg the following also belong:
Du. bliksem, OSax. bliksmo, bliksni, 'light-
ning,' Du. blaken,
to flame.' AS. blascern,
candlestick ' (see 93lafcr), and per-
haps blanf (comp. further blerfen and 93li(f).
j$Iodt, m., 'block, log, prison,' from
MidHG. bloch,
log, plant, a sort of trap.'
B!o ( 36 ) Boc
In the latter signification (to which Mid
HG. bloclcen,
to put in prison,' is related)
it represents OHG. bil6h (with syncopated
i; see other similar examples under bei),
lock-up,' which belongs to an OTeut. str.
vb. l&kan,
to lock ' (comp. further E. lock;
see ?od)). The meaning ' log, plank ' (Mid
HG. b'.och), is probably based on a different
word, which is most likely related to 93alfm;
even in OHG., bloh occurs. The cognates
passed into Rom. (Fr. bloc, bloquer), whence
again ModHG. blccftercn, E. to block.
bfdbe, adj., 'weak, dim-sighted, imbe-
cile,' from MidHG. blocde,
infirm, weak,
tender, timid,' OHG. bttdi, OSax. bim,
'timid.' Comp. AS. bledp, 'weak/ OIc.
blaufrr ;
Goth. *blauj?us,
weak, powerless,'
may be inferred from its deriv. wk. vb.
to render powerless, invalid, to
abolish' According to the permutation of
consonants, the pre-Teut. form of the adj.
may have been bhl&utu-s, with the primary
powerless, weak.' Yet the stem
cannot be traced farther back. From this
word Fr. Slouir,
to dazzle/ is borrowed.
blofcett, vb.,
to bleat,' ModHG. simply,
of LG. origin. Comp. LG. bloken, blelcen,
MidDu. bloiken.
blonb, adj., ' blonde, fair,' from MidHG.
blunt{d), 'fair,' which first appears when
the Fr. influence began (about 1200 A.D.),
and is undoubtedly of Fr. origin. Fr. blond,
Ital. biondo, MidLat. blundus, give the im-
pression that these words were borrowed
from Teut., especially since other Tent.
names of colours have been adopted by
Rom. (comp. blau, btanf, braun). The earl ier
periods of OTeut. have, however, no adj.
blunda-. The connection of MidLat. and
Rom. blundo with blinb (OIc. blunda) maybe
possible (comp. Lith. pry-blinde,
especially as the meaning of the names of
colours is variable.
blofj, adj., 'bare, destitute, mere,' from
MidHG. bl6%. 'exposed, naked' ; it corre-
sponds to MidLG. and MidDu. bloot,
AS. bledt, 'poor, wretched' (OIc.,
soft, fresh, tender,' as well as OHG. M63,
'proud,' have a divergent meaning). On
account of the UpQ. and LG. Mutt (dial.),
Swed. blott, 'unfledged, uncovered, unclad,'
the origin of Teut. blauto-, 'mere,' is dubi-
ous. Perhaps btcfcc is a cognate.
blufcen, vb., 'to bloom, flower,' from
the equiv. MidHG. bliien, blilejen, OHG.
bluqjan; a wk. vb., which, however, judging
by AS. bldivan (E. to blow), 'to bloom,' formerly strong
; Goth. Hldjan. The
Teut. stem bid- has a wide ramification in
particular dialects; the primary se:
to bloom.' It is further apparent in many
words for Sfatt ('leaf') and Slume ('flower
see the following word, where the non-
Teut cognates are discussed.
"JUfltmc, f., 'blossom, flower,' from Mid
HG. b'uome, m., f., OHG. bluoma, f. (bluomo,
m.) ; comp.. OSax. bl6mo, Goth. bl6ma, AS.
bloma, E. bloom, -man- is a deriv. sullix
the root bid (see Hufte") shows that SMttnie
is lit. 'the blooming plant.' The follow*
ing an; also Teut cognates of 5Mume

Du. bloesem (besides bloem), AS. bldstm,

blostma, E. blossom; perhaps their s be-
longs, however, to the root ; this is indi-
cated by MidDu. bloscn, 'to bloom,' which
points to the close connection between E.
blossom and Lat. flortre for *Jl6se-re, JlCs
(flor-is for *Jlosis). A root bhl6 without
this s appears in Olr. bldth,
blossom,' K.
dial, blooth, 'flower.' See further the fol-
lowing word, also 35lute and 93fatt.
"gUltJI, m. (Suab. and Swiss, bhceSf, n.),
from the equiv. MidHG. bluost, f.,
som'; Goth. *blos-ts is connected perhaps
with the Aryan root bhl6s, 'to bloom,' pre-
served in AS. U6s-tma, hut./lorere (for *Jlds-
ere). See SBlume and 93lute.
j&Iuf, n.,
blood, race,' from the eqniv.
MidHG. bluot, OHG. bluot, n. ; it corre-
sponds regularly to Du. bloed, AS. b!6d, E.
blood. An OTeut word meaning
which is common to all the dialects
Goth, bldfra- (for *bl6da-). Pre-Teut. Uldto-
does not appear in any cognate language
with the same meaning. The Aryan lan-
guages have no common word for blood.
With respect to the Teut word, it is still
undecided whether it belongs to a root bl6,
'to bloom.' Comp. also E. to bleed (for
*blodjan). For 33lureo,ct see 3gc(. 2Mut;
in compounds like btutjuno., bdttarm, has
nothing to do with Slut, but is dial, with
the meaning ' bare, naked
; UnG. and LG.
blufrtmfftfl, see runjluj.
bluff, see blobe.
"\li\lc, f., 'blossom, bloom, prime,' from
the plur. of the equiv. MidHG. bluot, plur.
bliiete, OHG. bluot, plur. bluoti, f. ; Goth.
*bl6J>s, AS. blid. See bluett, JBlume, SStufr,
Slut, and Slatt.
"23od)er, Jew., 'youth, student,' from
Hebr. back&r, 'youth.'
^ocft, m., 'buck, he-goat, ram,' from
( 37 ) Boh
the equiv. MidHG. bock (gen. bockes), OHG.
boc, in.
corresponds to Du. bole, AS. bucca,
E. buck, OIc. bulckr and bultkr (Gotli. *bukks,
*bid-ka, m.). Like so tnany name3 of ani-
mals (comp. e.g. Slue, @cifj), 33ocf too may-
have descended from primit. Aryan times
comp. Olr. bode, from primit. Kelt, bucco-.
Although it is not quite impossible tliat
the whole Tent, class was borrowed from
Kelt., yet it seems more probable, on
account of Armen. buc, 'lamb,' and Zend
biiza, 'he-goat' (Aryan primitive form
bhuga), that it was only primit. akin to
Kelt. Fr. bouc maybe derived from Tent
or Kelt. Another OTeut. word (related
to Lat. caper, Gr. ic&irpos) is preserved in
ModllG. Jpabcrgetjj. Serf, 'mistake,' Mod
HG. only, seems to be a pun due to Mod
HG. SScruofj,
blunder.' The origin of the
phrase ctueit erf fd)tejjen Cto
commit a
blunder') is not clear
note, however, that
etite Severe fcfytefjett is 'to fall head over
heels.'Sod (whence Fr. boc), for erfbtcv,
which first occurs in ModHG., is an abbrev.
of Giitborf (now (Simberfcr SMcr); comp. the
origin of Skater.
gjo&sbeitfel, m., 'old prejudice,' first
occurs in ModHG., and connected instinc-
tively by Germans with 23orf ; it is, how-
ever, of LG. origin, bocks- representing boks
('of the book'). The women of Hamburg
used to carry their hymn-books at their side
in a satchel, which they were always fond of
wearing. When applied to a sort of bottle,
93crfdbeutct has a different origin, and means
the scrotum of the buck.'
j$OOCU, m., 'bottom, ground, soil, loft,'
from the equiv. MidHG. boden, bodem, gen.
bodemes (the dial. ModHG. bodem is still
used, comp. the proper name SBofcnter),
OHG. bodam, m., which still exists in the
cognate dialects and language*. OHG.
bodam points, however, not to Goth. *bu}>-
ma-, but, with a remarkable irregularity, to
*budna-, the corresponding AS. botm, E.
bottom, exhibiting a further irregularity in
the dental. Goth. *budna- seems probable,
since the non-Teut. languages of the Aryan
stock point to bhudhme, bhudhn.6- as the
Gr. trvO^v, 6 (lor
see bieten),
'bottom' ; hut. fundus (for *fudnus), Sans.
budhnd- (for *bhudhnd-, by the same rule
as in Gr.). It is a primit. Aryan word,
with the meaning 'bottom, ground,' but is
not connected, however, with a str. vb. in
any Aryan language.SBobenfee obtained
its name during the Carolovingian period
(formerly Lacus Briyantinus,
Lake Con-
stance') from the imperial palace at Bo-
dema (now Bodmann), which may be the
plur. of the subst. S3ocen.
"giJoomeret, f., 'money advanced on the
security of the ship's keel or bottom' (i.e.
the ship itselfX from Du. bodmerte, E.
bottomry (whence Fr. bomerie).
33ofirt, m.,
puck-ball,' ModHG. only,
properly 'knave's fizzling' (see under
comp. AS, iculfes fist, the name of the plant
(E. bulljist), of which Gr.-Lat. lycoperdon is
a late imitation.
^.JoctCtt, to.,
bow, arc, vault, sheet (of
paper),' from MidHG. boge, OHG. bogo, m.,
'bow'; comp. AS. boga, E. bow; Goth.
*bnga. Properly a deriv. of btegctt, hence
curve, bend,' connected with the
equiv. cognates of 93ud)t ; comp. further
the primit. Teut. compounds (IKeitbccjcn,
gSofcte, f., 'plank, board,' from the
equiv. MidHG. bole; comp. OIc. bolr
(whence E. bole),
trunk (of a tree)'
haps connected with MidHG. boln,
roll,' Gr. <pd\ay*,
trunk.' See 33ofhmf.
ggofittC, f.,
bean,' from MidHG. bdne,
OHG. bona, {.; the corresponding AS.
bean, E. bean, Du. boon, OIc. baun, have
the same meaning. The early existence of
this word is attested by the name of the
Fris. islands, Baunonia. It has not vet
been possible to find a connecting link
between the primit. Teut. term and the
equiv. Lat. faba, OSlov. bobu (Gr. </>o.k6s,
bofencit, vb.,
to wax (a floor), polish,'
first occurs in ModHG. from the equiv.
LG. b6nen ; comp. Du. bocnen,
to scour,'
AS. bdnian, 'to polish' (E. dial, to boon,
'to mend roads'). Allied to these is the
MidHG. bfanen (orig. HG),
to polish
(Goth. *bdnjan). The Teut. root bdn, from
pre-Teut. b/idn, 'to shine, glitter,' is pro-
bably connected with the Gr. root 4>ou>
(if>aivw), Sans, bhdnu, 'sheen, light, ray,'
Olr. bdn, 'white.'
j^johncttftcb, 'bean-song' (in the phrase
ehvafl gcl)t fiber taS 83c()iienlieb, applied to
something incomparably good) ; the word
may be traced as far back as the 15th cent.,
but the song itself has not been discovered.
It may have been an obscene poem, since
the bean among various nations is adopted
as the symbol of lewdness (comp. the
mediaeval bean-feast, Gr. xvavtfia).
"^dfenfeofc, m., ' bungler, clumsy work-
Boh ( 38 ) Bom
man,' first found in ModHG.
asserted to be a popular corruption of Gr.
f}&vav<ros, which means
' but it is
inexplicable how ihe Gr. word found its
way into popular speech. It is more pro-
bably of real German origin, although the
primary meaning cannot be got at ; we must
begin with the fact that the word is native
to LG., and is chiefly used in Tailors'
Guilds. We must probably regard hase as
a LG. form for ofe (see 3lberg(aube, 9lbebar).
33cf)tt is generally considered to be a LG.
word for 39ur>ne, 'garret'; hence 93of)tu)afe
is perhaps
one who makes breeches in the
garret, petty tailor ' (opposed to one whose
workroom is on the first floor).
bobrcn, vb.,
to bore, pierce,' from the
equiv. MidHG. born, OHG. bordn; coinp.
the corresponding Du. boren, AS. borian,
E. to bore (and bore, 'hole made by boring')
Goth. *badr6n. The prim. Teut. bdrdn,
bore,' is primit. cognate with Lat. forare,
to bore, Gr. <f>apa.u,
I plough
; Sans.
scissors,' belongs to the same root,
and in Ir. there is a verbal root berr, from
bherj, meaning
to shear.' The primary
meaning of tins root bhar, which differs
from that appearing in eburt and Lat,
fern, Gr. <ppw, was probably 'to fashion
with a sharp instrument.' Comp. ModHG.
dial. 93cf>rer,
woodlouse,' E. bore.
"gSot, m.,
baize,' ModHG. only, from
LG. baje, Du. baai, which is borrowed from
Rom. (Fr. boie)
perhaps E. baize is pro-
perly a plur.

bay-salt,' ModHG. only,
of LG. origin, for ffiaifalt ; comp. 93ai and
E. bay-salt.
jJBoje, f., 'buoy,' from the LG. b'je, Du.
boei, E. buoy, which are borrowed from
; comp. Fr. boude,
buoy,' OFr. buie,
chain, fetter,' whence MidHG. boie,
ter.' The ultimate source of the word is
Lat. boja,
; the buoy was originally
a floating piece of wood with a rope fastened
to it.
"gjolcben, m., ' cod,' like 93eld)e (1.),
the equiv. MidHG. balche; of obscure ori-
:bolb, in compounds like SRaufbolb, 3Bi|$-
bofb, &c, from MidHG. bolt, gen. boldes
it is the unaccented form of the MidHG.
adj., bait,
bold,' which is discussed under
botfceit, vb., 'to roar, bleat,' ModHG.
only, and perhaps cognate with bfdcn,
which had formerly a wider signification
than in ModHG.
comp. Du. bulktn,
bellow, bleat'
boll, adj., 'stiff (of leather), brittle, hard'
ModHG. only
origin obscure.
^.'ollc (1.),
f., 'onion,' properly iden-
tical with the following word ; both arc
subdivisions of a probable primary mean-
ing, 'bulbaceous' It is hardly probable
that Gr. j3oX/36y, Lat. bulbus (whence E. bulb),
bulb, onion,' had any influence on the
meaning. See also 3tcbe(.
|3oUc (2.),
bulb,' from MidHG. bolle,
OHG. bolla, f.,
bud, bowl
; comp. the
corresponding AS. bolla, 'vessel, bowl,'
E. bowl (ModHG. 95int>tf, is borrowed from
Eng.). Interesting forms are OHG. hir-
vibolla, 'skull,' and the equiv. AS. hed-
fodbolla. It is evident that there was
orig. some such idea as 'boss-shaped' in
the OTeut. word
comp. further MidHG.
boln, OHG. boldn,
to roll, throw, hurL'
poller, m., 'small mortar (for throw-
ing shells),' ModHG. only, a deriv. of the
MidHG. boln,
to throw,' mentioned under
the preceding word
comp. late MidHG.
^JoIIttJerfc, n., 'bulwark, bastion,' from
late MidHG. bolweri; 'catapult, bulwark,'
in the former sense cognate with the pre-
ceding word
in the latter probably con-
nected with 93cl;le ; Du. bolwerk, E. bul-
wark. The Teut. word in the sense of ' bul-
wark,' which belongs to it since the 15th
cent., found its way into Slav, and Rom.
(Ru.s. bolverk, Fr. boulevard).
jBol,}, "g3ol3Cn, m., 'short arrow-bolt,'
from the equiv. MidHG. bolz, OHG. bolz,
m. ; comp. the equiv. OIc. bolte, AS. bolt, E.
bolt; allied to Du. bout, 'cramp-pin.' The
word has the same meaning in all dialects,
and in all the various periods of the Teut.
languages. We may assume a pre-Teut.
bh\d6s, with the meaning
bolt, dart
' ;
no such word outside the Teut. group can
be adduced. 99cl$m cannot be immediately
akin to MidHG. boln,
to throw, hurl,' since
the Teut. t could not be explained as a
deriv. from pre-Teut d. But it is at least
possible, on account of the great antiquity
of the cognates, that they were borrowed
from Lat. catapulta and remodelled.
3omba(tn, m., 'bombasine,' ModHG.
only, from Fr. bombasin, whence also E.
bombasine; the original word is Lat-Gr.
bombyx, 'silkworm, silk.'
jSontbalf, m., borrowed in the 18th
cent, from E. bombast, which is not cognate
Boo ( 39 ) Bor
with iro/iwi}, 'pomp, parade,' Fr. pompe ; iis
orig. sense is
cotton,' then
padding,' and
finally 'inflated language.' Its ultimate
source is Lat. bombyx; comp. the preceding
"gjoof, n.j 'boat,' ModHG. only (not
found in Luther), borrowed from LG.
boot; comp. the equiv. Du. boot, AS. bdt,
E. boat, OIc. beitr. This word, which is
still unknown to the UpG. dialects, is at
all events native to England, whence it
made its way during the AS. period into
OIc. (bdtr), and in MidE. times to the Con-
tinent (Du. boot). The origin of AS. bdt,
OIc. beitr, has not been discovered ; like
many other nautical terms, this word too
is first recorded in Eng. Moreover, the
assumption that the word was borrowed
in primit. Teut. times must be discarded.
"gBorb, m.,
board,' borrowed, like many
other nautical expressions (see the preced-
ing word), from LG. Bord, as a naval term,
is found very early in AS., where it is
explained by tabula; in HG. the word
would end in t, as MidHG. and OHG. bort
(gen. bortes), 'ship's side,' testify; besides
Otanb or Oiamft is the more frequent term
in UpG. for what is called b.rd in LG.
E. board combines two quite different
words ; the one, AS. bora, signifies lit.
board, plank ' (Goth. fCtubaurd,
board,' to which Du. dambord, 'draught-
board,' is allied), and is primit. cognate
with HG. Srett ; the other means only
edge.' See Sort and Srett.
"g&Svbe, f. (the Sorbe of Soest), 'fertile
plain, plain bordering on a river'; from
LG. borde, MidLG. geborde, 'department,'
propriety,' corresponding in form to
OHG. giburida.
3$oroeU, n., 'brothel,' ModHG. only,
from Fr. bordel (whence also E bordd
and brothel), a Rom. deriv. from Ger. Sort,
'board,' and meaning orig. 'a hut.'
botbievctl, vb.,
to border (a dress),'
from Fr. border, which comes from Ger.
"gSoretfd), "3orrdfcf), m., 'borage'
from the equiv. Fr. bourrache (comp. Ital.
borragine), whence also the E. term.
borgctt, vb., 'to borrow, lend,' from
MidHG. borgen, OHG. borgln, orig. 'to
watch over, spare a person,' then 'to remit
him his debt, to borrow '

to be surety
for something' ; similarly AS. borgian, 'to
protect' and ' to borrow,' E. to borrow. Since
the meaning 'to watch over' underlies
both borgett,
to borrow,' and burden,
to be
responsible,' the word may be compared
with OBulg. brega, 'I take care of.' The
root may have been Teut. borg-, pre-Teut.
perhaps bergen is to be connected
witli the same root.
I&otke, f., 'bark,' a LG. loan-word,
which is not found in UpG. The proper
HG. is {Riiibe. Comp. LG. barke, Eng.
and Dan. bark, OIc. bqrkr, 'bark'; Goth.
*barkus is not recorded. Its connection
with bmjen (in the sense of 'concealing')
may be possible as far as its form is con-
but on account of Sans. bhUrja, m.
birch,' n. ' birch-bark,' its relation to Sirfe
is more probable.
"^ortt, m., 'fountain,' LG. form for
HG. Srunnen.
1$5rfe, f., from Mill II G. burse, 'purse,
small bag,' also
a number of persons living
together,' OHG. burissa, 'pocket.' Comp.
Du. beurs; of Rom. origin (Fr. bourse, Ital.
borsa) ; the Rom. class is derived finally
from Gr. ftipoa, 'hide.' This word sup-
planted an OTeut. term which shows a
similar development of meaningOIc
pungr, 'leather bottle, scrotum, purse,'
Goth, puggs, OHG. scazpfung,
burst, chink,' from bcrflen.
gBorfle, f.,
bristle,' from the equiv.
MidHG. borste, f., burst, borst, m., n., OHG.
burst, m., n.
comp. AS. byrst, and with a
suffix /, brj/stl, E. bristle; Goth. *baurstus
or *baursts, f., is not recorded. Bars- is
the Teut. form of the root ; comp. further
E. bur, from AS. *burr (for *burzu-, pro-
bristly '). Pre-Teut. bliers- shows
itself in Olnd. bhrS-(i-, 'point, prong, cor-
ner'; also in Lat. fastigium, 'extreme
edge ' ?. Comp. SurjU.
"28ort, n., 'board,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. bort; comp. Goth, fdtubaurd, 'foot-
stool,' OSax. and Du. bord, AS. bord,
shield, table,' E. board (see Sorb). The
OTeut. word bord meant tne same as Srett,
to which it is related by gradation ; the
apparent metathesis of re to or is OTeut.,
as in forfd)en in relation to fracjen ; Srett,
Sort mav be represented in Ind. as brddhas,
See Srett.
"gjorfc, f., 'ribbon or trimming of gold
thread and silk,' the earlier meaning is
simply 'border'; MidHG. borte, 'border,
frame, ribbon, lace' (comp. further the
cognate. Sorb), OHG. borto, 'seam, trim-
ming' (whence Ital. bordo,
border, frame,'
Fr. bord).
Bos ( 40 ) Br*
bflfc, adj., from the equiv. MidHG.
base, OilG. b6si,

bad, useless, slanderous.'
A word peculiar to (Jerm., not found in
the other dialects ;
the primary meaning,
lidding from OHG. bCsa,
\usdn, 'to vilify,' was probably 'speaking
malevolently.' If -si- were regarded us a
sullix, Gr. <f>au\ot (perhaps for <pav<r-\os),
with the evolution of meaning 'trifling,
bad, wicked,' would be connected with befe.
'g&ofcwidyt, nii, 'villain, scamp,' from
MidHG. bccseu-Utt, OHG. bOsiwiht. See
"305f)Cif, 'malice,' from MidHG. and
OHG. bdsheit, without mutation, because t,
the cause of the mutation, was soon synco-
pated. (S'tnpvren is not cognate.
boflTdn (1.1 vb., 'to play at skittles'
allied to MidHG. bSzen (without tiie de-
riv. I), 'to strike' and 'to play at skittles.'
See Slmbcfj and 93cute(.
boffcln (2.),
vb., 'to work in relief,'
from Fr. bosseler, whence also E.' to emboss.
"giote, in., 'messenger,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bote, OHG. boto; comp. OLG.
and ODu. bodo, AS. boda, 'messenger.' To
this a3ctfd)aft, from MidHG. boteschaft,
botschqft, OHG. botoscaft, butascaf (OSax.
bodscepi, AS. bodscipe), is related. See
<Ed)aft. Bote (Goth. *buda) is the name of
the agent, from the root bud, Aryan bhudh,
appearing in bitten.
^ioltdycr, ii.> 'cooper,' name of the
agent, from the following word.
12.>oUid), m., 'tub, vat,' from the equiv.
MidHG. botech, boteche, ni , OHG. botahha,
f. ;
it is probably related to the cognates
of ^utte ; comp. further AS. bodig, E. body,
OHG. budeming, perhaps also ModHG.
93ebett 1. Considering the deriv. of Mod
HG. 93ifd)of from episcopus, we may assume
that 93cttid) is allied to Lat-Gr. apotheca;
comp. Ital. bottega (Fr. boutique).
"^Uowlc, f., from the equiv. E. bowl. See
boxen, vb., ModHG. only, from the
equiv. E. to box.
brad), adj. (espec. in compounds such
as 93rad)felb, &c), 'uncultivated, fallow,'
merely ModHG. In MidHG. there is only
the compound brdchmdn6t, 'June,' which
contains a subst. brdche, 1'., OHG. brdhha
(MidLG. brdke)
'aratio prima,' as its first
component ; 93rad)e is 'turning up the soil
after harvest
; from brcd)en.
^3retch, n., 'refuse, trash,' from Mid
LG. brak, 'infirmity, defect,' properly
; comp. E. brack (' breach, flaw ').
See crcd)cn.
p.> niche, in., 'setter, beagle,' from the
equiv. MidHG. and MidLG. bracke, OHO,
braccho ;
scarcely akin to AS. race, E.
ra<h ('setter'), and OIc. rakke; in this
case the initial 6 of the Ger. word would
be equal to bi (see be;, bet), which U
improbable. E. brack ('setter, beagle'),
from MidE. brache, is derived from OFr.
brache, which, with its Rom. cognates
(comp. Itill, bracco, Fr. braque, bracket), is
of Ger. origin. If we must assume Goth.
*brakka-, the word, on account of the mean-
ing 'hound,' might be connected with Lut,
fragrare, 'to smell strongly.'
j$radm>afrer, n., 'brackish water,' first
occurs in ModHG., from LG. brakwater,
comp. Du. brakwater; to this E. bra<k
('salt'), Du. brack, 'salty,' ate allied; E.
brackish water.
jSrcicjen, m., 'brain' (LG.), from Mid
LG. bregen, equiv. to Du. brein, E. brain,
AS. brcegea; no other related words are
see QkemBfeve, uerbramen.
ramfecjel, n., 'gallant-sail' ; "3ram-
flancjC, f., 'gallant-mast,' ModHG. only
of Du. origin ; comp. Du. bramzeil, with
the same meaning.
2$ret no, m., 'fire, conflagration, morti-
fication, blight,' from the equiv. MidHG.
brant{d), OHG. brant, m. ; comp. AS.
brand, E. brand, OIc. brandr, 'brand, resi-
nous wood'; from bremten. The root is
bren (from the Germ., the Rom. cognates
Ital. brando,
sword,' Fr. brandon,
are derived). S3raiibniarfcn, 'to burn in a
mark,' first occurs in ModHG.
brcmben, vb., ' to surge,' ModHG. only,
from LG. and Du. branden, wliich is con-
nected with 93ranb, and means lit. 'to
blaze, to move like flames' ; from this
Q3raitbung is formed.
"jHJranocr, m., ModHG. only, from the
equiv. Du. brander, 'a ship filled with
combustibles for setting the vessels of the
enemy on fire, fireship.'
lSraf)tte, f, 'outskirts of a wood.' See
"gJraflTc, f., ' rope at the end of the sail-
yards, brace,' first occurs in ModHG., from
Du. bras, Fr. bras (from brachium), pro-
perly 'arm,' then 'a brace (on a yard).'
Ukafjen, ' to brace, swing the yards of aship,'
is Du. brassen, from Fr. brasser ; comp. also
K brace (* a yard rope
of the same origin.
) Bra
bream,' from the equiv.
MidHG. bra/isen, brasem, OHG. brahsa,
bralisima, brahsina, m., f. ; the UpG.
dialects still preserve the form Skadjeme
(the forms 95ra(Te, f., SSraftnt, m., are Mid
LG. and MidGer.). Comp. the equiv.
Du. brasem, E. brasse. From OGer. is de-
rived Fr. brSme (horn brahsme
whence E.
bream is borrowed. The class belongs per-
haps to an OTeut. str. vb. brehioan, 'toshine.'
"g^rafcn, ra
'roast-meat,' from Mid
HG. brdte, OHG. brdto, m.
in the earlier
periods of the language the word has the
general meaning 'tender parts of the body,
flesh,' but in MidHG. the modern mean-
ing is also apparent. To this AS. brcede,
roast-meat,' is allied. Comp. the follow-
ing word.
btCltetl, vb.,
to roast, broil, fry,' from
the equiv. MidHG. brdten, OHG. brdtan
comp. Du. braden, AS. brmlan, 'to roast'
a Goth. str. vb. *bredan is to be assumed.
The root may have been a pre-Teut. b/ired/i
or bhrit; in support of the latter we may
adduce OHG. brddam, quoted un-
er '-Bcobcm. 53ruten (Goth. *brbdjari) might
also be assigned to the same root. The
pre-Teut. bhrSdli is also indicated by Gr.
vprflu (if it stands for <pprjQw
to consume,
set on fire' (chiefly in combination with
vvpi). See also SMb^tet.
brcittcfjen, vb.,
to use, need, want, re-
quire,' from the equiv. MidHG. brUcheu,
OHG. brdhhan; comp. the corresponding
AS. brAcan, 'to enjoy,' also 'to digest,
tolerate,' E. to brook; Goth. *brkjan, 'to
use, enjoy.' Notfound Scand. The
pre-Teut. form of the root bhrUg accords
with Lat. fruor, which originated in
*fruvor for *frugvor ; the Lat. partic.
fructus, which phonetically is identical with
gcbraudjt and Goih. br-Ahts, shows the final
guttural of the root, ami so does Lat. fruges,
&c. The following are Teut. noun forms
from the root brUk (bhrAg) : ModHG.
J8wu#, m. (comp. OHG. brA'i), Goth.
brdis, AS. brtfce, OHG. brAchi, 'service-
able, useful.'
"jBrauc, >
eyebrow ' from the equiv.
MidHG. brd, brdwe, OHG. brdica, f. ; a
pre-Teut. and more remotely old Aryan
word, which was perhaps *brhva in Goth.
The OGall. and Kelt, brlva, identical with
this word, signifies 'bridge,' and is especi-
ally important as proving the connection
between these cognates and those of 33rncff.
OHG. brdxca (Aryan bhriwd) is related by
gradation to Aryan bhrA, which is proved
by AS. brA, E. broxo, OSlov. bruvi, Sans.
bluH, Gr. 6-<frpvs. Comp. further Olc. brd,
OLG. brdha (for brdica), AS. brdiw, m.,
and also perhaps Lat. frons,
forehead.' A
widely diffused Aryan root. The ModHG.
SBWMK has added to the stem the suffix n,
which belonged to the declension of the
weak form 93ratte (comp. 39ieite) ; similarly
Olc br&n, corresponding to AS. brA, was
formed from bril and the n of the weak
declension (in AS. the gen. plur. is brAna).
23taue, like the names of many limbs and
parts of the body (see gu, 9liere, crj, ?ebcr,
9htfe), originated in the primit. Aryan
period. The orig. meaning, however, of
the primit. Aryan bhrft-s (' eye)-brow,' is
as difficult to discover as that of ^frj. See
also 33viicfe.
braxxen, vb , 'to brew,' from the equiv.
MidHG. brAwen, briuwen, OHG. briuwan;
comp. the corresponding Olc. brugga, Du.
brouwen, AS. bre&tvan, E. to brew. To the
OTeut root bru (from Aryan bhru-, bhrSw),
to brew,' which may be inferred from
these verbs, belongs Phryg.-Thrac. fipvrov,
beer, cider,' which perhaps stands for Gr.
*<ppvrov, also Lat. defrUtum, 'must boiled
down,' Olr. bruthe, 'broth,' bruth, 'live
coals, heat,' bruith,
cooking.' It is shown,
moreover, under 93rob that the meaning of
the root bhru- was at one t i me more general
comp. further trebetn. On account of the
gutturals, Gr. <ppvyu, Lat. frtgo, cannot be
cognates. Comp. also hotetn, 93rob.
brcum, adj., 'brown,' from MidHG.
brAn,' brown, dark-coloured, shining, spark-
ling,' OHG. brAa; comp. the correspond-
ing Du. bruin, AS. brdn, E. brown,
Olc. brfrnn. This Teut. term passed into
Rom. (comp. the cognates of ltal. bnmo,
Fr. bran; see SBlcnb) ; hence also Lith.
brunas, 'brown.' The proper stem of Aryan
biir-Hna-, appears in Lith. beras,
(comp. 93ar), and reduplicated in OInd.
reddish brown, bay ' (this form
of the adj. being apparently a common
Aryan term for a brownish mammal living
in water ;
comp. 93iber) ; hence it may be
right to assign Gr. 4>pi>ri, <ppvvos,
toad,' to
this root. Respecting 9?raun as a name for
the bear, see 93ar.
ninne. f., from Mid
HG. briune,
brown Nft' related to r-raun
(as a malady,
brownish inflammation of
the windpipe
gratis, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
noise, tumult'
perhaps cognate with
Bra ( 42 ) Bre
AS. br$san, E. to bruue.btaufetl,

to roar, bluster,' from the equiv. MidHG.

br&sen ; comp. Du. bruisen, 'to bluster,'
from bruit, 'foam, froth' ; to this 93raufe,

watering-pot,' also belongs.
JJrau fd)C, f., ' bump, bruise,' from Mid
a swelling with blood under-
neath' ;
to this E. brisket and OIc. brj6sk,
gristle,' are allied. The stem common to
all these must have meant ' roundish ele-
jBrauf, f., ' bride, betrothed,' from tlie
equiv. MidHG. brAt, OHG. brAt, f. Goth.
brAps (stem brAii-) means
* daughter-in-
' ; from this comes brA}>-faJ)s,
lord of
the bride '
corresponds to Gr. 6<rts,
which stands, as v&rvia indicates, for v&tis,
corresponding to OInd. patis,
bridegroom.' The MidHG. brAt signifies
'the young, newly married woman' ; the
borrowed ModFr. bru, earlier bruy, is, on
account of its meaning, connected most
closely with Goth. brAfcs.
comp. vtfupy,
betrothed, bride,
daughter-in-law.' In Eng. we may com-
p;ire AS. brpd,
betrothed,' E. bride, which
are primit. allied to the Germ. ; comp. also
E. bridal, from AS. brd-ealo, hence orig.
bride-ale.' E. bridegroom is based upon
E. groom, and represents AS. brtfdguma,
the second component of whicli is Goth.
man,' corresponding to Lat. homo
(primary form ghomon). The ModHG.
rdutiflam is identical in etymology with
the AS. word
comp. OHG. brAtigomo, Mid
HG. briutegome, in which the first part is
properly gen. sing. (comp. 9lad)tiijafl). The
Teut. root form brAdi- has not yet been
explained etymologically
; it is a word
peculiar to Teut., like 28eib and grau.
Goth, qino, 'woman,' MidHG. hone, are
based on an ancient form
; comp. Gr. 71*1),
Sans, gnd,
brat>, adj.,
excellent, manly, brave,'
ModHG. only, from Fr. brave, the origin
of which is not established (from Lat. bar-
bred)cn, vb., ' to break,' from the equiv.
MidHG. br'echen, OHG. brehhan
comp. the
corresponding Goth, brikan, OLG. and AS.
brecan, E. to break, Du. brehen,
to break.'
From a root brek common to Teut., which
is derived from pre-Teut bhreg
comp. Lat.
frangere, the nasal of which is wanting m
frSg-i. The ModHG. SBradbfctb, $8ru<$, *8ro-
den, are formed by gradation from the same
^, see ^racjen.
gjrct, m.,
broth, pottage,' from the
equiv. MidHG. bi-t
brie, m., OHG. brio, m.,
allied to Du. brij, AS. brtw,
Goth. *breiwa- (Goth. *breiws is related to
OHG. brio in the same way as Goth, saiws
to OHG. seo). It is hardly possible that
the word is connected with the root br&,
discussed under rrauen. Did a root brt,
cook,' exist? comp. OIc. brtme,
fire.' Gr.
tppivau (root <j>plK) has been suggested.
brcif, adj., ' broad, wide,' from the equiv.
MidHG. and OHG. breit ;
it corresponds to
OSax. brid, Du. breed, AS. brdd, E. broad,
Goth, braids, 'broad.' Probably from pre-
Teut. mraitd-, akin to the root mrit pre-
served in Sans., ' to fall to pieces ' (properlv
'to extend'?).
edge, border.' See ttertrdmen.
prcmc, ^Sremfe, f., ' gadfly.' Comp.
MidHG. br'&me, brem, OHG. bremo, 'gadfly.'
Sremfe is LG. for HG. rente ; comp. OLG.
brimissa, AS. brimse, MidE. brimse. OHG.
bremo would be in Goth. *brima, m., SBremfc,
Goth. *britisi, f. Yet E. breeze (horsefly)
cannot be cognate, since bredsa (and not
brimes) is its AS. form. The root of 93remfe,
discussed under rrummeu, is brem (pre-Teur.
bhrem, hat. fremere),
to buzz, hum,' whence
also Sans, bhramara, m.,
"gSretttfe, f., 'drag-shoe,' from MidHG.
brimse, f.,
barnacle, muzzle.' It cannot
be identified with 93remfe, 'gadfly' (see
Sreme), because the latter indicates a Goth.
brimisi, while SBremfe, 'drag-shoe,' points
to a Goth, brami'sjd. For Sirentff, 'drag,'
dialectal forms such as bram (with a aud
the loss of the suffix s) have been authen-
ticated, but of a root brain with some such
meaning as
to press, squeeze,' there is no
trace. The suffix s recalls Goth, jukuzi,
'yoke,' from the equiv. juk; comp. also
aqizi, 'axe.'
brennen, vb., 'to bum, scorch, sting,
distill'; it combines the meanings of Mid
HG. brinnen, str. vb.,
to burn, give light,
shine, glow,' and its factitive brennen, wk.
to set fire to, cause to bum' ; the for-
mer is Goth., OHG. and OLG. brinnan,
burn' (intrans.), the latter Goth, brannjan,
to set tire to.' Comp. AS. birnan (intrans.),
bcernan, bernan (trans.). E. to burn, is
trans, and intrans., like the ModHG. word.
Under S3ranb attention is called to the fact
that only one n of the Goth. verb, brinnan
belongs to the root ; the second n is a
suffix of the present tense (comp. also
( 43 ) Bro
tinnen, rmnen) ; the form with simple n is
seen in AS. bri/ne, 'conflagration' (from
bruni). A root bren-, pre-Teut. bhren, with
the meaning
to burn,' has not yet been
authenticated in the other Aryan lan-
bren&eln, vb., 'to taste burnt,' first oc-
curs in ModHG. a frequentative form of
f., 'breach, gap,' ModHG.
only, from Fr. brbche, whence also the
equiv. Du. bres. The Fr. word is usually
traced back to the OG. stem of bredjett.
"3rctf , n., ' board, plank, shelf, counter,'
from the equiv. MidHG. br'et, OHG. br'et,
corresponds to AS. bred, n. ; Goth.
*brid, n. It has been shown under 53ort,
'board,' that the OTeut. word for SSrett had
two stems, primarily identical and sepa-
rated only by gradation, viz., bredo- and
bvrdo-, whose connection might be repre-
sented thus : Iud. bradhas is related to
brdhas, as Aryan bhre'dhos is to bhrdhds, n.
MidHG. br'et combines the meanings 'boai d,
6hield,' &c, like AS. bord; see also Jtctb.
^refjel, m., f., 'cracknel],' from the
equiv. MidHG. bnzel, also breze, OHG.
brezitella and brizita (bergita)
; allied to
Bav. die bretzen, Suab. briitzg, brdtzet, Alsat.
brestell. The Suab. form as well as OHG.
brizzilla presupposes a Teut. e; but the
vowel sounds of the remaining forms are
uncertain. It is most frequently referred
to MidLat. brdcellum (whence brazil, and
by mutation brSzil
or rather brdcliiolum,
'little arm' (the different kinds of pastry
are named from their shape ; comp. e.g. Mid
HG. krdpfe, 'hook, hook-shaped pastry')
MidHG. broezte would be brdc/iilum. From
OHG. brezitella the Mo.iHG. retjhlle
(Strassb.) was produced, while breztella was
resolved by a wrong division of syllables
into 93rebf;telle ; thus we deduce in Mod
HG. Xavfe from 5fitapff,
The absence of the word in Rom. (yet comp.
Ital. bracciatello) seems to militate against
the derivation of the whole of this class Irom
Lat. bracchium. In that case OHG. brgita,
brezita, might perhaps be connected with
AS. bi/rgan,
to eat,' Olr. bargen,
^Srtef, m., 'letter, epistle,' from MidHG.
brief, OHG. brief, m. ; from Lat. brSvis
(scil. libellus)
; the lengthened S from 6 in
words borrowed from Lat. becomes ea and
then ie (comp. $rUjler) ; Lat. brevis and
note, document.' The HG. word
had originally a more general signification,
document,' hence the ModHG. vcrbricfen.
MidHG. and ORQ.brief, 'letter, document,'
and generally 'a writing.' When the
OTeut. Runic characters were exchanged
for the more convenient Roman letters
(see fcfjreibett as well as SJud?), the Germans
adopted some terms connected with writ-
; OHG. briaf appears in the 9th cent,
(the Goth, word is bbka, 'document').
grille, f., 'spectacles,' from late Mid
HG. barille, berille, brille,
spectacles ' (Du.
properly the gem Lat.-Gr. beryllus
(the syncope of the unaccented e is amply
attested by banu,e, bleibeit, gtauben, &c.'
comp. 99m)f(.
brittgett, vb., 'to bring, accompany,'
from the equiv. MidHG. bringen, OHG.
bringan ; comp. OSax. brengian, Du. bren-
gen, AS. bringan, E. to bring, Goth, briggan,
bringan, 'to bring.' The Aryan form of
this specially Teut. word, which is want-
ing only in OIc, would be bhrengh (bhrenk
no cognates are recorded.
"3rinb, m., 'grassy hillock, green
sward,' from LG. brinJc, comp. OIc. brekka
(from *brink6), f., both meaning
akin to E. brink, and OIc. bringa,
brtnnen, see bremten.
glrife, f., from the equiv. E. breeze
(whence also Fr. brisel;,
j^roc&e, "g&rodien, m.,
crumb,' from
the equiv. MidHG. brocke, OHG. broccho,
m. ; Goth. *brukka, m., for which gabruka,
f., occurs : formed by gradation from
bred)en (comp. Jrctte from treten) ; deriva-
tives biotfctit, breefdio,.
TUrocnpcric, f.,
rough pearl,' ModHG.
only, from Fr. baroque, Port, barocco (Span.
barueco), 'oval.'
brobeltt, brubeln, vb.. 'to bubble,'
from MidHG. brodeln, vb. ; hence MidHG.
aschenbrodele,* scullion,' from which 9lfd?en-
Cinderella,' comes. See 93rot.
"gSrobcttt, m.,
fume, exhalation,' from
MidHG. brddem, m., 'vapour,' OHG. brd-
vapour, breath, heat' AS. brde.}>,
vapour, breath, wind,' E. breath, are per-
haps cognate, so too ModHG. braiv n 1.
g&vombeerc, f., 'blackberry,' from the
equiv. MidHG. brdmber, OHG. brdmberi;
bramble-berry,' OHG. brdmo, Mid
HG. brdme (also
briar ' generally). Akin
to AS. br&m, E. broom (ModHG. ram,
'broom for besoms); AS. brSmel, 'thorny
plant,' E. bramble, Du. braam, 'bramble-
oush, whence Fr. framboise.
ISrofcmt, in., "gjrofcunc, f., 'crumb';
Bro ( 44 ) Eru
connected iu-tinctively by Germans -with
g*(si and Sameit ; comp., however, Mid
IIG. brdsem, brCsme, OHG. brdsma, OI.G.
brtismo, 'crumb, fragment' (Goth. *brausma,
'crumb,' is not recorded). It is related
either to the Teut. root brut, which appears
in AS. breOtan,
to break,' or to AS. brysan,
OFr. bruiser (E. to bruise), from a Kelt.-
Teut. root bras, which the UpGerm. dia-
lects preserve in broffteii,' 'to crumble'
(whence, too, OSlov. bruselu, 'sherd,' brus-
nati, 'to wipe off, rub off').
"jJSrofcrjcn, n., 'sweetbread,' first oc-
curs in ModHG., from LG. ; comp.
bryslce, E. brisket See S3raufcf)c.
*g&tot, ]).,
bread, food, leal,' from the
equiv. MidHG. brCt, OHG. br6t, n. The
form with t is strictly UpGer. ; comp. LG.
brOd, Du. brood, AS. bread, E. bread, OIc.
brautS. The old inherited form for 93rot
was iaib (Goth, hlaifs) ;
and ancient com-
pounds like AS. Idafird (for *hldfward),
'loafward, bread-giver,' E. lord, preserve
the OTeut. word (see SJaib), in addition
to which a new word peculiar to Tent,
was formed from a Teut root. To this
root, which appears in braucu, we must
assign the earlier. and wider meaning of
to prepare by heat or fire
; comp. AS. and
E. broth (Ital. broda,
broth,' is of Teut. ori-
gin) and hebrtn. In 23ret it would have
the special signification 'to bake.' There
is a strange OTeut. compound of 33ret-,
MidHG. bVbrdt, ModHG. S3imembret, AS.
beObredd, E. beebread, all of which sig-
nify 'honeycomb,' lit. 'bread of bees';
in this compound the word 39vet appears,
singularly enough, for the first time. In
earlier AS. the modern meaning, 'bread,'
is still wanting, but it is found even in OHG.
^rud) (1.), m.,
breach, rupture, crack,'
from MidHG. bruch, OHG. bruh, m.
formed by gradation from bredjen.
jKritd) (2.),
m., n., 'damp meadow,
marsh, bog,' a Franc-Sax. word from Mid
HG.6ruoc/i,OHG. bruohQih), n. m., 'marshy
soil, swamp'; comp. LG. br6k, Du. broelc,
'marsh-land,' AS. brdk, 'brook, current,
river,' E. brook. Similarly MidHG. ouice
combines the. meanings of 'water-stream,
watery land, island.' It is possible that
WestTeut. *broka- is allied to tredjen, a
supposition that has been put forward on
account of the AS. meaning 'torrent' ; in
that case the OHG. sense ' swamp ' would be
based upon 'a place where water gushes out.'
33ttld) (3.),
f., n., 'breeches,' from Mid
HG. bruoch, OHG. bruol,{hh), f., 'breech**
covering the hip and upper part of the
thigh' (akin to AS. brec, E. breech)
the corresponding AS. br6c, plur. brfa, E.
breeches, MidLG. br6k, Du. broek, OIc. brO/.;
breeches.' It has been asserted that the.
common Teut. br6k- has been borrowed
from the equiv. Gall.-Lat. brdca (likewise
Rom., comp. Ital. brache, Fr. bratcs) ;
AS. brec,
rump,' shows that 93rud) contains
a Teut. stem ;
hence the Gall.-Lat. word is
more likely borrowed from Teut. ; comp.
"j^ri'lCUC, f., 'bridge,' from the equiv.
MidHG. briiclec, OHG. brucka, f., which
points to Goth. *brugjo, f.
comp. Du.
brug, AS. bryg, E. bridge. Besides the
meaning 'bridge,' common to WestTeut.,
the OIc bryggja (likewise LG. briigge) is
used in the sense of 'landing-place, pier,'
while bru (equal to ModHG. 93raue) is the
proper Scand. word for 'bridge.' 53rucfe
(from *brugj6-) is undoubtedly allied 10
OIc bru; no common Aryan term for
bridge can be found. OSlov. bruvl also
means both 'eyebrow' and 'bridge,' and
OHG. brdira (see under 93raw) is identical
with OG.dl. brine, 'bridge,' both of which
point to Aryan bhrSicd. With regard to the
transition of *braut to *brugi, see 3u\3citc.
'gjruber, m., 'brother, friar,' from the
equiv. MidHG. bruoder, OHG. bruodar
comp. Goth, brujxir, AS. brCpor, E. brother;
Du. broeder, OSax. brdthar. Inherited, like
most words denoting kinship, from the
period when all the Aryans formed only
one tribe, without any dill'erence of dialect;
the degrees of relationship (comp. Dfyeint,
better, Qkfe) at that period, which is sepa-
rated by more than three thousand years
from our era, were very fully developed.
The primit. form of the word 93rutcr was
bhrat6{r), nom. plur. bhratores
this is
attested, according to the usual laws of
sound, both by Goth.-Teut. brfifrar and Lat.
frdter, Gv. <f>pdrijp, OInd. bhrdtar-, OSlov.
bratrii; all these wonls retain the old
primary meaning, but in Gr. the word has
assumed a political signification.
^ri't^C, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
biiifje, 'broth, sauce.' The root of the
word must not be sought in rrauen, which
is based upon bru-
brii>je would be in
Goth, br&ja, Teut. root brd, in MidE. breie,
.MidDu. broeye. From the same stem Mid
HG. 93rut has been formed, with a dental
suffix. The wk. vb. is briiren, MidHG.
( 45 )
briiejen, bruen,
to scald, singe, burn
coinp. Du. broeijen,
to warm, brood
; in
earlier ModHG., too, etufjen signifies 'to
brood.' In spite of the meaning, the con-
nection with 93rucfy is, on phonetic grounds,
"jJ3ruI)(, m.,
marshy copse,' from Mid
HG. brtiel, in., 'low-land, marshy copse,'
OHG. bruil; from Fr. breuil, Prov. bruelh
'thicket' ; of Kelt, origin (brogil).
bvixlicn, vb., ' to roar, bellow, low,' from
the equiv. MidHG. briielen; in UpG. dia-
lects even now bride, brilele. The remark-
able short u of ModHG. compared with
MidHG. He may be explained by t]ie prer.
briilte, where the shortness of the vowel is
produced by the following double conso-
OHG. *bruowil6n\s wanting
perhaps to E. brawl 1. From the root brd
\* to scald ') in the sense of
to bubble' ?.
to growl, snarl,
grumble,' from MidHG. brummen, wk. vb.,
to grow], hum,' a deriv. of the MidHG.
str. vb. brimmen,
to growl, roar ' (comp. the
equiv. MidE. brimmen). This again is cog-
nate with MidHG. bremen, OHG. breman,
6tr. vb., 'to growl, roar,' since mm belongs
properly only to the pres. and not to the
other tenses. The cognates of the stem
brem-, which these verbs indicate, also in-
cludes OIc. brim, 'surge,' MidE. brim,
glow ' (E. brimstone) ;
other related words
may be found under SSrcmfe. The Tent,
root brem, pre-Teut. bhr'em, appears in Lat.
to gnash,' with which some are
fond of comparing Gr. fipifieiv, 'to rumble.'
The Olml. bhram as a verbal stem signifies
to move unsteadily
; bhramd, n^
ing flame,' bhrmi, m., ' whirlwind.' Hence
the meaning ' to rush, gnash,, crackle,' seems
to have been developed from a vibrating
motion, especially that of sound. See tho
following word.
f, 'rutting-time,' from Mid
HG. brunft, f., ' fire, heat, rutting season of
deer, cry.' The MidHG. brunft is of dual
origin ; in the sense of
heat' it belongs to
tuemieit, S3vanb. 33runft,
the rutting season
of deer,' was rightly connected, as early as
Lessing, with hummctt, since it "indicates
the impulse of certain animals to copula-
tion, that is to say, of those that roar or
bellow in the act; ignorance and negli-
gence have transformed this word into
23nmji" (Lessing).
3$rumt, 'gSrimncri, "3orn, m., 'foun-
tain, spring, well.' The form with the me-
tathesis of the r is LG. ; the first two are
based upon MidHG. brunne
spring-water, well
; OHG. brunno (beside
which a form pfuzzi,
well,' from Lat. pu-
teus, appears in OHG. ; comp.
is based upon an OTeut. word ; Goth.
brunna, 'spring,' AS. burna (for brunna),
E. bourn ('brook'). Sruttnm has been
derived from brennen, for which a primary
meaning 'to heave, seethe ' (comp. MidHG.
LG. s6t,
well, draw-well
is assumed with-
out proof. Gr. <ppa.p, 'well,' scarcely points
to a root bhru,
to heave,, bubble ' (cognate
with braum?) ; nn may be a suffix, as per-
haps in ModHG. Sciuic
^3riinrtC, f.,. recently borrowed from the
equiv. MidHG. briinne (OHG. brunna), f.,
; comp. Goth, brunjd (whence
OFr. brunie), OIc. brynja, AS. byrne; not
from brennm; the appellations 'glowing,
shining,' ecarcely suit the earlier leather
breastplates. Olr. bruvnne,
breast,' is more
probably allied. From Teut. are borrowed
OFr. broigne and OSlov. brunja, 'coat of
^VUttff, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
brunst, f., 'burning, fire, glow
heat, devas-
tation by fire ' (SSnmjijeit, see SSnmft)
OHG. brunst,. Goth, brunsts. In Eng. this
deriv. from the root of bremten is wanting
(comp. Jtunji from fctttten) ; the s before the
suffix t is due lo the double n of the verb.
jJSruff , f.,
breast, chest, pap,' from the
equiv. MidHG. brust^OUG^ brust
f.; it cor-
responds to Goth, brusts, a plur. noun (con-
son, stem),, f.,. Du. and LG. borst. In the
other OTeut. dialects the words correspond-
ing exactly to Goth, brusts are wanting
they have a peculiar neut. form : AS. breOst,
E. breast, OIc. brjdst, OSax. breost, which
are related by gradation to HG. 33rujr. This
term for breast is restricted to the Teut. lan-
guages (including Olr. bruinne,
breast '
the individual members of the Aryan group
dilfering in this instance from each other,
while other parts of the body (see SBug)
are designated by names common to all of
them. Of the approximate primary mean-
ing of 93ruji, or rather of the idea underlying
the word, we know nothing ; the only pro-
bable fact is that the primitive stem was
originally declined in the dual, or rather
in the plural.
;ltritf , f.,
brood, spawn, brats,' from
MidHG. and OHG. bruot, f.,
vivified by
warmth, brood, animation by warmth,
brooding, heat' ; comp. Du. broed, AS. br6d,
Bub ( 46 ) Buc
E. brood. The dental isderiv. ; br6, as the
root-syllable, is discussed under f8tut)t
primary root signified
to warm, heat.'

to brood,' from MidHG. briieten,
OHG. bruoten (Goth. *br6djan) ;
comp. AS.
bridan, E. to breed (with the further signifi-
to beget, bring up
'). E. bird, AS.
the young of birds, little bird.' are
often incorrectly allied to bruten ; AS. bridd
would be in Goth. *bridi (plur. bridja),
and consequently the connection of the E.
word with HG. bruten (Goth. *br6djari) be-
comes impossible. It is worth noticing
that Du. broeijen, LG. brayen, and ModHG.
dial, bcii^en partake of the meaning of bruteru
See bruben.
p;} it be, m., 'bov, lad, rogue, knave (at
cards),' from MidHG. buobe (MidLG. bdve),
m., ' boy, servant, disorderly person' (OHG.
*buobo and Goth. *b6ba are wanting); a
primit. Ger. word, undoubtedly of great
antiquity, though unrecorded in the vari-
ous OTeut. periods (yet note the proper
names identical with it, OHG. Buobo, AS.
B6fa). Comp. MidDu. boeve, Du. boef (E.
boy is probably based upon a diminutive
*b6fig, *b6fing).
'Young man, youth,' is
manifestly the orig. sense of the word
comp. Bav. bua, 'lover,' Swiss bua, 'un-
married man.' To this word MidE. babe,
E. buby are related by gradation ; also
Swiss, babi, bdibi (most frequently tokxe-
bdbi, tittibdbi),
childish person ' (Zwingli

" SBaben are effeminate, foolish youths")

akin to this is OHG. Bubo, a proper name.
The OTeut. words babo-bfibo are probably
terms expressing endearment (comp. &tti,
SBaff, SDhtfune), since the same phonetic
forms are also used similarly in other cases
comp. OSlov. baba, 'grandmother'; further,
Ital. babbe'o, 'ninny,' Prov. babau, 'fop'
(late Lat. babumis,
Ital. babbole,
'childish tricks.'
jSudj, n.,
book, quire,' from the equiv.
MidHG. buoch, OHG. buoh, n. It differs
in gender and declension in the various
OTeut dialects ; Goth. bdka. f., and b6k,
n., f., signify
letter (of the alphabet)
in the sing., but 'book, letter (epistle),
document' in the plur.
; akin to OSax.
book,' Du. boek, AS. bde, f., equiv. to E.
book. The sing, denoted orig., as in Goth.,
the single character, the plur. a combina-
tion of characters, 'writing, type, book,
comp. Goth, afstassais bdkds,
ing of divorcement ' ; wadjabdkds,
' ;
frabauhta bdka, *
deed of
sale.' The plur. was probably made into
a sing, at a later period, so that ModHG.
93u<b signified lit.
letters (of the alpha-
bet).' The OTeut word, which even on the
adoption of Roman characters was not sup-
planted by a borrowed word (see 93rirf),
made its way, like the word 93ud)f, into
Slav, at an early period ; comp. OSlov. buky,
'beech, written character' (plur. bulcuve,
l>ook, epistle
'). Sucfc was used in the ear-
liest times for the runes scratched on the
twigs of a fruit-tree (see reifjni) ; hence it
results from Tacitus (Germania, 10) that
aSud) (lit. 'letter') is connected with OHG.
beech.' The same conclusion fol-
lows from the Ger. compound Sudulabf,
which is based on an OTeut. wordOHG.
buo/istab, OSax. bScstaf, AS. bdesteef (but E.
and Du. letter), OIc. bdhtafr. Undoubtedly
the Germans instinctively connect SSiufcjiabe
with 95uc6 and not with 93tubf. As far as the
form is concerned, we are not compelled to
accept either as the only correct and primit!
Teut. word
both are possible. Historical
facts, however, lead us to regard 93udj ftabe as
93ucbenftab. Willi the term SBudbenftab the
early Germans intimately combined the
idea of the rune scratched upon it, and con-
stituting its chief value. Comp. the follow-
ingword and tRuttf.
g3ucf)e, f.,
beech, beech-tree,' from the
equiv. MidHG. buoche, OHG. buoh'ia; AS.
b6c-tre6w, with the collateral form bice (from
boeciae), E. beech. The form b6c has been
preserved in E. bucktruist, buckwheat
; comp.
OIc. b6k, Goth. *b6ka, 'lwech.' The name
of the tree is derived from pre-Teut.
according to Lat. fdgus,
beech,' and Gr.
<j>ay6s, <prjy6s, its Europ. form would be
bhdgos. The Gr. word signifies 'edible
oak.' This difference between the Gr.
word on the one hand and the Teut.-Lat.
on the other has been explained
by the
change of vegetation, the succession of an
oak and a beech period"; "the Teutons
and the Italians witnessed the transition
of the oak period to the beech period, and
while the Greeks retained <pny6t in its orig.
signification, the former transferred the
name as a general term to the new forests
which grew in their native wastes." Comp.
(5iif. Sud)e is properly 'the tree with
edible fruit' (comp. Gr. ipayeiv, 'to eat,'
and <pvy6s), and hence perhaps the differ-
ence of meaning in Gr. may be explained
from this general signification, so that the
above hypothesis was not necessary.
( 47 )
jJ3ud)S, m., "gjuchsbaum, 'box, box-
tree,' from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG.
bultsboum; formed from Lat. buxus, Gr.
; comp. Ital. bosso, Fr. buis, E. box.
"gHudjfe, f., 'box, pot, jar, rilie,' from
MidHG. biihse, 'box, magic-box, firelock'
OHG. buhsa, from *buhsja, from Gr. irvis,
a box of boxwood (7ri5|os), medicine-box.'
The Gr. medical art was in vogue in the
Middle Ages anions all civilised nations,
consequently some Gr. medical terms found
their way into German. See ?lqt, $flafhr.
Comp. AS. and E. box, ltal. bossolo, Fr.
bossette, 'box.'
3ucf)t, f., 'bay,' first occurs in ModHG,
from LG. bucht; comp. Du. bogt, E. bought
(from MidE. boght), 'a twist, bend,' and E.
bight (from AS. byht)
properly a verbal
abstract from btegeit.
72.5ucfte( (1.),
boss, stud,' from Mid
HG. bucket, m., f., 'boss of a shield' ; from
OFr. bode (whence Fr. boucle,
which is based on Lat. buccula,
beaver of a
helmet, boss.'
gjucfcel (2.), "gfucfcel, m., ' back, hump,'
from MidHG. bucket. The Swiss bukel (not
*buxel) points to a primary form bugg- (see
biegen, SStiljel, 33itgel), not directly to budfen,
from biegen (root bug). 33ucfet is lit. 'a
curve, bend.'
8udten, vb., 'to stoop, bow,' from Mid
HG. biicken, 'to bend, bow' ; frequentative
of biec\en, like fofymucfen of fdjmiegen. The
Swiss bukxfi points to OHG. bucchen (Swiss
bukx, 'bend
; comp. LG. buclcen, 'to stoop.'
See 33ucfel.
m., 'bloater' (also JBArftincj,
based on 33ucfttng, 'bow,' from biegen), from
the equiv. MidHG. and MidLG. biickinc
comp. Du. bokking, which is probably a
deriv. of 33otf, Du. bok, 'hircus'; in fact,
the fish is also called boxhorn (bockshorn)
in MidDu.
booth, stall, shop,' from Mid
HG. buode, f.,
hut, tent
; corresponds to
MidE. b6J>e,
taberm*,' E. booth; OIc. b0S,
f., 'dwelling, hut, tent,' has a different
vowel, and is based on the widely diffused
root bAbhd, 'to dwell, stay.' By a dif-
ferent derivation E. to build, AS. bold,
dwelling,' OFris. bold, OIc. b6l, OLG.
bodal, are produced from the same root.
So too Olr. both (bothdn), 'hut,' from
*bu-to, as well as the words discussed
under baiten. Lith.-Slav. buda,
and Bohem. and Silesian 33aube, 'shep-
herd's hut,' are borrowed.
m., ' buffalo, boor, buff (leather),'
from MidHG. biiffel, m., 'ox'; borrowed
from Fr. bufle, Lat. bubalus, Gr. /3ot5/3oXos;
hence also E.
bend, flexure, hock, how (of
a ship),' from MidHG. buoc(g), OHG. buog,
upper joint of the arm, shoulder,
upper joint of the leg, hin, hock' ; comp.
Du. boeg, 'ship's bow,' AS. bdg, bdh, 'ar-
mus, ramus,' E. bough ('the joint of a tree,'
as it were). The Goth, word may have
been *b6gus (from pre-Teiit. bhdghu-s)
comp. Sans, bdhus (for bhdghu-s), 'arm,
fore-arm, fore-feet,' also Gr. iraxw, irijxvt
elbow, fore-arm, bend of the
arm,' Armen. bazulc, 'arm.' On account
of the Aryan base bhdghu-s the derivation
of ModHG. 33ug from biegen (root bug, pre-
Teut. bhuk), is impossible. The ancient
terms for parts of the body, such as 9lnn,
erj, Staff, Stiere, &c, are based upon
obscure roots, of which we find no further
trace anywhere ; they belong, in fact, to
the most primitive vocabulary of Aryan

gSugfprief, n., from the equiv.

Du. boegspriet; comp. the equiv. MidE.
bouspret, E. bowsprit (Fr. beaupre").
^MxqcI, m., 'curve, arc, guard (of a
gun),' ModHG. only, derived from biegett
(OTeut. baug, 'ring,' corresponding to ugef
from OTeut. haug)
comp. Du. beugel,
hoop, stirrup.'
"gjurjel, fKitr>I, m., from the equiv.
MidHG. biihel, OHG. bull, buhil, m., ' hill'
it is probably rightly referred to the Aryan
root bhuk, bhUg,
to bend.' See biegcn and
2;{uf)fe, m., 'lover, paramour,' from
MidHG. buole, in., 'near relative, lover,
; likewise MidHG. buole, f.,
(OHG. Buolo, m., as a mascu-
line name only)
the implied correspon-
dences in the cognate Teut. dialects are
not recorded. It is scarcely disputable,
however, that a primit. Germ, word lies
at the base of 33iU)tf. Since 33ube in Up
Germ, dialects signifies 'lover' also, it is
perhaps connected with 33lU)lf, which may
be a term of endearment formed from it,
IMubnc, f., 'stage, gallery, orchestra,'
from MidHG. biine, biiu, f., 'ceiling of a
room (a meaning still preserved in Swiss),
board, lath
; the latter is at all events the
primary meaning. Perliaps AS. binii,
box,' E. bin, are allied by gradation to
MidHG. biine. The origin of the words
lias not yet been explained.
Buh ( 43 ) Bur
j8fibrc, f->
' bed-tick,' ModHG. only,
from LG. biire; probably cognate with Fr.
coarse stulIV
Hi ulQC (Swiss, also 93u%jf), f., ' leather
water-pail,' from MidHG. bulge OHG.
balga, leather bag
; MidE. and E. bilge,
bulge, from *bylcge. The cognates are allied
to Salg (Goth, balgs, 'leather bottle, bag'),
MidLat. bulga.
-guile (1.),
m^'bull,' MidHa only,
from the equiv. LG, bulk; comp. Du. bid,
bol, E. bull (in AS. only the deriv. bulluca,
'bullock,' appears); akintoOIa&ofe, 'bull'
Lith. bullus is not a cognate
root bel in
Wltn ?.
HJutlc (2.),
f^ ' bottle,' first occurs at a
late period in ModHG., corrupted from
buttel, Fr. bouteille.
guile (3.),
bull, papal edict,' from
MidHG. bulle, f., 'seal, document, bull'
(AS. bulle, E. bull, ModFr. bulle). From
Lat. bulla, lit.
water bubble,' then
knob (on a door),' finally 'a ball attached
as a seal to documents' ; whence also 93i((.
bumbfew, vb., 'to bounce,' ModHG,
only ; a recent onomatopoetic word.
bummeln, vb., ' to dangle,' simply Mod
HG. from LG. bummeln; an onomatopoetic
word of recent origin.
Hjunb, m^ from the equiv. MidHG,
bond, fetter^ confederacy
; re-
lated to binbett.
"gSfittbel, n.,. 'bundle,, parcel,' ModHG.
only, though existing in AS. (byndel,. E.
; related to binben. See the pre-
vious word.
bunbtft, adj., 'binding,, valid, terse,' not
from MidHG. biindec, 'firmly bound,' but
formed from Du. bondig, 'binding, firm'
the latter word is akin to biufccn.
buitf,. a<lj., 'gay, mottled, variegated,' a
MidG. and LG. word (for which geflerft,
gefprecfelt, &c, are used in UpG.), from the
equiv. MidHG, bunt (inflected bunter)
; nt
shows that the word caunot have been
handed down from OHG., for nt in OHG.
would have become nd in Mid HG. Akin to
MidLG. bunl, MidDu. bout, also with -nt-.
SMutt was borrowed in the MidHG. period
the MidHG. signification, ' with black spots
on a white ground' (ModHG. bunt is Mid
HG. missevar), supports the view that it
was borrowed from MidLaUpMndus^'dotted^
spotted' (for the loss of the medial c comp.
Ital. punto, 'point,' as well as Sinte). In
spite of this explanation the absence of the
word in Rom. is remarkable. On account
of the earlier reference to fur-skin (Mid
HG,and WuXLG.bunt, n., also signifies 'fur-
skin'), MidLat. mus ponticut, 'ermine,' lias
been suggested, the meaning of which
would suit excellently were there no ob-
jection to the form of the expression.
"ghtttJCtt, 'gjuttjef, in.,' punch, stamp,'
from MidHG. punze
'burin, chisel' ; the.
latter word is borrowed from Rom. (Ital.
pwnaone, Fr. poingon
Lat. punctionem),
whence also E. punch, punchvon, puncher.
"jliuroe, f., 'burden, load,' from the
equiv. MidHG, biirde, OHG. burdi, f.
it corresponds to Goth, baurfcei,
; AS. byr}>cn, f., E. burthen, burden,
have an n suffix ; allied to OTeut. beran,
to carry.' See SBaljre.
jBurg, f., 'stronghold, citadel, castle,
fortified town,' from MidHG. burc(g),
OHG. burg, burug, f., 'enclosed, fortified
place, stronghold, castle, town.' Comp.
OSax. burg, Du. burg, AS. burh (plur. byrg),
E. borough, bury, burrow (especially in com-
pounds), Goth. baurgSi In the OTeut.
dialects 93urg corresponded to the modern
town, Ulfilas translated ir6\is by baurgs.
According to the Germania of Tacitus, the
Teutons had no urbes, but their oppida
were mentioned as early as Caesar (De Bell.
Gall). With Gr. irvpyos, 'tower,' the OTeut.
Surg accords neither in form nor meaning.
The OTeut. word appears strangely enough
in Armen. as burgn, and in Arab, as burg,
which probably owed their immediate
origin to late Lat. burgus (whence the
Ronx words Ital. borgo^wbourg, 'market-
; so too Olr. borg, 'town'). In this
sense the word is solely Teut.,and belongs
with 33erg to an Aryan bhr-gh-, which also
appears in Olr. bri (gen. brig),
hill,' but scarcely to the verbal stem of
bcrgetu The words for 'town' were not
formed until the separate Aryan tribes
ceased their wanderings and became per-
manent settlers; comp. also arten.
H5urgc, m., 'surety, bail,' from the
equiv. MidHG. biirge, OHG. burigo, m.
We may assume a Goth *bafrrg!a, which
would, however, be distinct from bafirgja,
citizen.' OIc. d-byrgjast,
to become bail.'
Allied to bcrgen ; the root is pre-Teut.
bhergh, with the orig. sense
to take care
of, heed.'
HJltrfd)c, m., 'fellow, apprentice, stu-
dent,' properly identical with ModHG.
93crff, from MidHG. burse, f., 'purse,
money-bag, society, house belonging to a
( 49 )
society, especially to a students' society.'
From the last meaning, prevalent in the
15th cent, the ModHG. acceptation of
93ttrfdje (s after r became sch, as in 9lrfd),
Jpirfd)) was developed, just a3 perhaps
grauenjimmer from ^wueitgemad) ; comp. the
existing phrase aUt$ $aut among students,
AS. geogofi.
a company of young people,'
similar to E. youth.
jJ3urffe, f.', 'brush,' from MidHG.taVste,
f., a deriv. of 93etjre ; the equiv. E term is,
however, of Rom. origin (Fr. brosse).
"gSltrjel, m.,

purslane,' from MidHG.
and OHG. burzel, corrupted from the corre-
sponding Lat. portulaca.
jJBitrael, m.,
hinder part of an animal,
buttocks, brush (of a fox),, scut,' &c ; Mod
HG. only
allied to btrqeln, purjeln?..
blXt^eltt, vb., 'to tumble head over
heel*,' from the equiv. MidHG. bilrzen,
burzeln; the word cannot be traced farther
gSufcf), m., 'bush, thicket, plume (of a
helmet),' from MidHG. busch, bosch, OHG.
base, m.,
bush, shrubbery, thicket, wood,
cluster'; comp. E. bush, Du. bos, 'cluster/
copse,' bussel,
cluster.' There are
similar forms in Rom., Ital. bosco, Fr. bois,
which are traced back to a MidLat. buscus,
boscus.Allied to 3ufcf)cl, 'cluster,'' from
MidHG. biischel, m.
jJStife, f.,
herring-boat,! not from Mid
HG. buze, OHG. buzo (z for ts), but from
the equiv. Du. buis, to which OIc. btiza,,
AS. butse (in butsecearlas), E. buss, also cor-
respond. There are similar words in Rom.
MidLat. buza, bussa, OFr.. busse, buce.
The origin of the cognates is probably not
to be sought for in Teut. ; the source
whence they were borrowed is uncertain.
"jSltfen, m
'bosom,' from the equiv.
MidHG. baosen, buosem, OHG. buosam,
buosum, m.. ; comp. OSax. b6sm
Du. boezem,
AS. bfism, E_ bosom; in East-Teut. (Goth.,
Scand.) the corresponding word (Goth.
*b6sma-) is wanting. It may perhaps be
allied to 93ug, MidHG. buoc,
arm,, shoulder'
(pre-Teut. bli&ghu-)
but since a pre-Teut.
b/idghsmo, bhdlcsmo- does not occur in the
cognate languages,, nothing can be cited in
favour of that explanation
at all events,
9)uieit is not allied to biegen..
Citric, f., 'bust,' ModHG. only, from
Fr. buste.
"gUtfjaar, "gSuflTarb, m., 'buzzard';
the first form is a popular corruption
of the second, which first occurs in Mod
HG., from Fr. busard,
mouse-hawk, buz-
^iUtfjc, f, 'penance, atonement,' from
MidHG. buoy, OHG. buo$a, f., 'spiritual
and legal atonement, compensation, relief
OSax. b6ta, 'healing, relief; AS. Ut, E.
boot ('use, gain, advantage'); also E. bote
(' wergeld \jirebote, firtboot (' a free supply
of fuel
housebote (' prison expenses,' then
'a free supply of wood for repairs and
Goth. b6ta,
use.' Under the cog-
nate adjs. beffer, beft (comp. biien in iiidtn
bufjen, 'to repair,' OHG. buozzen; AS.
bstan), will be found the necessary remarks
on the evolution in meaning of the stem
bat contained in these words. Comp, ergu-
tett, 'to make atonement, give compensa-
tion' (@rfa{s) ;
denotes a substitute
of equal worth. Comp. also eha3 gut
tnadjen, 'to make good a loss,' &c. See
"gBuffc, f., 'flounder,' first occurs in
ModHG., from LG. butte; comp. the corre-
sponding Du. bot, MidE. but. Origin ob-
~$&ltile, f., from the equiv.
MidHG. biite, biilte, biiten, OHG. butin, f.,
tub, butt' ; the cognate LG. and E. words
contain an abnormal medial t; AS. bi/tt,
'flagon,' E. butt, OIc. bytta. These indi-
cate that the HG. word was borrowed in
the OHG. period, when the shifting of t to
tz was already accomplished. In the cog-
nates the meaning varies, 'leather pipe,
cask,' just as in the Rom. class from which
they were borrowedSpan, bota,
pipe,' Fr. botte, 'butt.' To OHG. butin
(MidLat. butina), MidHG. biiten, the Mod
HG.deriv. uttnev (from MidHG. biitencere),
cooper ' (likewise a frequent surname), is
also related.
battel, m., 'beadle,, jailer,' from Mid
HG. biitel, OHG. butil, m., 'a messenger
of the law
; comp. AS. bydel,
E. beadle (which is based both on the AS.
bydel and on a MidE. word of Rom. origin

MidLat. bedellus, ModFr. bedeau,

') ;
allied to butcit.
gutter, f., 'butter,' from the equiv.
MHG. buter, f., m., late OHG. butera, f.
the same medial dental appears in Du.
boter, AS. bntere, E. butttr. This necessi-
tates the assumption that the HG. word
was first introduced into Germanyabout the
10th cent It is derived, though changed
in gender (btr Sutter, however, is com n ion
to the UpGer. dialects), from the Rom.-
50 ) Dal
MidLat. butyrum (whence Fr. beiirre, lta'..
burro), late Gr.-Scyth. poCrrvpo*. Yet the
art of muking butter was known in Ger-
many ere the introduction of the term
from the South of Europe. Butter was
called Slnff, as is still the case in Alem.
comp Slnfe and Jterne
perhaps the process
in tne south was different, and with the
new method came the new term. The art
of. making cheese may have found its way
earlier, even before the middle of the 9th
cent., from the South of Europe to the
North. See Jtdfe.
^JufjCtt, m., 'core, snuff (of candles).'
first occurs in ModHG. ; cognate with the
equiv. Swi-s bake, f. (batzi, bdtzgi). Ths
structure of the word resembles ModHG.
(dial.) rofcen ;
see under @rieb6. Probably,
therefore, SSufeeu represents *bugze, *bHgu^
(Swiss b&ke, from *bauggj6) 1.
See &.
b<X, adv
., 'there, then, since,' from the
equiv. MidHG. ddr, dd, OHG. ddr ; the
loss of the final r (Car still remained in
ModHG. ;
see bar) is seen also in other
advs. : MidHG. sd, from OHG. sd, sdr,
'soon, at once' (cognate with E. soon),
comp. o. AS. fxfsr, E. there, corresponds
to OHG. ddr; Goth, par (instead of the
expected form *}>$r). The adv. is formed
from the OTeut. demonstr. pron.
to-, described under ber ; the r of OHG.
ddr and Goth. J>ar appears in OInd. tdrhi,
'at that time' (hi is an enclitic particle
like Gr.
; comp. also Sans, kdrhi. 'when,'
under ivo. As to the variation of demonst.
and relat. meanings in ba, see ber.
~Q<t<f), n.,
roof, cover, shelter,' from
MidHG. dach, n., 'roof, covering, ceiling,
awning,' OHG. dah; it corresponds to AS.
roof,' E. thatch, OIc. f>ak; Goth. *}>ak,
roof,' is wanting, the term used being
hrdt, the primit. Teut. term for
roof,' allied
to 5)ecfm. The art of constructing houses
(see under iebel, Sirjt, Sqm&, Sbi'ir, Sd?n?ellf,
iemte, 3itnmer, &c.) was not yet developed
when the Teutons were migrating from
East to West ; hence most of the technical
terms are peculiar to Teutonic. The pri-
mary meaning of the word ad) is ap-
parent, since it is formed by gradation
from a Teut. root J?ek, Aryan teg, 'to
cover' ; Lat. tego, tegere; Gr. riyos, n.,
roof ;
the same stage of gradation as in
HG. 35adj is seen in Lat. toga ('the covering
Lat. tuyurium,
hut' The same
root appears in Gr. with a prefix s, <jriy<*,
cover,' ffriyij, 'roof,' as well as in Lith. ttdjas,
roof,* Ind. sthdgdmi,
I cover.' Hence
the HG. 3)adj, like the equiv. Gr.
ariyri, Lith. st6gas (akin to stigti,
cover'), signifies properly 'the covering
Pctdjs, m., 'badger,' from the equiv.
MidHG. dalis, OHG. aahs, m.
edly a genuine Teut. word, like %\\&)t,
33ad)i3, though it cannot be authenticated in
the non-Germ, languages (Du. and LG. das).
It was adopted by Rom. (MidLat. taxus,
ItaL tasso, Fr. taisson). It is probable that
the animal, specially characterised by its
winter burrow, received its name from the
Aryan root teks, 'to construct.' In OInd.
the root takS properly signifies
to con-
struct skilfully, make, build' (a carriage,
pillars of an altar, a settle), while the
name of the agent formed from it

denotes 'carpenter, worker in wood.'
To the same root belong Gr. t6$ov,
carpenter ' ;
in Teut. also OHG.
d'ehsala, MidHG. dehsel,
hatchet, axe.'
"Dad)foI. f., 'box on the ear'; like
Dfyrfeige, properly a euphemism used in
jest for a blow. a(fytel is an older (Mid
HG.) form for battel. Comp. further the
term Jtopfniifff, 'blows on the head,' the
orig. sense of which expresses, of course,
something different from what is usually
understood by the word. See
baf)lett, vb., 'to talk nonsense,' from
the LG. ; comp. E. to dally (the initial d
indicates that the word was borrowed),
which is traced back to OIc Jyyljoy 'to
palles, m., 'destruction, ruin,' Jew.;
properly the Jewish winding-sheet worn
on the great 'day of atonement' (hence
orig. 'to wear the Sa(U$')> from Hebr.
taltth. According to others, the word is
based on Hebr. dalhlt, 'poverty.'
bctmcxlo, adv.,
at that time, then,' Mod
HG. only. In MidHG. the expression is
des mdles,
at that time.' See 9JJat.
Pamafl, n., 'damask,' early ModHG.,
derived, like Du. damast, E. damask, from
Rom. (coinp. Fr. damas, Ital. damasto)
based on the name of the city 2)amcu5fu3.
Pambocfe, Pambjrfd), m.,
in ModHG. often written amm; in the
attempt to find some cognate for this un-
intelligible word. MidHG. tdme, from
OHG. tdmo, ddmo, m.
; the word is of Lat.
origin, ddma (Fr. daim, m., daine, f.). It
is remarkable that in AS. the labial nasal
is lostAS. dd, E. doe
perhaps the latter
is of genuine Teut. origin. The initial d
of the ModHG. word is due to the Lat.
original, or to LG. influence.
Qambrett, n., 'draught-board,' for
amcnbrett, from 2)ame, which was first
borrowed by ModHG. from Fr. dame (Lat.
bamifd), b&xnlidf, adj.,
dull, drowsy,
crazy,' ModHG. only
; a MidG. and LG.
word (Bav. damiS, taumif) ; from a Teut.
root pirn, equiv. to Sans, tarn (tdmyali),
k'et tired, out of breath,' whence Lat timu-
lentus, 'drunk.' Probably allied to the
cognates of bamment.
famm, m., ' dam, dike, mole,' MidHG.
tam(mm) ; the d of the ModHG. word com-
pared with the t of MidHG. points to a
recent borrowing from LG. ; comp. Uu. and
E. dam (a bank), OIc. dammr. Goth, has
only the deriv. faurdammjan, 'to embank,
hinder ' ;
akin to AS. demman, E. to dam,
ModHG. bamnmt.
b&mmevn, vb., ' to grow dusk, dawn,'
from MidHG. demere, f. (also even MidHG.
dememnge', f.), OHG. demar, n., 'crepuscu-
lum,' a deriv. of a Teut. root f>em, Aryan
to be dusk ' (see also bamifdj). OSax.
preserves in the Hrliand the cognate adj.
thimm, 'gloomy'; allied to MidDu. and Mid
LG. deemster,
dark.' Apart from Teut. the
assumed root tern, meaning
to grow dusk,'
is widely diffused ; Sans, tama*, 'darkness
(exactly corresponding to OHG. demar),
tamrds, 'obscuring, stilling' ; tdmisrd, f.,
dark night ' ;
Ir. temel,
darkness,' temen,
dark grey.' With the latter words Lat.
darkness,' is connected (br in Lat.
from sr ; n for m on account of the follow-
ing labial, a process of differentiation)
OSlov. tima,
darkuess,' Lith. tamsu.*,

dark,' tamsa, f.,

dusk,' te'mti,
to grow
dusk.' In the earlier Germ, periods we
have further MidHG. dinster, OHG. din-
star, which are so related to Sans, tdmisrd,
night,' and Lat. tenebrw, as to imply a
Goth, Jrinstra- as an adj. stem ; in that case
t lias intruded between * and r, as in @djtt*-
fter. With regard to MidHG. dinster comp.
also ModHG. biifler and ftttjler.
Dantpf, m., ' vapour, steam,' from Mid
HG. damp/, tampf, m.,
vapour, smoke
tampf seems to have been the strictly HG.
allied to the equiv. OIc. dampe, E.
and Du. damp,
moisture' ; not recorded in
the earlier periods. Formed by gradation
from a str. vb.MidHG. dimpfen,
to fume,
smoke,' which has disappeared in ModHG.;
its factitive, however, still existsbampftii,
MidHG. dtmpfen, orig. sense,
to cause to
smoke,' i.e.
to stifle (it fire).' See also
bumpf ; buttfel may also be allied to it.
Pcmh, m.,
thanks, acknowledgment,
recompense,' from the equiv. MidHG. and
OHG. danc, m. ; corresponds to Goth, pagks
(panfo), AS. J>anc, E. thanks; Etymologi-
cally anf is simply
thinking,' hence
sentiment merely, not expressed in deeds.'
See benfen, biinfett.
barm, adv., from the equiv. MidHG. and
OHG. danne, 'then, at that time, in such
a case, thereupon'
properly identical with
benn ; in MidHG. and OHG. danne is used
indill'erently for benn and batttt. AS. fconne,
Jjoenne, E. then. The OTeut adv. is based
on the pronominal stem J>a- (comp. ber)
yet the mode of its formation is not quite
clear. Comp. ba, ber, and the following
bcmttOtt, adv., only preserved in the
phrase Men baiuien, 'thence, from thence'
MidHG. dannen, OHG. dannana, danndn,
and dandn, 'inde, illinc' ; AS. jxinon, E.
thence. Fur Goth. *J>anana the word ]>a]>r6,
formed from the same root, was used.
bar, adv., 'there,' etymologically iden-
tical with ba (whence the compounds baran,
baritt, barum, &c.), and with OHG. dara,
barbcit, vb.,
to suffer want, famish,'
from MidHG. darhn, OHG. darben, 'to
dispense with, be deficient'; corresponds
to Goth, gajxirban,
to abstain from
; AS.
to be in need of.' The verb is
derived from the same root (J>erf)aa burfm
Dar ( 52 ) D;iu
which see ; iis primary meaning is
to he
in need of.'
Parm, m., 'gut, intestine,' from the
eqniv. MidHG. darm, OHG. daram, m.
eomp. AS. pearm, OFris. therm, Du. darm,
OIc. Jxirmr, m., Swed. and Dan. tarm. Cor-
responds in the non-Teut. languages to Lat.
way,' Gr. rprjua,

hole, eye,' Tpdjxu,
'perineum,' from root tar, 'to traverse.'
Hence the orig. sense of arm was pro-
passage.'Allied to the collective
(Sebaritt (ModHG.), n., 'entrails,' from
the equiv. MidHG. gederme, OHG. gider-
mi, n.
PatTC, f.,
kiln for drying fruit, malt,
<fec.,' from the equiv. MidHG. darre, OHG.
darra, f. ;
akin to MidLG. darre, iSwed.
(dial.) tarre: like benen, burr, from an,
OTeut. root pern, pre-Teut. ters, upon which
are based ModHG. 35nrjt, buvjten, with a
specialised meaning. The root ters appears
in Gr., 'to become dry,' repaalvu,
to dry
; in relation to ModHG. 2)arre the
equiv. rapaos and rapaia, '
hurdle for dry-
ing fruit,' deserve special notice. The
words connected with the root ters are cited
under utjl, since they, like iDurjt, have
been similarly restricted in meaning. Lat.
torreo, for *torseo, corresponds in form and
idea to ModHG. borren ; comp. further
Lat. torris,
firebrand,' torridas,
From Teut. ]>arrian, Fr. tarii;
to dry up,'
is derived. See bevren, burr, urji.
conj., 'that,' from MidHG. and
OHG. day, corresponds to OLG. and E.
that, Goth, fiata; etymologically identical
with ba#, the neut. article. See bcr.
Paifd, f., 'date' (fruit), from MidHG.
datel, tatel, taiele, f. ; from Rom.,Fr. datte,
Ital. dattilo, the primary source of which
isGr. 5dim>\os, ' date ' (comp. Sltticfy) ; hence
too Du. dadel, E. date.
Pttltbc, f., akin to the equiv. MidHG..
dilge, f.,
; the ModHG. b compared
\yitli MidHG.
shows that the modern
word cannot be a continuation of the Mid
IIG. form. UpGer. has preserved the word
dauge, corresponding to MidHG. dlLge;
comp. Du. duij, 'stave.' OIc. J>Afa,
entrenchment, rampart,' does not appear
to be related. In Rom. is found a word pho-
netically allied and equiv. in meaning

Fr. douve, 'stave

(but also
; hence
this is connected with the OIc. word
quoted) ; it was most likely borrowed from
Du. or LG. The Scand. ]>itfa and the
MidHG. dtige look very much like Teut.
words whether they are allied or not. We
cannot possibly derive MidHG. duge from
Gr. 5oxi},
receptacle.' Respecting the per-
mutation of b
see Urcmbe.
fcetuern (1.),
to last, endure,' from
the eqniv. MidHG. dAren, tilren, from Lat.
a-Amre (Fr. dunr). >auer, f., is simply a
ModHG. form from banerit. E. to dure
(endure) conies from Fr. durer.
bauetn (2.), bcoaucrn, vb., 'to cause
pity, sorrow, regret
; the initial d indicates
that the vb. was borrowed from MidG. and
LG., for the MidHG. form was tHren; mich
ttiret ein ding or eines dinges,
that appears
to me to be (too) expensive, dear' ; tilren is
related by gradation to tetter, MidHG. tiure
for the change from 4 to iu comp. trauna,
with AS. dreOiig, E. dreary. It is remark-
able that the verb, which, judging by its
gradation, must be very old, is utterly
wanting in the older dialects.
Pcumten, m., ' thumb,' from the equiv.
MidHG. and MidLG. ddme, OHG. dUmo,
m. ; comp. Du. duim, AS. fiAma, E. thumb
OIc. purnall, pumalfingr. The same deriv.
with the suffix I is seen, but with a change
of meaning, however, in AS. ]>t/mel, E.
thimble (Goth. */}Ama). This word ' thumb
is consequently common to the Teut group;
even the other fingers had each its special
name in the OTeut. period. The AS. terms
middefinger, midlesta finger, se goldfinger, se
lltla finger, are in complete accord with
ModHG. SMittelftttget (middle-finger), elb-
ftnger (ring-finger), and ber Heine gtncjer (the
little-finder), respectively. These terms
are not formed, therefore, like aumeii from
an old independent stem ;
in this way
JDaumcn is proved to be primit., though ety-
mologically it is not quite clear ; the pre-
Teut. form may have been *tHmon, perhaps
akin to tiimeo, 'to swell'?. In that case
2)iiumen would be equiv. to 'swollen fin-
ger'; comp. also Sans, tumrd-s, as 'greasy,
fat, vigorous,' and t&tuma-s, 'strong,' Zend
strong,' with Lat. tum-eo. Gr. tv\<k,
Tv\rj(S), 'callosity, swelling, knob, hump,'
are based upon a root tU, while the Lat.
cognates point to turn. The orig. sense of
both may have been
to swell, be thick.'
Paunc, Punc, f., 'down,' ModHG.
only, from the equiv. LG. d-Ane, f.
; comp.
OIc. dtmn, m., E. down. Hence the initial
dental proves that the ModHG. word U of
LG. origin, for since the Scand. and Eng.
words begin with d, a genuine HG. word
would necessarily have an initial t. The
( 53 ) Dei
origin of Scand. dunn is obscure. See
(Sicer, glaum.
"$ClU5, n., 'deuce (of dice), ace (of
cards),' from MidHG. d4s, ids, with the
same meanings
; late OHG. d&s. From a
Rom. word originating in the Lat. duo;
OFr. dous (ModFr. deux, Prov. duas, from
Lat. *duos for duo), whence E. deuce. Dice-
playing was a favourite amusement even
among the Teutons described by Tacitus
24) ;
unfortunately, however, we
can gather nothing from his brief remarks
88 to the details and technical terms (but
seegcfallen, unb, <8au) of the OTeut. game
the words died out at an early period, and
with the new games from the South new
Row, words have been introduced. See
2lfj, Sreff, bcppcltt.
Pedjctttf, ni., 'dean,' from MidHG. de-
chent, tecltant(d), MidHG. and OHG. techdn
from Lat. dScdnus, whence also Ital. decano,
Fr. doyen (E. dean).
Peq)er, m.,
a tale of ten hides,' from
the equiv. MidHG. techer, decker, m. n.
borrowed by MidHG. from Lat. decuria.
f., 'cover, ceiling, disguise,' from
MidHG. declce, f.,
cover, covering, cover-
ing up'; OHG. de.chi, related to the fol-
lowing word.
OCdtCtt, vb., 'to cover, screen,' from the
equiv. ModHG dpiken, OHG. decchan; the
latter (with cch- from kj) from *pakjan,
which was most likely the Goth, form
comp. AS. p$ccan (obsolete in E.) ; OIc,
to cover.' pakjan is a deriv. of the
Aryan root teg (discussed under 5)ad)),
which appears with the same meaning in
Lat. tegere, Gr. <r-T4yeiv, Sans, sthagdmi. A
str. vb. pekan corresponding to tego, areyu,
is nowhere recorded within the Teut. group
the wk. vb. has assumed its function.
ocftig, adj., ModHG. only, from LG.
deftig; the latter, with E. daft, AS. gedceft^
'mild, meek, gentle' (Goth, gadaban, 'to
be fitting
and perhaps with HG. tapfer, is
derived from a Teut. root dab, dap. See
PcflCtt (1.),
valiant warrior' ; it is
not etymologically a sort of figurative sense
of !X)egen (-2.), though the tendency of Mod
HG. is to regard it thus, in such expres-
sions as alter Jpaubeacn, ' a practised swords-
man,' &c. While SDecjen, 'sword,' first ap-
pears in the 15th cent., 2>a,en, ' hero,' is an
OTeut. word, which is wanting in Goth.
(*pigns) only. Comp. OHG. degan, AS.
retainer, attendant,' E. thane (from
pegn) ; MidHG. degen,
hero.' There is no
phonetic difficulty in connecting these
cognates (Goth, pigna-, from telend-), as is
usually done, with Gr. riKvov,
child '
; the
difference in sense may be paralleled by
AS. magu,
boy, son, servant, man.' But
since pegn was already an established tech-
nical term in the OTeut. system, we must
in preference regard
vassal' as the primary
sense of the word. We have too in Goth.
puis (stem piua-) for pigicd-, 'servant,
attendant' (AS. p.o, pe6w, OHG. diu; see
S)inte and bteitcn), a more suitable connect-
ing link. Moreover, pegn, eo,eu, would,
if cognate with rin-vov, be related to tUtu,
to give birth to,' roicevs,
begetter,' tokos,
'birth,' and Sans, takman, 'child.'
PcflCtt (2.),
m., 'sword,' first occurs in
late MidHG, see iSeom (1.);
from Fr.
bcifXXClX, vb.,
to stretch, extend,
lengthen,' from MidHG. and OHG. denen,
dennen, wk. vb.,
to stretch, draw, strain'
comp. Goth, vfpanjan, 'to extend'; AS.
penian, pennan,
to stretch.' The Goth.
panjanis a deriv. of a str. vb. *penan, like
to cover,' from a str. vb. *p'ekan
(Lat. tego)
panja and pena are primit.
cognate with Gr. reivw. The root ten is
widely diffused in the Aryan group. Sans,
root tan,
to strain, widen, extend (of time),
endure'; tdntu-s, m., 'thread,' tdnti-*, f.,
'line, rope' ; Gr. rdvu, T&vvuai, rdais, rivuv,
sinew,' raivia, 'strip'; OSlov. teneto, ten-
cord,' Lat. tinus,
cord,' Lith. tinklas,
net.' The idea of extension is shown
also by the root ten (Lat. teneo, tendo) iu
an old Aryan adj. ; see burnt and ctme.
A figurative sense of the same root is seen
iu bomtern ; the evolution of meaning may
Pcid), m., 'dike'; MidHG. tick, m.
since the HG. word would, according to
phonetic laws, begin with t, we must sup-
pose that it has been influenced, like
JDamvf perhaps, by LG. ; comp. LG. dlk,
Duw dijk, AS, dtc, E. dike. Respecting their
identity with HG. cid) and E. dilce ('a
see eidj.
Pctcr)fcf (1.),
f., ' pole, thill, shaft,' from
the equiv. MidHG. dthsel, OHG. dihsala, f.
comp. Ola pisl, AS. ptxl, ptsl, Du. di&sel,
OLG. tltlsla, f. It has no Connection with
E. thill, which is related rather to ModHG,
iclf. A word peculiar to the Teut. dialects,
and of obscure origin
perhaps Lat. temo,
pole, shaft,' is primit. allied (if it represents
Dei ( 54 ) Devi
teixnio; comp. Ala from *axla, under Sldjftl).
Tlie Aryans had learnt the way to build
wiiggons in their Asiatic home ere they
separated into different tribes : this is
proved by the words 3cd), 91abe, ?ab,
Pcid)fcl (2.).
'adze' ;
comp. MidHG.
d'elisel, OHG. dehsala,
axe, hatchet' ; from
a Teut. root />e/', equiv. to Aryan te&s.
Comp. OSlov. tesati, 'to hew,' Lith. taszyti,
to hew, fashion with an axe,' Sans, tatean,
'carpenter' (see under J'acbe). The ei of
the ModHG. word is based upon a variant
fit/is, which is MidG. and LG.
HG. dialects preserve the old e.
bcxxx, pronom. adj.,
thy,' from the
equiv. MidHG. and OHG. din, corresponds
to Goth. }>eins
AS. pin, E. thy, thine; re-
lated to bu.
pemattf, Ptamanf, m., 'diamond,
adamant,' from the equiv. MidHG. dia-
mant, dtemant, from Fr. diamant, Ital.
diamante (Lat. adamantem).
Pcttiut, f., ' submissiveiiess, humility,'
from the equiv. MidHG. demuot, diemuot,
diemiiete, OHG. deomuoti,
gentleness, modesty.' The correctly de*
veloped form from the OHG. deomuoti
would be ModHG. 5)iemute ; the present
form is due partly to LG. influence, partly
to its having been connected with 9lvtnut
but while in the latter silt is properly a suf-
fix, OHG. deomuoti, f., is a compound. The
second component is a deriv. of OHG.
muot (see QJJut) ; OHG. dio, however, is
Gotli. J>ius (stem piwa- ; comp. bienen,
5)tntf, and also ^ecjen), 'hind, servant';
JDcmut is
the befitting quality of a servant,
the disposition of the attendant.' Neither
the word nor the idea is OTeut. (the Goth,
said hauneins, 'abasement, baseness,' for
2>emut) ; both were introduced by Chris-
betXQeln, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
to sharpen by hammering, beat,
hammer' ; the ModHG. d points, as in the
case of 2)eidj, to a LG. influence
AS. dencgan,
to knock, ding,' E. to ding.
Akin toOHG. tangol, 'hammer'; Golh.*dig-
fficav, 'tostrike,' indicated also by OSwed.
diunt/a, ModSwed. ddnga, is not recorded.
benketl, vb.,
to think, call to mind,
conceive, believe,' from MidHG. de,nlcen,
OHG. deiichen, 'to think, bear in mind,
devise, excogitate'; corresponds to Goth.
Jxiqtyan (}>ankjan),
to consider, ponder,
reflect,' AS. jjencan. E. to think, is an
intermediate form between AS. pelican,
think,' and J>yncan,
to seem.' JDtnfen is
in form a factitive of bihtfen, which was
originally a str. vb., meaning
to seem';
'to make a thing seem' is 'to consider,
ponder.' See biinfen.
bcnrt, conj.,
for,' from MidHG. danne,
denne, OHG. danne, danna
identical witli
bev, art., 'the,' formed from the OHG.
and MidHG. detnonstr. and relat. stem d'e-
comp. Goth. f>a-,
Gr. to-, OInd. ta-. The
details belong to grammar.
bexb, adj., 'compact, stout, blunt, un-
couth,' derived in form from MidHG. derp
unleavened,' but blended in meaning
with a word berbf, bcrb,
worthy, honest
(see bteber), deduced Irom OHG. and Mid
HG. biderb*. MidHG. derp, OHG. derb,
unleavened,' are equiv to OIc.
fceorf, E. therf. ieber is related to bebi.rfett,
but betb, 'unleavened,' on account of its
meaning, cannot belong to the same stem
it is connected rather with the root vcrberben.
befto, adv.,
so much the,' from the
equiv. MidHG. deste, d'est, late UHG. desde
in an earlier form two words, des diu (de$,
gen., diu, instr. of the art.) ; the Goth,
word was simply
(instr. of the art.)
thus, too, AS.
before comparatives, E.
the (the more, bcflo mefjt).
"Qeube, see 2)ieb.
Pcuf, f.,
doit, trifle,' simply ModHG.,
from Du. duit, 'smallest coin' (whence
also E. doit) ; the latter is of Scand. origin
OIc. Jrveit, 'a small coin' (from pvita,
bellien, vb.,
to point, beckon, inter-
pret, explain,' from MidHG diuken, tiuten,
OHG. diuten, vb.,
to show, point, signify,
notify, explain, translate' ; Goth. *piud-
jan- comp. OIc. J>0a. In place of piudjan,
Goth, has a form J>iuJ>jan, 'to praise, laud,'
which, however, is scarcely identical with
beuten. Probably the latter signifies rather
'to make popular'; Jnuda is the Goth,
word for
nation ' (see beutfcfy). Comp. Mid
HG. ze diute, 'distinct, evident,' and 'in
German' (diute, dak sing, of diuti, tiute,
exposition, explanation
; note too
AS. gej>e6de,
language' (as the main charac-
teristic of the nation).
beut fcf),
adj., ' German,' from the equiv.
MidHG. diutsch, tiutsch; the initial d of
the ModHG. and MidHG. words is MidG.,
the earlier form, teutfdj (MidHG. tiutsch),
is UpGer., and was, especially by the Up
Dib ( 55 ) Die
Ger. writers, constantly u?ed till the end
of the last century. OHG. diuti<k (for
MidLat. theodiscus, the earliest records of
the word are in the years 813, 842, 860),
German,' nroperly only
pertaining to the
people' (OSax thiudisca liudi, 'Teutons')
Goth, preserves the corresponding Jriudiskti,
adv., in the sense of 'like a heathen' (in
close connection with Gr. idviK&s). The suf-
fix isle denotes
pertaining to.' The subst.
MidHG. diet, OHG. diot, diota,
upon which this word is based, is pre-
served in such compound proper names
as SJtettid), 2)ctlef, !etmclb, 3)etmat ; as an
independent word it is also obsolete in
Eng. ; AS. J>e6d ;
Goth. Jnuda, f. The
OTeut. subst. is based upon a word

pre-Teut. teutd,
found in many
We>t Aryan languages ; comp. Lith. tautd,
f., 'country,' Lett, tauta, 'people, nation'
Olr. Math, 'people' ; Oscan touto, 'people'
(Livy calls the chief magistrate of the
Campauian towns
medix tuticus'). Thus
the word betttfd) has a singular and com-
prehensive history ; it was used in the
earliest OHG. and MidLat. writings only
of the language (since 845 A.D. Theodisci
occurs also as the name of a people, and
first of all in Italy)
; beutfd), 'popular,' was
the term applied to the native language
in contrast to the Lat. ecclesiastical speech
and the Lat. official phraseology. We
may note E. Butch, because it is restricted
to the language of Holland
till about
1600 A.D. the people of Holland were con-
vinced that their language was German.
oibbcrn, vb., Jew., 'to talk' (espe-
cially in a low voice), from Hebr. dibbdr,
to talk.'
Md)f,adj., 'close, dense/dial, d'icht (Liv.
and Esth.), from MidHG. dthte, 'dense.'
The absence of the diphthong is probably
due to LG., since the word does not occur in
UpGer. (Suab. and Bav.). Corresponds to
Olc. f>Mr,
dense ' (related to Goth. *f>eihts,
as I4ttr,
light,' to Goth, leihts) ;
allied to
the Teut. root fcinh (see gebeifyen), just as
Goth, leihts to the root ling (see gelingen).
E. tight, from MidE. ttht, has an abnormal
t for th initially, probably due to the in-
fluence of Swed. and Dan. tcet; in MidE. the
normal thiht is also found. For another
derivation see btrf.
bidften, vb., 'to invent, imagine, write,
fabricate,' from MidHG. tihten,
to write,
draw up (in writing), compose, invent, ex-
cogitate'; the ModHG. meaning is very
much restricted compared with the fulness
of MidHG. Even in the 16th and 17th
cents, tdjtet (MidHG. tihtcsre) meant gene-
rally 'writer, author,' and was applied to
the prose writer as well as the poet. The
origin of bidden (OHG. tHit6n, 'to write,
from Lat. dictate,
to dictate,'
late Lat. also 'to compose,' may have
favoured the change from ttd)tm to bidden
AS. dihtan, which is of the same origin,
has the further signification
to arrange,
Mdt, adj., 'thick, stout, corpulent,' from
MidHG. die, dicke, adj., 'thick, dense, fre-
quent,' OHG. dicchi, 'thick, dense'; in
Eng. too the double meaning of the adj.
obtains ; comp. Olc. pykkr, pjgklcr, AS.
piece, E. thick. Corresponds to Olr. tiug
(from *tigu),
thick,' so that we must pre-
suppose a Goth. *Jnqus. Beside which the
double sense,
thick, dense,' makes the
kinship with btd)t probable. In OHG. the
meaning 'dense' has been preserved in
2)icfid)t, lit.
a place densely overgrown
(orig. used by sportsmen) ; in MidHG.
dicke is the equiv. term.
Pieb, m.,
thief,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. diep(b), OHG. diob, m.; common to
the Teut. group ; comp. Gth. f>iufs(b), Du.
dief, AS. pedf, E. thi'f. The word cannot
be traced beyond Teut. In the sense of
3Mebflal)l,' E. has a form with a dental
f. (Olc.
f., Goth.
*J>iubiJ>a), E. theft. The form in HG. is
a j- stemOHG. diuba (diuva), MidHG.
diube (dime), earlier ModHG. >eube (as
late as Logan, 1604-1655), which is now
met with only in 2Bilbbeube,
petty poach-
ing.' The latter forms the base of ModHG.
35iebfkfy(, in MidHG. diepstdle and diupstdle
(OSwed. Jnufdolet), lit. 'theft-stealing.'
The second part of the compound expresses
the same idea as the first ; 35teb is simply
the concrete which has replaced the ab-
stract ; comp. Goth. Jriubi, n., and its adv.
form jriubjd, 'secretly.' Besides thema.-c.
Dieb, there existed in OHG. and MidHG.
a feminine form, which in Goth, would
have been *}>iubi; comp. OHG. diupa, Mid
HG. diupe,
female thief.' We must seek
for the primit. word in a pre-Teut. root
with a final
this is proved by OHG.
diuva, MidHG. diuve, f., ' theft ' ;
comp. the
Arvan root tup,
to duck,' under SDudjt.
"Dido, f.,
plank, board,' from MidHG.
dU, dille, f., m., ' board, partition of boards,
boarded floor ' (in LG. vestibule
Die ( 56 ) Din
di/i, 111. (neut, J), dilUi, f., with the same
Originally Teut. peloz, piliz, 11.,
board,' wa3 piljon,
made of boards
comp. AS. pel,
board,' OIc. pilja,
seat' (Finn, teljo 'ship's beam, oar-bench,'
comes from Teut.). Comp. further Du.
deel, 'board, floor,' MidLG. dile, 'board.'
Lith. tile,
plank of a boat,' OSlov. tilo,
ground,' Sans, tala-m,
surface,' seem to
be primit. allied ; also Lat, tellus, 'earth ' ?.
Molten, vb.,
to serve, attend upon, be
of use to,' from the equiv. Mid II G. dienen,
OHG. diondn (OSax. thion6n) ;
comp. Du,
dienen, Goth. *piun6n. The latter is formed
in the same way as reikinSn,
to rule,' from
reih, ' ruler,' fraujin&n, 'to be master of,'
from fravja, 'master' ; that is to say, bienen
is based upon Goth, pius (stem piwa-),
vant, menial.' Comp. AS. pe6w,
OHG. deo,
menial ' (comp. euutt) ;
also a
fern, form, Goth, pirn, OHG. and MidHG.
diu, 'maid-servant'; another similar old
fem. form is ModHG. 3)ivne. The corre-
sponding abstractiStenfr, MidHG. dienest,
m., n., OHG. diondst, n. (comp. OSax. Uio-
nost, n.), is worth noting from the gramma-
tical point of view on account of the suttix
st (comp., also AS. ofost,
haste,' with
the same suilix). From Goth.fraujiassus,
'rule,' piudinassus,
reign,' we should have
expected Goth, frlunassus,
the state of a
servant, service,' that is to say, the Germ.
6uffix -niss for nest. Moreover, before the 10
of Goth, piwa- a
may have disappeared
(comp. ?lue, 9Zicre), so that the Teut. root
was possibly pegw ; in that case the OTeUt.
sword ' (Goth. *pigns), would be-
long to the same stem as btenen and >eo.en.
Ptensfttg, m., ' Tuesday,' a West Teut.
word, which has quite as important a bear-
ing upon the religious views of the Teutons
as Djlern. Originally there were three
names for the day. One contains in the
first component of the compound the name
of the OTeut. god Tin, to whom the day
was sacred
OIc. Tysdagr, AS. Ttwesdcrg,
E. Tuesday, preserve this name in the
gen. (comp. Goth, baurgswaddjus, just as
if 33ura3mauer were used for 33uranianer
see 91ai|ttaa(l). OHG. Zio (OIc Tyr) is a
primit. deity whose worship the Teutons
brought with them from their Asiatic
; it is identical with Or. Zeus (for
Sjevs), gen. At6s (for 5iF6s, hence correspond-
ing to Goth. *Titi8-dags) ; Lat. Jupiter, Jovis
(for *djvis)
Sans. Djdus, gen. Divas; orig.
the word meant simply
sky,' then the shy
personified as a god. Among the Teutons
%\w appears as a god of war
; this change
of meaning is explained by the supposition
that Xtu, corresponding to the Greek Zeus,
was at first regarded simply as the chief
god, but was afterwards connected with
the main occupation of our ancestors, i.e.
war (see fufnt). From Tiu, OHG. Zio,
'Tuesday' in OAlem. is termed (OHG.)
Ziostac,(M.idllG.) Ziestac {Ziestag'm Hebel).
Another appellation is the OBav. Ertuc
(Erchtag), instead of which, on the adop-
tion of Christianity in the east of Suabia,
the word qftermwntig,
after Monday,' was
introduced. In the Franc, and Sax. dia-
lects the term dingestag has existed from
time immemorial, and was at one time in-
correctly thought to mean
court-day ' (see
ing). The latter word, however, is based
rather on an attribute of the OTeut. Tiu,
who in aTeut.-Lat. inscription is designated
Mars Thingsus. Thinx is the Lomb. term
for 35ituj, 'assembly of the people,' hence
Thinxus, the god of the assemblies. Among
the Sax., Fris., and Francon. tribes Tues-
day was sacred to this god
; comp. MidDu.
dinxindach, MidLG. dingsedach, earlier
ModHG. dingsdag.
bicfer, pron., 'this, the latter,' from the
equiv. MidHG. diser, OHG. disir, eailier
desUr; corresponds to AS. pes, E. this. See
the grammars for further details,
Piefrid), m.,
false key
(in UpGer,
9ladjfd)tuffd), occurs late in* MidHG. ; the
age of the word and of its meaning is at-
tested by the loan-word Swed. dyrk (Dan.
dirk), which has the same signification,
and is, like the ModHG. proper name
Deny,' a pet name from JDietricb,
Derrick.' Similarly, instead of
$eterdjen (^etetfen), 'Peterkin,' and JUaih5
(JlloScfyen), 'Nick,' are used, probably be-
cause $eter, 'Peter,' like 35ietrid), 'Der-
rick.' and 9iifclau, ' Nicholas,' are favourite
Christian names, which might serve to veil
(in thieves' slang?) the term 'false key'
(comp. Ital. grimaldelld) The word in
MidHG. is mitesliixxel, OHG. afterslu$yl.
m., 'dill/ In ModHG. the LG.
form is current, just as in the case of $afcr.
MidHG. tille, f., m., is used of the same
umbelliferous plant (anethum), OHG. tilli,
n. ; comp. AS. dile, E. dill
of obscure
thing, matter, transaction/
from MidHG. and OHG. dinc(g), n., ' thing,
matter,' prop, 'judicial proceeding, court-
( 57 ) Don
(for a similar change of meaning
cotup. <&atf)c) ; the corresponding Scand.
ping (thing), meaning
judicial transac-
tion, court-day, court of justice,' is well
known. The OTeut. ping (Lonib. thinx)
is therefore connected with the old mahal,
niapl, as 'assembly of the people' (see
ematjl). In Eng. the subst. (AS. ping,
n., E. tiling) has essentially the ModHG.
meaning ;
but the deriv. pingan, 'to make
a treaty,' pingian, 'to settle, adjust,' and
mediation,' imply also
discussion.' In ModHG. a remnant of the
earlier meaning remained in bitigcn, from
MidHG. 'to hold a court, negotiate, make
a treaty
(whence ModHG. 93ebingung, ' sti-
pulation '), and specially
to conclude a bar-
uaiQj buj", hire' (also generally 'to talk,'
like AS. pingian,
to talk
; so, too, in
ttcvtfycibiijen, 2>tcuStag. Hence the primary
meaning of the subst. is
public transac-
tion in the folk-moot,' lit. 'term' ; this is
supported by Goth, peihs,
time,' from pre-
Teut. te'nkos (equal to Lat. tempus). The
Aryan base of Lomb. thinx, OHG. ding,
is tenkos. The OBulg. teza, f., 'judicial
transaction,' is of Teat origin.
PutucI, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
dinkel, OHG. dinchil, m.,
bearded wheat,
; of obscure origin.
Phtfc, see Sinte.
Pipfam, m.,
dittany,' from the equiv.
MidHG. didam, diptam; borrowed from
Gr. dlTTTa/ju/os.
Pinte, f.,
lass, hussy, wench ' (not
found in UpG.), from MidHG. dime,
dierne, OHG. diorna, 'maid-servant, girl,
wench.' Comp. Du. deem, OSax. thiorna,
OIc. perna, f. ; in Goth, probably *piwair-
n6; comp. widuvcairna, 'orphan,' orig. sense
widow's son.' Thus, too, *piioalr-
nd, 'menial's, thrall's daughter, who is
therefore herself a slave, i.e. a servant.'
The deriv. syllable is a diminutive sufiix
(comp. (S'id)f)cni) ; the stein is indisputably
menial.' For further cognates, see
bieucn, JDeijnt.
pi ft cl, f,
thistle,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. distel, m. and f., OHG. distila, f., distil,
m. ; corresponds to Du. and LG. distel, AS.
pistel, E. thistle, OIc. pistell. Modern LG.
and Eng. dialects have t in the accented
hence the root is ptst ?. Akin
to Goth, wiga-deind, 'milk-thistle'?.
Pdbel, m., 'peg, wedge,' from MidHG.
tiibel. m.,
pin, plug, nail
; OHG. tubilt,
D., 'plug' Comp. E. dowel, Du. deuvik,
plug.' The Teut. root dub, upon which
it is based, appears in Swed. dubba; so,
too, perhaps in Litb. dubti,
to get hollow,'
daubd, diibt,
pit.' The d of the ModHG.
word is due to MidG. influence.
bod), conj.,
vet, however,' from Mid
HG. doch, OHG odh, 'yet,' also
on account of the toneless nature of the
conj., is shortened from 6 ;
Goth, pduh, cor-
responding to AS. p-d/i, E. though. Scarcely
from pa (variant of pata, HG. da$) and vJi,
and.' Goth, pauh is lit.
and that' 1.
Pod)f, m, ' wick.' The strictly ModHG.
form should be dacht, which is still dialec-
tal, as well as the variant tacht, with the t
as in taufeiib. MidHG. and OHG.
laid, m. n. ; comp. OIc. pdttr,
wick.' A Teut. root, pel), pig, still ap-
pears in Swiss dcegel,
wick,' Bav. ddlien,
Alsat. doclie,
wick.' In the non-Teut.
languages no primit. root tek has as yet been
found. For another OTeut. term for Sedjt,
see under 5Biecf)e.
Podt, n.,
dock,' simply ModHG ; from
the equiv. E. dock, the origin of which is
very obscure. From E. and Du. (dok) the
word was adopted by Swed., Dan., Mod
HG., and ModFr.
Potfte, f., 'doll,' from MidHG. tocke,
f., 'doll,' also ' young girl,' OHG. toccha,
doll.' The word is not found in the
oldest periods of the other dialects, nor
can the ModHG. meanings, 'skein, yam,'
be authenticated from MidHG., OHG., and
the early stages of connate languages
there is no reason to doubt the real Teut.
origin of the word.
f, 'bulldog, mastiff,' simply
ModHG., from the equiv. Du. and E. dog
(from about 1050 a.d. the word occurs in
AS. as docga), whence also Fr. dogue. With
regard to HG.
as a proof of a word being
borrowed from LG., comp. St89f>
f., 'jackdaw,' from the equiv.
MidHG. tdhele, idle, tdhe, OHG. tdJia, f.
primary form *d$hic6, dSwd, according to
AS.*ddwe, E. daw, whence also E. caddow,
(the first part of the compound is
AS. cd, Du. M, OHG. chdha, 'daw' ; so,
too, E. chough). From Teut. pah train is
derived Ital. taccola, 'magpie.'
PoI)rte, f., 'gin, noose, springe,' from
MidHG. don. done, f., 'stretching,' OHG.
branch, twig.' !Tct)ne is the 'branch
bent or stretched for catching birds.' The
Aryan root ten,
to stretch, extend,' is dis-
cussed under fcetnteit, buna. OBulg. tonoto,
Dok ( 58 ) Dor
cord, noose,' Lat. tenas, 11.,
cord,' Sans.
tantu-s, tantrt,
wire, cord,' Gr. rhwp,
sinew,' are closely allied in meaning to
cf)Hf. So too OHG. donAn (Gotli. *}>unan),
'to exert oneself.'
Pohcc, pouches, m.,
fundament,' a
Jewish word, but of doubtful etymology
hardly from Hebr. tdchath,
pold), m., 'dagger, dirk,' simply Mod
HG. (from the beginning of the 16th cent.),
derived like the equiv. Du., Dan., and Swed.
dolk, from Slav. (Boheni. and Pol. tulich ?).
umbel,' from MidHG. tolde,
top or crown of a plant or tree,' OHG.
loldo, m.
the ModHG. word has appa-
rently a LG. initial sound. The root is
did (pre-Teur. dliel), as is indicated by
OHG. tola,
grape-stalk.' From Aryan
dhel, Gr. 06\os, 'dome' (allied in meaning
to ModHG. clbe, 'umbel'), is formed by
gradation. Yet 0dXXw,
to sprout, bloom,'
6d\os, n., 'young shoot, twig, may also be
pole, f., 'canal,' from MidHG. *dol,
OHG. dola, f., ' pipe
; akin to LG. and Fris.
dole, 'pit, ditch.'
Poltncf fcf), m.,
interpreter,' from tlie
equiv. MidHG. t-dmetsche, tolmetze, tul-
a Turk, word (North Turk, tilmac)
which found its way into MidHG. through
Magyar (tolmdcs) or Slav. (OSlov. tlumuct,
Pol. tlumacz, Buhem. tlumaS) ; also in
MidHG. tolc, tolke (comp. further Du. folk),
'interpreter,' from OSlov. tluku, (whence
also Lith. tullcas, Lett, tulks, 'interpreter').
Pom, m.,
cathedral, dome, cupola,'
ModHG. only, borrowed from Lat. aomus
(for domus del; comp. the Goth, word
the house of God, church '). An
earlier loan-word is OHG. tuom (also dom),
MidHG. tuom, 'a bishop's collegiate church,
cathedral,' which was naturalised in Ger-
many about the 9th cent.
comp. OHG.
scuola from Lat. scdla, as if it were scdla;
so tuom for tdm from ddmus; see djule.
The form Sum, developed from MidHG.
tuom, kept its ground till the beginning
of the last century.
Poittter, m., ' thunder,' from the equiv.
MidHG. doner, OHG. donar, m., corre-
sponding to AS. punor, E. thunder; Goth.
*J>unara-, m. It is the OTeut name for
thunder, under which also the weather-god
was worshipped (see onner$tag). The
name comes from the Aryan root ten, dis-
cussed under beljncn, or>nf, and burnt. In
its application to sound we meet with this
root in Gr. twos, 'string, rope, stretching,
tone, accent,' Sans, root tan,
to resound,
roar,' tannyitnUs, 'roaring, thundering,'
Lat tonare (AS. J>unan, Goth. *J>un6n,
thunder'), Lat. tunitrus; the latter corre-
spondences are, on account of their mean-
ing, the most closely allied to the Teut
Thursday,' from Mid
HG. doutrstac, duurestac, OHG. donares-
; comp. Du. donderdag, AS. Jjunresdoeg,
E. Thursday, OIc. }>6rsdagr
the day sacred
10 the OTeut. sod faunar (OHG. Donar,
OLG. Thunar, OIc. Jj&rr for Jxmraz) ; see
!DUn$tU3 and SBccfoe. A remarkable form
occurs in MidHG. (Bav.), pfinz-tac,
day,' from the equiv. Gr. xiu-KTtf.
boppcltt, vb., 'to play at dice,' from the
equiv. MidHG. dcppeln, from MidHG. top-
dice-playing,' which corresponds to
Fr. doublet, ' doublet' (at dice). See 25au$.
OOppclt, adj. (a parallel form, oppt(,
occurs in the compounds JDoppclabler, )op-
pclkjanget), 'double, duplicate, twofold,' Mod
HG. only, from Fr. double; MidHG. dublin,
'double,' is a deriv. from the same source.
The final t of the ModHG. word is a
secondary suffix, as in lrt, Dbjr.
village, hamlet,' from the
equiv. MidHG. and OHG. dorf, n. ; an
OTeut. word ; comp. OSax. thorp, Du. dorp,
frorp, E. tlwrp, throp (existing now only
in proper names); OIc. J>>rp, 'hamlet';
Goth, paurp signifies 'fields, land,' while
in the other dialects the ModHG. meaning
of the word is current (in Goth, haims,
'village'; sea J>eim). The meaning of
ModHG. (Swiss) dorf,
visit, meeting,' con-
nected perhaps with OSlov. trugu,
ket,' deserves special notice. If the hisiory
of the word is rendered difficult by such
variations of meaning, it is made still more
so by the Kelt. *tfbo, 'village'; W. tref,
village' (to which the name of the OGall.
tribe Atrebatcs is allied), also connected
with Lat tribus,
tribe.' Moreover, OIc.
'to crowd,' is closely akin to Gr.
TOppy, Lat. turba,
hand.' Note too AS.
prep, prdp,
viUage,' Lith. trobd, , ' build-
thorn, prickle,' from the
equiv. MidHG. and OHG. dorn, m. ; corre-
sponds to Goth. paurnus, OIc. porn, AS.
porn, E. tlwrn, Du. doom, OSax. thorn,
'thorn'; from pre-Teut trnu-. Comp.
OSlav. trunu, 'thorn,' Sans, trna, 'blade
of grass.'
Dor ( 59 ) Dra
borrctt, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
dorren, OHG. dorren,
to get dry, dry up '
comp. OSax. thorron, Goth. *f>aurzan. A
deriv. oijjorz-, which appears inbiirr ;
Lat. tomre,
to dry ' (torret i* exactly equiv.
to OHG. dorrit, Goth.
Jjaurzaip). Instead
of the form */?aurza, Goth, has gapaursnan
(OIc. fcorna),
to get dry, dry up,' which
is differently derived (comp. $)arre, burr).
Porfd), m., 'torsk,' simply ModHG,
formed from LG. dorsch; corresponds to
OIc. frorskr, E. torsk, tusk, from the equiv.
Dan. torsk.
f., 'cabbage-stump, cole-rape,'
with LG. initial d, trom MidHG. torse,
cabbage-stump,' OHG. turso, torso, '. stalk'
lor the change of s to sch comp. birfdjen.
There is a parallel Rom. class (Ital. torso,
OFr. tros,
stump, morsel
which is un-
doubtedly of Teut. origin. The HG. word
is probably primit. allied to the Gr. Ovpaos,
&orf, adv., 'there, in that place,' from
the equiv. MidHG. dort, OHG. dorot, pro-
bably from darot ; Goth. *parapa (formed
like dalajja), would be the corresponding
adv. in answer to the question where 1 The
OHG. has dardt,
; derived from
bar, ba.
f., 'box,' first occurs in ModHG.,
from LG. doe, Du. doos (Dan. daase).
Poff, Poftett, m., 'marjoram,' from Mid
HG. doste, toste, OHG. tosto, dosto, m.,
wild thyme.' It may be really identical
with MidHG. doste, toste, m.,
bunch, nose-
gay,' so that ' thyme
would be a specialised
meaning. The Goth, word was probably
shrub.' Further cognates to help
in determining theroot are wanting. Comp.
potter (1.),
m. and n., 'yolk,' from the
equiv. MidHG. toter, OHG. totoro, tutar-ei;
the ModHG word seems to have a LG.
initial sound. Corresponds to OSax. dddro,
Du. dojer, AS. dj/dring, 'yolk' ; a pre-
Tent. term for the
yolk of an egg ' (see also
(Si). AS. dott, m ,
point, spot,' E. dot are,
on account of LG. dott, dStte, 'yellow part
of the egg,' to be derived from the same
Aryan stem dhut
the orig. 6en*e of JDottcr
may have been, therefore, 'point in the
egg.' The E. term yolk, AS. geolca, is lit.
yellow part,' from AS. geolo, equiv. to E.
yellow. In OIc. bldme, 'yolk.'
Potter (2.),
m., from the equiv. MidHG.
toter, in.,
; comp. MidE.
doder, E. dodder ('toad-flax') ; Dan. dgdder,
Swed. dgdra. Perhaps allied to hotter
so that the plant was named from its colour
(or from the similarity of its seeds to the
yolk of an egg?).
Pottdjes, see cfe,?.
Poufes, m.,
prison,' Jew., from Hebr.
to seize, take prisoner.'
Prctd)e, in. (with a MidG. d), 'dra-
gon, kite, termagant,' from MidHG. trache,
(UpG. tracke). OHG. trahho (UpG. traccho),
the ModHG. initial sound is to be
regarded in the same way as in bidjten
(comp. MidLG. and MidDu. drdke). The
word was naturalised in Germany before the
8th cent. ; as in the case of the bird rctf,
griffin,' the dragon as a fabulous beast
furnished material for the imaginative
faculty of the Germans, and supplanted
the native mythological creations. The
E. loan-word is equally oldAS. draca,
E. drake (in drake-fly or dragon-fly). The
word is based on Lat. (Rom.) draco (dracco),
which again is derived from Gr. Sp&Kwv,
'dragon, lit. 'the sharp-sighted animal'
(from Stpitofiai). E. dragon, is of recent
Rom. origin (Fr. dragon).
Pral)t, m.,
wire, file,' from the equiv.
MidHG. and OHG. drdt, m.
; comp. Du.
draad, AS. prced, equiv. to E. thread, OIc.
/>rSr, Goth. *J>re)js ; a dental deriv. of the
Teut. root prS,
to turn, twist,' which ap-
{tears in ModHG. breljen . The pre-Teut trS
ies at the base of Gr. rprjim,
hole,' which
is identical in form with ModHG. iDra^t
for the meaning comp. brefyen, $)arm.
Prafte, LG, see (Sittertdj.
brail, adj.,
tight, twisted, stalwart,
active,' simply ModHG., akin to MidHG.
dr'el, OIc pearle, adv.,
firmly, strongly,
' ; from briflcn ?.
Prong, m., 'crowd, throng, pressure,'
from MidHG. dranc(g), m.,
throng, op-
pression.' Comp. Du. drang, 'pressure,
throng, desire,' AS. geprang, equiv. to E.
throng ; from bringrn.
britngett, vb., 'to press, pinch, dun,'
from MidHG. dre,ngen, factitive of brina.rn.
2)rangfal in early ModHG. ; sfal is the fre-
quent ModHG. suffix, the older form of
which is as isal, Goth, id, AS. and E. -Is.
Goth, formed from the same stem, but by
a different gradation, an abstract Jrreihsl,
hardship, oppression.'
brmts, orcutfjctt, 'outside, abroad,'
from barauS, baraujjm ; comp. MidHG. drabe,
from dar abe ; ModHG. bran, from barati,
brin, from barm.
Dre ( 60 ) Dri
vl>., 'to turn (on a lathe),'
deiiv. of MidHG. drilisel, drahsel, 'turner,'
in Goth. *J*rihs<U; bretjm (root jW, trf)
cannot l>e closely allied to brccfyfcln ;
must rather be connected with a root con-
taining a guttural, />rSlw- or pr(h. Gr.
Tfxwonai (with x for A;), and Lat. torqiteo
(Gr. dr/xwcroj, 'spindle,' Lat. torcular, 'oil-
press'), point to a root trek,
to turn.' The
OHG. ardltsil, 'turner,' is probably the
only remains of this root in Teut. ;
in Mid
HG. and also in UpG. and LG. dialects
brcfycn (MidHG. drcsjen, drcen) signifies
turn (on a lathe).' See brefyeu.
Prccft, m., 'dirt, mire, tilth, dung,' from
the equiv. MidHG. dree (gen. -ekes), m.,
'dirt'; OHG. *drecch, Goth. *J>riI:k, m.,
are supported by OIc. prelchr, m., *dirt'
{Dan. draclc). Perhaps derived from the
meaning 'sediment, lees,' so that Gr. rpO$,
rpvyds, 'lees, sediment, fresh must' (with
v for 0?), may perhaps be compared.
bref)Cn, vb.,
to turn, whirl, wind,' from
MidHG. drcsjen, drcen, *to turn, turn
round,' OHG. drdjan. The Goth, form
may have been /> aian (comp. lvrtyeit, Goth.
faen, Goth, saian) ; comp. Du.
to turn (on a lathe)
; AS. frrd-
tcan (comp. sdican, vdican), and MidE.
fcrdwen, 'to turn,' are str. vbs., while the
ModHG. verb is wk. even in OHG. The
assumed Goth, form *}>ravin,
to turn,'
was undoubtedly conjugated strong (pret.
*}mi}?r6). }>rS is the verbal stem common
to Teut, from which a subst., 2>ral)t, mean-
twisted thread,' was formed by adding
a dental suffix. This subst. proves most
clearly that the root of fcrcficn did not end
in a guttural, and that therefore ModHG.
2>red)0lr, from OHG. drdhsil, cannot be
allied to fcrefyett. In ModE., to throw (' to
is obsolete. The root pri is from
pre-Teut. trS, ter
this appears in Gr., with
the meaning 'to bore,' in numerous deri-
To bore ' is a specialisation of the
meaning 'to turn,' ro\&rpTrrot, 'porous,'
rprj/xa, 'hole,' avvrpTJcau, rerpalvw, 'to bore
through,' Ttptw,
to bore, turn on a lathe
(comp. MiuHG. drcejen, 'to turn on a
lathe'), rdpros, 'turner's chisel,' riptTpov,
Lat. terebra,
borer.' Comp. also arm.
brei, num., 'three,' from MidHG. and
OHG. dri, which is prop, simply the noni.
the rest of the old cases are obso-
lete in ModHG. ; AS. jrrt, Jrreo, E. three,
Goth, preis, from *prijis. It corresponds
to Aryau trejes, equiv. to Sans, trdyas, Gr.
rpth, from rpija, Lat. tres, OSlov. trljf.
SDlti, like the other units, is a primit. word.
See 2)riUi$, ritre.
breifl, adj., 'bold, audacious, 8elf-con>
fident,' simply ModHG., from the equiv.
LG. drtste (hence breijt is not found in the
UpG. dialects)
comp. OSax. thrtsti, Du.
driest, AS. frrtste,
bold, daring.' The simi-
larity iu the initial sound with Lat. tristis,
sad,' is perhaps of no etymological value
as, however, a similar change of meaning
is met with in the cognates of ModHG.
tapfer, Lat. tristis and OSax. thrtsti may
perhaps be derived from a common root.
Otherwise it might well be connected with
fcringen, OSax. thrtsti, for thrlltsti, from
prinh-sti ?.
bret&tg, see jig.
bvefd)en, vb., 'to thresh.' from the
equiv. MidHG. dreschen, OHG. dreskan;
corresponds to Du. dorschen, AS. Jxrscan
(for prescan), E. to thrash, t/tresli, (comp.
MidHG. dreschen, which also means 'to
torment'); Goth. J>rUkan. Threshing was
practised in primit. Teut. times, as this
common term testifies. The Teutons,
even before they became settlers, and
hence while they were still migrating
were acquainted with the most elementary
methods of agriculture
; comp. the various
kinds of com, and also $jhta,, (#$(, 93ret,
&c. The Teut. cognates found their way
intoRom.,Ital. trescare, 'to trample, move
the feet about, dance,' OFr. trescJie, 'chain-
dance.' From these the OTeut. method
of threshing may be easily inferred. Tlie
flail (2>ref<f)jlfgel) came from Italy through
the medium of Rom. (see ijlegel) ; for this
a simpler term is found in OHG. driscil,
MidHG. and ModHG. drisehel. The mean-
ing of the Teut. base tresk is probably
stamp noisily, tread ' ; comp. Lith. tras-
to rattle, clatter,' OSlov. triskii,
crack,' troska,
thunderclap.' E. threshold
is mostly connected with t>wfd)en, OTeut.
frreskan, regarding it as the threshing-staff,
or as the place at the entrance to the house
where corn was threshed.
fcrtllcrt, vb.,
to revolve, bore, drill,'
from MidHG. drillen,
to turn, make
round ' (with the partic. gedrollen,
The meaning 'to bore' comes from LG.
drillen (see brttjtn, bredjfcln, for the con-
necting link between the meanings), akin
to Du. drillen, E. to thrill, and also LG.
drall (MidDu. drel), 'round, turning,'
which is formed by gradation. The cog-
Dri ( 61 ) Dro
nates point to a Teut. root prel, 'to turn
on a lathe).'brillett, 'to plague' or 'to
drill (recruits),
may be derived from the
first or the second meaning.
Prillic^, m., 'ticking,' from MidHG.
drilich, drilch, m., ' a stuff woven with three
threads'; an adj. signifying 'threefold'
formed into a subst. ; see 3nnflt<fy. Dri-
is the older form for fcrei in compounds (see
britte, 3w\U, ami rilling) ; OHG. drlfalt,
threefold.' OHG. driltch,
threefold, con-
sisting of three threads,' is the convenient
Ger. rendering of the Lat. trttix (trtlicem),
triple - twilled,' from licium, 'thread.'
Similar formations maybe seen in Stmflicb
and Suntntet.
Prilling, m., ' triplet, one of three born
at the same time,' simply ModHG., formed
like 3tfling.
bringctt, vb.,
to press, crowd, pierce,.'
from MidHG. dringen, OHG. dringan,
compress, throng, press on,' then also
plait, weave' (MidHG. drlhe, 'embroider-
ing needle
; comp. Goth, preihan (eih
from inh), 'to throng, oppress, cramp,
afflict.' The Teut. root is prinhw, prang;.
comp. also with OHG. dringan,. OSax.
thringan, AS. pringan, 'to press,' OIc.
pryngva. The h was retained by MidHG.
drlhe, f.,
embroidering needle,' whence
MidHG. drihen,
to embroider.'With the
general meaning
to press ' are connected
ModHG. rang, braitgen, cbrdnge (OHG.
gidr$ngi), Goth, praihns,
crowd ' (in faihu^
wealth ') ; E. throng. With the
Teut. cognates Lith. trenkti, 'to shake,
push,' trdntwias, 'din, tumult,' Lett, trceht,
'to shatter,' are primit. allied.
btittc, ord. of brci, 'third,' MidHG.
dritte, OHG. drilto
corresponds to Goth.
pridja ; AS. pridda, E. third, pri- is the
stem (see rillicfy), dja the suffix, which
forms the ordinal from the cardinal ; it is
-tio- in Lat. tertius Sans, trtiya-s.

n., 'third part, third,' from MidHG. drit-
U il.
Progc, f., 'drug,' ModHG. only, from
Fr. drogue, which with its Rom. cognate
droga (ltal., Span.) is usually derived from
Du. droog (see tvccfni)
yet there are essen-
tial reasons for ascribing the word to an
Eastern origin.
broken, vb.,
threaten,' from the equiv.
MidHG. diCii), wk. vb., which is the deno-
minative of an earlier dro, f., 'threat.' The
more ancient vb. is ModHG. brancn, from
MidHG. drouwen, drouwen, OHG. drewen,
drouwen; Gotb. *praujan, AS. predn pred-
de) (equiv. to E. to threaten). OHG. dr6,
drda (gen. drawa), corresponds to AS. pred
Goth, prawa is wanting, gen. prawtis, f.,
threat.' In E the word is obsolete. Be-
yond Teut there are no cognates.
Prof)ttC, f., 'drone.' The strict HG.
form is %t(f)ne, Xxtne (so still in Saxony and
Austria),, according to MidHG. trene, tren,
OHG. trenoy m. refute is a LG. form de-
rived from Sax. drdn, plur. drdni, to which
AS. drdn, plur. drdm, E, drone, correspond
both point to Goth. *drainus, *drSnus,
while OHG^ treno assumes perhaps Goth.
*drina; the relation between the theoretical
Goth, forms has not yet been definitely
fixed. The base drSn seems to appear in
brofjnen (Goth. drunjus
loud sound
From the same root probably a Gr. term
bee ' is formed

a sort of
wasp or humble-bee ' (also avOpfyij,
bee' 1comp. too revOpySdiv, avOprfSdiv), also
Lacon. 0pd>va.,
drone.' 5Mene, like rotnif,
is a primit. Teut. term. See the following
broIjttCtt,. vb.,. ' to roar, Bumble, creak,
drone,' simply ModHG., borrowed from
LG. dronen ; comp. Du. dreunen, OIc.
drynja, vb.,
to drone, roar,' OIc. drynr,
m., 'droning,' Goth, drunjus, m., 'loud
sound.' See derivatives of the same root
drcn, dhren, under JDrctuie ; comp. besides
Gr. 6pr}vos,
btrolttg, adj., 'droll, ludicrous, queer,'
simply ModHG, from LG. dndlig
drollig; E. droll (subst. and adj.), also adj.
; Fr. drdle,
droll, merry.' None
of these are recorded in the older periods
of the several languages, hence their origin
(Rom. % Teut. ?) is obscure. The deriva-
tion from the Scand. name trgll applied to
ghostly monsters is improbable, for in the
Scand. dialects the word has an initial t
while the ModHG. bvollig and its cognates
have d.
ProfJTel (1.),
f-> 'thrush,' a LG. form
from MidLG. drosle, OSax. throssela, throsla;
the strictly UpG. term for JBrpJTct is Bav.
rofdjef, from MidHG. drdschel, f. ; comp.
OHG. drdseela, f., also without the deriv. /,
drdsca, drdscea, f. ;
the latter form corre-
sponds to AS. prfisce
(from *prauslci6), E.
thrush. E. throstle, from AS. prostle,
rtil.i,' corresponds to MidHG. drostel; in
Goth, the latter would be *prustla and the
former praitska(nr rather *prauskjo
to Gr. rpVywv,
turtle-dove,' from *Tpv<ry<bv !.
( 62 ) Due
(Jump, on tlie other hand 01c. prgstr, in.,
thrush,' Goth. *prastus. This abundance
of words which are undoubtedly closely
allied renders any sure comparison with
cognate words beyond Teut. a difficult task.
The Lat. turdSla,
thrush,' may l>e for
*trzdila; in that case the tt of MidHG.
drostel, E. throstle, is shifted from sd (see 21jl,
erftf, SKajt, 9leji) ; turdSla is a derivative
of turdus,
thrush,' closely connected with
OIc. prgstr, m. (Goth. *prastus, m.). Lith.
has a longer form for IDroffel, with an initial

str&zdas, which makes the origin of st

of MidHG. drostel from zd, sd, a certainty.
Russ. droztlii, OSlov. drozgu, are abnormal.
The words of the Teut group found their
way into Rom. : ModFr. trdle (from*prasla,
*prastla).S)rcffet is one of the few names
of birds found in several Aryan languages
at the same time, and entirely free from
the assumption that they were borrowel.
proflTel (2.),
f., 'throat, throttle, Adam's
apple,' preserved only in the deriv. erbroffeln,
to throttle, strangle
; not allied to 2)rofffl
as is shown by MidHG. dro^y, f.,
gullet, throat.' Comp. OHG. dr<n$a, AS.
protu, f., E. throat, and. likewise E. throttle
isubst. and vb.), an I deriv. There is a
parallel group with an initial s added (see
SDroffet (1.), ad))
8^0336, OLG.
strotu, 'throat, windpipe,' Du. stroot; see
ftrofcen. From HG. the word found its
way into Rom.,Ital. strozza, 'throat,' stroz-
to strangle.'
Profl, m., 'chief magistrate' (a LG.
word), from MidLG. droste, drossite; the
latter is identical with MidHG. truhtscey,
ModHG. Srucfofejj ; for >rofht see also under
Prudi, m., ' pressure, oppression, print-
ing, proof,' from MidHC. druc (-ekes), m.,
pressure, violent impact, rebound, hostile
encounter,' OHG. druckj corresponds to
AS. }>ryc (cc supported by ofpryce),
brudten, brudten,
to pre.*s, oppress,
hug, print,' from MidHG. driieken, drucken,
OHG. drucchen (comp. AS. pryecan,
press'), MidHG. drucken, an unmodified
UpG. variant, has a specialised meaning
in ModHG. In Goth, the subst. would be
*prukks, the vb. prukkjan. Since the Mid
HG. vb. driieken is equiv. to
to press,
throng, oppress, thrust oneself,' the mean-
ings harmonise well with bringen, which is
based upon an Aryan root trenk, while
trurfen would be derived from a root trek
without the nasal
; the Ik of the theoreti-
cal Goth, form originated probably in kit.
I>rudtfcn, ModHG. a frequentative,
form of brucfen.
Prube, f., 'sorceress,' LG. ; MidHG.
trute, f.. 'demoness, nightmare'; Drubtnfu,
MidHG. trutenvuo^. In spite of its wide
diffusion (Dan. drude, Gothland, druda), the
form of the word is obscure, for it is im-
possible to see to what the MidHG. ini-
tial t and ModHG. d are related. Perhaps
MidHG. trute is to be connected with the
adj. traut ; in that case JDrube would be a
euphemism similar perhaps to Gr. Eume-
Prufe (1.),
f., 'ore with a drossy or
crystal surface,' simply ModHG. ; of ob-
scure origin.
Prufe (2.),
'glanders,' ModHG. ;
tical with iDriife.
Prufe, f., 'gland, kernel, swelling of
the glands,' from MidHG. driiese, druose
(whence the ModHG. variant druse, but
only in a special sense) ; OHG. druos,
druosi, f., 'glanders,' Goth. *pros or prdhsi
is wanting ; so too in E. there is no cog-
nate term.
Prufetl, plur., an UpG. word for 'dregs,
lees,' from MidHG. druosene, OHG. truos-
una (UpG. dialects have ue in the accented
syllable) ; corresponds to Du. droesem, Mid
Du. droesene, AS. drdsn,
dregs.' The base
is perhaps Goth. *dr6hsn6, to which E.
dregs, M.odHG. Zxtbtx, Sredjer are also
bit, 2nd pers. pron., 'thou' ; from Mid
HG. and OHG. du, and the collateral Mid
HG. and OHG. d4; comp. AS. pti, E. thou
Lat. tu, Gr. rtf, n), and Sans, tvam, are
prim, cognates. The details respecting the
Arvan pronom. stem belong to grammar.
Pucafen, m. (ducat, m., rarely fem. in
earlier ModHG.), 'ducat,' from late Mid
HG. duedte, m. (Mid Lat. duedtus).
Pud)t, f., Pudjtbtmfc, and
rowing seat, thwart
the form with
HG., that with ch LG. ; OHG. dofta, f., OIc.
popta, f., 'thwart'; OHG. gviofto, prop.
comrade on the thwart,' AS. gepufta, ' com-
rade.' One of the prhn-Teut. naval terms
developed during the migrations of the
Teutons ;
see {Rubrr, Sfgcl, SHaft, <Sdnff, &a
That the LG. form found its way into HG.
is not remarkable after what has been said
under orb, SSufe, and SSoot. The OTeut.
word for 'thwart' (Goth. *pu/(6, f.), be-
longs probably to a root tup,
to squat
Due ( 63 ) Dun
down' ;
comp. Lith. tupeti,
to squat,' tupti,
'to squat down.'
buc&Ctt, vb., ' to bow, duck, stoop, dive,'
with LG. initial d, from MidHG. tucken,
to incline the body quickly, bend,
' ;
prob. a frequentative of MidHG.
to dive,' which see.
'sly, stealthy person,'
appears in MidHG. as tockelmuser, 'sneak,
; the ModHG. form is based
anew on burfen, MidHG. tucken. A parallel
form iitfmaufor is based on Zudt, 'malice,'
the second part of the compound being
connected with MidHG. musen, prop.
catch mice,' then (with thievish intent),
to sneak.'
bubeftt, vb., simply ModHG. formed
from the equiv. Pol. dudli6,
to play the
batrpipes,' from dudy,
Puff (1.),
f., see JDtt($t.
Puff (2.),
exhalation, odour,' with
LG. initial d, from MidHG. tuft, m.,
pour, fog, dew, rime,' OHG. tuft,
of obscure origin.
bulbett, vb. (unknown to the Suab., and
perhaps also to the other UpG. dialects),
to bear, tolerate, suifer,' from the equiv.
MidHG. and OHG. dulten
; a denominative
of OHG. dult, MidHG. didt, f., ModHG.
ebulb. The Goth used frulan for bulben
without the dental deriv. (OHG. dolSn,
MidHG. doln
both far more general in
meaning than the ModHG. bufben, 'to
suffer' ; AS. polian,
to suffer '). The pre-
Teut. root is tel, tol, tU, which appears,
exactly corresponding to the meaning of
the Teut. cognate*, in Gr. r\fj-vai, '
suffer,' tMi-uuv, 'miserable,' iroKfoXas, 'much
enduring,' &c. Lat. tolerdre and ertragen
(Lat. perferre), show that Lat. tollo (panic.
latusiox*tld-tus; pret. tuli,h-om <>ffero),&n(l
Gr. Tokfiav,
to venture, endure,' may be
cognates. Hence, the primary sense of the
root appearing in the graded forms tel,
tol, tie, tld, is
to bear, tolerate.' See
f., Bav. 'fair,' with MidG. initial
rf, from MidHG. tult, f., 'fair, church fes-
tival, dedication festival,' OHG. tuld. The
word is the OTeut. term for
Goth, dulfrs, f.,
festival, holiday.'
immm, adj., 'stupid, silly,' from Mid
HG. turn (gen., -mmas), tump (gen. -bes),
'stupid, foolish, weak in understanding,
dumb,' OHG. tumb. In Goth, dumbs, OIc.
dumb): the adj . is equiv. to AS. and E. dumb
the OHG. word, in addition to the mean-
ings of MidHG., has likewise the significa-
deaf,' which also belongs to bumm in
early ModHG.
Dull in sense and intel-
lect' may be the primary sense of the adj.,
which has not yet been found in the non-
Teut. languages
fhtmm too has a peculiar
see fdjmecfett, fyeR. Words express-
ing the perceptions of one sense are often
transferred to those of another. Hence
Goth, dumbs, 'dumb,' OHG. tumb, 'deaf,
dumb,' may possibly be allied to Gr. rvtp\6s,
blind ' (root dhubh ; rv<p by the well-
known rule for 6v<p). This conjectural
etymology is quite as uncertain as that
offered under !Dieb.
butttpf, adj.,
damp, dull, heavy,' Mod
HG. only ; formed by the weakest stage of
gradation from MidHG. dimpfen, str. vb.,
'to fume, smoke'; comp. also MidHG.
dumpfen, diimpfen,
to fume, damp.' The
oriy. sense of the adj. is probably 'smoky,'
i.e. 'damp,' or 'dimming the sight and
dulling the hearing'; bumyf appears in
Uu. dompig, with the meaning 'damp,
gloomy.' Perhaps the word is connected
with buitfct ; comp. E. dank.
Punc, f., 'down, dune,' simply Mod
HG. from the equiv. LG. diine (OSax.
*duna), Du. duin (whence Fr. dune) ; re-
specting ModHG. it from Du. ui, comp.
SBufe, iiten. Akin to AS. dtin, 'hill,' E.
down (' plateau '). So too E. down, adv.
for AS. ad&ne, ofdune,
from the moun-
tain, towards the valh-y,' corresponds
exactly to MidHG. ze tal (comp Fr. ci
up the stream \ Likewise Gr.
before the door, has the general
meaning 'outside'; MidHG. ze berge is
'aloft, upwards'; comp. ModHG. bie,
Qaaxt jtebett einem ju 53er\je,
one's hair
stands on end.' The diine group (E. dorcn)
seems to have spread from Eng. into Du.
and LG. (comp. besides 93afe, Scot, $raf)m).
Hence the assumption that AS. Jdn is of
Kelt, origin is not to be discardedOlr.
dun, 'hill' (comp. the OKelt. names of
towns ending in dUnum, Augustodnnum,
Lugdunum) ; though the attempt to show
that it is priniit. allied to Gr. Oit> (110111. Ots),
'sea-beacli,' and Sans, dhdnu-s, 'dry land,
continent, inhospitable land,' cannot be
recommended ; AS. dun would be pre-
Teut. dh&nd (the indubitable form of the
cognate word in Ind.).
puna, m., with LG. initial d; 'dung,
manure, from MidHG. tungf, f., 'dung,
manuring' ; MidHG. tunc, ni., f., signifies
Dun ( 64 )
*an underground

prop, dung-covered

chamber occupied in winter,' and especially

the underground weaver's room'; OHG.
tunra, 'manuring,' E. dung (subst.. and
vb.) ; OHG. tunc, 'weaver's room under-
ground' hunger from late MidHG. tunger).
This double meaning of the cognates is ex-
plained by the remark* of Tacitus (Ger-
16) and Pliny (Hist. Nat.
19, 1).
'Dung' is the primary sense of the cog-
nates of 35uitg and bumjen ;
in the other
Aryan languages, however, no priinit. cog-
nates can be adduced.
buttkel, adj., 'dark, gloomy, obscure,'
with MidG. initial d; from MidHG.
tunkel, 'dark, dull, damp,' OHG. tunchal
(with the parallel form tunchar, MidLG.
dunker). By another stage of gradation
OIc dipkkr, OFris. djunk are formed from
the same root ; they presuppose a Goth.
*digqs (pre-Teut. dhengwos). The priinit.
allied E. dauk points to a connection with
bumfcf (Tent, root dinq, dump).
jDunfccf, m., 'fancy, imagination, arro-
gance, prejudice,' simply ModHG. Related
to the vb. bfmfett, from MidHG. dunken
(pret. dithte),
to seem, appear to,' OHG.
dunchan (chiefly impers. with dat.),
seem' (pret. dulita) ;
Goth, pvgkjan, puhta,
mostly impers. with dat. 'to seem'; AS.
pyiican,E. to t/iiu&, which, however, really
represents the meanings of AS. penceui,
OHG., MidHG, and ModHG. benfen. <Dfnt-
fen appears to. have been originally a str.
vb.,of which benfen was perhaps the factitive
form. The Tfeut punk, pank, is based upon
an old Aryan root tng, teng, and this, again,
appears in OLat. tongere,
to know' (comp.
Praenest tongitio,
'). Comp. benfen,
burnt, adj., 'thin, slender, attenuated,'
from the equiv. MidHG* diinne, OHG.
dunni; comp. AS. pynne, E. thin, OIc.
punnr, Du. dun, Goth. *punnus. The
adj. retained the primit. meaning 'thin,' in
all the periods and dialects of Teut. The
stem punnu is preserved in OHG. dun-
teengi, AS. punwenge, OIc. punnvange,
'temples,' prop, 'thin cheek' (comp. Mod
HG. dial. JDuninge, uitcge, 'temples').
The adj. is priinit. Aryan, in the form
UinH-s (respecting Tent, nn comp. Juitn,
9)?unn) ; comp. OInd. tanu-s,
long, drawn
out, narrow, thin'; Lat. tenuis, 'thin,
narrow' ; Gr. raw-, existing only in com-
{jouuils, denotes 'drawn or stretched out,
; comp. which has the same
; OSlov. tlnulcu,
thin,' ha> a
suffix. The idea of attenuation comes
from 'extension in one direction, drawn
out lengthwise,' still retained by the Ind.
and the Gr. adjs. Lat., Teut., and Slav,
deprived the orig. meaning of one of its
characteristics. In OInd. and Gr. there
occurs a verbal stem, tanu (raw), with the
primary sense 'to stretch out^ extend.'
Comp. beljnen, 2)ol)nf, S5ciuter, and the fol-
lowing word.
Uhtrtfi, m., 'vapour, fume, mist,' from
MidHG. dunst, tunst, m., f, ' steam, vapour,'.
OHG. tunist, dunist, dunst, 'storm, breath'
respecting the MidG. initial d. comp. 3)ufr,
bunfcl. Corresponds to AS. dtist (for *dunst),
E. dust. Teut. duns-, for dwuns-, is based
upon an Aryan root dJiwens, which still
appears in Sans, dhvans, 'to fall to dust'
(dhvasti,, ^falling to dust').
buret), prep., 'through, owing to, by,'
from MidHG. durch. dur, 'through,' also
for the sake of,' OHG. duruh, durh
comp. OSax. thurh, AS. purh, E. through
and thorough. Goth. pairh,
through,' with
an abnormal vowel, is related to the OHG.
d'erh, 'perforated,' with which are con-
nected OHG. durhily durihit, MidHG. dicr-
hel, diirkel,
pierced, porous,' AS. J>prel (for
pyrhiV), 'hole' (comp. 9h"ijler), as well a3
Goth. pairkd, f., 'hole' (k, from kk, for
knl).. The prepos* might easily be a case
of an older adj., perhaps the ace. neut.
Besides the passive meaning of OHG. derh,
'pierced,' an active sense, 'piercing,' may
also be added. The base perh would be
best defined by
to pierce, penetrate,' which
recalls the HG. bttngen ; the former is
based upoa a pre-Teut. root terk
the latter
upon a root trenJc. The connection with
Lat. trans is exceedingly problematical.
ModHG. with MidG. vowel au; MidHG.
and MidG. durMAht, partic. for MidHG.
durchliuhtet, 'illustrious,' from durhliuhten,
'to shine, light through, illuminate.' See
(Stlaiicfyt, Uneaten.
biXrfen, anom. vb.,
to be allowed, ven-
ture) need,' from MidHG. diirfen, durfen,
a preterite pres^ 'to have reason, cause,
be permitted, need^ require' ; OHG. dur-
fan, preterite pres., 'to lack, be destitute
of, require, be in need of

comp. Goth.
pa&rban, Du. durven, AS. purfan,
to be
in need of.' In addition to the Teut root
pitrf, purb, Swiss points to an old parallel
form Jwrp. In the ModHG. deriv. barben,
Dur ( 6
5 ) Ebb
23eburfni$, Dlotbuifr, btebei, &c, the primary
sense of the root
from trp, 'to be
destitute of, lack,' still appears.
burr, adj., 'dry, meagre, barren,' from
MidHG. diirre, OHG. durri,
dry, lean' ; corresponds to Du. dor, OLG.
thurri, AS. fiyrre, Goth, fratirsus, 'dry'
(with regard to IIG. rr, from Goth, rs,
comp. irre, Quite). From a pre-Teut. adj.
dry, withered,' which belongs to
a root f>urs, from pre-Teut. trs. As a re-
sult of the restriction of the word

bably in primit. timesto denote the dry-
ness of the throat, we have the OInd.
irsUs, 'greedy, panting,' and ModHG. bur;
; as applied to the voice, or rather
speech, trs appears in Gr. rpavKbt, 'lisp-
ing,' for *7paav\6$ (comp. 6av\6s, 'dense,' for
*5a.Tv\6s, Lat. densus), and OInd. tr$td-s,
'hoarse, rough (of the voice).' With the
general meaning 'dry
ModHG. JDarre,
bcrrett, and their cognates are connected.
Purff, m.,
thirst,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. and OHG. durst, m. ; comp. MidLG.
and Du. dorst, AS. fryrst, E. thirst
paurstei, f., ' thirst.' The final t of the OHG.
and Eng. words is a deriv., as may be inferred
from Goth, pafirseip mile,
I am thirsty.'
The further comparisons made under )aire,
bcrren, biiir, amply prove that the short
form jiors, from pre-Teut. trS, signifies
be thirsty' ; comp. especially OInd. trhiaj,
thirsty/ trhid, f.,
thirst,' trS, str. vb*. (3rd
pers. sing. trSyati, Goth fcaurseij?),
to pant,
be thirsty'; trS&-s, 'panting.'
Pufcl, m., 'dizziness,' simply ModHG.,
from LG. dusel, 'giddiness'; a genuine
HG. word would have had an initial
(, as
OHG. tusig, 'foolish,' 6hows
the latter
corresponds to AS. dysig, 'foolish,' ~E^dizzy.
To the root dus (dhus), contained in this
class, belong Sfjor, tfycricfyr, with the genuine
HG. t initially. A different gradation of
the same root dus, from Aryan dhus, ap-
pears in AS. dwtes, Du. dwaas,
dust, powder,' simply Mod
HG., from LG. dust; corresponds to E.
dust (but see further
25unft). The final t is
probably a deriv. ; dus, the root, may be
the weakest form of an Aryan dhwes
OInd, dhvas, dlivahs, seems to have been
always nasalised
it signifies
fly about like
dust, scatter dust when running swiftly,'
which is in harmony with the meaning of
JDujl, 'dust.'
bilflev, adj. (unknown to UpG.
'gloomy, dismal, sad/ from the equiv. LG.
duster, d-Aster ; comp OSax. thiustri, AS.
fceostre, fipstre, 'dark.' MidHG. dinster,
OHG. dinstar, OHG. finstar, OSax. Jinistar
are remarkable parallel forms expressing
the same idea
; so too AS. peSstru,
ness.' The primary form may be seen in
the stem of bammern, Goth. *J>imis,
light,' OInd. tdmas, 'darkness'
Lat. tene-
brae (for Hemebrae) comes nearest perhaps
to MidHG. dinster.
is interchanged with
in ftucfef, AS. pcecele; in the same way
ftufkr might be related to dinstar (from
JAnstar). These guesses are, however, too
Pitfc, Pcufc, "gitfc, f., 'paper bag,
; merely ModHG. from LG. tiite
(akin to Du. tuit, 'pipe'
; respecting the
LG. and Du. ii sound, see under SSiife. In
Swab, and Bav. the terms are gugge, gucken.
Pttfijettb, n., 'dozen,' from the equiv.
late MidHG. totzen, with an excrescent
final d (see 3entaub, Sflcttb) ;
from Fr. dou-
zaine (comp. Ital. dozzina), whence also E.
dozen, Du. dozijn ;
ultimately derived from
Lat. duodecim.
'ebb,' merely ModHG., bor-
rowed, like many terms relating to the sea,
from LG. ;
comp. Du. ebb, ebbe, f., Dan. ebbe,
Swed. ebb, m. The word is first found in
AS., where ebba, m., is the form (comp. E.
ebb, whence also Fr. e'be), nautical terms
being generally recorded at an earlier period
in that language than elsewhere
23eot, 8ecf, Scbete (2.),
tevcit, and SJorb.
Had the OTeut word been preserved in
Ger. we should have expected OHG. eppo
ModHG. We. It is possible that the
word is connected with the cognates of ebctt
(bbe, lit.
leveller,' ?
plain ?).
Yet Gbbf,
from its meaning, is more appropriately
connected with Goth, ibuks, 'backwards,
back' (OHG. ippihh6n, 'to roll back');
hence Sbbe is lit.
retreat' ; the connection
with eben (Goth, ibns) is not thereby ex-
cluded. Scand. has a peculiar word for
ebb,' fi/rva,
to ebb.' No
Goth, word is recorded.
Ebe ( 66 ) Ehe
cben, adj.,
even level, plain, smooth,'
from MidHG. then, OHG. eban, adj., 'level,
flat, straight'; common to Teut. under
these meanings, but it is not found in any
other Aryan group ; comp. OSax. eban,
Du. even, AS. efn, E. even, OIc. jiifn, Goth.
tbns, 'level.' Akin perhaps to Goth, ibuks,
backward ' (see (Sbbe ). Apart from
Teut. the stem ib in the form ep or ebh has
not yet been authenticated
Lat. ckquus
(Sans, ika), cannot, on account of phonetic
differences, be regarded as a cognate.

cben, adv., 'even, just,' from MidHG.

eb*ne, OHG. ebano; comp. OSax. ifno, AS.
e'fne (whence E. even) ; the old adv. form
of the adj. (Comp. neben.)
fSbertbcmm, ni., ' ebony-tree,' from the
equiv. MidHG. and late OHG. ehinus,
adopted as a foreign word (still declined
after the Lat. method in OHG.) from Lat.
ebenus (Gr. l^evos).
(Sbcr, m., from the equiv. MidHG. eber,
OHG. ebar, m.,
wild boar ' ;
to AS. eofor, m.,
wild boar ' (E. York from
AS. Eo/ortvic, lit. ' boar-town '), Olc.jgfurr,
'wild boar,' figuratively 'prince' (&\so jor-
a kind of sausage') ; Goth. *ibrus,
*ibarus. With the pre-Teut. base epr&s
some have connected OBulg. vepri, m., Lat.
aper, m., 'wild boar.' Similarly in the
terms for tyerfct and djtveitt, the West
Aryan languages only partially agree.
(Sbrtl3, m.,
southern-wood,' from the
equiv. late MidHG. eberilz (ebereize), f., from
Lat. abrotanum (whence also aberrant?, see
aber), but corrupted by connection with
ed)f, adj., 'genuine, real, legitimate,'
nimply ModHG. adopted from MidG. and
LG., where echt is the normal correspondent
of MidHG. and OHG. Shaft, 'lawful';
comp. Du. edit
akin to OFris. d/t,
ful' ; from (i)t, compared with which the
adj. has retained the old meaning of (Btyc,
law.' By means of the law-books based on
the Saxon Code the LG. adj. found its way
into HG., but not until after Luther
yet the
word does not occur in the UpG. dialects.
gdt, n., gdte, f., 'edge, corner,' from
MidHG. ecke, f. (seldom neu.), 'edge of
weapons, point, corner, brim,' OHG. ekka,
point, edge of a sword.' Corresponds
to OSax. eggui, f., ' edge, sharpness, sword,'
AS. ecg, 'comer, point, edge (of a sword,
&c), sword,' E. edg; OIc. egg, f., 'point'
Goth. *agja, f., is not recorded. The
point, sharp edge,' which origi-
nally was the most prominent in the cog-
nates (see also So,a,e), recalls the develop-
ment in ModHG. Drt. The Tent root
ag(ah), pre-Teitt. ok (Goth. agj6-, from
Aryan akya-), with the primary meaning
pointed,' is found in very many non-Tent,
languages, since ModHG. &fyre and the non-
Teut. words cited under that word are
primit. allied to it, as are also Lat. acies, Gr.
point,' both in form ami meaning.
{idier, f., ' acorn,' simply ModHG., from
MidG. and LG. ecker, 'acorn, beech nut'
there is also in UpG. a word*acheren primit.
allied and equiv. to Swiss ach^ram (Bav.
akram). Comp. the corresponding Goth.
akran, n.,
produce, fruit (generally),' OIc.
akarn, n., AS. ozcern, E. acorn, Du. aker,
acorn.' Since the meaning
acorn, beech-
nut,' is a recent specialisation in compari-
son with Goth, akran, 'produce, fruit,' the
cognates may l>e connected with Goth, akrs,
HG. 9lcfer, and perhaps also with L\t\\, ugn,
berry,' unless the latter is more closely
allied to Lat. uva. In any case its kinship
with (Sicbe must be denied, since the latter
would be *aiks in Goth. The mntntion of
the stem in ModHG. and LG. Stfer must be
explained by a Goth. *akrin.
Cod, adj., 'of noble birth or qualities,
excellent, generous,' from MidHG. edel,
edele, OHG. edili (adal-), adj.,
of a good
family, noble, high-minded'; a deriv. of
9lbel, OHG. adal. Comp. OSax. eMi
(aftal-), 'of a good family, noble,' from
atSali, 'noble family,' AS. <eoV, 'noble,
distinguished.' For details see 9lbff.
ggel, see 3gel.
harrow,' simply ModHG.,
from LG. egge ; likewise ffloen
from LG.,
because a corresponding HG. word would
be trffn or egett. The MidHG. word is egede,
OHG. egida, f.,
harrow,' OHG. ecken (par-
tic, gi-egit),
to harrow,' MidHG. (gen.
Comp. L)u. e:ge, AS. ege'&e; Goth. *agjan,
to harrow,' *agi/>a,
harrow,' are not re-
corded. The Teut. root ag (eh),
to liar-
row,' from pre-Teut. ak, ok, is most closely
connected with Lat. occa,
harrow,' Lith.
to harrow,' akeczos,
harrow,' OConi.
out, W. oged,
harrow.' The West Eur.
cognates may also be further connected
with Qidt (Lat. acies).
before,' from MidHG. S, a
parallel form to ModHG. eljr, MidHG. Sr,
like ModHG. ba from bar, tuo from war.
See fljer.
(Sb,e, f., ' marriage, wedlock, matrimony,'
( 67 ) Eic
from MidHG. e, iwe, f.,
customary right,
justice, law, marriage,' OHG. Swa, l, 'law,
marriage?; corresponds to OSax. io, m.,
'law,' Du. edit, 'marriage' (from i-haft,
see ed)t), AS. tie, tietv, {.,
law, marriage.'
These West Tent, cognates aiwi- might be
derived from aigwl-, aihwi, and connected
with Lat. aequum (base aiqo-). To this
there is no objection from the linguistic
standpoint, for it is probable that the cog-
nates similar in sound and signifying ' time,
eternity,' are totally different from those
just quoted ; comp Goth, aiws, OHG. ewa,
AS. tie, tiew,
time, eternity,' which are
allied to Lat. aevum, aeternus, Gr. aldv,
aUl; so too Sans, ayas, 'duration of life.'
Yet the first group might also perhaps be
connected with Sans, iva, m., 'progress,
course, procedure, custom.'
eber, er)f, adv.,
sooner, earlier, rather,'
from MidHG. and OHG. Sr (e), 'formerly,
previously,' compar. adv.
comp. Goth.
formerly,' from air,
early,' also AS.
tier, E. ere. See et;e, erfh
erjcrn, see @r$.
(Sr)ni, see 9l(?n.
1t)Xe, f., 'honour,' from MidHG. ire,
OHG. ira, f.,
honour, fame, sense of
honour'; corresponds to OSax. ira, f.,
honour, protection, pardon, gift,' AS. dr,
honour, help, pardon ' (drian,
to spare,
OIc. eir, {.,
pardon, gentleness.'
Goth. *aiza is by chance not recorded ;
is probably allied to Goth, ais-tan, 'to
shun, respect,' which is undoubtedly primit.
akin to Lat. aes-tumare, 'to acknowledge,
value.' It is probably connected with the
San?, root iS,
to desire, seek to obtain.'
i, m.,
egg,' from MidHG. and OHG.
ei, n.,
; common to Teut. with the
same meaning, although Goth. *addjis, n.
(comp. OIc. egg), is wanting ;
ada, however,
is found in Crim. Goth. Comp. OSax. ei,
Du. ei, AS. tiej, n. E. egg is borrowed
from Scand. egg. Between the Teut. aias
(ajjas), n., 'egg,' and the corresponding
terms in the West Aryan languages there
is an unmistakable agreement of sound,
although the phonetic justification for the
comparison has not yet been found
; comp.
Lat. drum (LowLat. *dvum, on account of
Fr. oenf), Gr. tj>6v, OSlov. jaje, aje (from
the base *ejo-l), Olr. og, 'egg.' Arguing
from these cognates, Teut. ajjas, n., has
been derived from e"wjo-, 6wjo-, and con-
nected with Lat. avis, Sans, vi, 'bird.' In
East Aryan no corresponding word is found.
(pibe, f., 'yew,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. twe, OHG. iwa, f. (MidHG. also 'a
yew-tree bow
; comp. the corresponding
AS. tw, e&w, E. yew, and OIc. yr, m., ' yew
(and 'bow'). Goth. *eiws is by chance
not recorded. Swiss tche, tge, OHG. tha,
OLG. fch, AS. eoh, prove that the word
had originally a medial guttural ; hence
the primary form Goth. *eihwa ?. From
the Teut. word, MidLat. tvus, Fr.
if, Span.
iva, 'yew,' are derived. The relation of
OHG. twa, tha, AS. tw, eoh, to Olr. do,
W. yw, 'yew' (Lith. jevd, 'bird -cherry
tree,' OSlov. iva,
willows'), has yet to be
Cptbirrf), m., 'marsh mallow,' from Mid
HG. ibische, OHG. tbisca, f.,
marsh mal-
low, dwarf mallow
; borrowed early from
the equiv. Lat. ibiscum (Gr. ipiaicos).
(Sid)?, f.,
oak, oak-tree,' from the equiv.
MidHG. eich, OHG. eih (hh), f.
; a term
common to Teut., but by chance not re-
corded in Goth. (*aiks, f.) ; comp. Du. eek
(eik), AS. dc, I, E. oak. In Iceland, where
there are no trees, the old word eik, f.,
received the general meaning 'tree' (for a
similar change of meaning see (fd)e, ftcljrf,
Xamte; comp.Gr. dpvs, 'oak, tree (generally).'
The term i/c- is peculiar to Teut.
it is connected with OIc. eikenn, adj., 'wild,'
and with the Sans, root ej, 'to shake,'
is undecided.
(Stcbef, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
eichel, OHG. eihhila, 'acorn, fruit of the oak'
(corresponding to Du. eikel). The form was
orig. a diminutive of @id?e,
the offspring
of the oak,' as it were ; the derivative is
wanting in E. and Scand. (Bfttttt, ModHG,
is not a cognate.

{Sid)born, n., 'squirrel,'

from the equiv. MidHG. cichorn, OHG.
eihhorn(*eicchorn according toSwissetX-xer),
but corrupted at an early period by con-
necting it with eru. The primit. Teut.
base cannot be discovered with any cer-
tainty, since the word has been trans-
formed by popular etymology in all lan-
guages. Du. eekhoren corresponds to the
HG. form. AS. dc-wern (earlier dcweorna),
'squirrel,' is abnormal, and apparently a
compound ;
still more remote is the equiv.
OIc. ikome, from eik, 'oak, tree.' The
implied Goth (primit. Teut.) word *aika-
wairna (*eikawairna) seems by its forma-
tion to resemble Goth, widuwairna, OHG.
diorna (see SDirne) ; in that case AS. dc-
weorna (OIc. ikorne) might be a diminutive
of aik (Ik
oak,' meaning lit.
little oak-
Eic ( 68 ) Eig
animal'?. Comp. tlie diminutive forms
squiriolus, ModHQ. eid^erndjeii,
OSlov. vSvcrica. On the other hand, somu
maintain that weorn'm AS. dcweorna means
'tail,' while others connect it with Lat.
viverra, derived from a North Europ. word
(Lith. vovere", OSlov. veverica). At all
events, since tlie Tent, cognates include
OIc, AS., and OHG., we need not suppose
the word was borrowed from a Southern
Horn, term ;
Lat. sciHrus (Gr. oidovpos), Fr.
ecureuil, Span, esquilo (MidLat. squiriolus)
whence E. squirrelare too remote in
sound from the Teut words. There is no
reason for assuming that the Teut. word
was borrowed from another source.
eidfen, aid)en, vb., 'to gauge,' from
MidHG. token (ahten),
to survey, gauge,
inspect' ; akin to MidHG. iche, tch, f.,
'measure, official standard, office of weights
and measures
corresponds to Du. ijl;
'gauge, stamp,' ijken, 'to gauge, stamp.'
In LG and MidLG ilce, f., means
mark, instrument for gauging,' generally
'a pointed instrument, lance/ for which
reason the cognates have been derived from
a Teut. root Ik, 'to prick.' Yet MidHG.
ahten points to a connection with ahten.
In UpG. pfedjten (see $egel) has a parallel
form pfedjen. The solution of the diffi-
culty with regard to aidjett has not yet
been found. The spelling of the word with
OBav. ai is also remarkable, since in Suab.
and Bav. ei corresponds to the MidHG. t.
gtd)f)orn, see (5id)e.
(lib, m.,
oath, execration,' from the
equiv. MidHG. eit(d), OHG eid, m,j a
word common to Teut., but not found in
the other groups ; Goth, aifie, OIc. et'oV,
AS. dp, E. oath, Du. eed, OSax. eth, m.

for the common Teut. aipa-z, from pre-
Teut. 6i-to-s (comp. Olr. oelh,
suitable cognate has yet been found. @fje
and its cognates are scarcely allied to it,
though (Sifcam may be so.
(Stoctllt, m., 'son-in-law,' from MidHG
eidem, m.,
son-in-law,' also ' father-in-law
(comp. Setter, <Sd)tt>ager, 33afe, 9?effe,
regard to the fluctuating meaning), OHG.
; corresponds to AS.
diSum, OFris. dthum,
son-in-law.' Goth.
is wanting, the word megs (see
SDiage) being used. This merely West Teut.
term, the derivation of which appears to be
similar to that of Dfjeim, is connected with
MidHG. eide, OHG. eidl, Goth, aipei,
mother.' It is not impossible that it may
he allied to @ib also ; comp. E. son-in-law.
In Sual). and Alem. (Sitam is unknown,
the word used being i>d;termanit.
@ibc, f., 'awn, beard,' LG. See ftfirc.
(Sibcd)f<;, f., from the equiv. Midi It I.
egedehse, OHG. (gidehsa, f., 'lizard'
; like
(fidjfycut, the word has been corrupted in
various ways in the other languages of the
West Teut. group, so that it is impossible
to discover its primary meaning. Du.
haagdis, hagedis,
lizard,' is based on hang,
'hedge,' in MidDu. eggedisse; AS. dp'exe,
whence E. ash, asher,
water-newt,' is alto-
gether obscure. The component OHG.
-dehsa, AS. -p'exe (to use Sdjfen,
in natural history as an equiv. term for
Saurian.',' is a mistake due to a
wrong derivation), may be connected with
the Aryan root teles,
to make,' which ap-
pears in 5)acb3 ; OHG. egi-dehsa, lit.
who inspires fear'?. Comp. OHG. <.gi,
Goth, agis,
fear,' primit. cognate with Gr.
p:dn, sadness.'
giber, (Siberians, f.,
simply ModHG. from LG. eider; the latter,
like E. eider, eider-diick, is from Ic. cbpr
(gen. cepar), wpekolla, 'eider-duck' (Mod.
Ic. cb is pronounced like ei). Eider-down
wa3 brought by the Hanse traders from
Iceland to England and Germany, and
from the latter imported into Sweden
(Swed. ejder, ejderdun). To the OIc. depr,
Sans, dti-,
water-bird,' may correspond
the latter, it is true, is mostly connected
with (Snte ; comp. further Norw. Adder,
Swed. (dial) Ada, 'eider-duck' (from OIc.
*dpr, without mutation).
(Stfer, m.,
zeal, fervour, passion,' from
late MidHG. ifer, m. (ifern, n.), 'zeal,
jealousy.' Tlie word appeared at a remark-
ably late period (15th cent.), and its pre-
vious history is quite obscure
it found its
wayfrom UpG., in connection with Luther's
translation of the Bible, into LG., Du., Dan.
and Swed. Nothing can be adduced in
favour of the assumption that the word
was borrowed from UpG. eifern. An older
Ger. adj., etfer, 'sharp, bitter' (as late as
Logan), OHG. eivar, eibar, 'sharp, bitter,'
AS. dfor,
sharp, bitter,' might perhaps be
cognate with ModHG. ifer.
citfCtt, adj.,
own, pertinent, peculiar,
odd,' from the equiv. ModHG. eigen, OHG.
eigan ; an adj. common to Teut.; comp.
OSax. igan, Du. eigen, AS. dgen, E. own,
OIc. eiginn; Goth, used stcis for *aigans.
The old adj. eigen is, as the suffix n show?,
Eil ( 69
prop, a partic. ending in -ana- of a vb.,
which only appears, however, as a pret.-
pres., meaning
to possess,' throughout the
Teut. group
; comp. Goth, digan, (dihan),
OIc. eiga, AS. dgan,
to have' (E. to owe),
pret. in AS. dhte, in E. ought, whence also
AS. dgnian, E. to own. The Teut. root
aig (aih), from pre-Teut. aik, preserved in
these words, has been connected with the
Sans, root tg, 'to possess, have as one's
own,' the partic. of which, icdnd-s (tgdna-s\
agrees exactly with HG. eigan, Goth.
*aigans. In ModHG. %xad)t (which see)
we have a suhst. formed with a dental
suffix (Goth, aihts,
property, possession,'
<Siilano, n.,
isle,' from MidHG. eilant,
einlant(d), 11., 'land lying by itself, island'
(comp. MidHG. eilif, from 6HG. einlif, see
elf). (Sin here has the meaning 'solitary,
alone,' as in Sinftebter, (Stttcbe. E. island,
and Du. eiland, are not allied
they belong
to Slit ; see the latter.
eilevt, vb., 'to hasten, hurry,' from the
equiv. MidHG. and MidLG. Hen, OHG. "den
(Ulen from iljari) ; akin to AS. tie, OFris.
He, OIc. il (gen. iljar),
sole of the foot.'
If the I be accepted as a deriv., as it often
is in other words, we obtain the widely
diffused root 1,
to go,' as the source of the
cognates ; comp. Gr. livai, Lat. ire, Sans.
root i,
to go,' OSlov. iti, Lith. eiti,
go.' See gefyctt.
etlf, see elf.
ix\XCY, m., ' pail, bucket,' from the Mid
HG. eimber, ein-ber, m., OHG. eimbar, ein-
bar, m., n.,
; corresponds to OSax.
Smbar (immar), Du. emmer, AS. dmbor, om-
bor, m.,
pail.' Apparently a compound of
ein- (Goth, ains) and a noun formed from
the root ber (Gr. <pep, Lat. fer),
to carry,'
which is discussed under 93alne, 93uvbe
hence 'a vessel to be carried by one per-
son'?, or rather
a vessel with a handle ' t
In reality, however, the words cited are
only popular corruptions, which were sug-
gested by Qahex (OHG. zwi-bar) as well as
by OHG. sumbiriin) ; for undoubtedly
OHG. ambar, AS. ombor, are the older
forms, as is also proved by the borrowed
words, OSlov. aboru, Piuss. wumbaris,
; in that case it would be connected
with Gr. &n<t>op&. Note too the diminutives
OHG. amprl (MidHG. emmer
AS. em-
pail,' formed from OHG. swnbirt(n).
em, nuin
from the equiv. MidHG. and
OHG. ein,
one,' also the indef. art. even
in OHG. and MidHG.
; comp. OSax. Sn,
Du. etn, AS. dn (E. one, as a num. a, an, as
indef. art.), OIc. einn, Goth. ains. The
num. common to Teut. for 'one,' orig.
ainos, which is primit. cognate with Lat.
Anus (comp. communis and cjemetn,
mon '), and also with Olr. 6en, OSlov. inu,
Lith. venas, Pruss. ains, 'one.' From this
old num., which strangely enough is un-
known to East Aryan (in which the cog-
nate terms Sans. Ska, Zend aha, 'one/
occur), Gr. (dial.) has preserved olv6s, 'one,'
and otvt}, '
the one on dice, ace.' See ilaub,
(Sittobe.einanbev, 'one another,' thus
even in MidHG. einander, OHG. (in the
oblique cases) einander, pron.,
one an-
other'a senseless combination of the
nom. ein with an oblique case of anber ; e.g.
OHG. sie sind ein anderen ungellh,
are unlike one another' (lit. the one to the
other), zeinanderen quedan,
to say to one
another ' (lit. one to the others), for which,
however, by a remarkable construction,
zeinen einanderen may be used in OHG.

(Etttbeere, f., ' one-berry, true-love,' simply

ModHG. ;
the assumption that the word is
a corruption of juniperus is not necessary
in order to explain the word. Comp. Ic.
einer.gtinfttu, f.,
simplicity, silliness,'
from MidHG. einvalt, einvalte (-velte), f.,
OHG. einfaltt, f.,
simplicity, silliness
comp. Goth, ainfalpei, f.,
silliness, good-
an abstract noun from Goth, ain-
silly,' OHG. and MidHG. einfalt,
'silly,' whence OHG. einfalttg, MidHG.
einveltec, adj.,
silly.' See fait. etttQC-
ffeifd)f, see ftleifdj. (Smgewcibe, n.,
entrails, bowels, intestines,' from MidHG.
ingeweide (AS. innop from *inwdj>), it.,
bowels,' for which geweide, n., also mean-
food,' chiefly occurs ; ModHG. ein; for
ModHG. tn,
within, inside
; OHG. weida,
food, pasture.' Therefore Singetveibc must
have meant lit. 'the food that has been
eaten,' and afterwards
the organs at work
in digesting it' ; comp. also auflnxiben, 'to
disembowel.' See 2Beibe.Ctttig, adj.,
agreed, sole, only,' from MidHG. einec(jg),
OHG. einag, adj., 'sole, only' ; a deriv. of
ein. @mooe, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
tincede, eincete, einSte, f.,
solitude, desert,'
OHG. eindti, 11.,
solitude, desert.' By be-
ing based on obe, the MidHG. and ModHG.
word received its present form
however, -6ti in the OHG. word is a suffix
(comp. #eimat, SDicnat, Slrmut)
Goth. *ain6-
dm (comp. mannisk-6dus,
Ein ( 70 ) Eke
wanting ; comp. AS. dnad (from dndd),
OSax. Snddi,
; the suffix -Sdtis cor-
responds to Lat. -dtns (senatvs, mayi&tra-
outfitm, adj., 'lonely, solitary,'
pimply ModHG. derived from ein and the
suflix of lancu'am, roonnefatn, cljrfam. See
jfam.Csinftcocl, m., from the equiv. Mid
HG. einsidel, einsidtle (also even tinside-
Irere), m , OHG. einsidUo {einsidillo, Goth.
' an imitation of Gr.
avaxupyrris, Lat. anachoreta, basing it on
OHG. sedal,
seat.' See jtebeln.
Ctn, adv.,
in, into,' from MidHG. and
OHG. in, adv., 'in, into,' beside which
Mill HG. and OHG. in with the same mean-
ing. The Ion;,' form was derived from the
short, as is proved by the connection with
the cognates of in, which see.
etttff, adv., from the eqniv. MidHG.
einst, einest, OHG. einist, adv., ' once, at one
time'; an obscure deriv. of ein; in AS.
denes, E. once, to which OHG. eines, Mid
HG. tines, 'once, at one time,' also corre-
spond. Comp. OHG. andnres, anderist,
MidHG. anderes, anderst,
otherwise,' as
similar formations.
{Shtf racfjf. f., ' concord, harmony, agree-
ment,' from tlie equiv. late MidHG. ein-
traht, {., which, however, belongs, as a Mid
G. word, to trefen ;
hence MidG. cht for
OHG. preserves the correct form eintroft,
simple.' Comp. 3n>tetrad)t.
ettt3eln, adj. and adv. (in Suab. and
Bav. einzacht), 'single(ly), sole(ly), indivi-
dually),' from the equiv. MidHG. einzel,
a modification of the older and more fre-
quent einHilze, OHG. einluzzi,
comp. Thur., and Sax. eelitzg (Slizx),
unmarried,' from MidHG. einliitzec (OHG.
unmarried.' The second com-
ponent belongs to ModHG. 2co3 (OHG.
; OHG. ein-luzzi,
one whose lot
stands alone.' Comp. also OIc. einhlitr,
only, sole, unique,' from
MidHG. einzec, 'single,' a developed form
of OHG. einazzi (adv., einazzim), the zz of
which is deriv., as in emftfl (comp. Gr.
KpirrrdSios with a cognate suffix).
$is, n., 'ice,' from the equiv. MidHG.
and OHG. ts, n. ; a word common to TeuL
comp. Du. ijs, AS. is, E. ice, OIc. iss,
(Goth. *eisa is by chance not recorded).
Outside the Teut. group no term identical
with this can be found. It is still unde-
cided whether it is connate with (Sifen (root
to shine ' ?) or with Zend isi (' ice '
(Siisbcht, n., a North Ger. word, from the
equiv. LG. tsbfn, MidLG. Ubin, 'hip-bone'
comp. Du. ijsbeen, isdtbeen, 'the socket of
the hip-bone,' AS. isbdn, m. The first part
of the compound seems to contain a subst.
isa-, 'gait, walking,' which Sans. eSa, m.,
hastening on,' resembles.
{St fen, n., 'iron, weapon, sword, fetters,'
from MidHG. an I MidLG. isen (tsern),
OHG. Isan, tsarn, n., ' iron
; corresponds to
Du. ijzer, AS. tsern, tren, E. iron, OIc. team,
Goth, eisarn, 'iron.' Its relation to is is
still undecided; it is most closely connec-
ted with Olr. lam,
iron ' (for *isarno-),
whence OIc. jam (Dan. jern) is borrowed.
It is less certain that OHG. ir, Goth, aiz,
Lat. aes,
bronze,' are allied to it The
deriv. r of the earlier forms is retained by
ModHG. etfern, which is based on MidHG.
tserin, tserntn, OHG. isarnln, adj., 'of iron.'
eifel, adj.,
vain, idle, useless, void,'
from MidHG. ttel, adj., 'empty, vacant,
vain, useless, fruitless, pure, unadulterated,'
OHG. Ital, 'empty, vacant, vain, boast-
; corresponding to OSax. idal,
invalid,' Du. ijdel, AS. tdel. 'empty, use-
less, worthless,' E. idle. The orig. mean-
ing of the adj. was probably 'empty' ; but
if we accept
shining' as the primary sense,
it follows that the word is connected with
Gr. aldw, Sans, root idh,
to flame.'
(pjfer, n., 'pus, matter, suppuration,'
from MidHG. eiter, OHG. eitar (eittar), n.,
poison ' (especially animal poison)
*aitra- is wanting
an old tr remains un-
changed in HG. (see treu, jtttern). Comp.
MidLG. and Du. etter, AS. dttor, attor, E.
pus, poison'), OIc. eitr, n. Also a
variant without the suffix r (Goth. *aita-)
comp. OHG. and MidHG. ei$ (Alem. eisse,
Bav. aiss), m.,
abscess, ulcer,' with a nor-
mal permutation of t to
The Teut.
root ait, 'poisonous ulcer,' has been rightly
connected with the Gr. otSos, n., otdfia, 11.,
'swelling,' olSdw, 'to swell'; hence the
root is Aryan oid.
(Sltcf, m.,
nausea, disgust, aversion,' a
ModHG. word, which has obtained a wide
circulation through Luther (he used the
form (Scfct; unknown in the contempora-
neous UpG. writings). A MidG. word with
obscure cognates
it is perhaps connected
with AS. dcol, 'burdensome, troublesome'
(base aiklo-), and probablv also to LG. ertern,
to vex ' (Du. akelig,
terrible,' E. ache ?).
The h in UpG. ljeifet (Swiss, heikxd) may
be excrescen t, as in tjcifd)eru These cognates
have probably 110 connection with a Teut.
root erk,
to vomit, nauseare,' to which old
UpG. erkele, 'to loathe,' E. irksome, to irk,

nickname,' simply
ModHG., in MidHG. d-name, prop.
name' ; from LG. cekelname ;
nickname,' OIc. aukanafn,
thet, surname ' ;
from the Teut root auk,
to increase.' See aud).
(fid), iSlon, see (Slcntier.
{|tefcmf, see (Stfenbeitt.
elettb, adj., 'wretched, pitiful, miser-
able, despicable,' from MidHG. ellende,
unhappy, woful, living in a foreign
countr}', banished,' OHG. eli-lenti, 'ban-
ished, living out of one's country, foreign,
alien, captive' ;
corresponding to OSax.
alien, foreign. To this is allied
the abstract (Slcnb, n., from MidHG. ellende,
OHG. di-lenti, n.,
banishment, foreign
country,' MidHG. alsp,
want, distress,
misery,' OHG. also,
captivity,' OSax. eli-
lendi, n,,
foreign country.' The primary
meaning of the adj. is 'living in, born in
a foreign country ' (comp. (lfa{3, from early
MidLat. Absatia, from OHG. Elisd^o, lit.
'incola peregrinus,' or 'inhabitant of the
other bank of the Rhine'). Goth. aJjis,
another,' is primit. cognate with Lat alius,
Gr. dXXos (for &\jos), Olr. axle, 'another'
comp. the corresponding gen. OHG. and
AS. elks,
otherwise,' E. else. The pro-
nominal stem alja-f was even in the Goth,
period supplanted by an/iara-, 'another.'
Comp. Sftecfe.
glenliev, n.,also (Stat, gtfenb, m. and
elk,' first occurs in ModHG. with an
excrescent d (as in SNottb) ; borrowed from
Lith. dnis, 'elk' (OSlov. jeleni, 'stag'),
with which OSlov. lani, 'hind' (from
*olnia), is primit. allied. From the Mod
HG. word Fr. dan,
elk,' is derived. The
genuine OG. term for (Slen is ($ld) (E. elk);
comp. MidHG. elch, like, m., OHG. elaho,
AS. eolh, OIc. elgr. The last word (origi-
nating in algi-) is termed alces in Caesar's
Bell. Gall, with which Iiuss. losi (from
OSlav. *olsi1) is also remotely connected.
Perhaps OG. (Sldj facilitated the introduc-
tion of the Lith. word.
m., simply ModHG. borrowed in
the last century from the eqniv. E. elf
(comp. alle, #eim) ; also ModHG. Iff,
f. ;
for further references see Sl(p. The
MidHG. elbe, dbinne, f., shows that a cor-
responding ModHG. would have 6 in place
elf, et(f,
num., ' eleven,' from the equiv.
MidHG. eilf, eilif, einlif, OHG. einlif; a
term common to Teut. for ' eleven.' Comp.
OSax. illetan (for inlibari), AS. dndleqfan,
endleofan (for dnleofan), E. eleven, OIc. ellifu,
Goth, ainlif. A compound of Goth, ains,
HG. ein, and the component -lif in 3iHf
(Goth, ttcalif). In the non-Teut. lan-
guages only Lith. has a corresponding for-
comp. Lith. v'enOlika,
twelve,' lry.'ika, keturiblika (and
so on up to nineteen) ; the/of the Ger. word
is a permutation of k, as in 2Dolf
The signification of the second component,
which is met with in Teut. only in the
and jnjclf, is altogether uncer-
tain. Some have derived the compound,
upon which the Lith. and Teut. words are
based, from the Aryan root h'k,
to remain
over ' (*ee tetljen), or from the Aryan root
lip (see Meifeen), and regarded elf as 'one
(SIfenbem, n., from the equiv. MidHG.
helfenbein, OHG. helfanbein, n.,
but based anew on (Slefcmt. How the word
came b the initial h (AS. ylpendbdn), which
is also ound in MidHG. and OHG. helfant
(also less frequently elfant, equiv. to AS.
elephant,' is not known. It is
possible that the excrescent h at the begin-
ning is due to the word being connected
with fyelfeit (in the Middle Ages special
healing qualities were ascribed to ivory).
Perhaps the word was obtained not from
Romance, but from the East, from Byzan-
tium (Gr. i\<pai>T-)
for the word would
probably correspond to Lat. (ebur] eboreus
had it been introduced into Ger. through a
Romance medium. Comp. Ital. avorio, Fr.
ivory,' Du. ivoor, E. ivory (yet also
Span, marjil, Port, marfim).With regard
to the meaning of the second part of the
compound (53ein, lit.
see SSein.
((te, f., from the equiv. MidHG. die,
ele, eln, elne, OHG. elina (and elin), f. ' ell
corresponding to Goth, aleina (wrongly
written for *alina1), OIc. qln, AS. eln, f.,
E. ell, Du. el, elle
all these words signify
ell,' which is derived from the lit. mean-
fore-arm ' (comp.
panne, Jtlafter,
as standards of measure). The word in the
form Sliud is also preserved in other Aryan
languages. Comp. Gr. <L\imj, 'elbow, arm,'
Lat. ulna, 'elbow, arm, ell,' Olr. uile, Sans.
aratni, OSlov. lakutl (from *olk&i{), Lith.
6lekti* (ulektii), 'elbow, ell,' are more re-
mote ;
they also contain, however, the
Ell ( 72 Eng
common Aryan 6le- (whence too SUjtf?).
From the Teut. *alina the Romance cog-
-Ital. ahia (Ft. aune)are borrowed.
gllenbogou, gUbOQCW, m., from the
equiv. MidHG. eflenboge, elenboge, OHG.
e'inbogo, m.,
elbow.' Comp. Du. elleboog,
AS. e.lnboga, m., E. e^iow, OIc. glnboge, nu,
elbow,' lit.
bend of the arm.'
gjller, see rle. glfcbeere,
(Slrtfjje, f., 'minnow,' akin to MidHG,
and OHG. erlinc. See fftfe
(Slffer, f. (in Swiss cegtrSt, on the Mid-
Rhine atzel, Suab. /itfte and kteger$\
pie,' from the equiv. MidHG. egclster, agel-
stcr, aglaskr, OHG. aglastra, f.
sponding to OLG. agastria, LG. dgster,
Du. eXsfer, aakster,
magpie.' Its origin is
altogether dubious ; -striCn seems here, as
sometimes in other cases, to be a fem. suffix.
The meaning of the base ag-ul- may have
already been
magpie,' as is indicated by
OHG. agazza, 'magpie' (hence ModHG.
atzel for agze-l; comp. 5Bli|, Senj, {Jhtnjcl),
AS. 09a, 'magpie.' From the OTeut.
(type *agatja), Ital. gazza, and Fr. agace,
are derived.
(Stfent, plur., from the equiv. MidHG.
(seldom occurs) eltern, altern, plur., OHG.
eltiron, (altrori), plur., 'parents'; corre-
sponds to OSax. elliron, Du. ouders, ouderen,
AS. yldran, OFris. aldera,
; the
plur. of the compar. of alt used as a subst.
in West Teut. only. In AS. the corre-
sponding sing, yldra in AS. denotes 'father.'
For a similar evolution of meaning comp.
<rr, Sunder.
empfcmgett, empfmben, see nth.
cmpor, adv., ' upwards, aloft,' from Mid
HG. enbor, enbore, adv.,
into or in the
heights'; OHG. inbore, in bore, with the
same meaning ; a combination of the prep.
in with the dat. of OHG. and MidHG. bor,
'upper space' (OHG. also 'summit'), the
origin of which is obscure. It scarcely be-
longs to the root ber,
to carry ' (in 93aftre)
more probably to entperm. The
of the
ModHG. word is based on an early ModHG.
medium form entbdr, from which ettfyct,
entpor, must have been produced.
CUtporcn, vb., ' to excite, enrage, (refl.)
to revolt,' from MidHG. enbceren, OHG.
(occurs only once) anab&ren,
to raise '
akin to MidHG. Mr, m., 'defiance, revolt.'
The origin of the cognates is uncertain,
because it is difficult to determine whether
the r is primitive or whether it is by a later
change based upon s (z) ; with bor,
space'see empcrthere seems to be a
connection by gradation of u to auj
JIG. bcfe (OHG. Msi) is not allied.
adj., 'busy, active, assiduous,
industrious,' from MidHG. $my.c, em^c,
OHG. pnaftig,
emi^ig (also with tz),
stant, persistent, continuous'; Suab. and
Alem. have fhijjig, instead of the non-exis-
tent cmftij. A derivative by means of the
suffix -ig from OHG. emiy, whence Mid
HG. eme^iche. Its connection with SJiujje
is questionable, since a- as an accented
prefix is not to be found. AS. cemetig,
free, empty,' E. empty, is not allied.
With greater probability, the West Teut.
term for 'ant' (see Slineife) is related to
fSnbe, n.,
end, aim, termination,' from
the equiv. MidHG. ende, OHG. enti, m.,
n. ; corresponds to OSax. $ndi, m., Du.
einde, AS. ende, m., E. end, OIc. ender, ende,
m., Goth, andeis, m., 'end.' The common
Teut. stem andja-, from pre-Teut. antyu-,
is closely connected with Sans, dnta-s, in.,
boundary, end, edge, border,' Olr. it
(from anto-
end, point'
(Sn&hrie, f., 'endive,' early ModHG.
only, formed from the equiv. MidLat-.
and Rom. endivia (Lat. intibus).
eng, adj.,
narrow, close, strait, con-
fined,' from the equiv. MidHG. and Mid
LG. enge, OHG. pigi, angi; corresponds
to Goth, aggwus, OIc frigr
(seldom qngr),
narrow,' Du. eng; from the Tent, root
ang, Aryan angh, preserved also in Shtgjr.
Comp. Lat. angustus, angnstice, angere (see
also fringe), as well as Sans, anlrfi,
unhas, n., 'narrowness, chasm, oppression,'
OSlov. qziiku, 'narrow,' Gr.
, 'to
strangle,' Armen. anjiJ;^ If. cum-ung,
{Sngel, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
engel, OHG. eng\l, angil, m.,
; cor-
responding to OSax. engil, Du. engel, AS.
engel (but E. angel is borrowed from the
OFr. angele), OIc. engell, Goth, aggilus, m.,
angel.' The cognates which are diffused
throughout Teut. are borrowed from the
ecclesiastical Lat. angelus, or more pro-
bably from Gr. &yye\os, 'angel.' How they
were borrowed cannot, it is true, be dis-
covered with any certainty (comp. Seufcl).
(Sngerling, m., 'grub of the cock-
chafer,' from iMidHG. engerlinc, MidHG.
OHG. engerinc(g), m., 'coin-weevil,' a rk--
rivative of OHG. angar, angari, MidHG.
anger, enger, 'corn-weevil'; scarcely con-
Enk ( 73 1
nected directly with eitije. It is more
probable that Lith. anksztirai,
(of swine), cockchafer grabs,' Pol. wyjry,
measles (of swine),' are primit. cognates.
(girtfte, m. (unknown to UpG.), from
the equiv. MidHG. enke, m.,
farm servant,
hind,' OHG. encho, *ancheo (*ankjo\ m.,
'servant'; corresponds only to OFris,
inka and LG. enke,
servant.' It is uncer-
tain whether the word is primit. cognate
with Lat. ancilla,
maid - servant,' since
Lat. c would be normally changed into LG,
h or
perhaps, however, it is based on
the Aryan root ank or ang.
ttfccl(l.), m., 'ankle,' from MidHG,
qnlcel, m., OHG. e,nchil, anchal, m. ; nume-
rous primit. variants obscure the etymology.
OIc. qkkla, n., AS. q.ncleow, n. (E. ankle),
MidDu. anclau, OHG. anchldo, 'ankle-
bone,' seem to be modifications of the
primary form, but do they suggest any
connection with JUaue (comp. AS. ondcleOw
with oncleOw) ?. There is a difficulty in
determining the relation of OHG. eixchil,
anchal, to anchldo, and their further con-
nection with MidHG. anke, m., 'joint of
the foot, nape' (even now Slnfe in UpG.
and MidG. dialects is the term for 'nape,
OHG. enclia, f. (from ankia),
tibia' (Fr. anche, 'reed, mouthpiece').
Perhaps allied to Sans <itt(/a, 'limb,' aiiguri,
(Sltftel (2.),
m., from the equiv. MidHG.
enenkel, eninkcl, m., late OHG. eninchilt(n),
n., 'grandson.' Since even in MidHG.
the forms gnikel and qnikliii appear, Mod
HG. (Snfel is most closely connected with
a form cnekel, in which the medial e was
syncopated. The termination inkltn is
frequently found as a diminutive fuffix
comp. AS. scipincel,
small ship,' lipincel,
small limb,' OHG. le.wincliiU(n),
lion,' huoninchili(n), 'chicken.' Hence
OHG piinchill is a diminutive of 9ll)n,
OHG. ano (Goth. *ana, gen. *anin-s),
grandfather,' and signifies lit. 'little
grandfather, grandfather's child'; comp.
the similar evolution of meaning in Lat.
avunculus (see JDIjcim). In the non-Teut.
languages there is probably another corre-
sponding term besides the word cited under
9ll)tt OSlov. viinukii, 'grandson.'
cnfs, prefix,
forth, from, out, away,'
from MidHG. ent-, OHG. int-, an un-
accented prefix corresponding to the ac-
cented ant-, which is of the same ori-
gin. In words with initial
ent- even
in MidHG. becomes emp-, hence entpfait-
<jen (from fangctt), cntpfiufccti (from ftnbni),
empfeljten (fcefeljten), OHG. int-fdhan, int-
Jindan, *intfelhan. The meaning of the
prefix belongs to grammar.enfbef)rett,
vb,, from MidHG. cnbern, OHG. (int-1)
to do without, want' ; a corre-
sponding vb. is wanting in the OTeut.
dialects. The meaning of OHG. in-beran-
can hardly be deduced from beran,
(see 93afyre, gefcarcn, SBfivbc) ; whether
it is connected wiili fcaar, OSlov. bosit, from
an Aiyan root bhes,
to be empty,' remains
uncertain, because the prefix has no very
definite meaning, and because no other
verb from this root has been found.
gltfC, f., 'duck,' from the equiv. MidHG.
ente (for *enete), ant (plur. e,nte), OHG. anut,
enit, f. ; a term common to Teut. ;
MidLG. anet(d\ Du. eend, AS. amed, OIc.
qnd, f.,
duck.' The assumed Goth, form
*anu}>s points to a primit. kinship with Lat.
anat-, 'duck,' with which some have also
connected Sans, dti (see, however, iter), as
well as OSlov. ati, Lith. dntis,
duck.' For
the E. term 'duck' (AS. dike), see taucfycn).
(pttferidj (Suab. antrecht), m.,
drake,' a
modification of MidHG. antreche, OHG.
antrahho (Dan. andrik)
probably the cor-
rect form is *anutlrahho'\. In LG. simply
>rafe, equiv. to E. drake, which has certainly
nothing to do with 5)rad)e,
dragon,' Lat.
draco. Other terms for drake are LG. erpel
in Pomerania, weddik in Mecklenburg, and
wart in Holstein, all of obscure origin.
Note further Swiss and Bav. (Sntvccjcl for
Cttfent, vb.,
to board (a ship),' simply
ModHG., formed like Du. enteren, from
Span, entrar (Lat. intrare).
adv., 'against, in opposition,
towards,' from MidHG. engegen, OHG. in-
gegin, and ingagan, ail v. and prep., 'toward*,
against' ; comp. OSax. angegin, AS. ongedn,
E. again; see flcgen.cntrflftcf, 'exaspe-
rated, irritated,' partic. ofMidHG. entriisrev,
to take off one's armour, to disconcert' (Du.
and LG. ontrusten,
to disturb
; see rtijhit.

to displace, depose'
to be shocked, terrified,' from MidHG. ent-
to lay aside, disconcert, be afraid,'
from MidHG. entsitzen, OHG. intsizzen, 'to
lose one's seat, fear, terrify,' Goth, andsitan,
to shun, fear.'
cnftDC&cr, particle, 'either,' from Mid
HG. eintweder, an uninflected neu., corre-
sponding 03 a disjunctive particle to an
Eph ( 74 ) Erf
oDct following ; in MidHG. eintueder, is
mostly a pron. (sometimes with oder follow-
one of two,' corresponding to OHG.
ein-de-weder (*ein-dih-wedar),
one of two'
see jpcber. The origin of the OHG. de- is
obscure ; see feitt.
(Spljeu, m., 'ivy,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. ephbu, ebehou, OHG. ibahewi, n. ; even
at the present day the word is pronounced
Gp4fU in UpGer. dialects (Franc, Suab.,
and Alem.), partly corrupted to flidbj^cu,
while the ModHG. pronunciation has been
influenced by the written language. Of
course it is impossible to say positively
whether eu is to be regarded as the second
component, especially as the other forms
are difficult to explain. OHG. has also
ebawi, ebah, AS.
E. ivy, MidLG.
twldf, Du. eiloof, 'ivy.' The base of the
cognates seems to be a common Teut. iba-
yet no definite clue can be found.
ppid), m.,
celen', parsley,' with LG.
consonants, from MidHG. epfich, OHG.
epflh, n., which are preceded by the shorter
forms, MidHG. epfe, effe, OHG.
This word, like other names of plants con-
nected with horticulture and cookery, was
borrowed previous to the OHG. period (see
from Lat. ; the original word in this
instance is apium, which denotes a species
of umbelliferous plants, comprising parsley,
celery, &c.
only in Mod11 G. has (Sppicfy
been confused in meaning with (fpfatt.
er, pron., 'he, it,' from MidHG. and
OHG. er, corresponding to the equiv. Goth.
is, from a pronom. stem of the third person
i-j comp. Lat. t-s(Lat. id, Goth, ita, OHG.
and MidHG. e'3, ModHG. eg). Akin to the
Sans, pronom. stem i-.
prefix, signifying
transition, begin-
ning, attaining,' from MidHG. er-, OHG.
ir, ar, ur-, the unaccented verbal prefix
from the accented ur-. See the latter.
1vbe, n., 'heritage, inheritance,' from
MidHG. erbe, OHG. erbi, arbi, n., 'inherit-
ance'; a word common to Teut.; comp.
the equiv. Goth, arbi, AS. yrfe (obsolete in
E.), Du. erf, OSax. ertii. Akin to (Erbe, m.,
heir, inheritor,' from the equiv. MidHG.
erbe, OHG. erbo, arbeo (Goth, arbja), m.
With the Teut. root arbh,
to inherit,' some
have connected the Olr. comarpi, 'joint
heirs,' and Gr. 6p<pav6s, Lat. orbus,
phaned,' Armen. orb,
; (Srbe, lit.
grbfe, f., ' pea,' from the equiv. MidHG.
anweiy erweiy ericiy f., OHG. arawei$, ar-
wiy f.
corresponding to OLG. erit, Du.
erwt, ert
OIc. ertr, plur. The cognate-t
are probably borrowed, as is indicated by
the similarity in sound to Gr. ipipwOoz and
6pofioi, 'chick-pea' (see Sllmofen) ; comp.
also Lat. ervum,
bitter vetch,' akin to the
equiv. AS. earfe. Direct adoption from
Gr. or Lat. is impossible
; the way it wa<
introduced cannot be discovered. Probably
(Stbfe is one of the words which Gr. and
Teut. have obtained from the same source,
as in the case of -anf. In Eng., Lat pisum
(Fr. pois) was adopted for 'pea' early in
the AS. period
comp. AS. peose, pise, E.
pease (and pea).
(fra)fag, Bav., see aMenStag.
(Srbe, (.,
earth, ground, soil, world,'
from the equiv. MidHG. erde, OHG. erda,
f. ; a word common to Teut. ; comp. Goth.
airpa, OIc. jgr'S, AS. eorSe, E. earth, Du.
aarde, OSax. ertha, f., 'earth.' To the
dental derivative er-J>6-, OHG. ero, 'earth,'
also belongs ; so too Gr. tpa$e,
to earth,'
and perhaps Lat. arvum,
arable land '
eard), as well as the old Aryan root ar,
'to plough'; see Slcfer, Slrt. gtbbeere,
f., 'strawberry,' from the equiv. MidHG.
ertber, OHG. ertberi, n.
perhaps not really
a compound of (Stbe, but of OSax. erda,
honey-flower, common balm'; yet Swed.
jordbar, tells in favour of a compound of
etbxoffeltl, see >roffet (2).
(preignts, n., ' event, occurrence,' for an
earlier erougiiis from MidHG. erbugen, OHG.
to show.' OHG. ougen, Goth.
to show,' are derivatives of Sluc^e.
Hence erougnis means lit. ' what is shown,
what can be seen.' The spelling Sreionis,
found even in the 16th cent., was due to
the corruption of a word no longer under-
evfafyretl, vb.,
to experience, come to
know, learn, undergo,' from MidHG. er-
varn, 'to travel, inquire, investigate, pro-
; akin to faljren.erQot$en, erge-
lien, vb.,
to delight,' from MidHG. erge:-
to cause to forget (espec. grief), com-
pensate for' ; factitive of MidHG. ergey
to forget.' See tter^effen.

sublime, exalted, superior to,' from
the equiv. MidHG. erhaben, which is pro-
perly a partic. of MidHG. erheben,
to raise
aloft.'erittttcrn, vb., 'to remind, ad-
monish,' (refl.)
to recollect, remember,'
from MidHG. innern, inren,
to remind,
inform, instruct,' akin to inner.
( 75 )
1xker, m.,
bow, projection (of a build-
ing), balcony,' from the equiv. MidHQ.
arker, erker, in.
the latter u formed from
MidLat. arcora (a late plur. of Lit. arcus,
evlctuben, earlier erfeuben, vb., ' to allow,
permit, grant,' from MidHG. erlouben (er-
leuben), OHG. irlouben (irlouppen),
; comp. Goth, uslaubjan,
to permit,
grant,,' AS.
Tlie original meaning
of erfaubeit, like that of gfauben, is
to ap-
prove,' which is also inherent in the Teut.
root lub, upon which the word is based
(comp. gob, fieb, (aube, which are connected
by gradation of the root lub, Hub, laub).
An old abstract of ertauben appears in Mod
HG. ttrtauft.
erlattc^f, adj.,
illustrious, noble,' from
MidHG.erlinht (with a MidG. vowel erWit),
'illuminated, famous'; a particof erliuhten.
See leucf/ten and fSurcf/laut.
(Srle, f.,
alder,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. erle, OHG. e.rila, elira (to this is allied
'minnow,' OHG. erlinc,\\t.
'elder fish'?). Comp. LG. eller, Du. els
(ModHG. (Slcbccre,
wild service-berry
AS. alor, E. alder, OIc. qlr, elrer, elrej
Goth. *alisa (*aluza) appears in Span, alisa,
alder,' Fr. alize, ' wild service-berry.' The
change of the orig. OHG. elira to erila is
analogous to Goth. icairil6s compared with
AS. weleras, 'lips' (see (Sfjtg). Cognates
of (Srle, like those of 93ud)e, S3irfe, &c, are
found in the non-Teut. languages. Comp.
OSlov. jelicha, Lat. alnus (for *alsnus),
alder.' Comp. lUme.
^rntcl, m.,
sleeve,' from the equiv.
MidHG. ermel. OHG. ermilo, armilo, m.
diminutive of Slrut. Comp. the diminutive
form of %<x\\$, MidHG. viustelinc, 'mitten,'
also MidHG. vingerlin, 'ring (worn on the
finger),' dimin. of Singer, E. thimble, dimin.
of thumb.
{Srnfi , m., ' earnestness, seriousness, grn-
vity,' from MidHG. ernest, m., OHG. emust,
n., f.,
contest, earnest, decision of charac-
ter ' ; corresponding to Du. ernst, AS. er-
nost, 'duel, earnest,' E. earnest; the suffix
-n-ust as in SMenft ; see also Slttflft. Akin
also to OIc. orrosta, 'battle' ; the stem er
{erz 1, ers ?) is not found elsewhere with a
similar meaning
; the evolution in mean-
ing resembles that of Jfampf, Jfriecj. The
cognates in other Aryan languages are un-
certain.The adj. ernft, simply ModHG.,
is represented by Srnesthaft in MidHG. and
by ernusthaft and ernuslltch in OHG.
f., ' harvest,' from the equiv. Md
HG. erne, f., like ModHG. J&uftf, from tbfl
equiv. MidHG. hiiffe, plur. of Am/; MidHG.
erne (Franc, and Alem. Urn), a plur. used
as a sing., is related similarly to OHG. araii,
harvest,' which, like Goth, asans,
vest, autumn,' is connected with a root as,
to work in the fields,' widely diffused in
OTeut. Comp.Goth.#s?im(>ii,AS.
gsnfi), 'day-labourer,' OIc. qnn (from *aznu),
f., ' work, season for tillage' ; akin to OHG.
arndn, 'to harvest' (AS. e<irnia, equiv.
to E. to earn, OIc. drnal), MidHG. asten,
to cultivate.' Probably Lat. anntma (for
*as6na), 'produce of corn,' belongs to the
Teut. root as.
erobern, vb., 'to conquer, win,' from
MidHG. er-obern,
to excel, conquer,' allied
to ober, fiber. erdrfcrn, vb., 'to discuss,
determine,' formed from late MidHG. in-
tern, ortern,
to examine thoroughly,' from
MidHG. ort, 'beginning, end.'crqutcnctt,
vb., 'to revive, refresh,' from the equiv.
MidHG. erqiu'cken, 'to reanimate, wake
from the dead,' OHG. ir-quicchan ;
to fecf, luecffUber, rerqutcfen.erfd)uffern,
see cfyutt.
erft, adj., 'first,' from MidHG. Srst,
OHG. irut,
the first
; corresponding to
OSax. Srist, AS. chest,
the first' ; superlat.
of the compar. form cited under efyer. Goth.
airis, adv., formerly,' airiza,
ancestor,' OHG. Sriro (Srro),
the positive is preserved in Goth. air. adv.,
early,' AS. cer, adj., adv.,
early,' OIc. dr,
(OHG. ir-acclw,r,
early '). Probably the stem air-, on which
the word was based, was used orig. like
friif), only of the hours of the day. It is
connected most probably with Gr. fat, 'early
in the morning.'
crflichcn. vb., 'to stifle, choke,' from
MidHG. ersticken, intrans.,
to be stifled,'
and ersteclcen, trans.,
to stifle.'
crwci^nctt, vb.,

to mention, call to
notice,' formed from the equiv. MidHG.
gewehenen, OHG. giimhinnen, giwahannen
(pret. gi-ivuog, partic. ghoa/itand giwahinit).
allied to OHG. giwaht,
mention, fame.'
Goth. *wahnjan belongs to the root wok,
w6q (Teut. wah),
to speak,' which is widely
diffused in the Aryan languages. Comp.
Lat. vox,
voice,' vocare,
to call,' Gr. 6<r<ra
(for FoKJa) and 6w- (for Fot),
voice,' trot
(for Firm),
word,' Sans, root vac,
to say,
speak.' In Teut. this old root was not so
widely developed.
Erz ( 76 ) Ess
gr,3, n.,
ore, metal, bra*s, bronze,' from
the equiv. MiilHG. (rze, arzr, OHG. erizzi,
aruzzi, aruz, 11. ;
an obscure word, which is
unknown to the other Teut dialects
bably borrowed under the form azuti, ar-
vmti I In Goth, ais, AS. dr, E. ore, OHG.
and MidHG. eV, ' bronze,' whence the OHG.
and MidHG. adj. Srin, ModHG. ehetn
these are primitively cognate witli Lat aes,
'bronze,' and Sans, ayas, 'metal, iron.'
prefix, ' arch-, chief,' from MidHG.
erz- ; comp. MidHG. erz-erigcl, -bischof,
-priester; OHG. only in e.rzi-bischof; cor-
responding to Du. aarts in aarts-engel,
aartsbisschop, AS. arcebiscop, E. archbisliop,
AS. arcengel, E. archangel ; from the Lat.-r
Gr. prefix archi-
much affected in
ecclesiastical words. HG. and Du. ex-
hibit the late Lat. pronunciation, arci
(see Jfreuj) ; Goth, ark-aggilus, 'archangel,'
from archangelus, like AS. arce-, retain the
older sound of the c. Comp. also 5lv$t.
CS, pron.,
it,' from MidHG. e'3, n. sing.,
and its gen. es, OHG. e'3 (gen. es) ;
from the Aryan pronom. stem of the 3rd
pers. (i-) mentioned under er. See ifyn.
Gfcf)C, f., ' ash, ash-tree,' from the equiv.
MidHG. asch, OHG. asc, m. ; correspond-
ing to Du. esch, AS. ozsc, E. ash, OIc. adr,
ash.' The remoter cognates, Slav, jasika,
Lith. iisis, with the same meaning
a kind of beech,' and Lat. aesculus,
winter oak,' are not allied.
{Sfct, m.,
ass,' from the equiv. MidHG.
esel, OHG. esil, m.
corresponds to OSax.
esil, Du. ezel, AS. $sol, eoso\ Goth, asiltts
(whence OSlov. osilii), 'ass.' It is self-
evident that these cognates are related to
Lat. asinus. Yet it is remarkable that the
Komance languages have not an I, but an
n in the suffix ; Span, asno, OFr. asne
(whence OIc. asne), ModFr. dne, Ital. asino
(the Lat. diminutive asellus does not come
under consideration, since it is not found
in any Romance language ; comp. further
Slffd). For the change of n to I in deriva-
tives, see <>tmmet, Jtummcl, Crcjcf. The ab-
normal AS. assa (equiv. to E. ass) may be
traced back to Olr. assan, borrowed, with
the usual change of sound, from the Lat.
Consequently all the cognates come from
Italy ; no primit. word for
ass ' can be
found in any language of the Aryan group.
The term ^ellfrcfct is a late imitation of
Ital. asello; the equiv. 9l|Ttl appears, how-
ever, to be unconnected with it.
{Sfpe, f.,
a*pen-tree,' from the equiv.
MidHG. aspe, OHG. aspa (hence I
aSpe). Comp. the exactly equiv. AS. a
asp, OIc. qsp ; scarcely allied to (Jute ; 1
probably connected with Lat arbor,
if the latter represents an orig. *arf>os.
f. (the word seem3 to be unknown
to the UpG. dialects),
forge,' from the
equiv. MidHG. esse, OHG. essa, f., 'chim-
ney, hearth of a worker in metals.' Like
OSwed. avja, they indicate a Goth. *asj6,
which is also assumed by the borrowed
term, Finn. ahjo. Whether (S\\( is allied
to OIc. esja, 'clay,' and hence means lit.
what is made of clay,' remains doubtful.
Its assumed connection with OHG. eit,
funeral pile,' Gr. aWos,
glow,' Suns, root
to burn,' is untenable.
vb., 'to eat, dine, feed on,' from
the equiv. MidHG.
OH(i. <;;*;
common to Teut., and orig. an OAryan str.
vb. ; comp. Goth, itan, OIc. eta, AS. etan, E.
to eat, Du. eten, OSax. etan; see frcjfeti. The
verbal root et, 'to eat,' common to Teut.,
to which OHG. and MidHG. ds, ModHG.
?la3 (comp. Lat. Ssus for *ed-to-, the partic
of edere), also belong, is based upon an A 1
root id; comp. the Sans, root ad, Gr. !5'
otiai, Lat. Mo, Lith. edmi, tmi, OSlov. jam I
(from *edmt),
I eat'

{Sffert, n., 'food,

meal, dinner,' even in MidHG. e^en, OHG.
e^aii, n., as an equiv. eubst. ; it is scarcely
an infinitive used as a subst, but rather
an independent subst. form like Gr. idavov,
food,' Sans, ddana, n.,
(Sffig, m. (with the normal unaecent (1
for ch),
vinegar,' from the equiv. MidHG.
(jj'ch (that the i is Ions; is proved by
iis change into the diphthong ei in late
MidHG. ezseich), OHG. e%$h Qih), m. A re-
markable loan-word, corresponding to Kid
J.G. etik, OSwed. wtikia, Swed. attika; also
OLG. ecid, AS. e.ced, which with Goth.
vinegar,' are based upon Lat.
acetum. For the HG., LG., and Swed.
words we must assume a form *atecum,
produced by metathesis of the consonants

from atVc for ateko, which, how-
ever, is not attested by any Romance form
for such transpositions comp. Romance
alendre from Lat anlielare, MidHG. bicver
from vieber (see further citations under
etojeta, Sieber, @ri>, JJabeljau, ftjscln, ^itc\t).
There is a remarkable form in Swiss dia-
lects, achiss, echiss, which is based upon
an untransposed form corresponding to
Goth. akeit(t). The Lat-Rom. acitum (Ital.
aeeto; but Fr. vinaigre and E. vinegar from
Est ( 77 ) Fac
Lat. vinum acre) has also made its way
into other countriesOSlov. acitu (from
Goth, akeitsl), Oh: acat.The UpG. vb.
to taste of vinegar,' may perhaps be
based upon some such form as OFr. aisil
(MidE. aisil).
dftrtd), m., 'floor, plaster-floor, pave-
ment,' from the equiv. MidHG. estrlch
esterlch, OHG. estirlh, astrth(hh), m.
MidLG. astralc, esterck, Du. estrik (these two
forms are not recorded). In Middle Ger-
many the word, which was unknown to
Luther, is not found. Perhaps it is really
native to the valleys of the Rhine and
Danube, being introduced by Roman colo-
nists. Comp. early MidLat. astricus, astra-
cus, 'paving,' Milan, astregh, Sicil. astracu,
Ital. tastrico ; OFr. astre, Fr. dtre,
ei lid), pron.,
some, sundry,' from Mid
HG. etelic/i, OHG. etalth, also earlier Mod.
HG. <$idj, from MidHG. eteslich, OHG.
ettedtch, etteshw'elich, 'anyone' (plur. 'many
a one
The same first component is seen
in cttva, from the equiv. MidHG. etwd (ete-
sivd), OHG. etteswdr,
anywhere ' ; etttaS,
from MidHG. and OHG. etewa$ (neu. of
MidHG. and OHG. eteuSr, eteswer, 'any
'). The origin of this pronominal ete,
ites, ettes, eddes, 'any,' is quite obscure.
Some have compared it with Goth, aij?)?au,
perhaps, nearly ' (see cber), and frisJnvazuh,
Cttd), pron., ' you, to you,' from MidHG.
inch, iuwich, OHG. iuvrih, accus., the dat.
of which, however, is iu in MidHG. and
OHG. ; comp. AS. eow (and e&wic), accus.,
eow, dat. (. you), Goth, izuris, accus., dat.
Is Lat. vos, vester, akin ? All other refer-
ences are dubious.euer, poss. pron. of
the preceding, ' your,' from MidHG. iuwer,
OHG. iuwar. Comp. AS. e6wer
E. your,
Goth, izwar,
<\\le, f., ' owl,' from the equiv. MidHG.
iule, iuwel, OHG. dioila, f. Comp. Du. uil,
AS. Hie (from *Awle), E. owl, OIc. ugla,
from pre-Teut. *uwwaU, or rather *uwwil6,
guff, Swiss, 'sheepfold.' See <d}af.
|uW, m. and n., 'udder, dug,' from
the equiv. MidHG. iuten, titer, OHG. Htar,
titiro, m. ; a word common to Teut. and
orig. a primit. Aryan word, which has the
same sense everywhere. Comp. Du. uijer,
AS. dder, E. udder; also with gradation
eudar in MidLG. jeder, OFriB. iuder, OIc.
j&gr. The resulting Teut. Mr-, eudr-, from
Aryan ildhr-, corresponds to the equiv.
Sans. Hdhar, Gr. oS0a/>,(with gradation), Lat.
liberj Slav. vyme. (from *vyd-nien-), 'udder,'
is differently derived.
eunct, adj.,
eternal, perpetual,' from
the equiv. MidHG. Sunc(g), OHG. twig;
corresponding to OSax. Swig, Du. eeuioig,
'eternal'; derived from an OTeut. root
eternity.' Comp. Goth, aiws,
time, eternity,' OHG. ewa,
which are primit. cognate with Lat. aevum,
'eternity, lifetime,' and Gr. alihv. Comp. jje.
extern, vb., ' to vex, tea-e,' a MidG. and
LG. word, probably connected with (BUI
allied alsato Hess, ickern with the same sense.
gfabel, f., ' fable,' even in MidHG. fabel,
Jabele, f., from Fr. fable, Lat. fabula.
JJcul), n., 'compartment, shelf, panel,
special branch,' from MidHG. vach, OHG.
fah(hh), n.,
part, division of space, of a
partition, wall, &c.,' also
contrivance, an
enclosed space in water for catching fish,
fish-weir, hurdles for fishing' ; with the
latter meanings some have connected Gr.
noose, snare, fishing hurdles,' to
which there is no objection phonetically.
Yet we must proceed in the case of the
HG. word as well as of AS. fac,
time,' from a general and primary sense,
such as
division, a portion of space or
time.' Allied to HG. fftgen.
suffix, '-fold,' from MidHG. (very rare)
vach, in manecvach, zwivac/i, OHG. not
found ; mannigfad?, lit.
with many divi-
sions '; moreover, MidHG. vach, denotes
also 'fold,' and ?fad) as a suffix may be an
imitation of the earlier suffix -fait in manec-
valt, 'manifold.'
fddjeln, vb.,
to fan,' simply ModHG.
from gather.
gFfidjer, earlier also ffad^et, m., 'fan,'
ModHG. only ;
the derivation is uncertain
perhaps a diminutive of MidHG. vach,
veil.' Yet the suspicion that the word
was borrowed is not unfounded, since Mid
HG. foclie, focher, 'fan,' point to Lat. foca-
rius, focidare (from focus). The change of
Fac ( 78 ) Fah
o to may be due to LG. (comp. Slfcttitfaubt,
Vlbtbar), as in anfadjen, from Lat. focare.
iJadtel, f.,
torch,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. vackele, rackel, OHG. facchala, f.
comp. AS. facele, f, ' torch,' with the abnor-
mal variant J>mcele, f. It is usually regarded
as a loan-word from Lat. facvla, (dimin.
of fax). The sounds, however, point with
greater probability to a genuinely Teut.
word, which was perhaps connected with
Lat. facula; Du. fakkel, f., has ck, like the
HG. word, in contrast to AS. c; the vowels
too of the AS. stem and derivative syllable
tell in favour of a genuinely native word
likewise OHG. r&rea gafaclita, 'reed shaken
to and fro by the wind.'
^faocn, m., 'thread, file, shred,' from
the equiv. MidHG. vaden, vadem, OHG.
fadam, Jadum, m. ;
Goth. *fa}yms is want-
ing. Comp. OSax. fathmos,
both arms
stretched out,' AS. foejrm,
both arms dis-
tended, embrace, protection, bosom,' E.
fathom (a measure), OIc. fafimr,
arms, bosom.' Consequently the primary
sense is
encompassing with both arms,'
which could be adopted as a measure (see
JUafter) ; hence the use of 'fathom' as a
measure in Eng., Scand., LG., Du., and
also in ModHG. (adopted from LG. and
Du.). The ModHG. meaning 'thread' is
a recent development ; its lit sense is
much yarn as can be measured with the
arms stretched out.' The primary sense,
encompassing,' results from Goth, fajja,
f., MidHG. vade, f., ' hedge, enclosure.' The
base of the cognates is a Teut. root, /<?/>,
pre-Teut. pet, pot, which accords with
the Gr. itct in ireT&vvviu,
to spread out,'
outspread, broad, flat' ; Lat. patere,
to stand open,' is even more remote.
capable, competent, able,' from
fal)I, adj.,
dun, fawn-coloured, pale,'
from MidHG. val (gen. wes), adj.,
discoloured, faded, yellow, fair,' OHG. falo
(nom. falawer) ;
comp. OSax. jalu, AS.
fealo (gen. fealwes), E. fallow, OIc. fglr,
pallid, pale
; comp. falb. Allied priinit.
to Lat. palleo,
to be pal lid,' pallidus, ' pallid,'
Gr. xo\t6$ (suffix to as in Sefioj, Goth, taihs-
wt-) 'grey,' OSlov. plavu, 'whitish,' Lith.
pdlvas, 'tawny,' Sans, palita-s,
grey.' By
this interpretation of the cognates the ch of
cow or horse of fawn colour,'
fallow,' remains unexplained
these suggest a connection with Salff.
The cognates, Ital. falbo, Fr. fauve (comp.
also braun, blent, blau), are derived from
fctrjnocn, vb., 'to inform against,' from
MidHG. vanden, OHG. fdnton, 'to visit'
comp. OSax. fandian, AS. fandian, 'to
test, beseech, demand
' ;
probably from a
root fenj> in ftnteu (comp. Du. vanden, 'to
visit a woman in childbed').
3?af)nc, f. (mas. in UpG.),
banner, flag,
standard, squadron,' from MidHG. vane,
van, m. 'flag, banner' ; in this sense OHG.
has the compound gundjano, m., since fano
most frequently means 'cloth ' (comp. ouga-
veil,' halsfano,
; allied
to Goth, fana, 'cloth, stuff, rag,' AS. fana
and gUj>fana, m., 'standard, banner,' E.
fane, vane, Du. vaan, 'flag.' The Teut.
fa><an, pre-Teut. pano-n-, has in the wider
sphere of the Aryan languages many cog-
nates which also point to the general and
older meaning, 'stuff, cloth' ; Lat. pannva,
'small piece of cloth, rag,' OSlov. o-pona,
'curtain,' ponjava, f, 'sail.' Akin also
perhaps to Gr. t^os, n., 'garment,' xrjviov,
'spool, spindle.' An Aryan verbal root>
pen, appears in OSlov. plug, (peti),
to span,
hang.' The OTeut. gunpfano,
was adopted with the meaning 'flag' by
Romance (comp. Fr. gonfalon, Ital. gonfa-
lone), while the simple form in Romance
retained at different times the earlier and
general meaning (comp. OFr. and ModFr.
finmi, 'rag, towel, fanon (of a priest).'

3?af)nbridj, g?dl>nrtd), 'cornet, ensign,'

like dnfetid), first formed in ModHG.
from the shorter MidHG. word
MidHG. venre (the ModHG. d is excres-
cent, as in fdjaufccrn, mincer), OHG. faneri,
3df)re, f., from the equiv. MidHG. vere,
ver, f., n.,
; comp. Du. veer (E. ferry
is borrowed from OIc. ferja, t, 'ferry').
Also akin to OHG. farm, MidHG. varm,
'skiff, ferry,' and OHG. ferid, n., 'navi-
gium'; like Sercjf, connected with far)rcn.
See lUaam.
faf)rcrt, vb., 'to drive, convey, sail.'
from MidHG. varn, OHG. faran,
to move
from one place to another, go, come
; cor-
responds to Goth, (rare) faran, 'to wander,
march,' OSax. and AS. faran,
to proceed,
march,' E. to fare, OIc. fara, 'to move'
(of any kind of motion). The root jar in
Goth, farjan (OHG. ferian, MidHG. vern)
means 'to go by ship,' and is therefore
connected with the nouns mentioned under
gdlj. The primary meaning of the Teut.
Fah ( 79 )
root far,

continued motion of every kind,'
is supported also by fuljren. As derivatives
of the Aryan root per, for,
coinp. Gr. irbpos,
way, passage,' irbpdp.os,
straits ' (see %uxt),
ferryman,' iropetia),
to bring, con-
vey, cross,' iropeOeffdai,
to <;o, travel, march'
(hence there is a leaning in Gr. also to the
meaning 'to go by ship' in the case of the
root wop)
OSlov. perq. plrati,
to fly '
Sans, root par,
to lead across
; Lat. peritus,

gfa^renbc <&abe, 'mov-

ables,' from the equiv. MidHG. vanide
habe, varndez guot, OHG. faranti scaz.
3rrtf)rf , f.,
jourrfey, ride, drive, voyage,
course,' from MidHG. vart, OHG. fart;
comp. OSax. fard, 'journey, voyage,' AS.
fijrd.ferd, f., 'journey, voyage, expedition,
troops on the march,' Olc. feift, f., 'jour-
ney ;
Goth. *farf>s or *fards is wanting, but
the term us-fa>}>6 (us skipa, 'shipwreck')
occurs once. From por-ti-s, a derivative of
the root por appearing in fafyreu ; comp. also
fdf)rte, f., 'track, trail, scent,' prop,
the plur. of MidHG. vart, OHG. fart,
track, way, journey, voyage.' See al)rt.
fait), adj., identical with
gtalbet, f., 'flounce,' simply ModHG.,
from Fr. and Ital. falbula, whence also E.
^tat&e, m., 'falcon, hawk,' from the
equiv. MidHG. valke, OHG. falcho, m. (in
UpG. still written galdj). In the other
Teut. languages the word does not appear
till late in the Middle Ages (Olc. falke,
E. falcon, Du. vallc), yet Falco already ex-
isted in Lombardic proper names (comp.
also AS. Wester-falcna). Among the Anglo-
Saxons the falcon was called wealhheafoc,
Welsh hawk
; Olc. valr,
falcon,' is prop,
'the Keltic (bird)' ; comp. Sfiktnufj, nxlfd).
Hence it is possible that OHG. Jalcho origi-
nated in the tribal name Volcae, 'Kelts';
*volcon- may have become falkon-, and the
Romance cognates (Ital. falcone, Fr. fau-
con) borrowed from it. But it is also
possible that the word is connected with
the cognates of fat)t (UpGer. falch,
fawn-coloured cow') ; hence jyalfe, 'a fawn-
coloured (bird)'?. If, on the other hand,
the word originated in the Lat.-Rom. cog-
nates (Lat. falco is recorded in the 4th
cent.), we must base it on the Lat. falx,
; falco, lit. 'sickle-bearer' (on ac-
count of its hooked claws?).
fallen, vb., 'to fall, abate, diminish,'
from the equi v. MidHG. vain, ORQ.fallan;
the common Teut. word for
to fall' (singu-
larly, however, it is unknown to Goth.)
comp. Olc. falla, AS. feallan, E. to fall,
OSax. fallan. The Teut. root fal-l, pre-
Teut. phal-n, appears in Gr. and Sans. a3
sphal with an s prefixed
; comp. Gr. <r<p6Xku,
'to fell, overthrow,' <r<pd\\onat, 'to fall, be
deceived.' Lat. fallo is based directly upon
the root phal,
to deceive
' ; Sans, root sphal,
to stagger ' ; also Lith. pulu pulti,
to fall,'
and akin to Sans, phala, 'ripe, falling fruit' ?.

3ritU, m, 'fall, ruin, event, case (in gram.,

&c.),' OHG. and MidHG val. (gen. valla),
in. ; comp. AS.fyll, m., ' fall, death, ruin.'

$aUe, f., from MidHG. voile, OHG.falla,

f., 'snare, decipula'; AS.fealle,f., 'laqueus,
decipula' (wanting in E.), Du. val,
false, wrong,' from the
equiv. MidHG. valsch, adj. ; OHG. *falsc
is not recorded. On account of late AS.
fals, E. false, Scand. fals, which are clearly
derived from Lat., the word is doubtlessly
connected in some way with Lat. falsus.
But. since the latter retained its s un-
changed (comp. Ital. falso, Fr. faux, from
OFr. false), we cannot imagine that the
word was borrowed directly from Lat.-
Romance (Olc. falskr is a German loan-
word of the 15th cent.). Probably Mid
HG. valsch, a comparatively recent forma-
tion (comp. fifin, toad)), from OHG. gifalsctin,
gifelscen, vb., 'to falsify,' which is derived
from a Lat. *falsicdre, Romance */"discard
'to falsify.' The assumption that MidHG.
valsch (akin to vdlant, 'demon'?) is primit.
allied to Lat. fallere, Gr. o-<pd\\effOai, is
scarcely valid.
ifalt, jfctltig, adj. suffix, '-fold,' from
MidHG. -valt, OHG. fait; comp. Goth.
AS. -feald, E. -fold, Olc -faldr; a
common Teut. suffix in the formation of
multiplicatives; itcorresponds to Gr.*Xd<7or
in St-rXdoios, &c. (also SItoKtos, 'twofold'),
for pltios, with which sfalt seems to be
primit. cognate. See fatten, and Qinfalt
under fin.
fatten, vb.. 'to fold, plait, knit (the
brow),' from the equiv. MidHG. vallen,
OHG. faltan, faldan ; corresponds to Goth,
falpan, Olc. falda, AS.fealdan, E. to fold;
the Teut. root is fal/>,
to fold,' pre-Teut,
pit, with which comp. OSlov. pletq, plesti,
to twist,' Gr. SiirMaws,
twofold (see
under sfalt), Sans. pu(a, 'fold,' for pita.
>attc, f., 'fold, plait, crease, hem,' irom
MidHG. voile, OHG. fall, m., 'fold,' is
Fal (
So ) Fas
derived theFr. cognate fauteuil, which lia3
lately been adopted again by ModHG.
conip. MidLat. fuldistolium, faldistorium,
Ital. fitldistorio.
>altcr, m., simply ModHG., 'butter-
fly'; the MidHG. term is vivalter (cor-
rupted also into zwivalter),

butterlly,' from
which the ModHG. word has been cor-
rupted by connecting it with fatten. But
MidHG. vivalter is based upon an OTeut.
term for
butterfly,' which may have been
*feifaldr6 in Goth. ;
conip. OHG. flfaltra,
OSax. ftfoldara, AS. flfealde, OIc. fifrilde,
; akin to Du. vijfwouter,
a sort
of butterfly.' The origin of this term is
not yet established,, although it is probably
a reduplicated form like fceben and jittem.
to fold, groove, rabbet,'
from MidHG. velzen, valzen, OHG. falzen,
'to fold'; galj, m^ from MidHG. valz,
m., 'fold, joint' ; akin to OHG. anafalz,
anvil,' AS. anfilt, E. anvil, Du. anbeeld,
'anvil' (see Slmbofj). Tlie cognates are
undoubtedly connected with fatten ; Mid
HG. valz may have been *falti in Goth.,
which would probably represent falt-ti,
pltni- (conip. fdniifcen
from fdjneibett).

6ee 93a($.
fangcn, fallen, vb., ' to catch, seize, fish
(an anchor), soften (hides),' from MidHG.
vdhen, vdn, OHG fdhan,
to catch, inter-
cept, seize' ; the common Teut. vb.Goth.
fdhan, OIc.
AS. f$n
(for */6han from
*fohan; wanting in K)has the same
meaning. Boot fanh (whence fah, fdh)
and by a grammatical change fang (this
form is' really found only in the partic.
and pret., but it has made its way in Mod
HG. into the pre?, also), pre-Teut. panic.
With the Teut. cognates some have com-
pared the unnasalised root pak, in Lat.
pax, pacem (lit.
strengthening '
1) ;
akin to
the nasalised pango (partic. pactum), with
for c 1, Sans, paca,
; the root pak
appears without a nasal in Teut.
HG. fiigen.

^ang, m., 'catch, capture,

fang, clutches, haul,' from MidHG. vanc,m.,
OHG. fang ;
conip. AS. feng,
clutch, em-
brace,'/an<7, ' capture,' E./an<7 (tooth, claw).
gfttttf , m., ' coxcomb,' a LG. form (comp.
Du. vent,
a would-be wit, fool
for Mid
HG. vanz, m., 'rogue' (still existing in
alfaiiz, lit. 'vagabond'; comp. ModHG.
gtile. anj, the first part of which is ob-
scure, perhaps connected with AS.fyrleH,
foreign ' 1). See Sllfaitjeret.
^tarbe, f.,
colour, complexion, suit (of
cards),' from MidHG. varwe, OllQ.farawa,
colour' ; a fem. subst from the MidHG.
adj. var, inflected form varwer,
from OHG. faro (nom. farawSr) ;
Du. verw. The word originated probably
in Middle Europe, but found its way to
the North
Dan. farve, Swed. fUrrj. Is
Goth. *farwa-, adj. (whence Lith. par was,
or *fazica to be postulated ?
m., n_ ' i'ern,' from the equiv. Mid
and OHG. ram, varm; corresponds
to Du. varenkruid, AS. fearn, E. fern. The
interchange of n and m in OHG. and Mid
HG. is due to the assimilation of the suffix
na- to the initial labial ; comp. OHG./mn
with OInd. phina, and OHG. bodam with
Sans, budhna. gam is wanting in OIc.
comp. Swed. dial, fdnne (Ic. *ferne). The
type is doubtlessly Aryan parna-, which
is identical with Sans, parna, n., 'wing,
feather, foliage, leaf
hence gam is lit.
feather-like leaf (Gr. irrepls,
fern,' and
irrepbv, 'feather'). Probably allied also to
Lith. papartis, Russ. paporotl (OSlov. *pa-
pratl), 'fern.'
3?arre, m., 'bullock, bull,' from the
equiv. MidHG. varre, var, m., OlIG. farro,
far, m. ; corresponding to Du. varre, var,
'bull,' AS.. /earr, m^. OIc. farre, m., 'bulL'
Since there is a corresponding fem. form,
gdrff, the rr must have originated in rzfrs),
(comp. bmr, irre).

^arfe, f. (unknown to
UpG), 'heifer,' from MidHG. (MidG. and
LG.) verse, f
; comp. Du. vaars, 'heifer'
(likewise vaarkoe, 'heifer'); in Goth, pro-
bably *farsi,geu.fai-sj6s; E. heifer, from the
equiv. AS. hedlfore, hedfre, f., seems to con-
tain garre, garfe, in the final syllable. The
stem farZy fars, does not recur exactly in
the cognate languages, yet Gr. ir6pis, rdprn,
'calf, heifer,' agree with it in sound ;
wise Sans. prSatt,
white-spotted cow ' (fem.
of priat, 'speckled, spotted')?.
see under tfarre.
far3et, vb., 'to fart,' from the equiv.
MidHG. varzcn (also vurzen, verzen), allied
to OHG. fer&xn, 'to fart' ; corresponds to
AS. feortan, E. to faii ;
OIc. (with trans-
position of the r)j freta. Teut. root fert,
from the Aryan perd, with the same mean-
comp. Sans, root pard, Gr. Tctpfetv,
Lith. perdzu, persti, ltuss. perdltt.
Safari, m., 'pheasant,' from the equiv.
MiclHG. and OHG. fasdn, fasunt, m.
Pas ( 81 )
Litter is derived from Lat. Gr. fasianus
a bird from the Phasis in Col-
pheasant,' whence also Ital./a</iawo,.
Fr. faisan.
m., ' carnival,' from MidHG.
vaschanc, m.,
Slirovetide' ;. how it is con-
nected with gafhtad)t (Shrove-Tuesday) has
not yet been explained.
fafeltt, vb.
'to talk irrationally/ only
in ModHG., a derivative of OHG. fas6n,
'to track, seek here and there' ; but the
latter word is probably not from the root
fas in gafci\
^fafer, f.
'fibre, filament/ from late
MidHG. vaser, f.,
fringe,' most frequently
vase, m., f., 'fibre, fringe, border,' OHG./oso,
m..fasa, f. ; AS. fees, n., MidE./asiJ,' fringe.'
3-acnacf;f , see gafiuadjt.
faffett, vb., 'to hold, grasp, compre-
hend,' (refl.) 'to make up one's mind,' from
MidHG. va^en, OHG.
to handle,,
seize, load, pack, arm oneself, dress, go'
it seems to be a combination of two or more
really different roots. Comp. OIc.
plur., 'garments' (Goth. *fata, ' garments,'
may be deduced from Span., hato, Port.
fato, 'stock of clothes, wardrobe'); the
West Teut..fat (see gag), has not this mean-
ing, but MidHG. (OHG.) vawen, Ho dress
oneself,' points that way. In the sense
to seize,' the word may be connected with
gafj, lit.
engulphing,' from which the
meaning 'to load' would be evolved. la
the sense of
to go' (sich va^en, MidHG.)
it must probably be connected with guf?,
or more closely with AB.fcet
step.' See
gefceit, gifce.
adv., 'almost, nearly,' from MidHG
vaste, vast^adv. (from ve.ste, ' firm'),. ' firmly,
strongly, powerfully, very, very quickly,'
OHG. vasto, adv., i'rom festi; similar un-
nRitated advs. from mutated adjs. are fdjott
from fdjon, fpat from fpat. ModHG. has
also turned fejt into an adv., the older adv.
faji having been specialised in meaning
even in MidHG. vyste is an adv.
faflctt, vb., 'to fast,' from the equiv.
MidHG. vasten, OHG. fasten; comp. Goth.
fastan, OIc. fasta, AS. fastan, E. to fast,.
J>i. vasten; a common Teut. verb, invari-
ably used in the sense of
to fast,' which,
therefore, was probably a religious concep-
tion even of the heathen Teutons. The
corresponding abstract is Goth, fastubni,
AS. fasten, OSax. fastunnia
OHG. fasta,
fusto, m., MidHG. vaste, f., vasten, n., ' fast,'
whence Slav, postfil, ' fast,' was borrowed* at
an early period. The cognates are pro-
bably connected with
in the sense of
'to contain oneself, exercise restraint in
eating and drinking,' or
to obey a reli-
gious precept'; comp. Goth, fastan, 'to
adhere to> hold, observe.'

%>aftnad)t, f.,
Shrove Tuesday,' from MidHG. vasenaht,
eve of the first day of Lent.' According
to the OTeut. computation of time (comp.
Slbcnb) the evening and night were counted
as part of the following day (thus in AS.
Thursday evening,' frigeniht,
Thursday night '). The meaning given
above did not belong to the word origi-
nally. The first part of the compound is
an old verb fafctn,
to play the fool
; the
form Qfafhtacfyt may have been introduced
by the priests.
^fct, n.,
vessel, cask, vat,' from Mid
HG. va$, OHG. /a3(5^), n.,
cask, vessel,
chest' ; corresponds to MidLG. and Du. vat,
AS. fat,
vessel, receptacle, chest ' (E. vat),
OIc. fat, ^cask.' The prim, signification
of those cognates (pre-Teut. podo-) may
have been 'receptacle,' and since gejfel is
an allied word, we have to postulate the
to hold together ' for the Teut.
root/a^. Lith. pudas,
pot, vessel,' would
be in Goth. *f6ta-
instead of *fata-. Mod
HG. cfag is not an immediate derivative
of gag, because it assumes a Goth. *gafeti,
n. See faffett, gefcen, gifce.
fctul, adj., 'rotten, worthless,. lazy
the equiv. MidHG. and MidLG. vul, OHG.
ful ;
comp. Du. vuil, AS. fill, E. foul, OIc.
fHll,Goth.fuls, 'decayed' ; la- is derivative
as the Teut. root is deduced from OIc.
fuenn, 'putrefied,' which as a partic. points
to an obsolete verb (Goth. *fauan, formed
like bauan\ of which OIc. feyja,
to allow
to putrefy,' is the factitive (Goth. *faujan).
several Teut. dialects have formed
nouns with the meaning
cunnus ' (OIc.
fup) ; see unb$fcti. The root
Aryan pil, i equally represented in the
allied languages ; Gr. rtiov,
matter,' and
the equiv. Lat. pits, n.; Sans, and Zend root
p4 (p&y),
to stink, putrefy,' Lith. jntvii,
pitii. 'to putrefy' (akin to Lith. ptild,
'matter,' with a derivative I as in faul)
also Gr. irvQu,
to cause to rot,' Lat. pHteo,
to stink,' puter,
putrid, rotten.' The
primary meaning of the root pit is
emit a smell of putrefaction.'

vb. 'to be lazy,' from late MidHG. v&letzen,
to be rotten,' an intensive derivative of
faitl ; comp. Mifecn, fcufj*n.
Fata ( 82 ) Foh
>aufl , f., ' fist,' from the equiv. MidHG.
ana Mi>iLG. v&st. OH.Q.f&st, tj corresponds
to AS. fyst, E. fist,
Du. vuist. This term,
common to West Teut., is unknown to OIc.
in Goth, it may liave been */Asti- or *fHhsti-,
f. The possible loss of a h before st is sup-
ported by the connection with Gr. irtff,
with the fist,' Trty/iaxot,
boxer,' irvyfir),
fist, boxing,' Lat. puynus,
fist,' pugil,
'boxer,' perhaps also pugio, 'dagger' (lit.
fist weapon'), and further pugna, pugnare,
&c. The comparison of gauft with OSlov.
pestl, f.,
fist,' is less trustworthy ; this is
possible only if the assumed Goth. *fHhsti
is further derived from funhsti-, pre-Teut.
pnksti- ; in that case, however, the Gr. and
Lat. terms cited would have no connection
with the word.
$axe, plur.,
fooleries, tricks,' ModHG.
only ;
of obscure origin.
to fight, fence,' from the
equiv. MidHG. vetten, OHG. fehtan; a
term common to West Tent, for 'to fight,
contend,' unknown to Scand. and Goth.
comp. Du. and MidHG.vechten, OFriB.fiuch-
ta, AS. feohtan, E. to fight.
Whether the
verb has always belonged to the e class
is questionable
it may have passed from
the pret. plur. and partic. of the u class
into the e class
in that case, we should
have to assume Goth. *fiuhtan, *fduht,
*fatihtum, *faUldans, instead of *falhtan,
*faht, *fauhtam, *fauhtans. This conceiv-
able assumption facilitates the connection
with Lat. pugna, pugnare
yet the latter
are probably only derivatives of pugnus,
' ;
perhaps the inferred Goth. *fiuhtan,
to fight,' is similarly related to 5au|l.
5?c6er, f., 'feather, pen, plume, spring,
flaw (in jewels),' from the equiv. MidHG.
veder, v'idere, OHG. fedara, f. ; the term
common to Teut. for
; comp.
OSax. fethara, AS. feper, f., ' feather, wing,'
E. feather, OIc. fjgfrr, f., Goth.
f., akin to the collective noun efhber
(see gitttd)). Goth.
from pre-Teut.
p&rd, i\, has in the allied Aryan languages
some correspondences which prove the exist-
ence of an Aryan root pet, 'to fly' ; comp.
the Sans, root pat, 'to fly,' pdtatra, n.,
wing,' patard, adj.,
flying,' gatdpatra,
'having a hundred wings or feathers,' Gr.
to fly,' irrepdv (for *irerep6v), 'wing,'
vtIXov (for *ttL\ov), 'feather'; it is less
certain whether Lat. penna,
feather ' (for
*petsna1), is allied. See gittid). gfcbcr-
lefen, n., lit.
picking off the feather from
a person's dress' as a mark of servile flat-
found even in MidHG.gtcfccr-
fptcl, 11., 'lure,' from MidHG. vederspil,
n., 'a bird trained for hawking, falcon,
sparrow-hawk, hawk.'
j3fCC, ^Fei, f., 'fairy,' from the equiv.
MidHG. fei, feie, f. ; borrowed from an
OFr. dialect (Hurgund.), feie, ModFr.
(Ital. and Romance, fata, lit. 'goddess of
destiny,' from Lat./atwm), whence also E.
and fairy.
n., 'purgatory,' from Mid
vegeviur, n.,
purgatory,' from Mid
HG. vegen,
to purify
; formed on the
model of MidLat. purgatorium.
vb., 'to sweep, scour, winnow
(corn), purge,' from MidHG. vegen, (OHG.
*feg6n), 'to purity, adorn, sweep, scour,'
Du. vegen. Goth.
is connected with
Goth, fugrs, 'suitable,' AS. fdbger, E. fair,
OHG. and OSax. fagar; from the rootfeh.
fah,fag,ftig in fftgm; OIc. fcegja, 'to cleanse,'
probably belongs to the same root (the
Goth, form being fSgjan) ; Aryan root, pgk,
%ie1)be, f., 'feud,' from MidHG. vehede,
vide, OHG. fShida, 'hate, enmity, quarrel,
; corresponds to AS. fcehf>,
mity, revenge, feud ' ; Goth *faihif>a,
enmity,' is probably an abstract noun
from the Goth. adj. *faihs, 'hostile,' which
appears in AS. as fdh, fdg,
exiled, out-
lawed, proscribed ' (AS. gefda, m.,
Fj. foe ;
comp. OHG. gifili, MidHG. gevec/i,
hostile, malignant
'). A pre-Teut. root,
to injure, cheat' (comp. also Goth.
imposition, deception,' bifaihdn,
deceive, overreach'), is indicated by the
Lith. ;
comp. Lith. piktas,
angry,' pykti,
to get angry,' peikti,
to curse,' palkas,
stupid ' (akin to Pruss. po-paikd,
cheats'). Respecting the interchange of
meaning between
to injure' and 'to de-
ceive,' see trugen. Hence E./oe is lit.
who injures,' OHG. fihida, lit 'hurt, in-
fef)Ien, vb.,
to miss, want, err,' from
MidHG. vSlen, vcelen, 'to fail, mistake,
cheat, be wanting, miss
; burrowed in the
MidHG. period (about 1200 a.d.) from Fr.
to fail, miss, deceive,' which again,
like Ital.fallire, is derived from Lat. fallere.
The word was also adopted by E. in the
13th cent. ;
comp. E. fad, likewise Du.
to fail, miss, deceive,' Scand. (since
the 14th cant), feda.
e1)xne, f., ' criminal tribunal ' (in West-
Pei ( 83 ) Fei
phalia formerly), from MidHG. veime, f.,
'condemnation, punishment, secret tri-
bunal.' Goth. *faima, f., would, on the
analogy of riceapez, Goth, fidvdr, favour the
connection with the root n in Gr. rlvu, 'to
atone for,' derived from ki,
to punish,
avenge'; Gr. irolvij, as a derivative of the
same root, may have been formed with a
different suffix from that which appears in
gebme. In spite of the late formation of
the word, its origin is difficult to discover
and uncertain. Its connection with Du.
guild, association,' is also disputed.
Others again refer it to OSax. a-fehian,
condemn ' (see feige). It is quite impossible
to connect it with an older LG. form,
oak-mast,' which, with Bav. dehme,
oak-mast,' belongs to a different
^feier, f., 'holiday, festival, celebration,'
from MidHG. vtre, I, OHG. jtra, ftrra, f.,
'festival, holiday'; borrowed from Mid
Lat. firia (formed from Lat. feriae), with
the lat S strengthened, as Jlretbf, peife,
>etbe, *V?ein ; the cause of the rr in OHG.
ftrra is the i oifiria. fetcrf ctg, m., ' holi-
day, festival,' from MidHG. vtr-, vlretac,
OHG. flratag.

feiern, 'to celebrate,'

from MidHG. viren, OHG. ftrrdn, ftrdii,
to celebrate, keep a festival,' formed from
Lat. feriari. The borrowed word is found
in the Teut. languages of Middle Europe
(Du. vierdag, OFris. jtra), but is wanting
in E. and Scand. The Romance languages
preserve hat. feriae in the sense of 'fair'
comp. Ital.
fiera, Fr. foire (hence E. fair).
Comp. SWeJTe and gejhModHG. gferiett
(since the 16th cent.), 'vacation, holidays,'
has been derived anew from Lat. feriae.
adj., 'cowardly, dastardly,' from
MidHG. veige, OHG. feigi, adj., 'doomed
to death, accursed, unhappy,' then also
'timid, cowardly' (in the ModHG. sense
fcige is wanting in the UpG. dialects)
comp. OSax./e(/i, 'doomed to death,' Hess.
Du. veeg, veege,
on the point of death,'
AS. fcege, Scotch
Olc.feigr, 'doomed
to death, on the point of death.' In the
sense of 'fated to die,' the adj. is primit.
Teut. (Goth. *faiiis). It has also been
compared with Sans, pakvds,
ripe,' so that,
the Tent, cognates would represent pSkj,
piki (with an inserted vowel) ; comp. fed.
Far more improbable is the assumption
that it is connected with Goth, faihs, OHG.
f$h, AS. fdh, 'variegated,' as if it were
thought that the person doomed to death
by the fates was distinguished by some
coloured mark. Some compare it with
the cognates discussed under %tl)ie, some
with Lith. patios, 'stupid, silly,' others,
again, with an OSax. fehian, 'to condemn.'
See gefjme.
gfetge, f.,
fig,' from the equiv. MidHG.
vtge, OHG. ftga, L,
fig ' ; comp. OSax.
ftga, Du. vijg ; derived, like other South
Europ. names of trees and fruits, from Rom.
Lat. (ftcus, f.), or more strictly from North
Ital. and Provenc.
whence also Fr.
The AS. fictredw is connected directly
with the Lat., the later E. formfig-tree being
based upon Fr. figue. Comp.
*TJjIauine, SSirne, varieties of fruit, which
were borrowed in the OHG. period, or
even earlier, from the Lat. Goth, smakka,
fig,' corresponding to OSlov. smoku, was
obtained from a different source. See
%eiQtvax&e, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
(rare) vtcwarzen, n., vicwerze, f., 'venereal
ulcer,' for which is found, mostly in the
same sense, MidHG. vtc, m., from Lat.
ftcus, whence also the equiv. AS. ftce;
comp. Ital. fico, 'fig, venereal ulcer.'
for sale, venal,' from Mid
HG. veile, veil, OHG. feili, with the curious
variant fall, adj.,
; akin to
the equiv. OIc. fair, with an abnormal
vowel. Teut. faili- has according to
OHG. fait, OIc. fair, an inserted vowel in
the accented syllable (comp. feige) ; hence
it corresponds to Aryan pSli-, and is con-
nected with Gr. vwXtofiai,
to sell,' and
more remotely with the OInd. root pan
for pain-, 'to purchase, buy, exchange.'

with sch alter I for 8, 'to higgle,
bargain,' from MidHG. veilschen, OHG.
*feilistm, 'to bargain for something.'
3-oilo, f., 'file,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. vile, OHG. ftla, fthala (not flhala), tj
corresponds to AS. fe6l (dial, variant *ftl),
f., E. file, Du. vijl,
tile.' The OIc. term is
pe% f., 'file,' with an abnormal initial sound;
Goth *feiliala or *J>eihala must be assumed.
The form with initial
from Aryan
points to the widely diffused root pik,
scratch,' akin to Lat. pingo.pictor, OSlov.
to write.' Yet OIc. J>el, from
*f>tlU, points to Teut Jrinh, equiv. to pre-
Teut. Uk, tenk, in ModHG. >a$ ; for the
interchange of/ and
comp. biiftft (fitijlfr),
garfcl, gehme (also OHG. ftn, ftma com-
pared with LG. dime,
heap of corn.'
3?eim, m., ' foam,' from the equiv. Mid
Fei ( 84 ) Fol
HG. veim, OHG. feim, m. ;
comp. the cor-
responding AS. fdm, E. foam, which are
pri'mit allied to the equiv. Sans, phena,
OSlov. pena. ModHG. aKyfeimt, from an
earlier abfeimen, ' to skim ' (comp. raffintcrt,
from Fr. rafiiner,
to refine
feitt, adj.,
fine, elegant, cunning,' from
MidHG. vln,
adj., 'fine, beautiful';
OHG. *fin may be inferred from the adv.
finllhlw, which is first recorded in a gloss
o"f the 10th cent ; comp. Du. fi/jn, E.
Borrowed from a word common to Romance,,
I till,
with the prim, meaning
'perfect, genuine, pure,' which is a late
adj. form from Lat. finite.
gfetnt>, m., 'enemy, foe, fiend,' from
MidHG. vtnt, vlent, viant, OHG. ftant,
m., 'enemy' ; the common Teut. noun for
'enemy' ; comp. OSax.
AS. feOnd,
E. fiend, OIc. fjdnde, Goth, fijands. In
contrast to Lat. hostis, discussed under
afl, the Teut designates his enemy ac-
cording to the disposition of the latter
Seinb (pres, part, of the Sans, root pi, piy,
'to scorn, hate') is lit. 'the hater' ; comp.
OHG. flen
AS. feOgan, Goth,
fijan, 'to
hate,' akin to Goth, faian, 'to blame.'
gefybe is perhaps allied to it ; for the trans-
formation of the pres. part, into a subst.
comp. also grcunb, SBeujanb, and eitanb.
feift, adj.,
fat in good condition,' from
MidHG. vei$t, vei^et, OH.G.fei^it, adj., 'fat,
' ;
properly a partic. without gi-, ge-
of a Goth, verb *faitjan,
to fatten,' OHG.
feiy^en, which is from the nominal stem
faita-, 'fat,' OIc. feitr, MidHG. veiy With
the assumed Goth. *faitij>s are connected
AS. fasted, fddt, and E. fat (comp.
Goth. *faita-, from pre-Teut. paido-, has
no unquestionable cognates in the allied
it can scarcely be connected
with OSlov. piteti, 'to nourish, feed,' on
account of the faulty shifting of the dental
(Slav, t corresponding to Goth, t is impos-
it is more probably related to the
root iB,
to swell, flow forth
; comp.
a spring,' irtSwo,
to gush forth.'
m., 'white willow,' from Mid
HG. velwer. older velware, SB., from velice,
, 'willow, OHG. felawa,felwa, f., ' willow
tree.' Probably Osset farwe, 'alder,' is
primit allied to it'
3?eK>, n.,. 'field, space, square (chess-
board), panel,' from MidHG. v'elt (gen.
-des\ OHG. feld, n., 'field, soil, surface,
plain'; a word common to West Teut. point-
ing to Goth.
*fil}>, n.; OSax. and AS. feld
(lp in both dialects are regularly changed
into Id), E. field, Du. veld. It is still ques-
tionable whether OIc. fjall,
mountain,' is
identical with it, since the former is more
probably connected with ModHG. get*.
On the other hand, the following are cer-
tainly allied: OIc. fold, f., 'pasture,'
AS. folde, {., OSax. folda,
earth, country,
ground' (pointing to Goth *fuldS). Finn.
pelto is derived from Teut. felpos, which,
with OIc. folda, is based upon the Aryan
loot pith (Sans, prth),
to be broad, flat
comp. Sans, prthivi,
earth,' as well glaben.
3felftC, f.,
felly (of a wheel),' from Mid
HG. v'e%ge, OHG. filga, f.,
rim of a wheel,
tyre,' OHG. also
harrow, roller for break-
ing clods'; comp. Du. radvelge, 'felloe,'
AS.felg, E. felly (rim, fellow). Is OHG.
roller, harrow,' to be connected with
AS. *fealge (MidE. falge, 'fallow land'),
E. fallow, and its e to bo regarded there-
fore as formed by mutation? MidHG.
to plough up, dig,' makes such a
supposition very probable. It is possible
that the two classes in the sense of ' fel-
harrow ' are not allied to each
other. Between OHG. felga and AS.felga,
felloe,' there is no connecting link.
gfcll, n.,
hide, skin, fur,' from MidHG.
vel(ll), OHG. felUl),
human skin, hide
comp. Goth,
n., in prdts-fill, 'leprosy,'
faurafilli, 'foreskin'; OIc. fjall, 'skin,
hide,' in compounds, AS. fell, n.,
hide,' E. fell
Du. vel. Common to Teut.
orig., but universal in the wider sense of
skin,' both of men and animals. Teut
fella- from pre-Teut. pello- orpelno-
; comp.
Lat. pellis, Gr. u-eXXa,
hide, leather,' direX-
Xos, n.,
(skinless) unhealed wound,' epwri-
weXas, '
erysipelas, St Anthony's fire,' eVf-
caul of the entrails,' the latter for
eirlvXoFos, akin to Ljth. pleve,
caul, skin
also akin to AS. filmen,
membrane, fore-
skin,' '; likewise Gr. wA/ta,'soleof the
foot or shoe,' and perhaps WirXos, ' garment,'
as a reduplicated form (W-tX-os, root reX).
^cUcifcn. n., from the equiv. MidHG.
veils, m., ' valise, knapsack ' ; the ModHG.
form is a corruption of the MidHG. word
which is based upon the equiv. Fr. valise.
^tclfcr*, m., 'rock,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. velse, vels, m., OHG. felis, m., felisa, f.
(from which Fr.falaise,
ciiff,' is borrowed);
akin to OSax. felis, m., probably also to
OIc. fjall,
; the latter would
be *filza- in Goth., the former *falisa-;
in Du. and E. the word is wanting. Olr.
( 85 )
ail (from *paMk), 'rock,' OSlov. planina,
'mountain,' Sans, parvata, 'rock, moun-
tain,' may be primit. allied. Connected also
with OInd. p&r,
fastness, citadel,' to which
Or. tt6\l-s has been referred ? or with Sans.
pdsdna (for *palsdna), 'stone' ?.
3fCttd)Cl, m. (Snab. and Alem. ftenfel),
from the equiv. MidHG. venchel, venichel,
OHG. fenahhal, fenihhal, m., 'fennel';
comp. AS.finul, E. fennel; formed from
Lat. (foznicidum,feniculum,feniclum), fenu-
clum; from the same source the Romance
cognates Fr. fenouil, lta\. fmocchio, 'fennel,'
are derived.
^tCttfier, n.,
window,' from the equiv.
MidHG. venster, OHG. venstar, n. ; coinp.
Du. venster, n. Based, with a curious
change of gender, on Lat. fenestra, from
which, however, the fenstar of the Mid
Europ. Teutons could only be produced by
shifting the accent back according to the
Teut. custom (comp. 9lbt) andbysyncopating
the second e. This indicates that the word
was borrowed very early, in the beginning
of the OHG. period. Yet the idea was
wel 1 known to the older periods, as is tes-
tified by the terms naturally applied to the
existing objectGoth. augadaurS, 'eye-
gate,' AS. Sgfii/rel, 'eye-hole,' Olc. vindauga
(whence MidE. winddge, E. window). By
the introduction of the Southern term
(comp. also Olr. senister, W. ffenester) the
idea was probably reconstructed. This
word was borrowed at the same period as
other words

3iegel, SKaucvrelating to the

building of houses.
gfcrgc, m., 'ferryman,' from MidHG.
verge, verje, vere, OHG. ferjo, fero (nom.
sing, ferjo, gen. and dat./grw, accus./gr/tt?i),
mariner, ferryman.' The
is changed
after r as in emerge, Satrcergf. Goth.
*farja, m., 'mariner,' is wanting. Most
closely allied to
O^fyte ; also akin to Goth.
farjan, 'to navigate,' see root far
see gtier.
erftcl, n., 'sucking-pig,' from MidHG.
verier, verchel, verhtlin, OHG. farhel$(ii)
diniin. of MidHG. varch, n., 'pig, sucknu,'-
OHG. farah, farh, n. ; AS. fearh, in.,
I. farrowj Du. varlcen, n., 'pig'; Goth.
*farha- is wanting. In any case it is a
pre-Teut. word, since the allied Aryan lan-
guages have words corresponding to it both
in sound and meaning
; *farhaz from pre-
Teut. porfcos, corresponds to Lat. porous
(Gr. t6/)kos), Lith. pdrszas, OSlov. prasf, n.,
Olr. ore. Like (Sber and <2>d)roein, this
word too, unknown to Indian, is essentially
West Aryan, while Mai) is a common Aryan
far, distantly, remotely,'
from MidHG. verrene, verren, verne, OHG.
verrana, v'errandn, adv., 'from afar'; the
adv. in answer to the question
where 1
verre in MidHG. and v'erro in OHG. The
adject, form in MidHG. is verre, in OHG.
ver, which are probably derived from the
old adv. The remaining Teut. branches
have no old orig. adj.; as an adv., how-
ever, we meet with Goth, fairra, which is
also a prep., 'distant, away from,' Olc.
jarre, AS. feor, E. far, OSax. f'err. Be-
sides these words relating to distance in
space, OTeut. has also allied terms for dis-
tance in time
Goth, fairneis,
old, in the
preceding year,' OSax.
passed away (of years),' OHG. firni, Mid
HG. virne,
old ' (see under girnewcin)
akin also to Olc. forn, 'old,' MidHG.
earlier, formerly,' with a differently
graded vowel. To the Teut. stem /er-,/or-
from pre-Teut. per, pr, are allied Gr. irtpa,
further,' iripav,
on the other side,' Armen.
distant,' Sans, pdra-s,
more, remote,'
paramds, 'remotest, highest,' paras, adv.,
'far off, in the distance.' The cognates
of Aryan per- have too great and involved
a ramification to be fully explained hem
See fun.
^fcrfe, f., 'heel, track, footsteps,' from
the equiv. MidHG. v'ersen, OHG. firsana,
f. ; corresponds to Goth, fairzna (for *fairs-
na), ft, AS. fyrsn, f. (pointing to Goth.
*fairsni-) ; E. obsolete, the term ' heel ' (AS.
Mia) being used, in Scand. hchll
Du. ver-
zen, OSax. fersna. Common, like
numerous other terms relating to the body
(Jjjerj, 91iere, )t)r, 91afe, &c), to Teut. and
the allied languages, and hence derived
from the OAryan vocabulary; corny, fers-
n6-, -ni-, from pre-Teut. pCrs-nd, -nt-, with
Sans. pdrSni-s, f. (like AS. fi/rsn in the
formation of its stem), Zend pdSna, in., Gr.
{., 'heel, ham,' Lat. perna, 'leg (of
mutton, &c), ham,' pernix,
quick, speedy
(for *pcrsna, *persnix).
fcrttg, adj., 'ready, complete, dexte-
rous,' from MidHG. vertec, vertic (from vart,
'journey'), adj., 'able to walk, walking,
in motion, ready, fit,' OHG. farttg; Du.
ready.' The adj., like btrtit and
ruftig, probably meant orig. 'equipped for
a military expedition.'
Fes ( 86 ) Fie
JrcfTcl (1.), ' 'fetter, chain, shackle,'
from MidHG. vfi$d,
OHG./^i'J, m., ' band
for fastening and holding the sword,' then
also 'band, fetter' ; AS.fetel, ' sword-belt,'
OIc. fetell
m., ' band, bandage, sword-belt
akin to root fat (see %a$, faffen),
to hold ' ?.
The ModHG. has retained its general sense
by taking the place of another OTeut. word
for 'fetter'; MidHG. ve^er, f., 'fetter,
shackle for the foot,' OHG. fe$$era, OSax.
feter, AS.feter, E. fetters (plnr.), Olcfjgturr.
These words, which are usually connected
with Lat. vedica, Gr. *8ti,
letter,' Lat.
compes, and hence with the cognates of
ModHG. Sitfj, can scarcely be allied to the
terms indicating a Goth. *fatils,
pastern.' See gu&.
eft, n.,
festival, fete, feast,' from the
equiv. MidHG. fed, n., from Lat. fedum,
whence Ital. festa, Fr. fSte (E. feast)
is the earlier loan-wont Gothic has simply
a native dulfrs,
feast.' See JDult.
adj., ' firm, solid, strong,' from Mid
HG. vest, vede, OHG. f(di, adj.,
strong, steadfast' ; see the corresponding
adv. fail, which is not mutated
was the adj. originally formed by mutation,
since, according to OSax. fast, AS. feed,
", OIc. fastr, adj., 'firm,' we have to
assume a Goth. *fastu-, which is probably
an old to- partic. like laid, traut, jart, alt,
&c, from the root fas-, 'to fasten
; *fas-
ta-, lit. 'fastened,' then
firm.' Goth, still
retains only the verb fastan,
to keep firm,
hold fast' See faflett.
in., 'fetish,' adopted by Mod
at the beginning of the 17th cent.
The earlier parallel form gettfio is more
closely connected with the Port, base
enchantment,' but the modern
form with Fr. fetiche.
felt, adj.,
fat, plump,' only in ModHG.,
introduced by Luther from MidG. and LG.
instead of the genuine UpG. feijl ; LG.
fdt, comp. Du. vet from an earlier fitt, AS.
fdett, 'fat,' which, with OHG. feix$it, are
derived from Goth. *faiti/>s ; see fit ft.
to the origin of the ModHG. idiom, fein
Sfett fyaben, jentantem fein gctt geben,
to get
one's due, give any one his due,' opinions
are divided ; although the reference to
einbrocfen, {fttianbcm etttjaS einbrocfen (to play
one a trick), &c, supports the assumption of
a purely Ger. origin, some etymologists re-
gard it as partly translated and partly bor-
rowed from the Fr. donner d quelqu'un son
fait, avoir son fait, others even as an ironi-
cal reference to the Fr.
He a quelqu'un.
to make a person heanily welcome.'
$et&exx, in., from the equiv. MidHG.
vetzf, m., 'rag, tatters'; probably from
MidHG. va^en,
to dress,' OIc.
clothe-.' From a Teut, (Goth.) faVi,
clothes,' Span, hato, and Port, fato,
robe,' are derived. Comp. faften,
the dialectal compounds 2llltag3;, (Sonntaaes
frfcen, 5
f$en denotes
feitd)t, adj., ' moist, damp, humid.' from
the equiv. Mi'dHG. viulite, ORG.filhtiJiUit,
(Goth. *f&htu- is wanting). The adj. is
WestTeut. ; comp. LG. fucht, AS. f&ld, E.
obsolete, Du. vochtig, 'damp.' An allied
root (pllk), qUk, quak, is assumed for OSlov.
to grow sour,' kvasiti,
to acidify,'
which are scarcely connected with tins
^fetter, n.,
fire, ardour, passion,' from
the equiv. MidHG. vinr, OHG. and OLG.
older fair, n. ; comp. Du. vuur, AS.
(from *fUir), n.,; a word common
to West Teut. for
fire' ; in Goth,fon
funins), OIc, fune,
fire,' but it is doubtful
whether they are cognate with HG. Setter ;
comp. OIc. (only in poetry) furr, in., and
fj/re, n.,
fire.' The r in all the words is a
suffix, and/# (from pre-Teut. pit) the root
comp. Gr. vvp and Mo\. vd'Cp, n. (rrvpads,
'torch'). In Sans, a verbal root pit, 'to
flame, beam brightly,' is found, whence
fibcl, f.,
primer,' first occurs in early
MidHG. (15th cent.), probably a LG. word
orig. formed from 93ibet ; the earlier vari-
ant wibel (wivelV) points to ModGr. pro-
nunciation. Perhaps gibel represents 93iwl
(Sfitg, 5Meber).
J3?td)fc, f., 'pine, fir,' from MidHG.
vishte, f., OHG. fiohta, fluhta, f.,
fir.' No
cognate term is found in any of the other
Teut. dialects, yet ictote is proved from the
non-Teut languages to be primitive ;
Gr. vevKr,,
fir,' Lith. puszls, 'fir.' The HG.
form is fuller by a dental affix than the
Gr. and Lith. words.

fever,' from the equiv. Mid
vieber, OHG. fiebar, n. ; from Lat.-
Romance febris, with a change of gender
as in AS.ftfor, n., equiv. to E. fever ;
and MidHG. ie for , as in 93rtef, Stead,
Spiegel, $riejhr; so too ModHG. 93teber=,
MidHG. biever, from vieber, with an inter-
change of consonants, as in
Fie ( 87 ; Pin
gtiebel, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
tridd, videle, f., OHG. fidula (as early as
Otfried), f., 'fiddle, violin'; com
p. Du.
vedel, AS.
E. fiddle, OIc.
fidvla is based, according to AS.
fiddler,' fifcelestre,
cina,' upon an older West Tent. *fij?ula.
The latter form with
might be deduced
from Lat. *fitula or fidula (for fidicula ?),
yet these primary forms are not recorded.
There is undeniableconnection between the
Teut class and the Romance cognatesItal.
viola, Fr. viole,
violin,' the origin of which,
it is true, is much disputed. Stiil arfe
found its way from Teut. into Romance.
vb., 'to flay,' from the equiv.
MidHG. villen, OHG. fillen; allied to %tll.
^ft(3, m., ' felt, blanket; miser; repri-
mand,' from the equiv. MidHG. vilz, OHG.
m. ; comp. Du. vilt, AS. and E. felt,
Swed. and Dan. jilt,
felt ' (Goth. *filtis,
pre-Teut. *peldos, n.). Lat. pilus, pileus,
Gr. iriXoj, are scarcely allied ; it is more
probably connected with OSlov. plusti,
felt.' From the Teut. word are derived
the similarly sounding Romance words,
Ital. feltro, Fr.feutre, MidLat. filtrum, 'felt.'
Other words also relating to weaving were
introduced into Romance from Teut. See
afpe, Oiocfen.
finoctt, vb., 'to find, discover; deem,
consider,' from the equiv. MidHG. vinden,
OHG. findan ; comp. Goth,
finfcan, OIc.
finna, AS. findan, E. to
OSax. flthan,
to find.' Teut.
as a str.
verbal root from pre-Teut. root pent
to OHG. fendo, m., 'pedestrian, AS.
'foot-soldier,' OHG. funden,
to hasten' ?.
Some etymologists adduce Lat. invenire
and OSlov. na iti, 'to find,' to show by
analogy that from a verb of 'going' the
find ' can be evolved. With the
Teut. root
the equiv. Olr. root e%-
(from pent-) is most closely connected.
3ftnger, m.,
finger,' from the equiv.
MidHG. vinger, OHG.fingar,
m.; a common
Teut. term ;
comp. Goth,
AS. and E.finger. It is uncertain whether
the word is derived from fctngeit, root fanh,
and it is questionable whether it comes
from the root
pre-Teut. pink,
prick, paint,' Lat. jingo (see ffetU) ;
it is
most probably primit. allied tofunf (Aryan
penqe). The terms J&anb, Singer, 3&e are
specifically Teut., and cannot be etymolo-
gically explained with certainty. Besides
there existed even in OTeut. a definite
term for each linger. First of all the thumb
obtained its name, which is a rudimentary
and hence very old form
for the remain-
ing names see under 25aumett.
gftttfe, m.,
finch,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. vinlce, OHG. fincho, m. ; corresponds
to Du. vink. AS.
fine, E. finch, Swed.
Dan. finke, 'finch' ; Goth.
*finki-, *finkjan-,
are wanting. There is a striking similarity
of sound in the Rom. words for

Ital. pincione, Fr. pinson, to which the E.

dialectal forms pink, pinch,
finch,' belong.
Yet there is no suspicion that the Teut.
word was borrowed
the Teut. class is
probably primit. allied to the Rom. word.
f., 'fin,' first occurs in Mod
from hG.finne, Du. vin,
; first re-
corded in the Teut. group in AS. (Jinn, m.,
hence it cannot have been bor-
rowed from Lat. pinna,
fin of the dolphin,
feather.' No Teut. word can be proved
to have been borrowed from Lat. before
the period of the OTeut. substitution of
consonants, i.e., before the beginning of
our era (see anf). Hence AS. Jinn must
be assumed as primit. cognate with Lat.
pinna. Is it, like penna, based upon pesna
(OLat)? If it were based upon *pis-nd,
fin,' it might perhaps be regarded as cog-
nate with piscis, Goth, fiska- (Jis-ka), 'fish.'
^finite (2.),
tumour, scrofula,' from
MidHG. vinne,
pimple, foul rancid
smell'; comp. Du. vin, 'pimple.' The
relation of the initial sounds is not clear
MidHG. pfinne
points to Goth,
Du. vin
perhaps the double form is
due to confusion with ginne
(1.) ; p
may be
the correct initial sound.
fittffcr, adj., 'dark, gloomy, morose,
sullen,' from the equiv. MidHG. vinster,
OHG. finstar; OSax. *finistar, as an adj.,
is not found, but it may be inferred from
a subst. with the same sound, meaning
'darkness'; the stem is essentially Ger.,
but a series of phonetic difficulties (see
bujler) hamper the discovery of the type.
In OHG. there exists besides ftttjtn: an
OHG. dinstar, MidHG. dinster, whose
initial d must have been substituted for
an earlier (OSax., Goth.)
]> ; to these OSax.
thimm, 'aark,' corresponds. The inter-
change of }> and/, judging from the parallel
forms under fttilt and fta&tl, cannot be
denied. In that case the root would be
J>em (see ^ammtrung). But OSax. thiustri,
AS. pp8tre,
gloomy,' have no connectiou
with it.
Fin ( ) Fla
^fintc, f., lit. 'feint,' also 'trick, til.,'
first occurs in ModHG., from Ital.
cunning ' (Fr. feinte).
gtirlcfon,^, m., 'nonsense, drollery,'
from MidHG. virlefanz, m.,
a sort of
dance,' whence the meaning in ModHG.
foppish, silly manner.' Some have tried
to connect it with Norw. fillefant,
gipsies,' which would make
it akin to %ant. On account of the late
appearance of the word it is impossible to
decide, however, whether AS. fyrlen,
distant,' is the basis of the first part of the
compound, or rather MidHG. faciei, 'a
dance ' (Fr. virelai,
virelay '). See ftant.
ftrn, adj.,
old, of last year,' from Mid
HG. virne, adj., 'old,' also 'experienced,'
OHG. firni,
'old'; corresponds to Goth.
falrneis, 'old,' AS. fyrn, 'old,' OSax. fern,
past ' (of years). The reference to the
year gone by exists in the Goth, and OSax.
words, but does not appear to be found in
OHG. and MidHG., although the stem is
known to modern UpG. dialects ; comp.
Alem. fernig,
of last year.'
In the pre-
ceding year' is MidHG. vert, verne
and UpG. preserve even now an OTeut.
adv. fert, fered,
in the preceding year
comp. OIc.
adv., 'in the preceding
year,' from Goth. *fairu}>, pre-Teut peruti
(perouti), Gr. vipvri, irtpvat,
in the preced-
ing year,' Olr. onn-urid,
from the preced-
ing year onwards,' Lith. pernai,
in the
preceding year,' Sans, pa-rut. Hence the
idea of 'the preceding year' is primit in-
herent in the stem per, Teut. fer; the
general sense of time gone by appears iu
the Teut adj. fern and its cognates.
gftrrt, ^irrte, m.,
snow of the preced-
ing year or years, glacier,' prop, an adjecti-
val subst. in the sense of 'old snow, first
recorded in the last century
see the pre-
ceding word.

gfancroetn, 'last year's

; see ftrn.
firnis, m., 'varnish,' from MidHG.
firnts, 'varnish, rouge'; from Fr. vernis
(whence also E. varnish), Ital. vernice.
Finally derived from Lat vitrum, vitrtnus.
5?irff , m., f., from the equiv. MidHG.
virst, OHG. first, m.,
ridge of a roof, sum-
mit' ; comp. LG. and Du. (with gradation),
ridge of a roof,' AS. first, fyrst, f.
Goth. *falrsti- or fairshti- is wanting. Al-
lied to Sans, prithd-m, n.,
back, summit,
mountain-peak,' which is nearest in sound
to Du. vorst. From Teut, OFr. frette,
Prov. /rest,
gable,' are derived.
?ifd), m. 'fish,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. visch, OHG.
m. ; a common Teut
comp. Goth,
fiski, OIc fiskr, AS.
fisc, E.
Du. visch, OSax.
fisc Teut
fiska-z, from pre-Teut pisko-s, corresponds
to Lat. piscis and Olr. iasc (with the normal
loss of
from prehistoric peiskos). The
word belongs to the three most western
groups of the Aryan division, which have
also the word SKfct in common ; in East
Aryan matsya. Further, there are no
names of fishes common to Teut and Lat-
Kelt Perhaps the term was a migratory
word of early civilisation, the source of
which cannot be discovered.
gftff, m., 'fart,' from the equiv. MidHG.
vist, m. ; akin to the equiv. Du. veest, AS.fist.
A common Aryan root pezd appears in Lat
pido for pezdo, as well as in Gr. /35^w, from
*/9<r5^w, Lith. bez>M (beztUti). Hence Teut
is to be explained by Aryan pezd-i-.
From the verbal noun
a verbal root
pedere,' was inferred iu very early times.
Comp. Olc. flsa.
^ftftel, f-> 'fistula, reed, falsetto,' from
MidHG.fistel, f., 'a deep abscess in ducts
or passages,' even in OHG. fistul, formed
from the equiv. Lat. fistula ;
the term was
first applied to the voice in ModHG.
J3ttfftdj, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
vittich, v&tach, m., n., v'ettache, f., m.,
pinion,' OHG. fettah, older felhdhah, m.
in meaning a collective of fybtx ; comp.
OSax. fetherac, OHG. federah, MidHG.
fedrach, 'wing'; the formation of OHG.
fethdhah is not clear ; was the Goth, form
*fipj>akst The dentals are obscure, yet
the word is undoubtedly related to ebcr.
^tifjc, f., 'knot of yarn, skein, wrinkle,'
from MidHG. vitze, OHG. fizza, f., 'a num-
ber of reeled threads tied together, skein,
; akin to OIc.
clothes,' MidHG.
to dress,' root fat, fet? 'to spin '
to weave ' ?. Yet it is more closely con-
nected with OSax. fittea, AS.
ters, divisions in poems.'
fix, adj., 'quick, smart,' first occurs in
ModHG. ; Lat fixus
and its Romance deri-
vatives are not used in this sense
; whether
borrowed from it or not is doubtful.
flad). adj., 'flat, shallow, superficial,'
from MidHG. vlach, OHG. flah(hh\ adj.,
'flat, smooth'; comp. Du. vlak, 'even.'
Akin to the graded forms AS.
E. fiook,
fluke ('flounder'), North E.flook-footed\ 'flat-
footed.' This suggests Lat plaga, 'dis-
trict,' or more probably, on account of its
Fla ( 89 )
meaning, OSlov. plosku, ' flat' ; Lat. pldnus
scarcely represents *plagnus (see Slur) ;
lated to Gr. 7rXd| (stem tXo*c), 'surface,'
Gr jtXcucoOs, Lat. placenta, 'cake.' But E.
flat, Olc.flatr, OUG.Jla^
flat, level,' have
nothing to do with flad). A MidG. and LG.
parallel form of flad) is mentioned under
3?lad)0, m.,
flax,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. vlahs, OHG. fla/is, m.
comp. Du.
vlas, AS. fleux, n., E.
a common
West Teut. term, unknown to Scand. and
Goth. Usually referred to the rootfleh (or
fleht) in flecfyten ;
s (Goth. *flahsa-) is pro-
bably a suffix.
flacftem, vb., 'to flare, flicker,' from
MidHG. vlackern, 'to flicker,' OHG. (once)
flagardn (for flaggardnl), 'to fly, flutter
; akin to AS. flacor,
flying, flutter-
ing,' MidE. fiakeren, 'to fly, flutter about,'
MidDu. flackeren, Scand. fioJcra, vb., 'to
flutter,' as well as the equiv. flokta. Comp.
the cognate stems AS. flicorian, E. to
flicker, Du. flikkem,
to glimmer, gleam
this class, on account of the numerous
words it comprised at an early period,
cannot be derived from Lat. flacjrare, nor
even be connected with fliegen, to which
OHG. flogardn, flokrdn, 'to flutter,' and
flogezen, MidHG. vlokzen, 'to flutter, gleam,'
may be referred.
,3-laocit, m.,
flat cake, cow dung,' from
MnlHG. vlade, m
'broad, thin cake,'
OHG. flado,
; corresponds
to Du. vlade via, i\, 'pancake,' MidE.
Pre-Teut. platan- or pla-
thaiir- would have to be assumed, perhaps
with the primit. sense, ' surface, flat thing'
comp. Gr. irXartfj,
broad '
Gr. nXadavov
(0 for Aryan th),
; Sana
broad ' (akin to Sans, prthivt,
'earth,' under %elt), prdthas, n., 'breadth,'
Lith. platus,
broad.' Allied to the graded
forms pl6th, Lat. PlOtus, Plautus, lit.
footed,' semipWtia,
slipper,' MidHG.
flounder,' lit. ' flat fish.' Remoter
cognates of the whole class are OIc. flatr,
'level, flat.' From glaben,
which is probably West Teut only, are
derived the early MidLat. flado,
honeycomb,' Fr.
flat cake,
custard ' (whence E. flavm,
a kind of cus-
tard'). Comp. for its meaning MidHG.
breitinc, m.,
a sort of biscuit,' akin to
flag, ensign, standard,' bor-
rowed, like most words with
(see Dcgae,
Sagger), from LG. and Du. in the ModHG.
comp. Du. vlag, E.
A modern Teut word
not recorded in the earlier periods. In
which of the Teut. maritime tribes this
and other nautical terms were first used we
know not, for the earlier history eludes us.
Since, however, AS. preserves the earliest
forms of a number of nautical terms which
are afterwards found in all the cognate
languages (see 93orb, S3oot, elm
&c), the silence of the AS. recordsno
is foundmay be accepted
as a proof that
is not native to Eng-
^iambevQ, m., 'broad-sword,' simply
ModHG. from Fr. flamberge, the origin of
which is often referred to Ger., though no
suitable type can be found.
gffctmme, f.,
flame, blaze, flash,' from
the equiv. MidHG. flamme, vlamme, f.
comp. OLG. flamma, Du. vlam, formed
from Lat.

flank, side,' simply Mod
from Fr. flanc,
which, with its Rom.
cognate (Ital. fianco), is derived from OHG.
side ' (see lenfen). For Fr.
Teut. hi, see flau.
gflafdje, f., 'bottle, flask,' from the
equiv. MidHG. vlasche, OHG. flasca, f.
(MidHG. also vlcsche with mutation)
comp. Du. flesch, AS. flasce, f., E. flask,
Olc. (found early) flaska, f., Goth. *flask6,
whence Finn, lasku. The word is recorded
in Teut at an early period, but on account
of its correspondence with the Rom. words
for' bottle,' it may have been borrowed
comp. MidLat. fiasco (occurs very early),
Ital. fiasco, ModFr. flacon. Some etymo-
logists derive MidLat. fiasco from Lat. vas-
culum. An exhaustive history of theje
cognates has not yet been attempted.
flatfertt, vb.,
to flutter, dangle,' in Mid
HG. vladern from MidHG. vledern (see
Slebermaitf) ; MidDu. flatteren, E. to flatter,
akin to flutter, also MidE. fliieren, E. to
flitter; AS. flottrian, MidE. floteren, 'to
undulate,' are, however, certainly allied to
the root
to flow.'
flau, adj.,
feeble, stagnant, insipid,
dull,' simply ModHG. ; borrowed in the
last century from LG. flau,
Du. flauw,
languid, faint, indifferent,' which, with E.
soft, tender,' are derived from Rom.
Considering the late appearance of the
cognates, and the area to which they arc.
confined, it is certain that they originated
Fla ( 90 ) Fie
in Fr. flou,
OFr. fiau,floi;
the latter is of
Teut. origin (see lau), so that ModHG.
flau is finally derived from a pre-Teut.
hliwa-. Comp. fftanfe.
JUuim. m. (Up.G. <)>flaum also), 'down,'
from MidHG. phldme, f., OHG. pfldma,
'down,' from Lat. plAma, whence also AS.
pltimfefrere. As the shifting of the initial
sound proves, however, the word must have
been borrowed in the earlier OHG. period
comp. the Olr. word (also derived from
the Lat.) clUrn, 'feather' (OW. plumauc,
pillow '). Scund. and E. have for gfoum
an apparently genuine Teut. word (see
1)aune. It is certainly recorded by Pliny
that Teut. tribes in the olden time sent
flocks of geese to Rome
but perhaps it
was only
down ' (see also lotfe), which
was valuable to the Southerners, and so
the Lat. pluma may have been introduced
into Teut. at an early period. The initial
of the ModHG. form for
may be due
to the connection with fttiin.
3-lcutc, m., orig.
a tuft of wool,' then
'a woollen coat, pilot cloth,' from MidHG.
vius, 'fleece, sheepskin,' a variant of Mid
HG. vlies. See glie*.
3flaufe, L, 'trick, pretence,' simply Mod
HG.; MidHG. *vluse does not occur
; it is
probably connected with OHG. giflds, n.,
whispering,' gifldsida, f.,
F(ed)fe, f., 'sinew, tendon,' only Mod
HG., from Lat. flezus.
<3-lccl) t c, t,
plait, braid (of hair), wattle,
lichen,' from late MidHG. vlehte, f., 'plait,
lock of hair,' allied to the following word.
flcdjfCtt, vb.,
to plait, braid, wreathe,'
from the equiv. MidHG. vlehten, OHG.
vlehtan; a corresponding Goth. *flalhtan,
akin to flahta, f., ' lock of hair,' is wanting
Oic.fle'tta iorflehtan. Teut. rootfleht, from
pre-Teut. plekt ; the t, as also in Lat. plecto
compared with plicare, was orig. only a for-
mative element of the present tense, for
according to Gr. irX^/cw, it\ok^, *-X6kos, the
Aryan root must have been plek; comp.
Sans, pracna,
braid, basket' Salten (root
and jiecfjten (root
are entirely un-
>lecft, ^fledum, m.,n., with manysenses
which are historically the same,
stain, patch,' from MidHG. vlec, vlecke, m.,
piece of stuff, patch, rag, piece of land,
place, spot, differently coloured spot, stain,
blemish,' OHG.
flee, fleccho; Du. vlek, f.,
spot of dirt,' vlek, n.,
; Goth.
*flikka- or *flikkan- (or rather *//-) is
wanting ; comp. OIc. flekkr (gen. plur.
flekkja), m.,
a fleck, spot, stain, as well as
rag, piece of stuff.' Its connection
wiih Scand. flikke, AS.
fliece, E. flitch, is
dubious. See flicfen.
gflcbctrmaits, f., 'bat,' from the equiv.
MidHG. vledermus, OHG. fledarmds, f.
corresponds to Du. vledermuis; E. flitter-
mouse does not occur in AS., and may be
due to the influence of MidEurop. Teu-
tonic. That the animal was thought to be
a mouse is shown by AS. hreape-, hreremHu;
the E. term bat, MidE. backe, Dan. "ften-
bakke (often,
is unique. gieber-
maui, lit. 'fluttering mouse,' from OHG.
fledardn, MidHG. vl&dern,
to flutter.'
gFte6ertt>ifd), m., first occurs in early
ModHG. with a reference to fledern,
flutter.' In MidHG. once vedei-wisch, Do.
prop, 'a goosewing for dust-
ing,' or rather tflebertoifd),
whisk for fan-
ning away.'
gFlegel, m. (Suab. $fleget), 'flail, churl/
from MidHG. vlegel, OU.Ot.flegit, m., ' flail
comp. Du. vlegel, E.
flail; probably from
MidLat.flagellum, 'quofrumentum teritur
(whence also Fr.jUau,
'). On account
of its meaning it cannot be connected with
the Teut. root
'to flay' (OIc.
flay ').
Yet it may be primit. allied to
Lith. plakH, plakti,
to strike,' Lat. plango,
Gr. irXfawni,
to strike.'
fle^Ctt, vb., 'to implore, supplicate,'
from MidHG. vWhen, OHG. flihan, flilidn,
to implore,' OHG. also ' to fondle, flatter
initial^ for earlier ]>l, as in fltefyen (Goth.
frliuhan) ; comp. Goth, gafcl&ihan (ai a
genuine diphthong),
to fondle, embrace,
console, exhort in a friendly way,' akin
to Goth, gafildiht*, f., 'comfort, warning.'
Also allied to OIc.
false, cunning,'
wily, cunning,' both pointing to
Goth. *J)laiha,: The primary meaning of
the root flaih was perhaps
insinuating speech.'
^fletfd), 11., ' flesh, meat, pulp (of fruit),'
from the equiv. MidHG. vleisch, OHG.
fleisk, n. ; it has the same meaning in West
Teut. and Scand. Si range to say, a Goth.
*flaisk, *flaiskis, n. (or
comp. fltefyen),
is not recorded, the term used being leik
or mims, n. Comp. Du. vleesch, AS. flcesc,
n., E. flesh ;
flesk is used only of
pork,' and more especially of
bacon,' while kjot was the common Scand.
word for
meat.' It may well be imagined
Pie ( 91 )
that the Scand. specialised meaning of the
word was the oldest, and that the meaning
common to West Teut. was established
only by generalisation ; comp. OIc. flikke,
AS.flicce, E. flitch
flick), as well as
AS. (Kent.)
for flcesc,
'meat.' Bus?.
polti, Lith. pdltis,
flitch,' cannot, on ac-
count of their vowel-sounds, be cognates.
The k of the OTeut. word is probably a
suffix ; comp. Du. vleezig,
plump ' ?.
gef(eifd)f, 'incarnate,' simply ModHG.
lormedlike the Lat. incarnatus, 'embodied.'
Srlctfj, m.,
industry, application, dili-
gence,' from MidHG. vltj, OHG. fliT,,
diligence, zeal, care,' OHG. also
from OHG.
MidHG. vlt$en,
to be
zealous, applv oneself,' ModHG. feefleijjen,
partic. bit, gefliffen. Comp. Du. vlijt,
gence,' AS. flitan,
to emulate, quarrel,
contend,' E. to flite. On the evolution of
meaning see J?rieg.
To emulate ' seems to
have been the lit. meaning of the merely
West Teut. vootfltt (Goth, jfl- or >Msee
fliefyen). No further references have been
flemtett, vb.,
to weep ruefully, grin,'
from MidHG. *vlennen; akin to OHG.
to make a wry face,' from pre-
Teut. *flaznan ?. Root
from pre-Teut.
ploa, in Lat. pl&rare,
to weep ' ?.
fief fdjen, vb.,
to beat fiat, grin,' from
MidHG. vletsen,
to show one's teeth
; re-
moter history obscure.
fftcnen, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
to put on a patch, mend
; akin
to glecf.
^liebet, m., 'elder,' simply ModHG.
from. LG. ; comp. Du. vlier, 'elder.' Ear-
lier forms are not recorded ; the word did
not originate in either Scand., E., or HG.
^fliege, f., 'fly, fluke (of an anchor),'
from the equiv. MidHG.fliege,
f. ; comp. Du. vlieg, AS. fledge,
equiv. to
which is based upon AS.
MidHG. fliuge,
; hence a mu-
tated form (Goth. *fliugj6),
besides an un-
mutated Goth.
*fliug6 ; in OIc. with a
different gradation
f., 'fly, moth'
akin to fliegm (Goth. *fliugan). For an
older terra for
fly' see under WMt.
fltegen, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
vliegen, OHG. fliogan,
to fly
; comp. Du.
vliegen, AS. fledgan (3rd sing.
E. to
OIc. fljuga-
the common Teut. term
for 'to fly
; Goth. *fliugan may be in-
ferred from the factitive flavgjan,
to keep
on flying.' gltegen is in no wise connected
with fliefyen, as is proved by the initial sound
of the root in Qoth. fcliuhan,
to flee,
pared with usflaugjan ; see Sftiege, SSogel.
Teut. root fliug,
from pre-Teut. pleugh,
?lugh ; akin to Lat. plUma for plkhma i.
'or an older root extending beyond Teut.
see under Sfefcer.
flicrjcn, vb.,
to flee,' from the equiv.
MidHG. vliehen, OHG. fliohan; corre-
sponds to OSax. fliohan, AS. fleim
fledhari), E. to fle<-, OIc.
the/ before
/ is a common substitution for an older ini-
as in flefyen (Goth, plaihan), flad) (from
Goth, fclaqus) ;
comp. Goth, pliu/ian, 'to
ffee.' This older form was retained only in
Goth. ; Scand. has/
like the West
Teut. verbs. Hence the Teut. root is f>luh,
and by a grammatical change plug, pre-
Teut. root tluk, tlevJc. Sliegen is primit.
allied, since it is based upon the root plugh.
In the earliest OIc. and in West Teut. the
forms of both the verbs must undoubtedly
have been confused ; thus OIc.
AS. flvgon
in the earliest period may mean
they fled ' and
they flew.' See g'ludjt.
^flicg, j$Ke|!3, n., 'fleece,' from the
equiv. MidHG. vlies, n.
comp. Du. vlies,
n., E. fleece ;
also a mutated form
flys, flyss,
MidHG. vlius, earlier Mod
HG. fleuss, fliiss. A second parallel form
is represented by ModHG. %Uu&. In East
Teut. the cognates are wanting ; whether
or *filiusis, n. (comp. flteljm), is
to be assumed we cannot say, since satis-
factory references to non-Teut. forms have
not yet been produced. To explain 9$lu
from Lat. vellus is futile, since the latter is
more probably primit allied to ffiollf, and
10 regard SBltejj as borrowed from vellus is
impossible ; fledjten, glad^, &c., are also
totally unconnected with the word.
to flow, stream,' from the
equiv. MidHG. vliegen, OHG. fliohan,
vb. ;
corresponds to OSax. fliotan, Du.
vlieten, AS. fleOtan, E. to
Goth. *fliutan,
to flow.' The Teut. root
fliut, flut,
from pre-Teut pleud-plvd, cor-
responds to Lett. pludSt,
to float,' plMi,
inundation,' Lith. plfisti,
to take to swim-
ming,' pltidis,
floating wood.' Several
Teut. terms for 'ships' point to the latter
sense, which, of course, is earlier than the
ModHG. 'flowing,' though in OHG. Mid
HG. and ModHG., jlif jjen signifies
to be
driven by flowing water, to swim.' See
glofj, ftlotte (glut, Goth. flMui,
is not a
cognate). Instead of the root pliid, other
Fli ( 92 ) Flo
Aryan languages have an allied shorter
root plu; comp. Gr. t\4u, 'to navigate,
swim,' Sans, plu, pru,
to swim,' Lat. pluere,
to rain' (flicfjm in a restricted sense).
^liete, f., ' fleam, lancet,' from the equiv.
MidHG. vliete, vlieten, OHG. flietuma ;
ther derived from Gr. and MidLat. phlc-
lancet, an instrument for open-
ing veins,' whence also the equiv. cognates
AS. fliftme,
Fr. flamme, E. fleam, Du. vlijm.
ftimmern, vb., 'to glimmer, sparkle,
scintillate,' like the older ModHG. flimmen,
a ModHG. derivative, by gradation, of
fli nit, adj., 'brisk, nimble, lively,' simply
ModHG. from LG. and Du. flink,
agile, nimble'; akin to earlier ModHG.
to glitter, shine
; comp. Gr. dpy6s,
'gleaming, quick.'
^flinle, f.,
flintlock, gun, musket,' first
used in the 17th cent. ; comp. Dan. flint,
probably akia to Swed. flinta,
'stone,' prop, 'flint-stone.' Du.
and E. preserve older termsDu. vuurroer,
ModHG. geuevroljr, E.firelock. Flint,
AS. and E. flint, whence Fr.flin,
stone,' is probably related to Gr. irXMos,
flitter, m., 'spangle, tinsel,' simply
ModHG. ;
a small thin tin coin
akin to MidHG. gevlitter,
secret laughter,
tittering,' vlittern, vb.,
to whisper, titter,'
OHG. flitarezzen,
to coax in a flattering
; MidE. fliteren,
to flutter,' E.
flittermouse. The root idea is 'unsteady
motion,' upon which ModHG. glitter is
based. With the meaning of OHG.
to flatter, fondle,' as well as Mod
to whisper, titter,' is connected
glitterwocfye, f., which first occurs in early
ModHG. The following foreign terms are
interesting : Scand. hjun6ttsmdnaf>r, lit.
'a month of the nuptial night'; Dan.
hvedebrodsdage, lit.
wheat-bread days
; E.
honeymoon, derived from the Scand. word
or rather formed from the Romance phrases,
such as Fr. lune de miel, Ital. luna di
^flifjbOftCtt, m., ' crossbow,' first occurs
in early ModHG. from LG. ; comp. Du.
flitsboog, 'crossbow,' fromDu.^tte, 'javelin
hence Fr. fle'che,
arrow,' and its Romance
cognates are probably derived.
gflodte, f.,
flake, flock (of wool), flue,'
from MidHG. vlocke, m.,
flake, snow-
flake,' OHG. floccho ; comp. Du. vloh, Dan.
flokke, Swed. flokka, E. (not in AS.) jiock,
but OIc.
flock (of hair, wool, &c.).'
The supposition that the word was borrown 1
from Lat. floccus is hardly worth consider-
ing, since the HG. word is recorded even
in the OHG. period, and gives no support
to such a derivation (yet comp. glaum).
Besides many possible roots exist within
the Teut. group, either in fliegen (Teut.
from pre-Teut. plugh) or in AS.
flying' (see flacfcvn) ;
on account of
the latter is to be preferred. E.
herd,' is beside the mark
like OIc.
herd, flock,' and AS. flocc,
it almost
certainly belongs to fufgen, and probably
signified orig. ' a swarm of flying creatures
(Jtctte, 'covey,' on the other hand, meant
any kind of herd
^tol), m.. ' flea,' from MidHG. vUch, vld,
m., f., OHG. fldh, m.
a common Teut.
term ; comp. Du.
floo, AS. fledh, E. flea,
It probably means 'fugitive,'
and is akin to fuetyen ; hence a Goth. *f>lduhs,
*flduhs, is to be assumed. But even if
*flduhs is the Goth, form, it cannot be con-
nected with either Gr. if/vWa or Lat. pulex,
since neither vowels nor consonants are in
accord, gUegen too is unrelated, since the
final sound of its stem is
only, and
not h.
gflor, m., ' gauze, crape, bloom,' ModHG.
only ; formed from Dn.floersy akin to Mid
HG. floier,
headdress with dangling rib-
bons' (comp. <2djleier)
?, fldrsen,
ment, finery'?.
^florin, m., ' florin,' from late MidHG.
fl&rtn, m.,
a gold coin first made in Flo-
rence, and stamped with a lily, the armorial
bearings of the town' (appeared about the
middle of the 14th cent.) ; ~M\dLat. flurinus,
; Ital.
^flosfecl, f., 'flourish, showy phrase,'
simply late ModHG., from Lat. floscellus.
f., from the equiv. MidHG.
vlotfe, OHG. jto^a, f.,
finj' even in MidHG. vlo^vedere, in OSax.
simply fethara, 'float,' like Gr. irWpu,
feather, float,' Lat. pinna,
feather, float.'
See Sftnne. gtofie, akin to fiicften,
to float.'
'float, raft, buoy, stream, fish-
ing-net,' from MidHG. VI63, OHG.
n., ' raft,' also in MidHG. and OHG. in the
current, flood, river
; Du. vlot,
; comp. AS. fleOt, n.,
ship,' E. fleet,
AS. flota,
ship ' (also
mariner, sailor
subst. and verb ; note too
cream, flos lactis,' with which E. to fleet
('to skim') is connected, liQ.flot, 'cream'
( 93 )
comp. Lith. pluditi,
to float,' under flie^cn
^tl8fc, f., from the equiv. MidHG. floite,
vloite, f.,
flute ' ; corresponds to Du.
from OFr. flatite, ModFr. flute (whence
also E. flute, Du. fluit) ;
comp. Ital.
'flute.' In the idiom flotengeljen, 'to come
to nothing,' a LG. fleuten, 'to flow' (OLG.
fliotari), appears ; it meant orig. (in the
18th cent.)
to go through, run away.'
floff , adj.,
afloat ; merry, luxurious,'
first occurs in ModHG. from LG. ; comp.
Du. vlot, 'floating, swimming' ; it is con-
nected with fliefj en, fttojj, but has, like Sflctte,
Sax. the dental medially, hence it must
be assumed that the word was borrowed
from LG.
$lotie, f., 'fleet, navy,' ModHG. only,
from Fr. flotte, which, with its Rom. cog-
nates, was borrowed from Scand. ./tote, n.,
; comp. Du. vloot, but E.
allied to fliejjen, Teut. root
flofjen, flStjcrt, vb.,
to float (timber),
pkim (milk),' from MidHG. vlce^en, vlo&tzen,
'to cause to flow, wash down (soil),' facti-
tive of fliejjen. The MidHG. forms with
and tz correspond to those of fieifcen, retjjen
(MidHG. heiyn-heitzen, reiyn-reitzen), and
are based upon a Goth, inflexion fiautja,
flauteis, since tj leads, through the medium
of it, to HG. tz, but t without
gflofj, n., older 3?Iet3e, n., 'vein of
ore,' from MidHG. vletze, n., 'threshing-
floor, vestibule, stratum,' OHG. flezzi;
comp. AS. flett,
floor of the hall,' OIc.
'room, hall'
; akin to the OIc. adj.
flat, wide, level,.' mentioned
under gluten and fladj.
flud)ett, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
vluochen, OHG. fluohhtin, 'to curse, impre-
cate,' with an existent str. partic. OHG.
depraved, wicked ' ; comp.
OSax. farflCken,
accursed ' ; Goth, fltikan
*flekan), str. vb., 'to lament,' Du.
to curse, execrate.' In E. and
Scand. the Teut. root
fldk does not occur.
Goth, fldkan,
to lament, bewail,' shows
the earlier meaning of the cognates
; the
from pre-Teut. pldg, may be con-
nected with Lat. plangere, 'to strike, mourn,'
Gr. root, ir\a7 in 7rXi)ff<rw ^ew\dyrj),
strike.' The Lat. verb facilitates the
transition of the meaning
to strike,' ' to
lament,' then 'to imprecate, curse.'

3Uiul). from the equiv. MidHG. vluoch,

m., OHG. fluoh, m., 'curse, imprecation'
Du. vloek.
3tlud)f, f., 'flight, escape, refuge
floor,' from the equiv. MidHG. vluht, OHG.
and OSax. fluht, f., a verbal abstract from
Du. vlugt, AS.
E. flight
Goth. *J>lauhti-, 'flight,' i3 wanting, for
which plauhi- occurs. In OIc. flOtte, m.,
'flight,' pointing to Goth. J>lauhta. The
verbal abstract of fliegen might in Scand.
and West Teut. coincide with this word
in fact, AS.
E. flighty and Du. vlugt
signify both 'fleeing' and 'flying.' See
fliegen with respect to this confusion.
flitter, n.,
mill trough,' from MidHG.
vldder, n.,
flowing, flooding, mill trough,'
OHG. flddar, 'flood of tears.' In Goth.
*flaupr, n., is probably to be assumed,
based upon a root
flau, flu;
comp. OHG.
flouwen, flewen, MidHG. vlouweu, vlSun,
to wasli, rinse.' The prop, sense of the
word is exactly that of fliefjen ; comp. OIc.
flau-mv, 'current, flood'; for pre-Teut.
plu. see under flte^en.
gflug, m.,
act of flying, flight, flock,'
from MidHG. vluc (pi. vliige), OHG.
nu; corresponding to AS.fli/ge, OIc. flugv,
flight ' 1 verbal abstract of fliegen.
For another form see under gtucfyt. Goth.
and *flauhti- are wanting.

hastily, quickly,' a gen. of Slug,
MidHG. fluges,
gtliigel, m., 'wing, leaf (of a folding
door), aisle, grand piano,.' from the equiv.
MidHG. vliigel, m.. ; comp. Du. vleugel,
'wing'; a late derivative of fliegen. Strange
to say, a common Teut. word is wanting.
For an OAryan root, 'to fly,' see %ebtx
(also garn).
fledged,' a LG. form for
the strictly HG. fliicfe, MidHG. vliicke,
OHG. flucch\
able to fly.' Akin to Mid
Du. vlugghe, with LG. permutation, E.
fledged; prop, a verbal adj. from fliegen,
with the meaning
capable of flying.'
flitgs, see glug.
^flunber, m., 'flounder,' a LG. word
derived from Scand. ; comp. ODnrt.flundra,
OSwed. flundrae, E. flounder. Akin also to
OIc. flytSra, MidHG. vluoJer, 'flounder'?.
flurtRCtTt, vb., to glimmer,' from the
older ModHG. flinfen, 'to shine' ; see flinf.
In the orig. sense 'to brag,' which is pro-
bably LG., it is still the same word ; 'to
cause to si 1 nu'
forms the link between the
>lm\ f., m.. 'field, meadow, floor, en-
trance-hall' ; the division in meaning in
ModHG. Slur, m., 'vestibule,' glur, f.,
Flu ( 94 ) Fol
'corn-field,' was unknown to the older
language ; MidHG. vluor, m., f.,

field, floor, ground.' The meanings 'en-
trance to a house, vestibule, paved floor,'
belong to MidHG. and LG. ; comp. Du.
vloer, 'vestibule, barn-floor,' AS.flor,
vestibule, barn-floor,' also
storey,' E.
floor; Scand.
'floor' of a cow-house
(Goth, flSrus is wanting). The resulting
prim, meaning, 'floor,' has been extended
only in HG. to
corn-field.' Teut. fl&ru-s,
from pre-Teut.|jZ<5rus, pldrus, is most closely
related to Olr. Idr for *pldr,
floor, paved
floor.' OPruss. plonis,
barn-floor,' has a
different suffix ; it is allied to Lith. pl&nas,
; hence perhaps it may be connected
with Lat. pldnus.
fluffem, vb., 'to whisper,' earlier Mod
HG. flijlern, from OHG. flistran,
to caress,'
to which the old (also Swiss) forms fliSmett,
to whisper,' are allied
comp. also
Du. fluisteren.
i3ttu6, in., 'river, stream, flow,' from
MidHG. vlw$, OH.Q.flu$, m., 'river, stream,
cast, bronze cast, rheumatism
; in these
senses simply a ModHG. derivative of
fliefjen, pointing to Goth *fluti-. E.
signifies a peculiar kind of
vessel, pon-
toon.' For the genuinely Teut. word for
river, flowing water,' see under Slit ; comp.
also trcm.
flit ffig, adj., 'fluid, liquid,' from Mid
HG. vliifiec, 'liquid, flowing,' OHG.flu^ig;
like 5titp, a specificsdly HG. form.
3?luf, f., ' flood, inundation, billow,'from
the equiv. MidHG. vluot, m, f., OHG.
fluot, m. ; a word common to Teut. ; comp.
Goth, flddus, f., OIc.
m., n.,
E. flood,
Du. vloi-d. Goth.
flCdus, from pre-Teut. pl6tit-s, is based upon
a Teut. rootfld (from pre-Teut. pl6) ; comp.
AS.fl&wan, equiv. to E. to
flow, Olc.flda,
'to flow.' Akin to the Gr. root wA in
to float, sail,' *-\orr6s,
sailing, navigable.' Perhaps this Aryan
root pl6 is related to the Aryan root plu
mentioned under fliejj en and gluber
there is no direct connection between glut
and flieen and Gr. irXtW
3?odte, f., 'sail on the foremast,' simply
ModHG, borrowed from LG.
comp. Du.
foremast,' Dan. fok,
Swed. fock,
foI)Icn, n., 'foal,' from MidHG. vol,
vote, OHG. folo, m., 'colt, foal'; comp.
Goth, fula, m.,
foal (of an ass),' Olc fob.
foal ' (of a horse, rarely of an ass), AS.
fola, m., E. foal ; a term common to Teut.
for the young of a horse or an ass, de-
rived from pre-Teut. pelOn-. Related by
gradation to Gr. twXos,
colt,' as a general
term 'young animal,' and Lat. pullus,
young.' especially of fowls. See gulkn.
^F3f)tt, m., a Swiss word,
humid and
tempestuous south wind
; the correspond-
ing term in MidHG. is wanting, though
OHG. fdnua, f. (J6nno, m.), 'rainy wind,
whirlwind,' is recorded ; from La.t.favonius
(the intermediate form is faunio-), whence
also Ital. favonio, Rhseto-Rom./auitogw.
;3?5l)re, f 'fir,' from MidHG.vorhe. OHG.
forha, f., 'pine-tree'; corresponding to
AS.furh, f
firre, formed from
OIc. fura, f., ' fir' ; Uoth. *faur-
hus, f., is wanting. If the initial/ is to
be regarded as in titer related to Lat. qnat-
tuor, gel)re may be connected with Lat.
; for the change of meaning
(jid)e and !amie might be compared. In
earlier ModHG. fttxd),
oak,' is also recorded
once, and is akin to OHG. vereh-eih, Lomb.
sesculus.' Thus the connection be-
tween gcfyre and quercus (pre-Teut. qrku-) is
certain. In any case, geuer is not a cognate.
gid)te, 93irfe, 93ud)e, gofyre are the few names
of trees whose existence can be traced be-
yond Teut. Comp. also Jliefer.
folgen, vb.,
to follow, succeed, result,
obey,' from the equiv. MidHG. volgen, OHG.
folgin; comp. Du. volgen, AS. fylgan, fol-
gian, E. to follow, OIc. ft/lgja; the verb
common to West Teut. and Scand. for
follow,' which has supplanted the common
Aryan verbal root seq (see fet>en), Lat. sequi.
The origin of the cognates is uncertain.
There are indications that the verbal stem
is a compound ; the first component may
be voff ; comn. AS.ful- e6de,
he followed,'
AS. nnd OLG. fulgangan, OHG. fola gdn,
to follow.' Consequently gefyen (OHG. gin
gdn) is the second part of the word. The
composite nature of the word is supported
by the fact that there are no old and widely
diffused derivatives of the verb. It is true
that the connection between the sense
follow ' and the prefix cll has not yet been

^tolgc, f., 'sequel, result,'from

MidHG. volge,f., 'retinue, succession, forced
service, pursuit,' <fcc. OHG. selbfolga,
foilern, vb.,
to put to the rack, tor-
ture,' from late MidHG. vultern,
to put on
the rack.' Akin to golfer,
rack,' early
ModHG. only, of obscure origin. It is
( 95 )
most frequently considered to be partly-
translated and partly borrowed from Mid
Lat. pulletrus, poledrus, prop.
colt,' which
rack ' in Span, and Port, (potro),
"like Lat. equuleus from equus, because
it bore some resemblance to a horse." Mid
Lat. poledrum is derived again from Gr.
The wooden horse and the
wooden assframes with a sharp-edged
back, upon which the delinquents were
compelled to ridewere favourite instru-
ments of torture."
foppetl, vb., 'to quiz, rally, banter,'
early ModHG. only, from slang.
forbertt, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
vordern, OHG. fordardn, 'to demand, re-
quest, challenge, summon' ; corresponding
to Du. vorderen; a specifically Ger. form,
orig. unknown to the other dialects, yet
the word found its way from Ger. into Dan.
ami Swed. It is a derivative of sorter.
foroem, vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
viirdern, vurdern, OHG. furdiren (also /or-
to promote, take an active part in,
help' ; like fortern, from sorter.
cftorctte, &,
trout,' with a foreign ac-
cent, lor the genuine dialectal (Franc.)
fOrelle, still existing
; dimin. of an older
ftorene (whence *8
fnle, jjorefle) ; comp.
M.i<\HG.f6relle,f6rle, forhen,forhe,t, 'trout,'
OHG.forhana, f., ' trout
; comp. also OLG.
forna, furnie, AS. fdrne. Probably not
from jyofyre, OHG. foraha,
the fish living
near firs, in the brooks of fir forests.' It
is more probably connected with the Ar-
yan adjs. in the cognate languages, mean-
ing 'spotted, speckled.' Tent, forhana,
from pre-Teut prknd ; comp. Sans, pfcni.
'speckled,' and Gr. irepKvbs, 'livid, dusky
3forke, f., see Sutfe.
^Forttt, f., ' form, fashion, pattern, mould,'
from ModHG. (post-classical), firnne, form,
f., ' form, shape,' from Lat. and lium.forma.
I, f., 'formula, form,' late Mod
from Lat. formula.
forfcfjert, vb., 'to search, investigate,'
from MidHG. vorsken, OHG.forsk&n (rarely
Franc, forsvdn, with assimilation),
demand, ask
; a form peculiar to HG.,
unknown to the remaining dialects, and
pointing to Goth. *faursk6u, *faurhsk6n.
The sk is a derivative like Lat. sc (comp.
trefdjen, numfdjen, ttufcbeii). Goth. *fafirskdn
would be the normal form for faHrhskdn,
like Goth, wa&rstw, 'labour,' for uaurhstw.
The Teut. root fork is identical with the
root of fragen, from the pre-Teut. root prk
(see frageti). An se derivative is also seen
in Lat. poscere (for porscere), 'to demand,'
as well as in the Sans, root prch, 'to ask.'
forest, wood,' from Mid
vorst, OHG. forst, m.,
; also
the MidHG. variants vdrest, fdrest, fdrest,
fdreist (but probably not fdrest), n.,
forest' ; these MidHG. forms are certainly
of Romance origin,MidLat. and Romance
foresta, whence Fr. forit. It is question-
able whether the OHG. forst, MidHG.
vorst, m., are also derived from Romance.
Opinions are divided on this point ; some
etymologists connect the Rom. word with
Lat. foris,
; others more probabl v
refer OHG. forst to OHG. foraha, 'fir'";
henceforst would be lit.
fir wood.' OHG.
forst might also be connected with Goth.
mountain.' Goth. *fatirst for
mountain forest,' would have to
be construed like the assumed Goth. *faur-
sk&n for *fadrlisk6n, mentioned under for-
forf, adv.,
forwards, continuously,
away,' from MidHG. vort, adv.,
further, continuously.' OHG. *ford is want-
it would correspond to OSax. forth,
AS. for}>, E. forth; Goth. *faur]>, and its
compar. faurpis, adv.,
formerly ' ?. 5ort
OTeut. forp, from an earlier frpo, prto, is
allied to sor. See fiirter, fortern, fortevit,
and sorter.
3trctd)f, f., 'freight, load, cargo,' Mod
HG. only, from LG. fracht; comp. Du.
vracld, E. fraught, freight ; it signified orig.
reward, charge for conveyance,' and after-
wards 'the load itself.' Comp. OHG.
freht (probably implying Goth. *frd-aihts),
'earnings, reward,' gifrihtdn, 'to merit';
the restricted meaning of the modern
dialects is seen first in MidDu. and MidE.,
and also passed into RomanceFr. fret.
Comp. eigen.
jjracft, in.,
dress coat,' ModHG. only
comp.Fr. frac, 'dress coat' ; its etymology
and native source obscure, hardly to be
sought for in Fr. froc, 'monk's habit.'
Comp E. frock.
ftClQClX, vb., 'to ask, inquire, interro-
gate,' from the equiv. MidHG. vrdgen,
OHG. frdgSn (with the rare variant
corresponding to OSax. frdg6n, Du.
vragen; confined to the Teuts. of Mid-
Europe (Goth. *frt
han, *frigan), with
the meaning 'to ask.' from a Teut. root
: frih, from which the Goth. pret. frah
Fra ( 96 ) Fra
(frehum) and the partic. fraVians are
formed. The corresponding pres. has a
derivative n(comp. fd^einen), Goth.fralhna
AS. frignan, frtnan, beside which appears
a form with the present in to-, AS.fricgan
(Goth. *frigjan\ For another verbal deri-
vative of the same root see under forfd)en,
which,, like OHG. jerg&n, 'to beg,' has its
v transposed. The following Teut. words
also belong to the rootfrch, AS.freht, 'ora-
cle,' frihtrian, 'to predict,' fricca, 'herald.'
The Teut. root frek is derived, according
to the law of the substitution of consonants,
from an Aryan root prBk, prk, which may-
have orig. combined the meanings
to ask,
beg ' (rogare, interrogare). Comp. the prim
allied formsSans, root prch (for prg-sk),
to ask, long for
; to desire, beg for some-
thing,' pracnd, 'inquiry,' Zend root pares,
petes, 'to ask, demand,' Lat prSc- (nom.
plur. preces, 'entreaties'), precdri, 'to beg,'
'insolent,' prdcus,
wooer, suitor,'
OSlov. prositi, 'to demand, beg.'
frank, adj., 'free, independent,' first
occurs in ModHG., from Fr. franc (Ital.,
Span., and Port. franco\ which was again
derived from the Teut. tribal name Qranfen,
OHG. Franchwiy and may have been ap-
plied generally to any freeman. The term
Sranfen is prop, a derivative of a lost OHG.
*francho, 'javelin,' preserved in AS. franca
and OIc. frakke ; the Saxons (Sadjjen) are
similarly named after a weaponOHG.
tSahsun, from sahs,
sword ' (see 3Weffer).
^trcmfe, f., 'fringe,' from MidHG.
frame, f.,
fringe, ornament, fillet' ; hence
franzen, vb., 'to fringe.' From Romance
comp. Fr. frange, Ital. frangia. "This
orig. Fr. word corresponds exactly to the
well-known OHG./rama,in the same way
as vendange to viademia; ranfett are pen-
darts ' or lace, just as the flap of a
coat is a broad spear -head (see cfycjj,
etyreit) ; the etymology is both gramma-
tically and logically unobjectionable."
Though framea has certainly not been pre-
served within the entire Teut. group in
the sense of 'javelin,' or in any other sense,
yet the Latinised framea long remained
current in early MidLat. The derivation
of the Romance words from Lat. fimbria,
'fringe,' is not free from phonetic diffi-
>raf?, m., 'devouring, gluttony, food,
from MidHG. vrdi,, m., 'food,
; akin to frefjen ; OHG. frd$, Mid
HG. vrd^, m., also
^rrttfjC, f., 'grimace, distortions, carica-
ture,' f., ModHG. only, whence Du.fratse,
i. plur., ' grimaces, distortions,' is borrowed.
The absence of the word in OHG. and
MidHG. favours the supposition that it
was borrowed, and we are compelled to
accept that view, since it is impossible to
trace the word to a satisfactory Teut.
; the proposed derivation from AS.
fratwe, f. plur.,
work of art, ornaments
(carvings?),' is phonetically impossible.
The word might be finally derived from
Ital. frasche
plur., Fr. frasques, 'tricks,
trctu, f , 'mistress, lady, wife, woman,'
from MidHG. vrouwe, OHG. frouica, f.,
'mistress, gentlewoman, lady, wife, wo-
man '
; orig. perhaps only a HG. fem. form
(' wife of the master, mistress of the house
of OHG.
master,' which became obso-
lete in Ger., just as in Romance dominus
disappeared in many dialects while domina
(in the forms donna, dame) was retained
in the entire group
comp. <Sd)n>teget. See
Qxofynbtenjt. Frouwa, in the form of frua,
found its way into OLG., and thence as
frtt into Scand. ; the word remained un-
known to E. The fem. form was OTeut.
(Goth. *frauj6, f.), and was used in Scand.
changed according to phonetic laws into
Freyjaas the name of a goddess. In the
MidHG. period frouwe was popularly con-
nected by a graceful fancy with freuen,
frouwen ;
comp. Freidank's saw,
vroude vrouwen sind genant, Ir vroude
ervrouwet elliu lant, Wie wol er vroude
kante, Der sie erste vrouwen nante"

Woman is named from the joy she gives,
Her favours fill the world with bliss. What
a deep sense of joy had he, Who first named
it woman." See 3ungfet and the following
^frdulcttt, n., 'young lady, damsel,
miss,' from MidHG. vrduwelln
n., dimin.
of MidHG. vrouwe, 'woman,' orig. 'noble
maiden, young lady of noble birth, mistress,
sweetheart,' also ' girl of mean rank, servant-
girl.'3fraucit3tmmcr, n., ' woman,' from
late MidHG. vrouwenzimmer
n., 'women's
apartment' ; the connecting link in mean-
ing is collective,
the body of women re
siding in its own apartments, the female
inhabitants of the gynseceum,' also ' retinue
of a lady of high rank,' just as of (court)
is used collectively of
the people at court.'
The application of a collective term to an
individual" is analogous to the use of
( 97 )
83iuja)e and jlamerab ; the modern sense
dates from the beginning of the 17th cent.
fredj, adj., 'bold, insolent, shameless,'
from MidHG. vrech, adj., ' courageous, bold,
daring,' OHG.//e7i(/i/i), 'covetous, greedy
corresponding to Goth. *friks only in fai/iu-
covetous, avaricious ' (with respect
to Jalhu, 'money,' see 93tel)), OIc. frekr,
probably the primary meaning of the adj.
stem freka- common to Teut. ; when spe-
cially applied to war it meant 'eager for
combat, daring' ; AS. freca acquired the
meaning 'warlike hero,' earlier ~E. freak,
hero, man.' For early Teut. words simi-
larly restricted in meaning when applied
to a warrior's life, see icxeit, fetticj, rujtig.
There arc derivatives of the OTeut. freka-,
Gnth.frih, in the Romance languages

OFr. frique, ModProv. fricaud,

1 i vely.' Teut.freka-, from pre-Teut. priigo-,
scarcely belongs to fatten.
free, exempt, frank, volun-
tary,' from the equiv. MidHG. vri, OHG.
fri ; a common Teut stem frija-,
(unknown only to Scand.), which is as-
sumed by Goth, freis (ace. sing., mas. /n-
jana), AS. fri, freo (from frija-), E. free,
OhG.frt. From these are formed the ab-
stractsGoth. freihals, 'freedom,' lit. 'hav-
ing one's neck free,' AS.fre6ls,
(also ' peace, quiet
; comp. freolsdceg, 'holi-
'). Scand. frjdls for the nonexistent
free,' is identical with these words,
being used as an adj. signifying 'with a free
neck' ; akin to OHG. and MidHG. frthals,
freeman.' A ring around the neck was
an OTeut. mark of a slave. Although/rya-
prevails throughout the Teut. group in its
modern sense 'free,' to which W. ridd,
free ' (from prija-), also corresponds, yet
there is some evidence that the meanings
'dear, loved,' once belonged to the adj. in
earliest Teut. ; comp. the corresponding
abstr. Goth, frijaj>iva,
love,' AS. frc6d (for
love, favour,' Aii.frigu, 'love'
(;\.\M)fre6dryhten,fre6bearn) ; allied to Goth.
to love ' mentioned under Steunb
and ftiiebe. All these derivatives point to
a Teut. root fri, ' to cherish, spare, treat
forbearingly ' (MidHG. vrl-ten, Goth, freid-
jan, 'to spare'); frci in an active sense
should perhaps be compared with fyi'lc,
which also denoted the relation of the
higher to the meaner person, ftxti is lit.
'loving, loved, spared.' This sense is placed
beyond doubt by the earlier history of the

Goth, frija-, from pre-Teut. priy6-

comp. Sans, priyd-s,
dear, favourite,' from
the root prt,
to rejoice, make well-dis-
posed.' In OAryan the fern, of the adj.
pi-iya means 'spouse,' also 'daughter' ; to
this OSax. fri, and AS. fred, 'wife,' corre-
spond. With the Sans, root prt, OSlov.
to assist,'prijatelji, 'friend,'
are also connected. See mtac}, freien,
gfveunb, griebe, griebtjof.
freien, vb., 'to woo,' from MidHG.
to woo, marry
; unknown to UpG.,
prop, a LG. word, made current chiefly by
Luther. Comp. Du. vrijen,
to sue for
(MidHG. vrien,
to set free, rescue,' must
in the main be regarded as a different
word). In the sense of
to woo, marry,'
the verb must be directly connected with
the OTeut. root fri, 'to love'; comp.
GSux.frt, 'wife, beloved.' For the diffu-
sion of the Teut root fri (from Aryan pri),
see fret, Qfmtog, and also tfmtnb.
fretltd), adv., from the equiv. MidHG.
vriliche, adv.,
certainly, by all means,'
prop. adv. from vrilich,
free, boundless.'
?reUct<J, m.,
Friday,' from the equiv.
MidHG. vrttac, OHG. friatag, m., 'dies
Veneris'; corresponding to l)u. vrijdag,
AS. frtgdkeg, frigedceg, E. Friday,
Veneris,' OIc. Frjddagr (for which Fodu-
fast day,' is used in Modlc.) ; lit.
Freia's day' (primit. Teut. Frijjj), equiv.
to Lat. dies- Veneris. Freia corresponds to
Venus. OIc. Frigg, like OHG. Frla, is
lit. 'lover, goddess of love' ; akin to Sans.
priya, f.,
spouse, beloved ' (OSax. frt, AS.
'). See fm.
^fretfe, f.,
wooing, courtship,' from
MidHG. vridt, vridte, f., 'making an oiler
of marriage'; abstract noun from freien;
also in the same sense MidHG. vrte; an
essentially MidG. word.
frctttb, adj., 'strange, foreign, unfamiliar,
peculiar,' from MidHG. vremede, vremde,
foreign, distant, strange, singular, rare,'
OHG.framadi,fre.midi, ' foreign, singular'
a common Teut. adj. for 'foreign,' unknown
only to Scand. ; comp. Goth, framafrs,
foreign, estranged, excluded from,' AS.
frempe, f
foreign, alien, estranged'
(IS. obsolete), OSax. frcmithi, Du. vreemd.
A derivative of the stem appearing in the
Goth. prep, fram, 'far from,' AS. and E.
from, OHG. /raw, adv., 'away, forward.'
vb., 'to eat greedily, devour,cor-
rod. ,' from MidHG. vr'etfeii,
'to cat up, consume, feed,' of men and ani-
Fre (
) Fri
mals ; derived from au earlier *frae^an,
by syncope of the unaccented a; comp.
Qotli. fra'itan,
to consume' (E. to fret,
cut away'), with the similarly shortened
pret. sing, frit, plur. frttun, lor *frait,
*fraitun. The Goth, verbal prefix occurs
in other cases in OHG. as fir, far,
and ModHG. ver, and from
with this wanew verb, vere^en, is formed
in MidHG. with the same meaning as
which is etymologically equiv. to
it. For the verbal prefix see grecel, MtXt.
gtreffcrjett, n., 'litile ferret,' dimin. of
an earlier ModHG. gretr, n.,
ferret,' first
occurs in ModHG. from Romance
Ital. furetto, Fr. fv.ret (E. ferret), MidLat.
furetum, furetus,
ferret,' which is based
upon early MidLat. faro,
polecat,' equiv.
to Lat. fur,
%<teube, f., 'joy, pleasure, delight,' from
the equiv. MidHG. vroude, vreude, OHG.
frewida, f. ;
akin to fmten, MidHG. vrouwen,
OHG. frouwen ; see frof). For the suffix
see futeiitbe, 93e^tcrbe, Sifvbe, SBefcfyrcerbf.
^trcunb, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
vriunt(d), OHG. friunt, m., 'friend, rela-
comp. OSax.friunt, 'friend, relative,'
Dn. vriend, AS. frednd, E. friend, Goth.
frij&nds. Goth. frijCnds, and hence also
the other words, are panics, from an OTeut.
and Goth, xb.frijdn,
to love,' AS. fredgan,
to love ' (see frei) ;
therefore the word, sig-
nifying lit. ' lover,' is used in many dialects
(even yet in LG., Hess., Franc, Alsat.,
Suab., and Bav.) for
relative.' As to the
formation, see eilanb, Seinb.
^tVCtJCl, m., 'wanton olfence, outrage,
sacrilege,' from MidHG. vrevel, f., m.,
boldness, presumption, arrogance, inso-
lence, violence,' OHG. fravilt, f., 'boldness,
daring, insolence
; abstr. subst. from the
OHG. adj. fravili, frevili, MidHG. vrevele,
'bold, proud, daring, insolent,' ModHG.
fretjeX, adj. ; comp. AS. frcefele,
Du. icrevel,
outrage.' Connected with the
HG. adj. are two or three difficult forms
which furnish a hint for discovering the
etymology. OHG. fraballicho, adv. with b,
and frabart, f., 'audacia,' with b and r.
Parallel to MidHG. vrevel there exists a
form vor-evel, ver-evel, corresponding to
MidHG. ver-e^en, compared with vr-e^yn.
We have probably to assume a Goth. *fra-
ubls, or rather *fra afls
(comp. freffen), and
with this Olc.
r., 'power, strength,'
and OHG. avaldn, 'to torment oneself,
work,' are closely connected. In OHG. fra
was preserved as a fully accented prefix in
adjs., as in frd-bald, 'daring,
from bald,
bold.' See %x&fyt (a compound containing
fra).fvcventlid), adv.,
giously,' first occurs in ModHG., formed
like etgeittltd), toefontlid}, &c, from the Mid
HG. adj. vrevtle, but with a change of the
suffix / into n.
^trtebe, m., 'peace, tranquillity, quiet,'
from MidHG. wide, m., 'peace, armistice,
quiet, protection,' OHQ.frtdu, in., ' peace
corresponding to OSax. fritku, in., AS.
freojx), frijju, f., Olc. fripr, in.,
the common Teut. word for ' peace.' Found
in Goth, only in Frifrareiks, equiv. to
Stiebrid) (lit 'prince of peace'); akin to
Goth. gafri}>6n,
to reconcile.' The Teut.
contains the suffix /> like
Goth. dau-Jm-s,
' ;
pritu-s, from an
Aryan root pri, Teut. fri, lit.
to love,
JJctebe, orig.
state of love, forbear-
(see frei). It is worth noticing that
Teut. first coined a word for 'peace,' for
which no common term can be found in
the Aryan languages, and the same may
be said of
Jtrieg.' See Jpaber.
^frteb^of, m., 'churchyard'; the orig.
sense is not exactly
peaceful enclosure,'
but rather 'an enclosed place'; akin to
MidHG. vride,
enclosure, a place hedged
in'; MidHG. vrlthof, OHG. frtt/wf, 'en-
closed space around a church,' must have
given rise to greitfyof. In their origin Sriebe
and MidHG. vrit-hof are of course allied
yet vrtt-hqf must be connected chiefly with
Goth, frei-djan,
to spare,' OHG. frUen,
'to cherish, love, protect'; akin also to
frierert, vb., 'to freeze, feel cold, be
chilled,' from the equiv. MidHG. vriesen
(partic, gevrorn), OHG. friosan (partic.
yifroran) ;
the change of s into r has ob-
tained in all parts of the verb, yet s has
been preserved in S^icfctn and
Qroft. Comp.
Du. vriezen, AS. fredsan, E. to freeze, Olc.
Jrj6.<a; Goth. *friusan is wanting, but may
be inferred with certainty from frius, n.,
frost, cold.' The change of s into r is
also shown by AS. fre&rig, adj., 'freezing,
frosty, stiff,' Olc. frer, neu. plur., 'frost,
cold.' The Teut. root is freus, fruz, from
the pre-Teut. root preus, prtis. It appears
to lie at the base of Lat. prurio for *pntsio,
'to itch,' if the connecting link in meaning
is to be found in the 'piercing, itching,
burning nature of frost.' Olnd. has a root
to inject a substance,' which is more
Fri ( 99 ) Fro
remote in meaning ; akin to Lat. prulua,
'rime' (for *prusvtua)
; Sans. pruivd, 'drop,
frozen drop, rime.' Under no circumstances
can the word be connected with Lat. frigere.
m., also gfrtefe, f.,' frieze (cloth
part of a column),' ModHG. only, for-
merly also in the sense of 'coarse woollen
stuff'; from Fr. /rise, f., whence E. frieze;
the Fr. word, like its Romance cognates, is
itself derived from Teut. ; comp. AS./rise,
curled,' E. tofriz, frizzle, OFlis. frisle, 'hair
of the head.'
gtriefeln, partic. plur.,
miliary fever,'
ModHG. only, from frtcren, which repre-
sents an earlier
frifc^, adj., 'fresh, cool, raw (ofa wound),'
from MidHG. vrisch, OHQ.frisc, adj., 'new,
young, cheerful, active, pert
; correspond-
ing to AS.fersc, E.fresh, OIc.ferskr,
The further origin is obscure
; on account
of its meaning Lat. priscus (akin to prior,
priits) cannot be allied
perhaps OHG.
frisc is derived from
fru(j, OHG./rwo. The
11 G. word found its way at an early period
into Romance (comp. Ital. fresco, Fr.frais),
and into E. (frisk).
3trifd)lmg, m., 'young wild-boar,' from
MidHG. vrischinc, vrischlinc, m. ; a deri-
vative of frifefj with the suffixes -ing, -ling.
The OHG. frisking (fruscing), 'beast of
offering,' was adopted by OFr. as fresange,
'young pig.'
frificrcn, vb., 'to curl, dress the hair,'
ModHG. only, from Fr. friser, which is
again derived from the cognates mentioned
at the end of the article giie3.
frift, f., 'period, appointed time, re-
spite,' from MidHG. vrist, f., OHG. frist,
f. (neu.), 'limited period, postponement,
space of time'
; OSax. frist, AS.
first, m.,
OIc. frert, n. plur., 'postponement.' Pro-
bably not derived from the root
fri (see
frei), 'to love.' It might more reasonably
be connected with the Goth, verbal par-
ticle fri in fz-isaJtis, if the meaning of the
latter were clear. See also {Jltjh
glad, joyous, happy,' from
MidHG. vrd (gen. vrdwes, vrouwes), OHG.
(inflected form
rawer), 'glad'; cor-
responding to OSax frao (gen. *frawes,
fralus), MidDu. vro, 'glad'; a correspond-
ing word in E. is wanting. OIc. frdr,
quick, nimble,' closely agrees in sound
with respect to the meaning, comp. the
analogous ^latt and E. glad. Thus the sen-
suous meaning 'nimble' might be taken
as the starting-point. If the Scand. word
be disregarded, 'gracious, friendly,' might
be assumed as the primary meaning, in
order to connect the word with the expres-
sions for
master, lord,' mentioned under
frof)Iodien, vb.,
to exult, triumph,
shout for joy,' from MidHG. vrdlocken
(rare), 'jubilaie'; according to MidHG.
vr6-sanc, 'song of joy, hallelujah,' pro-
bably a corruption of an earlier form,
frdleichen ; OHG. and MidHG. *cr6-leich
would be also lit. ' song of joy.' E. to frolic
is derived from Du. vrolijl; 'joyous.'
frof)tt, adj.,
lordly, holy,' now only
preserved as the first component in archaic
compounds; from MidHG. vron, adj., 're-
lating to the master or lord, sacred.' In
OHG. there appears instead of an adj.
*fr6n a petrified form frdno,
divine, sacred,' which is prop, a gen. plur.
lord ' (used only in the vocative).
In MidHG. vr6n appears in numerous com-
pounds for the temporal lord, as well as for
the Ktipios, 'the lord,' /car'
ifaxfyy 'Christ'
comp. MidHG. vr&nltchnam, m.,
body, the host,' ModHG. ftrofyiileidjnam
MidHG. vr&nkriuze, OHG. daz frdno chrtizi,
the cross of Christ
; MidHG. vr&nalter,
'high altar,' &c. ; also vr6nJiof, 'mansion,'
vr&nwalt, 'a wood belonging to the lord,'
vr6nreht, 'public right.' ModHG. retained
fttofutbienjl, from MidHG. vrdndienst ; see
frofjnen. As toOHG./r<5,'0 lord,' stress must
belaid on its correspondence to AS. fred,
lord,' as well as OSax. frao. Goth, has
a form with
frauja, m. (AS. frSgea),
'lord,' which is seen in HG. in the fern,
forms ORG.frouwa, MidHG. vrouwe, Goth.
*frauj6. With these some connect in
Scand. the names of the deities Freyr and
Freyja. Whether the stem fraun-, for
frawun- and fraujan-, in the sense of
gracious, friendly,' is allied to the adj.
glad,' remains to be proved. Comp.
^trof)nc, f., 'compulsory Bervice, vil-
leinage,' from MidHG. vr&ne, f., 'villein
socage.' See fro bit.
fxSfyncn, frofyncn, vb., 'to serve,' from
MidHG. vrdntn (yroenen) 'to serve, perform
villein socage.' See fro^n, ffrefjiif.
worthy, pious, harmless,'
from MidHG. vrum (inflected form vrumer\
adj., 'able, excellent, good, gallant, con-
ducive.' The MidHG. adj. is prop, a subst,
(comp. (fcabf); MidHG./rum,/ruJ,OHG.
fruma, f, ' use, advantage' (frwnmen, 'to
Fro (
) Fuh
promote, accomplish'). Akin to the AS.
forms with a gradation, fram, adj.,
conducive,' fremman,
to promote, accom-
plish'; comp. OIc. framr.
and fremja,
to execute.' Also allied more
remotely to the OTeut terms for 'primus.'
See gurjh fieri, furfcct, &c.
gtrofd), m., 'frog,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. vrosch, OHG. frosk, m.; corresponding
to Du. vorsch, AS.forsc (E. dial, froslc), OIc.
; Goth. *frusqa- is by chance
not recorded. Before the deriv. &fe a gut-
tural has dropped out, as is eeen in the
cognate terms. AS.frogga, E. frog, would
be in Goth. *frugga (*frvgwaX) ;
also akin
to AS. frocca, earlier E. dial. /rocfe, as well
as OIc. fraukr, 'frog' (so too MidE. fr&te,
toad '). Goth. *frusqa-, for *fruh-
sqa-, would therefore be connected with a
it root ending in a guttural
perhaps the
pre-Ttut. root prukl. Hence the attempts
to connect the word with frifd) or fricrett, to
which the meaning is also opposed, must
be rejected.
gtroft, m., 'frost, cold, chill,' from the
equiv. MidHG. vrost, OB.G.frost, m. ; conip.
Du. vorst, AS.forst, E. frost, OIc. frost, n.,
frost, cold
; a common Tent, abstract of
fricren, Goth. *friusan. Goth. *frustu-, in.,
frost,' is wanting.
5rud)f, f.,
fruit, crop, product,' from
MidHG. vruht, OHG. fruht, f., 'fruit';
corresponding to OSax. fruht, Du. vrucht,
OFris. frucht. Based on Lat. fructvs, which
perhaps at the same period as ^Pfkuije and
a number of botanical terms, found its way
into German.
frill), adj., adv.,
early, prematurely),'
from MidHG. vriieje, adj., 'early,' vruo,
adv., 'early' (hence sometimes the Mod
HG. fruh unmodified)
OHG. frurji, adj.,
fnio, adv., 'early'; comp. Du. vroeg, adj.
and adv.,
early.' Goth.
(or rather
*frau6 for
1-661), adv., is wanting. Pre-
Teut prd- appears also in Gr. vpuft, '
early in the morning,' irputa, f., 'morning,'
irpdj'uK, 'early' ; akin to Sans, prdtar, adv.,
early in the morning.' Allied more re-
motely to tor, Sinfl, crterf, &c. (also
frif<$ ?).
It is curious that the OAryan adv., in the
sense of
early in the morning,' is restricted
to Ger. In Scand., E., and Goth, it is
; the words used being Goth, air,
OIc. dr, AS. cer, 'early in the morning'
(see elje). Moreover, its special meaning
was universally diffused at an early period.
See ftruljlittg.
gtra&Urtg, m., 'spring,' a deriv. of fiuh,
early ModHG. onlyfrom the 15th cent.;
8cnj is the old West Tent. term.
3?ud)S, m., 'fox, light bay horse, cun-
ning person, freshman (univ.),' from the
equiv. MidHG. vuhs, OHG. fuhs, m. ; cor-
responding to Du. vos, AS. and E. fox;
Goth. *fadhs-, in. (weak subst), is not
found. The * is a inasc. sullix, as in Sud)$
it is wanting, therefore, in the older fern,
form, OHG. foha, MidHG. vo/ie, f., 'vixen
(also 'fox,' equiv. to Goth. faW\6, f., ' fox,'
OIc foa, 'fox'). OIc. fox, n., is used only
in the figurative sense of 'deceit.' The
ModHG. lent, form gticfoftit corresponds to
AS. fyxen, E. vixen. Goth. fatih6, f., from
pre-Teut. pdkd, makes it appear possible
10 connect the word phonetically with Mod
HG. ffipgrf, Goth, fugls, pre-Teut. pvJtlds,
in case Sans, pucc/ia,
tail, train,' is of a
cognate stem
gucfytf and SSoflff, meaning
tailed creatures,' is quite possible. At all
events, there is no connection with Lat.
L. vulpes.
f., earlier ModHG. ffcrttrf,
'broadsword, a blow struck with it,' first
occurs in ModHG. ; akin to fcd)tcn.
gtuber, n., from the equiv. MidHG.
vuodtr, OHG. fuodar, n
me isure (vary-
ing from 36 to 72 bushels, of wine about
1200 bottles), waggon-load' ; comp. OSax.
f&thar, Du. voer, AS.f6per, 'measure, wag-
gon-load,' E. folh'T, fodder, a term in
mining. Hence the common West Teut
n., 'waggon-load,' from the
Teut root
in gubett. From HG, Fr.
fuudre is derived.
?ug, m.,
adaptedness, due authority,
right,' from MidHG. vuoc{g\ m., 'pro-
priety,' as well as the equiv. vuoge, f., Mod
HG. gucje, akin to fua,cn.
^rUCje, f., 'fugue,' first occurs in early
ModHG., from lta).fuga.
vk, 'to fit together, connect
to accommodate oneself,' from Mid
HG. viiegeit, OHG. fuogen,
to shape or
unite suitably
; comp. Du. voegen, AS.
E. to
('to suit, unite') ; Goth.
'to make suitable,' is a factitive of
the Teut root
in Goth, fajrs, 'suit-
able, fitted,' whose nearer cognates are to
be found under fe^tn ; E. tofadge ('to suit,
join'X may also be mentioned here.
furjlett, vb., 'to feel, be sensible of, be
sensitive to,' a MidG. and LG. word incor-
porated in literary Ger. since Luther's
time (in Suab. and Alem. fpuren and uuricii,
Fuh (
) Fur
and in Bav. eitipftnben are used) ; from the
equiv. MidHG. viielen, OHG. fuolen (OHG.
also 'to touch'); comp. OSax. gifdlian,
Da. voelen, AS. filan, E. to feel ; a common
West Teut. word for 'to feel' (Goth. *fol-
jan). Akin to OIc. falma, 'to grope.'
With the Teut. root
"61, fal,
an old term for
hand ' is connected
OSax. folm, AS.folm,
hand ' (nrimit. allied to Sans
pdni, Gr. iraXdfiv, Lat. palma, Olr. lam for
^fltfcre, f., 'journey, conveyance, wag-
gon, cart-load,' from MidHG. viwre, f.,
journey, way, street, escort, food for a
'journey, fodder,' OHG. fuora ; comp. AS.
for, f., 'journey,' also 'vehicle'; akin to
fasten. See also ftUjrcu.
fttforen, vb., 'to carry, conduct, deal in,
manage,' from 1M idHG. viieren, OHG.fuoren,
'to put in motion, guide, lead'; a facti-
tive of fasten (OHG./aron), like ModHG.
Uiten, a factitive of OHG. lldan, 'to go,
drive'; comp. O^ax. forian, Du. voeren,
'to lead,' OIc. fosra, 'to bring.' Goth.
*forjan is wanting ;
AS. feran means
go, march.' Hence the sense 'to lead' is
essetitially Ger.
fitttctt, vb., 'to fill,' from MidHG.
viillen, OHG. fullen,
to make full' ; a de-
rivative of ttol(. Comp. Goth, fulljan, OIc.
fylla, AS. fyllan, E. to
Du. vullen, OSax.
fullian, 'to till'; also o((.

^ullc, f.,
'abundance, plenty,' from MidHG. viille,
OHG. fulll, 'fulness'; comp. Goth, ufar-
fullei, f'., 'superabundance.'
^fullcit, n., from the equiv. MidHG.
viiltn, ORQ.fulin, n., besides MidHG. ville,
OHQr.fuli,n., 'foal' ; for the affix -^denot-
ing the young of animals, see under (Scfyhxin.
Based upon goljten (Goth fula) ;
*ful-ein, n. has to be assumed in Goth.
comp. MidLG. vblen, Du. veulen, OIc.
Another derivative offul- is OHG. fuliltha,
MidHG. viilhe, f., 'filly,' pointing to Goth.
gtuHfcl, n., 'stuffing,' from the equiv.
late MiuHG. viilsel, n.
; a derivative of \jiMl
with modification ; for the suffix -sel, from
OHG. isal, Goth, isl, see Olatfel.
gtltnb, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
vunt, m.,
finding, discovery, find' ; allied
to fxufcen ; comp. Du. vond, 'discovery, in-
vention,' OIc. fundr, fyndr.
card, num., 'five,' from MidHG.
viivf, OHG. fuvf,
also earlier
responding to Goth,
OIc. fimrri, AS.
Du vijf, OSax.
from pre-Teur. pempe, penqe (for the
Serniutation of Aryan
to Teut.
ttjrt, ter, 9Bolf) ; comp. Sans, pdhcan,
Gr. vivre (ir^tiire, ir^/xirros), Lat. quinque (for
*pinque), Lith. penkl, Olr. c6ic, "W. pimp
a common Teut term, like all numbers
from 2 to 10 ; the oldest form is pdnqe,
penke. The attempts to discover the root
with some such meaning as 'hand,' and to
connect the word with Singer, have pro-
duced no result. The Aryan numerals are
presented to us as compact forms, the ori-
gin of which is obscure. The ord. ffmfte is,
like all ordinals, a derivative of an old
; Goth,
fimfto, funfto,
MidHG. viinfte; Du. vijjde, AS. fffta, E.
Comp. Lat. quintus for *pinctus,
Gr. irtniTTCK, Sans, pahcathas, Lith. penktas.
gtUttfee, m, from the equiv. MidHG.
(not a classical form) vuntce, m., OHG.
funcho, m., 'spark'; comp. Du. vonk,
spark,' MidLG. and MidE. funke,
fire, spark,' E. funk,
round wood, steam,
stink.' Classical MidHG. has vanlce, m.
It is uncertain whether Goth.
funins), 'fire,' i3 allied; it is more pro-
bable that Sans, pdjas, 'splendour, gleam
of light,' is priinit. cognate.
prep., 'for, in behalf of,' from Mid
HG. vilr, OHG. furi, 'before, for' ; comp.
OSax. furi, 'before '
; a Ger. prep, simply,
allied to those discussed under Dor.

adv., 'forward, further,' from Mid
HG. viirba^. adv., from fur and fcajj.
3?ltrcl)e, f., from the equiv. MidHG.
vurch (plur. vilr/ie), OHG. fundi, f., 'fur-
row'; comp. Du. voor, AS. fxirh, f., E.
furrow (akin to AS. and E. furlong, 'the
length of a farrow') ; OIc. for, f., 'drain,
watercourse.' Goth. *fattrhus, f., is want-
ing. It is based upon pre-Teut prk-
; comp.
Lat. porca, 'ridge between two furrows,'
and porexdetum, 'field divided into beds'
akin also to Armen. herk,
freshly ploughed
fallow land,' VV. rhych (OGall. *ricd, Olr.
rech), m., f.,
furrow,' from the base prkd.
tUrd)f, f., 'fear, terror, fright,' from
MidHG. vorhte, vorht, f., 'fear, anxiety,
apprehension,' OHG. and OSax. firrhta,
forahta ;
abstr. of furd)ten. In AS. a modi-
fied abstr. is found ;
comp. AS. fyrhto
(Goth faurhtei), hence E. fright, whence
to frighten, to fright ; E. fear (see @ffaljr),
is not a cognate.

to fear,
dread,' from MidHG. viirhten (pret. vorhte),
OHG. furihten, forahtan (pret. forahta),
be afraid'; comp. OSax. forahtjan, AS.
Fur ( IC2 ) Fut
forhtian; Du. ami Sound, are wanting;
to fear, be afraid,' with the
partic./a6r/rts, ' timid,' used as an adj. The
dental of the vb., which was probably strong
orig., is a suffix of the present stem, hence
Tent, furh-tjan; the corresponding abstr.
ORG.furh-ta is formed like Scfyanbe. To
the Teut rootfork (Aryan prk
querquerus, 'shivering,' and Gr. icapKalpu,

to tremble,' have been allied.


further,' from MidHG.
vurder, OHG. furdir, adv., 'further in
front, further on, away
; apparently an
oblique form of the compar.neut., like Goth.
formerly,' from fort, Goth. *faur]>;
AS.fwJ>or,i\dv., 'forward, further, more dis-
tantly '(Goth. *faiirj>6s), E.further. See fort.
gturfcc, f., 'pitchfork,' from MidHG.
furke, OHG. furcha, f., 'fork' ; comp. Du.
vork, AS. and E. fork; from Lat. furca,
introduced early in the OHG. period along
with Southern horticulture.
?urff, m., 'sovereign, chief, prince,'
from MidHG. viirste, m., 'the highest, most
distinguished, ruler, prince,' OHG. furisto,
OSax. furisto, Du. vorst,
prince' ; like^err.
simply a Ger. form. Just as Jpettis orig. a
compar. of l)er- r,
so is urjt prop, a super-
lat. meaning
tirst' ;
comp. OHG. furist,, E. first, Olc. fyr>tr; Goth. *fau-
ristn is wanting ; the corresponding compar.
is OHG. furiro,
the former, preferable,'
Olc. fyrre,
former.' The usual OSax. and
AS. word for
first' is formo, forma, with
the suffix ma (Goth, fruma) ;
from Aryan
pr like Gr. xpSfUK, Sans, p&rva-s, OSlov.
pruvU, Lith. plrmas,
first' It is evident
that also for, fur, fort, &c, are derivatives
of this Aryan root pr.
gfwf, f. (UpG. masc. also), 'ford,' from
the equiw MidHG. and OHG. vurt, m.
comp. OSax. *ford in Hertford (lit. 'lord's
erefcrb ;
MidDu. vord, AS. ford, m.,; comp. AS. Oxenaford (lit. 'oxen's
ford'), 'Oxford' (also <S$einfurt, (Srfurt).
Goth. *fa&rdus,
ford,' is wanting. It be-
longs to the Teut. too: far, 'to go, march,'
and hence signifies lit. ' a frequented, pass-
able spot'; comp. Gr. x6/>os, 'ford,' which
has a cognate root, and /36<nro/xw with Ox-
ford; also Zend peretu,
bridge' (Euphrates,
having many bridges '
; so too Lat.
; Olc.fJQro'r, in., ' bay.' Lat.
-ritum (for *pritum) in Augustoritum, from
Kelt, is also allied to this word.
fit fd)Ctt, vb., ' to perform hastily, cheat,'
ModHG. only, of obscure origin.
3?ufcl, m., ' bad brandy,' probably from
chemical technology (L&t.fustli*,* liquid ' ?).
5tU|?, m., 'foot, base, pedestal, footing,'
from the equiv. MidHG. vuot,, OHG. /U03,
foot' ; a common Teut. and more re-
motely a common Arvan term for
comp. Goth, fvtus, Olc. f6tr, AS.
foot, Du. voet, OSax.
The Teut.
(weak subst), from Aryan p6d-, which in-
terchanged with Arvan pod- and pSd in
declension. Comp. Gr. -woS- in x65a, nom.
sing, rots (jEoI. tc6s)
Lat. pid-em, nom.
sing. pes; nciSCkov, ' sandal,' xef6s (for rtdjdt),
on foot' ; gradation in Lat tripudium
OInd. nom. sing, pdd (locat. padi), 'foot,'
padd, neu.,
tread, footstep.' The e grada-
tion is preserved in Teut. by Olc.
step,' but as a measure
foot' (Lith. peda,
'mark of the foot'); akin to Olc. feta,
to find the way,' OHG.
to go.'
Respecting Olc. fjgturr see geflVl ; Olc.
the skin of birds between the claws.'\E. fetlak, E. fetlock ; thus too MidHG.
vi^eloch, 'hough,' earlier ModHG. Siplodj
thev are derivatives (not compounds) of
*fet-, 'foot.'gtufjflapfe, f., 'footstep,
trace,' from flaffett ; often divided wrongly
into gufidapfe, which would originate in a
verb tapfett for jlajjfen.
puffer, n., from the eqtiiv. MidHG.
vuoter, OHG.fuotar, n., ' nourishment, food,
fodder, lining, case' ; comp. Du. voeder, n.,
'fodder, lining'; AS. fddor, n.. E. fodder;
Olc. /dor, n., 'fodder'; Goth. fSdr, n.,
'scabbard.' Two really different words
seem to have converged phonetically in this
term. Goth. *f6dr,
'nourishment,' seems
to be connected with AS. fCda,
ment,' E. food, Goth, fddjan, AS. fidan,
E. to feed, and consequently with a Teut.
fod, fad
(comp. OHG. fatunga, 'nour-
ishment, food'), from Aryan pat. which
also appears in Gr. irarlonai,
to eat
; like-
wise akin to AS. fdstor,
maintenance,' E.
to foster, foster-brother, &c. The second,
case,' Goth. f6dr,
sheath,' has
been thought to be allied to Sans, pdtra-m,
n., ' vessel, receptacle.' The Teut. cognates
in both senses found their way into Rom.
comp. Prov. and OFr. fuerre (ModFr.
sheath,' formed from Goth. fSdr,
OHG. fiiotar,
sheath,' ModFr. feurre,
straw for feeding cattle,' ModFr. fourreau,
case, sheath,' &c.
n., ' case, lining, sheath,' Mod
only, from MidLatfotrale, a derivative
of OHG/dfar, MidHG.ruofer; comp. gutter.
Fut ( 103 ) Gal
filttexix, vb., equiv. to Mi<lHG. viietern,
to feed, nourish,' OHG. fuotiren
(Goih. *f6drjan) ; a derivative of gutter,
From the equiv. MidHG.
gdbe, f.
OHG. *gdba and Goth. *giba are
instead OHG. geba (MidHG. gebe
with the dial, variant gippe), f., occurs,
OSax. geba, AS. gifu, OIc.
Goth, giba,
gift.' The forms corresponding to the
assumed Goth. *giba are seen in Du. gaaf
and OSwed. gdfa.
Q&be, adj., ' acceptable, in vogue, stylish,'
from MidHG. gcebe (OHG. *gdbi), adj.,
'acceptable, dear, good'; Goth. *g6bi- is
related to giban (see geben), just as nSms is
to niman (see gdnge, attgenebm) ; comp. OIc.
gdefr, 'salutary,' Du. gaaf,
(Sabcl, f., 'fork, s haft 8 (of a vehicle),'
from the equiv. MidHG. gabele, gabel, OHG.
gabala, gabal, f, ;
corresponding to Du.
(hence Modlc. gaffall, 'fork'), AS.
rarely, geaful, m., ' fork ' (for which, even in
1 he AS. period, fore, E. fork occurs), abet
seems to be related bygradation to@iebet,and
inthat case the oldest shape of the fork must
have been a sort of acute angle like a gable.
Yet the supposition that the word was bor-
rowed is not to be rejected, especially since
'the form of an acute angle' can hardly
be the prim, meaning of iebel. Note the
correspondence with Kelt, words ; Olr.
gabul, 'fork,' gab/da, 'shears,' W. gebe',
tongs,' Lat. gabalus
(gable-shaped) gal-
lows '
; to these also OInd. gdbhasti, 'fork,
shaft,' may be allied, in which case it would
follow that the West Teut. abet is perhaps
primit. allied to the Kelt, class.
flacftcrn, gatftfen, vb., 'to cackle, chat-
ter,' simply AlodHG. ; imitative forms like
MidHG. gdgen,
to cackle like a goose.'
akin to Du gagelen,
to gabble,' and even in
OHG. gaclctz&n,
to mutter,' gagizdn, gackaz-
zen, 'to bawl,' MidHG. gagzen, 'to cluck
like a hen laying.' Comp. Scand. gagga,
to howl like a fox,' gagl,
wild goose, E.
to gar/gle.
$ttOcn, Oooocm. m. and n., ' room, cot-
tage, storey,' from MidHG. and MidLG. ga-
den, gadevi, n.,
house containing one room
only ' then generally 'apartment, chamber,'
OHG. gadum, gadam, n. ; orig. a merely
UpG. word, which found its way, however,
even into LG. Akiu to Goth. *gatm (from
go- and tmo-, the latter related to Gr. 56/xos,
fj.<r6-S/ii], and HG. 3itttmet) ?. Less pro-
bably allied to AS. geat, E. gate (comp. Du.
opening,' under
At all events,
the connection with Gr.
tT ">
is impossible.
vb., ' to gape at,' from the equiv.
MidHG. (MidG.)
gaffen, OHG. *gaffSn
duced from OHG. gefjiJa, f., ' contempla-
tion'); Goth. *gapan is wanting. The
ordinary MidHG. and OHG. words for the
modern gaffen are kapfen and chapfSn (Goth.
*kappan, vb., is wanting). Hence, accord-
ing to the sounds, the two words are radi-
cally different ; in the ModHG. period,
MidHG. kapfen has given way to gaffen.
The latter signifies lit.
to look on with
open mouth'; comp. Du. gapen and the
equiv. E. to gape, OIc. gapa,
to open the
mouth wide,' gap,
chaos.' The Teut. root
17a/), 'to gape,' is allied to Sans, root jabh,
to snap ' ?.
see jar).
to yawn, gape,' from the
equiv. MidHG. ginen (genen, geinen), OHG.
giuSn (gein6n) ; ModHG. ae for 8. Goth.
*gi- nai-. from the root gi, 'to gape' ; comp.
AS. ginian, g&nian,
to gape.' OIc. and
AS. possess a str. vb. formed from the root
gi, and n orig. a suffix of the present stem

OIc. gina, AS. tdgtnan, 'to bark'; comp. also

OIc. gin, n., 'jaw of animals.' OHG. gUn,
to gape,' is formed without the suffix n; so
too with a derivative w, OHG. giwSn, geiodn,
MidHG. gi'cen, gSicen,
to open the mouth
wide.' The Teut. root gi, from pre-Teut. gki,
is widely diffused, especially in West Teut.
Comp. Lat. hiare (for Lat. h, representing
see erjle and aft), OSlov. zijati,
to ^ape, bark,' Lith. zidti,
to open the
mouth wide
; Olr. gin,
mouth ' (OIc
gin) ;
Lat. hiscn
hole,' for xf<* ?
($ctlftcmt, m., 'galnngal.' from the equiv.
MidHG. galgan,galgdn, galgant, m. ; comp.
MidE. galingal', E. mlangal ; a medicinal
herb of the Middle Ages, known under the
same name to Rom. (comp. Itab galanga,
Ft. galangaMidLat. galanga; also Mid
Gal ( 104 ) Grin
Gr. TaXAyya). The origin of the term hns
probably been rightly ascribed to the East
some etymologists compare it with Arab
$afgen, m., 'gallows, gibbet, cross-
beam,' from MidHG. galge, OHG, galgo,

gallows (also applied to the cross of.
Christ), frame over a well from which the
bucket is hung to draw water.' It corre-
sponds to OSax. galgo, Du. galg, AS. gealgrt,
E. gallows (the plur. used as a sing., yet
comp. gallow-tree), OIc. galge,
Goth, galga, in. (applied to the cross of
Christ, as also in all the other OTeut. dia-
a common Teut. word, Tent, gal-
gan-, pre-Teut.
algha- ;
comp. Lith. zalga,
f., 'pole.' Note the double sense of the
MidHG. and OHG. word. Probably some
such idea as a 'long pliable rod' is the
starting-point of the various meanings of
the cognates.
(aUapfcf, m.,
gall, gall-nut,' first oc-
curs in early ModHG., from Lat. galla,
whence also, probably, the equiv. AS. galloc
cump. E. oak-gall (galloak). See al(e (2.).
(Settle (1.),
f., ' gall, bile,' from the equiv.
MidHG. galle, OHG. galla, f. ;
common to
Teut. in the same sense (only in Goth, is
the WBak neu. *gaH6 not recorded) ; comp.
OSax. galla, Du. gal, AS. gealla, OIc. gall,r\.
Like a great number of terms relating to the
body (see gup, crj, 9here, Stafe, CI;r), @a(!e
too has numerous correspondences in the
cognate languages, which points to the an-
tiquity of the Aryan term (Goth. *gallin- or
*galzin-, from pre-Teut. glial-) ; comp. Gr.
X0X77, x<5Xos, Lat.
fel, fellis, n.,
gall.' Many
etymologists connect the word with gelb
(OHG. gelo), as if gall was named from its
colour; OSlov. zlucl, 'gall' (from *gllkl),
is, certainly allied to Russ. ielknutl,
to turn
@<xUe (2.),
f., 'barbel,' from MidHG.
galle, f., 'swelling above the knee on the
hind-leg of a horse' ; comp. E. gall (swell-
ing, sore spot, gall-nut) ; it is questionable
whether @a(U9lpffl is allied to the word.
Also in Romance, Ital. galla and Span.
ag din, signify ' swelling, tumour, gall-nut.'
Hence the Lat.-Rom. galla, 'gall-nut,' was
perhaps the source of the Teut. terms. Yet
it is possible that the foreign word has
been confused with a Teut. word similar
in sound, especially since Swed. dialects
also have a term grasgaller, 'swelling on
the hoof of a horse.'
^ttUcrfc, f., 'jelly,' from MidHG. gal-
hert, galhart, galreide, f., 'jelly of animal
and vegetable matter.' MidLat. gdlatina,
'jelly,' as well as Fr. geUe (from Lat gelare),
cannot, for phonetic reasons, serve as the
source of the MidHG. word
the origin is
still obscure.
(Satinet, m., 'calamine,' first occurs in
early ModHG., with the older variant
Jtalitui; once in MidHG. lalemtne; from
MidLat. and Rom. ; comp. MidLat. lapis
calaminaris, Fr. calamine; earlier Lat. cad-
mia, Gr. Ka.bii.da., 'calamine.'
(Salopp, m., 'gallop,' borrowed from
Fr. galop, even in the MidHG. period, as
is proved by MidHG. galopiiren, of which
the variant walopieren occurs (comp. Mid
HG. icalap, 'galop,' E. wallop). The Rom.
words on which they are based are derived
by some etymologists from a Teut. source,
though it cannot be assigned to any satis-
factory root; some assume a Goth-Teut.
*walh-hlaup, which is supposed to denote
a Kelt, method of trotting.
0amcmber, m.,
germander,' from the
equiv. MidHG. gamandri; from MidLat.
chamandreus, gamandraea, which is based
upon Gr. xMa*fywy,
(Scmerbe, m., 'joint-heir, co-proprietor,'
from MidHG. ganerbe (from ge-an-erbe), m.,
next co-heir, especially a co-heir with the
right of obtaining the property of his fellow-
inheritors at theirdeath,'OHG. ganarbo, 'co-
heir' (Goth. *gadna-arbja, m.). The prefix
ga, representing Lat. con-,
together with,'
was current in OTeut. See cnojj, cfiue.
(Sang, m.,
going, movement, gait, pas-
sage,' from the equiv. MidHG. ganc(g),
OHG. gang, m., 'gait, walking'; corre-
sponding to OSax. gang, Da. gang, AS.
gong, m., 'walking, gait (comp. E. ganj
gangway, and gangweek), OIc. gangr
gait, walking,' Goth, gaggs,
lane.' Also
in older Teut. a str. vb. gangan, 'to go,' of
which only the pret. gtitg and the partic.
gegangftt are still current in ModHG. In
East Teut., in which gdjen is wanting,
ganga (OIc.) and gaggan (Goth.) have a
wider range
yet comp. OSwed. and ODan.
to go.' In West Teut. part of geften has
l>een lost ; in E., differing in this respect
from G., the older gangan has become en-
tirely obsolete. Teut. root gang, pre-Teut.
ghangh. The only correspondences in other
Aryan languages are Sans, jdnghd, f.,
foot,' Lith. zengiti (zingti), 'to 6tep,' akin
to Lith. prazanga, 'trespa-s.'
gauge, adj.,
current, in vogue, cus-
Gan ( 105 ) Gar
tomary,' from MidHG. genge, OHG. gengi,
'ordinary, scattered,' orig. 'capable of going,
or ratlier of circulating
; a verbal adj. from
the root gang (see the preceding word),
formed like ga&c, cutaniefym, fli'uige.
$ans, f.,
goose,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. gans, OHG. gam, f. ; a common Tent,
term for 'goose,' unrecorded in Goth, only,
in which *gans, f. (plur. *gans) may have
been the form {comi>. Span, ganso, adopted
from it). To this correspond AS. g6s
from an before s), plur. gls (owing to the
i mutation), f., E. goose, plur. geese; OIc.
gas, f., from pre-Teut ghans-\ Du. gans;
one of the few names of birds to be ascribed
to a primit. Aryan origin, since it recurs in
most of the languages of the Aryan group
Sans, hansd-s, m., hansi, f., 'goose,' Mod
Pers. ydz, Lith. zqsls (OSlov. gqsX is bor-
rowed from Tent.), Gr.
Lat. anser (for
*hanser), Olr. ge'is, 'swan' (from ghansi).
The s of Aryan ghans- seems to be a suffix
(comp. i$ud)$, SKenat) ; at least Teut. words
of cognate stem point to ghan- as the more
primitive form
comp. OHG. gana^o, Mid
HG. ganze, genz, m., 'gander,' Du. gent,
'gander,' AS. ganot, E. gannet ('swan');
AS. gandra, E. gander. Pliny informs us
that large flocks of geese were kept in
Germania, and that the birds or their
feathers were sent even to Home ;
species was said to be called gantae by the
; a similar term is known in Rom.
(Prov. ganta, OFr. gante, 'wild goose'),
which borrowed it from Teut. To the
Teut. ganta, from pre-Teut. ganda, the
Olr. gad, 'goose' (Lith. gdndras, 'stork'),
is primit. allied.
^cinfcrid), m., 'gander, wild tansy,'
ModHG. simply, formed like (Sutcrid), from
an earlier anfet (still found in many of
the UpG. dialects ; in Alsat. gunSter, MiclG.
gdnsert), MidHG. ganger, also gan$e, ganze,
m., 'gander.' Coni[>. LG. gante, Scand. gasst
for gdsse, 'gander'; see antf. The plant
cnfcrid; is a corruption of an earlier @rcn-
faid) ; comp. Fr. bee d'oie, Ital. pid doca.
The MidHG. and OHG. term is grensinc
(even (tensing also in OHG.).
piant, f., 'auction, bankruptcy,' an UpG.
word (unknown to the Suab. dial.), from
MidHG. gant, L 'sale to the highest bid-
ders, auction.' Not from Fr. gant, 'glare.'
It is not true that "affixing a glove (in a way) lias given rise to the terms
ant and SBcrgantimg, denoting a distress
on real property." The term is more pro-
bably derived from Prov. Vencant, McdFr.
auction ' (Ital. incanto, from Lai.
in quantum), whence E. cant,
{Jttnj, adj., ' whole, complete, entire,' from
MidHG. and OHG. ganz, adj., 'uninjured,
complete, whole, healthy,' prop, a HG.
word simply, which was adopted, however,
by the Teut. dialects of MidEurope (Dan.
ganske, Du. gansch, OFris. gans; n would
not have been retained before s in a native
Dan. or Fris. word. The early history of
OHG. ganz is obscure ; if its primary mean-
ing is
encircling,' it is perhaps connected
with Gr. x^Sd^w,
to comprise
; comp.
Gr. xcu^j, 'spacious'?,
$cir, adj. (and adv.),
finished, ready,
done' (of cooked food), from MidHG. gar
(inflect, garwer), adj.,<jrare, adv., OHG. yaro
(infl. garawer), adj., garo, gurawo, adv.,
made ready,' armed, prepared, complete,
entiie' ; corresponding to OSax. garo, AS.
gearo (adv., gearwe also), E. yare, OIc. ggrr
(adv. ggrwa), 'ready, prepared, made';
Goth. *garwa- is wanting. The adj. was
really used as a panic, the suffix xco in
Ind., combines with the root pac, 'to cook,'
forming the partic. pakvd-s, 'cooked, done'
(of food). Besides AS. gearo,
ready,' a
remarkable form, earo, is found with the
same meaning, and in OSax. aru as well
as gara
these forms point to Goth. *garwa
ami *arwa, ' prepared, made ready.' Heme
some have identified the two classes regard-
ing the
of *garwa- as the remnant of the
verbal particle Goth, ga (HG. ge).
Qathe (1.),
f-, 'sheaf,' from the equiv.
MidHG. garbe, OHG. garba, f. ; correspond-
ing to OSax. garba, Du. garf, 'sheaf' ; lit.
'handful, manipulum.' Hence from the
Sans. root grbh, 'to lay hold of, seize,' grdbhd,
handful,' Lett, grabas, fem. plur., 'a bundle
hastily collected,' Liih. grtpti, 'to seize,'
and gr6pti
to snatch.' In the HG. dialects
gravpen, grapfen, garden, &c, are also allied
to the Aryan root ghrbh
; so too Du. grab-
belen,Ti. to grabble. The cognates found their
way into Romance (Fr. gerbe, f., 'sheaf').
(the same is djafgartv,
milfoil')) f., 'millefolium,' from the equiv.
MidHG. garwe, OHG. ganca, garau-a, f.,
'millefolium'; corresponding to AS.gearewe,
f., E. yairow, Du. gerw,
Whether it is related to gar (Teut. cartm-)
is uncertain.
fliircri, vb.,
to ferment, effervesce,
bubble,' a combination as to its form of a
str. vb. MidHG. gerin, jesen) OHG.,
Gar ( 106 ) Gas
'to ferment, foam,' and the corresponding
factitive MidHG. *jern (unrecorded, but
OHG.jftan occur*), ' to cause to ferment
ORG. jesan is a str. vb., ami j(rjan a wk.
vb. (conip. oin&ftm, str. vb., and ginerian,
wk. vb.). Noun derivatives of the Teut.
rooties retain their (l>efore t) even as late
as ModHG. ; see ifcfor, under which the
cognate nouns from the other OTeut dia-
lects are brought together. Tiie root jes,
yes, occurs also in Ind. and Gr. ; comp. Gr.
e<r-r6s, <
boiled,' tfo-fia, hence also #w for
*#< (perf. (frff-ixai),
to boi 1, bubble ' (f
as in vy6v, see 3od}), Sans, root
yas, 'to seethe, bod.' Considering this
agreement of forms with initial
ModHG. oaten with
is remarkable ; so
too OIc. ger}>,
yeast ' (but E. yeast).
($ctrn, n., 'yarn, thread, net, snare,'
from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. gam
corresponding to AS. gearn, E. yarn, OIc.
gam, n., Du. garen; the common Teut.
term lor 'yarn' (Goth. *garn, n.) ; the
meaning 'net' was attached to @urn, even
in the OHG. and MidHG. period, but it
never obtained in E. and Scand. We
might assume a root gar with some such
meaning as
to turn,' but it is not authenti-
cated. Earlier Teut. has a series of terms
corresponding in sound with ant and
meaning ' entrails
; comp. OIc. ggrn (plur.
garner), f., ' gut, intestines, entrails,' OHG.
mittigarni, mittilagarni, n., 'fat found in
the middle of the entrails, arvina,' AS.
micgem {eg for dg ; comp. AS. orceard, E.
orchard, for ortgeard), 'arvina.' These words
have been connected with Lith. zarnd, {.,
gut,' and Sans, hird, f.,
gut,' thougli the
latter may be allied to Lat. htra, f.,
and hilla for hirla; likewise Lat. ham- in
one who examines the entrails,
soothsayer,' and liarioliis, 'soothsayer,' con-
tain the Aryan root ghar. Perhapsand
nothing further can be saidall the words
discussed above are based on a Teut. root
to turn.'
garftig, adj.,
Glthy, foul, obscene,' an
extended form of the late MidHG. garst,
adj., 'rancid, tasting "high"' ; comp. Du.
garstig, 'insipid, rank, rotten'; akin to
OIc. gerstr, 'morose' (in appearance). Allied
to lidX.fastvHum, 'disgust, aversion ' 1. The
latter probably represented *farstidium, like
tostus for *torstus, from torreo
Lat. /initi-
ally corresponds to Teut g. See under afle
Hut it might perhaps be also con-
nected with Lat. horridus for *ghorsidus.
$artett, m., from the equiv. MidHG.
garte, OHG. garto, m., 'garden'; corre-
sponding to OSax. gardo, OFris. garda, in.,
; Goth, garda, m., ' stable.' Akin
to the strong nounsGoth, garth, m.,
'court, house, family'; OIc. garftr, m.,
enclosure, hedge, house, farm,' OHG. gart,
m., 'circle, choral dance,' AS. geard (E.
yard), 'enclosure, garden' (E. gardn was
borrowed in MidE. from OFr. gardio,
jardin, which is of Ger. origin).
ing,' and 'the enclosed space' are the fun-
damental ideas of the whole class, which
might thus be connected with giivten, Teut.
root gerd, if the correspondences in the
cognate languages did not prove that
arten' is a pre-Teut., perhaps a common
West Aryan form, which cannot belong to
a specifically Teut. root. But HG. artcit
is most closely connected with Lat. hortu*,
garden,' Gr.
** 'enclosure, yard, farm-
yard, pasture, hay, grass,' Olr. grt, 'corn-
field,' also Lat. co-hors, -tis, f.,
for cattle and fowls' ; if the Teut. word is
allied to these, the d of the Goth, and Sax.
words is derived from Aryan t, i.e. Goth.
garda is based on Aryan ghortd- (not gh&rto-
On the other hand, arteu
may be connected with Slav, and Lith.
words, which, however, assume that Goth,
and Sax. d originated in Aryan dh; OSlov.
gradu, m., 'enclosure, citadel, town ' (as an
enclosed place
Lith. gdrdas,
'). It
is possible that In the Teut. class two
words, different in sound but allied in
meaning, have been combined ; but the
Slav, words were more probably borrowed
from Teut. Comp. 3<mn.
$cts, n., 'gas,' a word coined by the
Du. chemist, Von Helmont, of Brussels
(died 1644 a.d.); comp. Du. gas.
(Sciffe, f., 'lane, road, row,' from Mid
HG. ga$$e, OHG. ga^a, f., prop, (as even
yet in UpG.) 'street ;
corresponding to
Goth, gatved, f.,
lane, street,' OIc. gata
(accus. ggtu),
way, street, path.' From
the Scand. word E. gate,
way,' is derived.
Properly speaking, the word is unknown to
the LG. languages. Whether affe is allied
to AS. geat, E. (Scotch), gate, gait (tee
after), OSax. and Du. gat, n.,

cavern,' OIc. gat, n., 'hole,' and is derived
from a prim, meaning,
inlet, opening

ajje, lit. 'furnished witli an entrance, a

gate,' on account of the suffix -wdn ?can-
not be definitely decided ; in any case, it is
impossible to connect afje with a,efjeit, since
Gas ( 107 ) Gau
the latier is baied upon a root i (Lat. ire,
Gr. Uvai),
Qaft, ra., ' guest, visitor ; wight; sailor,'
from MidHG. and OHG. gast (plur. geste,
gesti), m.,
stranger, guest
; common, in
the same sense, to Teut, ; comp. Goth, gasts
(plur. gasteis), m. (comp. gastigdds, 'hos-
pitable'), OIc. gestr, 'guest (uninvited),'
AS. gyst, giest, m., E. guest, Du. and OSax.
gast. Teut. gastiz, m.,
stranger, unbidden
or chance guest from some foreign part,'
from pre-Teut. glwstis, which left deri-
vatives in Lat and Slav. ; Lat. hostis,
enemy,' prop.
foreigner, stranger,' OSlov.
gosti, in., 'guest'; with Lat. hostis, 'for-
eigner,' hospes (prop. *hosti-potis, 'host'?),
might also be connected. It is more than
questionable whether West Aryan ghosti-s,
'stranger,' is prop, 'eater, devourer,' and
belongs to the Sans, root ghas, 'to eat.' It
is worthy of notice in bow many ways
Teutons and Romans have transformed
the idea underlying the old inherited word
for 'stranger' ; the Roman regards him as
an enemy, among the Teutons he enjoys
the greatest privilegesa fine confirmation
of Tacitus' account in the Germania. This
evolution of meaning would be still more
remarkable if the view were correct that
Lat. hostis, 'stranger,' is related to Lat.
hostia, 'victim' (stranger = 'one to be
sacrificed'?); this collocation is alluring,
but very uncertain.
flttfcn, jcifen, vb., 'to weed,' from the
equiv. MidHG. jeten, geten, OHG. jetan,
g'etan ; akin to OHG. jetto, m., 'weed,
darnel.' Perhaps Gr. frWwj
I seek,' is
allied, if the Aryan root is ySt.
gat lid), adj., 'suitable, convenient,' an
essentially MidG. and LG. word
; derived
from a parallel Goth, form *yada-, to which
OHG. gi-gdt, adj., 'suitable, agreeing with,'
also points ; comp. attf, gut ; so too OSlov.
favourable time,' Lith. gadas, 'stipu-
ation,' and Du. gadelijk, 'reconcilable.'
Ooaifc, m., 'spouse, consort, husband,'
from MidHG. gate (also gegate), m.,
associate, one's equals, husband'; comp.
Du. gade, 'husband.' The last meaning
is rare in the MidHG. period, and first
prevailed over the others in the last cen-
; it is a specialisation of the idea
'belonging to one another' ; comp. OSax.
gigado, 'one's equals,' AS. gegada, 'com-
; also Goth, gadiliggs,
AS. gadelivg, 'member of the same tribe,'
OHG. gatuling,
cousin,' OSax. gadulwg,
'countryman, member of the same tribe.'
ModHG. gatten (fid) gatten), vb., is from Mid
HG. gaten, 'to come together, agree' ; Mid
HG. (essentially MidG.) gater, 'together,'
Du. te gader, AS. gead<rr and tdgoedere. E.
togetherj AS. gculriau.. E. to gathr (Du.
to assemble
; OHG. g$ti-ld*,
MidHG. gete-l6s, adj.,
wanton, dissolute,'
lit. 'free from the restraining bond.' The
ideas of 'belonging to one another' and
suiti g ' are teen in all the cognates of
(gaffer, n.,
railing, lattice, rudder,'
from MidHG. gater, m., n., 'railing, lat-
(as a gate or fence), OHG. gataro, m.,
'railing.' If the latter represents Teut.
ga-doro, the word would be a compound
of ga (see ge) and
(Goth, datir). On
the other hand, it is possibly allied to AS.
geat, E. gate.
$cm, m., from the equiv. MidHG. gou,
gou, n., OHG. gewi, gcruwi, n., 'district.'
According to Goth, gawi (gaujis), n.,
'scenery, country,' we might have ex-
pected OHG. gewi (gouwes), MidHG. gou
(gouwes), since
after au becomes 10 without
producing modification feomp. Stju). Even
now du, neu., is found in Bav., Suab., and
Swiss, but in the sense of 'country* op-
posed to town. The word is unknown to
Scand., and also to Sax. and E., in which
au, as the second part of a compound
name applied to a district, is met with
only in the very earliest period
comp. e.g.
AS. celge,
district of eel--,' OLG. PathergS,
Pader district' (around Paderborn). The
ModHG. word first ob:ained currency again
in the last century a3 a result of the study
of OGer. (see J&i'rt). No tenable root has
yet been found.
$cmcf), m.,
simpleton, gawk, crow,
owl, cuckoo' (as stupid birds;, from Mid
HG. gouch, in.,

dolt, fool, simpleton,'
prop, 'cuckoo,' OHG. gouh, 'cuckoo' ; cor-
responding to AS. gedc, OIc. gaukr (whence
Scotch gowk), 'cuckoo.' Is k a suffix as
in AS. hafoc, 'hawk,' and Goth, ahais,
? OHG. gouh, Goth. *uauks,
cannot, however, be allied to Lat. cuculus.
Sans, kdiila-s, 'cuckoo,' since Teut.
tially cannot represent Lit. and Sans. k.
Further and) is the OTeut. word for the
later term Jtudurf.
O&auoicb, m., formed from the equiv.
LG. gaudeefy Du. ganuu-dicf, prop.
cunning thief (from gaauw, 'quick, cun-
ning,' see jdljf), then generally
Gun ( 108 ) Geb
$cmk(cr, in., 'buffoon, juggler, impos-
from MidHG. goukelozre, OHG. gou-
laldri, gouggaldri (k from
see afe),
'mauician, conjuror'; from MidHG.goukeln,
OHG. goukol&n, gouggol6n, 'to deal in
magic, play the fool.' Apparently allied
to OHG. gougardn, MidHG. gmigern,
roam about,' also to MidHG.
ngeln, 'to
act without restraint, flutter about,' gogel,
adj., 'unrestrained, exuberant,' gregc, in.,
fool, dupe'; Du. goochelaar, 'buffoon.'
The cognates point to a Teut. root cjfu^r, gcug,
gang, 'to move here and there in a curious
Jashion like a clown or conjuror'?. Con-
sidering the numerous correspondence?,
it cannot be maintained that auHcr was
derived from Lat. joculari, or from Gr.
Kavdov, 'small dish or bowl'; both these
explanations are opposed by the phonetic
relations of the words
in the case of the
Gr. term there is the further difficulty that
we do not know how it was borrowed, and
also the fact that no verb
uggle ' occurs
in Gr.
cutI, m., 'steed, nag,' from MidHG.
gill, m., 'boar, male animal (generally)';
only at a late period and rarely 'nag,'
which meaning becomes prominent in the
15th cent.; for a 'sorry jade' runzit is
used in MidHG. ; Du. guil, f., 'a mare
that does not yet bear.' The word is not
known to the other dialects ; its origin is
$CUUtt(m, in., 'palate, taste,' from Mid
HG. goume, guome, OHG. goumo (giumo
guomo, m., 'palate, throat, jaw'; corre-
sponding to AS. g6ma, m., 'palate,' E.
gums (probably from AS. *gumma, since,
moreover, there are numerous forms in
earlier ModHG. which point to an OHG.
*gummo, 'palate') ; OIc. gumr, m., 'palate'
Goth. *gaum6, *gomd, n., are wanting. Al-
lied to Lith. gomyris, 'palate.' The relation
of the vowels of the stem (OHG. and Mid
HG. on and uo, AS. and Scand.
6) is ob-
scure ; see 93itbe. Some etymologists con-
nect the word with a Teut. root gau (Gr.
X*v (in xaw'05
'gasping, loose,' xdos,
'chasm,' for x^^os).
p^ttitncr, earlier 3auttcr, m., 'sharper,
knave,' does not occur ti.l the beginning
of the last century
; in the 15th and 16th
cents, the professional swindlers at cards
were called 3cncr, from the slang jcitctt, 'to
play,' the ultimate source of which is said
to be Hebr. jdnd,
to cheat.'
Q6-, a proclitic prefix, from MidHG. ge-,
OHG. gi, go- (an accented prefix ga- in
noun compounds is very rare in OHG. and
MidHG.); the prim, idea is 'collectivity,
completeness'; comp. Goth, ga-, AS. ge-
(in E. i only in handiwork, handicraft,
AS. hondgetceorc, hondgecraeft
comp. also
E. enough, from AS. gen6h, under gftutg).
The prefix is probably allied to Lat. con-j
cum; comp. gel)eit, glaubeii, gfeicb, lieb, &c.
vb., from the equiv. MidHG.
gebern, OHG. gibera, vb., 'to give birth
to' ; corresponding to Goth, gubalran (also
to give birth to, produce,' AS.
geberan, beran, str. vb.,
to give birth to,'
E. to bear j- in Scand. the compounds with
ga- are wanting, the simple vb. bera,
give birth to' being used. See SBafyre;
where proofs are given of the antiquity of
tin; verbal stem ber, pre-Teut. blier, within
the Aryan group
; in Ind. the root bhr,
bhar, may mean 'to bear offspring' as well
to bear ' generally
comp. Lat. fertilis,
from Lat. fero; in Oir. the substantives
combairt and brith, corresponding to chut,
birth,' manifest the same specialisation.
See cburt.
(Scbarbe, (Seberbe, f., 'bearing, ges-
ture,' from MidHG. gcbozrde, f.,
appearance, manner,' OHG. gibdrida, f.,
from MidHG. gebdren, OHG. gibdrSn, -6n;
corresponding to AS. gebceran,
to conduct
oneself,' gebcere, gebcern, 'conduct'; from
the root ber in 33af)re, gebdren.
gcbc?tt, vb., 'to give, present, render,
yield,' from the equiv. MidHG. geben, OHG.
g'iban; common to Teut. in the same sense
comp. Goth, giban, AS. gifan, E. to give,
Du. gevev, Olc. gefa. Comp. @abe, ii't.
Akin to Olr. gubim,
I take,' Lith. gabe'nti,
to bring, convey to,' gobinti,
to cause to
Qebet, n., 'prayer,' from the equiv. Mil
HG. gebet, OHG. gibet, n. (AS. and OSax.
gebed, n.,
prayer') ; allied to beten, bitten.
pjjcbicf , n.,
dominion, jurisdiction, ter-
ritory, sphere,' from MidHG. gebiet, n.,
'territory, jurisdiction, order'; allied to
gebictftt, bictett.
pjicbirgc, n., from the equiv. MidHG.
gebirge, OHG. gibirgi, n., 'range (of moun-
tains),' a specifically HG. collective form
allied to 93crg.
pj>ebref!en, n., 'defect, infirmity, grief,'
an inf. used as a noun
; from MidHG.
ge-bresten. See berflen.
^ebltbr, 03ebltr, f 'duty, propriety,
dues, fees,' allied to gcbiibten, MidHG.
Geb ( 109 )
gchiirn, OHG. giburien, wk. vb.,
to occur,
happen, fall to one's lot, devolve on by-
law, be due'; corresponding to OSax.
giburian, AS. gebyrian, OIc. byrja,
to be
suitable, becoming, fit' ; Goth. *gabaHrjart,
wk. vb., may be inferred from gubaurjaba,
adv., 'willingly' (lit. 'in a fitting man-
and gabaurjdfius, m., ' pleasure.' The
whole class is probably connected with the
root ber 'to carry' ; comp. LG. fcfifjren,
raise aloft,' see empcr ;
hence OHG. buri
go (thou),' lit. 'raise thyself,' giburita,
'pervenit' ; burien, biiren, also 'to come to
pass.' See Qiafjce, 336rbe.
Qebuvt, f., from the equiv. MidllG.
geburt, OHG. giburt, f.,
birth.' Comp.
Goth, gabaurfis, f., 'birth,' also 'lineage,
native town,' OSax. giburd, f., AS. gebyrd,
f., 'birth, rank, dignity,' E. birth, OIc.
burpr, m., 'birth, embryo'; in form it
points to Aryan and Sans, bhrti-s, and both
in form and meaning it corresponds to Olr.
brith, 'birth'; Sans, bhrti-s, f., 'bearing,
nursing, maintenance.' With the simple
Tent, beran,
to give birth to,' is connected
nn OTeut. neut. subst. barna-,
child ' (lit.
that which is born
formed from the old
910-partic. Comp. OIc. barn, AS. beam>
OSax., OHG, and MHG. bam,
child, son.'
(Mod;, m., 'fool, fop, buffoon,' orig. MidG.
(and LG.), in which gee, gecke
fellow, fool, droll fellow,' occurs even in
the MidHG. period
not allied to MidHG.
fool,' mentioned under gaufclit.
Comp. Du. gek, m., Dan. gjcek>
fool,' Ic.
crafty, coarse person.'
$ebctd)tm5, n., ' memory, recollection,
memorial,' allied to gebenfen, bctifen. ($e-
bttnfte, m.,
thought, idea,' from MidHG.
gedanc(k), OHG. gedank, m., OSax. githanko,
Hi., 'thought,' AS. geponc; allied to benfen.
Qcbcif)ert, vb., ' to thrive, prosper,' from
the equiv. MidllG. gedilien, OHG. gilihan,
str. vb. ; Goth. gaj>eihan, AS. gej>e6n (con-
tracted from gepthan),
to thrive
; the old
AS. form points to the fact that the verbal
stem was orig. nasalised ; n before h is
everywhere suppressed in Teut., thus Jylhan
for pinhan. The corresponding factitive
*pavgjan remained in OSax., where then-
gian means 'to complete'; on the sup-
pression of the nasal the e gradation passed
into the t gradation in Goth, and HG.
The simple form peihan,
to thrive,' is still
known in Goth. On account of its mean-
ing, gebeifjen (root penh, pre-Teut. tenk, tek,
in Lith. tenkti, t&kli,
I have enough,' as
well as in Ir. tocad, W. tynged, 'fortune,.'
from the prim, form tongeto-) cannot be
be connected with the root rex in rinvov (see*

QebieQen, adj., 'solid, pure, con-

cise, pithy,' from MidHG. gedigen, adj.,
adult, firm, hard, clear, pure,' OHG. gidi-
gan, adj., ' aged, advanced in years, earnest,
pure, chaste
' ;
prop, a partic of gidilian
by a grammatical change is the necessary
form of h in the partic.) ; AS. preserves
the older participial form of the e-grada-
tion, gepungen, 'complete,' so too OSax.
$ebulb, f., ' patience, forbearance,' from
the equiv. MidHG. gtdult, OHG. gedult,i.
allied to butben.
gebuttfen, adj., 'bloated, puffed up,'
partic. of a lost str. vb. which is retained
in ModHG. dialects (Hess, dinsen,
draw'); comp. MidHG. dinsen, 'to draw,
tear, extend,' OHG. dinsan; also Goth.
to draw.' The Teut.
root pens, pre-Teut. tens, corresponds to the
Sans, root tans
to draw,' Lith. testi,
draw, stretch.' The root tens seems an
extension of the root ten appearing in
$efaijr, f., 'danger, risk, jeopard
ModHG. only, for MidHG. vdre, OHG
fdra, f., 'ambush, deceit, hazard, danger'
AS.fcer, f., 'ambush, unforeseen danger,
fright,' Kfear, OSax. fdr,
; Goth.
*fera, 'ambush,' follows from ferja, m.,
waylayer.' Scand./dr, n., has a somewhat
different meaning, ' misfortune, distemper.'
Allied to the root/er, Aryan pit, which in
Lat. periculum, Gr. wetpa, 'trial, cunning,
deception,' furnishes cognate meanings.
^efciijrfe, in., 'companion, partner,
mate,' from MidHG. geverle, OHG. giferlo
(*gafartjo), 'escort,' lit. 'fellow-traveller'
allied to gafyvt.
flefalien, vb., 'lo suit, please,' from
MidHG. gevalleii, OHG. gifallai), sir. vb.,
'to happen, fall to one's lot, please,' in Mid
I1G always with the complement ' ivoljl
(well) or
uUl ' (ill)
probably an expres-
sion derived from the OTeut. warlike cus-
tom of dividing booty (comp. 4?unb) by
means of dice
; t gtfadt mtr toofyl,
I am
well pleased with it,' lit. ba<5 SeS faflt ant
fur wiicf),
that was a lucky throw for me
(a similar history is also connected with
ModHG. fd)enfeit, which furnishes evidence
respecting the Teut. drinking customs).
Note too that in ModHG. terms relating
to card-playing have been similarly used.
Qef (
) Gei
Comp. Sau (lit. 'ace (of cards),' then gene-
rally 'good fortune') and <&uttt>.
n., 'prison,' from MidHG.
gevencni8$e, f., n.,
; allied
to fan^en.
(<>cfaf;, n., 'vessel, receptacle,' from the
equiv. MidHG. gevce^e, n. (OHG. givd^i,
n., 'transport'). Goth. *gafSti
n., is want-
ing ; it would probably be connected with
'to adorn' (AS. fated,
and also more remotely with
Qofiebev, n., 'feathers, plumage, fowls,'
from the equiv. MidHG. gevidere, OHG.
gefidari, n. ; collective of Seoer.
^tcfiibe, n., ' fields, d1 ain,' from the equiv.
MidHG. gevilde, OHG. gefildi, n. ; collec-
tive of 5elD.
geflifTen, partic. of a lost vh. fleifjeit,
'assiduous, busy.' See ftleijj.
QCQen, prep., 'against, opposite to, in
presence of, in comparison with,' from Mid
HG. gegen, OHG. gegin, gagan, 'against'
(in OHG. and MidHG. almost always with
a dat.) ; allied to the MidHG. adv. gegene,
OHG. gegini, gagani,
towards ' ; corre-
sponding to AS. gedn, ongedn, 'against,' E.
OSax. gegin and OIc. gagnf against,'
appear only in compounds ; in Gotli. a cor-
responding word is wanting. Of obscure
origin. Cficcjeito, 'region, neighbourhood,'
from the equiv. MidHG. (post-classical)
gegendte, gegende, f., whicli, with the variant
gegene, f., are imitations of Fr. contre'e (Ital.
contrada), 'country,' allied to Lat. contra.
~0>CQCtltVCirl, 'presence, present time,'
from MidHG. gegenwart, OHG. geginwarti,
f., abstract of OHG. gaganwart,
whence MidHG.gegennertec, ModHG. gegeti-
lvartifl, ' present.' See the twlj. suffix ;U>drtS.
Qefyaben, vb. in ftd) gefyaben, ' to fare, be
(iu health), behave,' from MidHG. sick
yehaben, OHG. sik giliabe'n, 'to hold, be (in
allied to Ijabcn.
$el)ege, n., 'hedge, enclosure, precinct,'
from MidHG. gehege, n., 'enclosure'; allied
to a^, begeii.
Qefyeitn, adj.,
private, secret, hidden,
mysterious,' from the equiv. late MidHG.
geheim, which, with fteimttcfy, means lit.
'belonging to the house.'
Qefyen, vb., 'to go, walk, go on well,
succeed,' from the equiv. MidHG. and
OHG. gin, gdn (some of the inflected forms
supplied by the stem gang; see ana.)
omp. AS. gdn (stem gd-, from gat), E. to
<j<>, OSwed. and ODan. ga,
to go.' The
assumed root ghat-, meaning 'to go,' can-
not be positively authenticated beyond
the Tent, group (yet comp. Lett, gdju,
went'?). The remarkable facts that this
Tent, gai, '
to go,' has no primit. noun deri-
vatives in Teut., tliat it has supplanted the
root i, which is widely diffused in Aryan,
but almost obsolete in Teut. (retained, how-
ever, in the Goth, aorist iddja, AS. e6de\
and that like the latter it is conjugated like
verbsinmiall these lead to thesupposition
that the assumed Goth. *gaim, *gais, *gaif>
are contracted from the verbal particle ga
and the old inherited tmi, tsi, tti
(comp. Gr. ttfu, Sans, emi, iii, Sti),
to go.'
From this explanation it follows that gebm
is fundamentally identical with Lat. ire,
Gr. livai, Sans, root i, Lith. eiti. OSlov. iti,
'to go' (see eileii). For a similar blending
of a verbal particle and an old vb. comp.
felgen, freffen.
{jej)euer, adj., 'secure against anything
uncanny,' from MidHG. gehiure, 'gentle,
graceful, free from anything uncanny';
comp. OHG. and OSax. unhiuri, 'dreadful,
terrible,' AS. htire (IteOre), 'friendly, mild,'
OIc. hyrr, 'mild.' Indubitable cognates
in the non-Teut. languages are wanting
perhaps Sans, cahrd, ' strong' (of deities) is
allied, so that OHG. -hiuri would repre-
sent hegicro- (Aryan keqr6-).
Qefyven, m. (dial.), 'lap,' from MidHG.
gbre, yero, m., 'wedge-shaped piece of stuff
or land, lap'; corresponding to AS. gdra,
piece of stuff,' E. gore, OIc. geire, in the
same sense
; a deriv. of er. For the evo-
lution of meaning comp. Qfranfe, @^"p.

From tiie OG. word the Rom. cognates,

Fr. giron and Ital. gherone,
lap, train (of
a dress),' are derived.
(Seter, m., 'vulture, carrion kite,' from
the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. gir, m., akin
to LG. gier. On account of the early ap-
pearance of the G. word we cannot assume
that it was borrowed from the Rom. cog-
nates, Ital. girfalco, Fr. gerfaut (whence
MidHG. gir-valke is derived), or from Lat.-
Gr. gyrare, 'to wheel round.' The connec-
tion between OHG. g'tr with OHG. glri,
MidHG. gtre (geter still occurs in ModHG.
dials.), 'greedy, covetous/ and the Teut.
root gir, 'to covet,' presents no difficulty,
eier is lit. ' the greedy bird.' See gem, ter.
(Seifer, m., 'slaver, drivel, wrath,' from
the equiv. late MidHG. geiftr, m. (15th
cent), whence also gei/ern, ModHG. geiffru.
Origin obscure.
Gei ( n' ) Gel
(Scttfe, f.,
fiddle, violin,' from the
equiv. early MidHG. gtge, f. ; correspond-
ing to MidDu. ghighe, Olc. gigja; in OHG.
fidula, E. fiddle; see %i<M. The Teut.
word, like arfe, found its way into Rom.;
comp. Ital. giga, Fr. gigue (whence further
E. jig). There is no suspicion that Mid
HG. gtge was borrowed
; it is, however,
scarcely allied primit. (pre-Teut. ghtkd) to
OSlov. Sica, 'thread' (akin to Lith. gijd,
gcif, adj., ' rank, wanton, obscene, lewd,'
from MidHG. and OHG. geil, 'of savage
strength, wanton, exuberant, merry, joy-
ous'; for the change of meaning on the
transition from MidHG. to ModHG. comp.
<2d)impf. The primary meaning.
strained, joyous,' follows from Goth. gaiU
jan, 'to rejoice'; comp. OSax. gtt, Du.
geil, AS. gdl. To the Teut. cognates Lith.
passionate, furious, sharp, painful,
sympathetic,' and gailUi-8, 'to injure';
OSlov. zilu (from gailo), 'violent,' adv.
zdo, 'very.' In the compound tebergeil
appears the MidHG. noun geil, geile,
$eifef (l.)> , "- and f., 'hostage,' from
MidHG. gisel, OHG. gisal, m., n.,
of war, person held in security'; corre-
sponding to AS. gisel, Olc. gtsl, m. To
connect it with eifcl
f., as if
were lit. 'one who is scourged,' is im-
possible. It is, probably, most closely
allied to the equiv. Olr. giall (for *glsal).
{Seifel (2.),
f., ' scourge, whip,' from the
equiv. MidHG. geisel, OHG. geisala, geisla,
f.j akin to Olc. geisl, geisle, m., 'pole used by
persons walking in snow-shoes.' The stem
gais- is connected with the OTeut. term
spear ' (see cr). Hence
stall,' must be accepted as the print mean-
the second component is Goth, walus,
'staff,' so that OHG. geis-ala stands for
*geis-wala, just as OHG. vnu-zala for AS.
wyrt-walu (see under SBurjd).
in., 'spirit, genius, spectre,' from
MidHG. and OHG. geist, m.,
spirit (in
contrast to body), supernatural being';
corresponding to OSax. gist, Du. geist, AS.
gdst (gaid), E. ghost; common to Teut. in
the same sense, but in Goth, ahma (see
adjten). The prim, meaning of the word
("agitation'?) is not quite certain; yet
Olc. geisa, 'to rage' (of fire, passion), and
Goth, us-gaisjan,
to enrage,' seem to be
allied. Respecting the dental suffix of
the Teut. fifl (pre-Teut. ghaisdos), note
the Sans, root htd (from hizd\
to get
angry,' hidas, n.,
anger,' to which E. aghast
also corresponds.
$ei, f., ' goat, roe,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. and OHG. geiy, f, ; corresponding to
Goth, gaits, Olc. gext, AS. gdt, E. goat, Du.
geit; also a diniin. Goth, gaitein, AS. gcete,
OHG. geizztn, n., 'kid' (see <2d?n>etn).
Primit. allied lo Lat. haedus from older
ghaido-s (see Mify and 3il*). In common
with Slav., OTeut. has a different word
Sifflf ; comp. MidDu. ho^kijn, AS. hecen,
'kid,' akin to OSlov. koza, 'goat.'
(%Ct}. in., 'avarice,' allied to gei$en, Mid
HG. gitsen (gtzen)^ beside which MidHG.
to be greedy, covetous, or avari-
cious' occurs; comp. AS. gitsian, 'to be
covetous.' The term lor@etjin MidHG. and
OHG. was git, 'greediness, covetousness,
avarice,' for geijtg, MidHG. gttec, OHG.
gitag, 'gieedy, covetous, avaricious'; re-
specting the derivation of eh from aetjen,
see &roer, l;ance(n. Akin to Goth, gaiav,
want.' With the Teut root ga>d, gid
(Aryan ghaidh), are connected Lith. geidziH
to desire,' OSlov. zidy, zldati,
$ekr5fe, n., 'giblets ;
frill, ruffle,' from
MidHG. gekraue, n., 'the small intestine,'
also the variant krozse, OHG. *chr6si; akin
to Du. hroes, hroost,
giblets of ducks and
geese.' All the cognates are probably con-
nected with fraud.
pelage, n.,
feast, banguet, drinking
bout,' first occurs in early ModHG., allied
to leant. Scarcely derived from the ancient
ctacjc (banquets) ; but ju?t as Goth, gabaur
is lit. 'that which is laid together,' and
then 'picnic, feasting' (from bairan, 'to
carry,' see Skfyre), so @elao,e is lit.
which is laid together,' and then 'feast-
ing ' ; comp. gedjett.
$clchtocr, n., 'railing, banister, from
the equiv. late MidHG. gelender (15th
cent.), allied to MidHG. lander, 'stake,
fence,' which may be regarded as a nasalised
variant of gatte (Teut lap-)-
Ofjclafi, m. and n., 'relics, heritage,'
from Midi 1(1. gela";e, n., 'settlement, mode
of settlement,' allied to grl&yn, 'to settle.'
adj., 'yellow,' from th- equiv.
MidHG. g'e% OHG. gelo (gen. gelwes)
responding to OSax. gelo, Du. geef, AS.
qeolo, E. yellow (Olc gulr). The common
West Teut gelwu-, from pre-Teut. phelwo-,
is primit. allied to Lat. hetvus, 'greyish yel-
low '
; the Aryan root ghel ap|>ears also m
Gel ( 112 ) Gel
Gr. xX-/>6, xXa-/*5*,
green, yellow,'
'green object*,' OSlov. zelenU,
green,' Litli iulias,
green ' (zelti, 'to grow
San*, hari,
' yellowish.' Akin also
to alle and &ol\>.
Ci)db, n.,
money, coin, cash,' from Mid
HG. and OHG. gelt (t; the d first occurs
in ModHG.), n., in.,
recompense,, compen-
sation, revenue, income, paying, payment,
money,' Du. geld,
money.' 'Means for [lay-
ing, coin,' is the latest sense of the words
quoted (comp. Goth, gild,
tax, interest')
it is wanting in the corresponding words
of the other dialects
in Goth, the term is
faihu (see SSid)', and skatts (see
feoh, E. money. On the other hand, AS.
gild signifies 'recompense, compensation,
sacrifice.' See gflten.
QcleQCVl, adj., ' situated, opportune, sea-
sonable,' and adv. ; from MidHG. gelegev,
neighbouring, at hand, suitable/
OHG. gilegan, 'nearest, related
' ;
partic. of
giligan, MidHG. geligen. Qeieqcnfyeit,
opportunity, occasion,' from MidHG.
situation of an affair, condition
or nature of things.'gclcgcnUid), adj.,
occasional, incidental ' (and adv.). from
MidHG. gidegerdich, with an inserted L
(Setcnfr, ., 'joint, articulation, wrist,
link,' from MidHG. gelenke, n.,
.' waist,
bend, bow,' akin to Mod11 G. geletif, gftenfig,
adj. formed from MidHG. gelenke, 'pliant,
skilful' (see lenfen). While the MidHG.
gelenke, as a collective of Mid HG. lanke, sig-
nifies the 'pliable narrow part of the body
between the hips and breast,' and hence,
as it were, the joint of the entire body,
the word in ModHG. is applied to each
limb ; akin to OHG. lancha, ldancha, ' hip,
loins' (whence also the Romance cognates
Ital. fianco,
from which ModHG. glanfe
u borrowed), likewise OIc. hlekkr,
link of
a chain.'
$elid)fer, n., 'likeness, cast, stamp,'
lit. 'class of people of like manners' ; in
this sense glditer and its derivatives occur
even in late MidHG. (MidG.) ; derived
fn>m MidHG. gelich, gUud) (see the latter).
Yet the UpG. form glifier points perhaps
to a blending with another word, Gotli.
*gahliftrja, ' thiefs accomplice' (akin to
Goth, hlifan, 'to steal,' primit. allied to
Gr. jc\<*xt). For HG./*, equiv. to LG. ht,
see fadjt, rudjfcir, rnidjt.
vb., 'to prove successful,
from MidHG. gelingen, OHG. gilingan, str.
vb., ' to be successful, prosper'; MidHG.
also lingen,
to prosper, advance, get on.'
Allied to AS. lungre,
quickly,' from pre-
Teut. Iug/<r6-, to wliich the equiv. Gr.
i\a<t>p6s also points ; the Aryan root lengh
(high) appears also in Sans, lafigh, ramh,
to spring, get on.' See leid^t.
Qellcn, vb., 'to yell,' from MidHG.
OHG. gellan, str. vb.,
to sound
mid, cry'; corresponding to Du. gilUn,
AS. gillan, OIc. gjalla,
to resound
; allied
to the Teut. root gel, gal,
to resound.'
Comp. 91ad)ttgal(.
gelobcrt, vb., 'to promise, vow,' from
the equiv. MidHG. geloben, OHG. gilobOn
(akin to feben) ; lit.
to assent, applaud.'
particle. See gelten.
adj., 'giving no milk, barren,'
from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. gait
corresponding to OIc. geldr, OSwed. g'aldir,
which have the same sense. They are con-
nected perhaps with OHG. galza, MidHG.
galze, OIc. ggltr,
gelded pig' (E. dial., gilt,
ilt). The stem on which it is based, gold,
gait (from pre-Teut. ghalt, ghaltn-), per-
haps meant orig. 'to castrate'; comp. E.
to geld, OIc. gdda, 'to geld'; akin to Goth.
sickle ' ?.
(Sclfe, f.,
pail, bucket, vessel,' from
MidHG gelt;, OHG. gellita, f., 'vessel for
liquids' ; adopted in the OHG. period from
MidLat. galeta, with which are also con-
nected the Romance cognatesFr. jale,
pail,' Ital. galea, galeotta, Fr. galiasse, galion,
applied to different kinds of ships. The
ultimate source of the cognates is obscure.
gelfctt, vb., 'to be worth, pass current,
prove effectual,' from MidHG. gSlten, OHG.
geltan, &tr. vb., 'to repay, pay, cost, be
worth, requite, compensate' ; comp. Goth.
us-,fru-gildan, 'to requite' (akin to Goth.
gild and gilslr, n.,
OIc. gjald<t
(OSwed., also gialla, from Teut. gellan),
to pay,' AS. gxldan, E. to yield, Du. geldeit,
to be worth, cost/ OSax. geldan. The com-
mon Teut. stem gelp, the /> of which is
proved by OSwed. from pre-Teut. ghel-t,
points to the fact that OSlov. iUJq, 'I pay,
atone for,' was borrowed. The prim, mean-
ing of the Teut. cognates is
to make good,
pay oversomething' ; itseems to be specially
applied to religions sacrifices
comp. AS.
gild. OSax. geld, 'sacrifice' (akin to Gr.
t<?X0ot, 'duty'?). See clb, @itt>f.The
particle gelt, which first occurs in early
ModHG., is properly the subj. pres. of the
vb. Qfttftt.
gelded sow,' from the equiv.
( "3 ) Gen
MidHG. gelze (galzs), OHG. gelza (galza).
See gelt.
Qe\n<xti), n.,
chamber, apartment
comfort, rest,' from MidHG. g/mach, m., n.,
'rest, comfort, ease, nursing, place where
one is nursed, room,' OHG. gimahQih),
'ease, advantage'; the ModHG. meaning
is not found until the classical period of
the ModHG. adj. gemad), 'com-
fortable,' preserves the earlier meaning,
MidHG. gemach, OHG. gimah(hli), 'com-
fortable, suitable'; prop., 'suitable to one
another' (comp. OIc. makr, 'suitable' ; see
utad)eit). Akin to gemadjltd), MidHG. geme-
chllch, OHG. gimahliliho, adv.
$cmttd)t, l).,
genitals ; handiwork,'
from MidHG. geinaht (plur., gemote), OHG.
; akin to ModHG.
Jcad)t (comp. Uu. gemacht).
$emaf)I, m. and n.,
consort, spouse,'
from MidHG. gemahele, m., 'betrothed,
husband,' and gemahele, f. (very rarely n.,
which is first found in Luther specially),
betrothed, wife ' (the fem. form emaftlin is
wanting in MidHG.) ; OHG. gimahalo, m.,
betrothed, husband,' gima/iala (gimdla),
betrothed, wife.' Simply a G. form from
a common Tent, subst. mafila- (whence
viahla-), 'public assembly, negotiation';
comp. Goth, mapl, 'assembly, market'
(akin to mapljan,
to make a speech'), OIc,
mdl, 'speech' {m&la, 'to make a speech),
AS. meftel, 'assembly' (maftolian, mcelan,
to make a speech'), OHG. mahal, 'assem-
bly, contract, marriage contract.' Hence
the subst. upon which the word is based
has assumed in G. only, the special refer-
ence to the act of betrothal in the public
assembly before the community.
gemafj, adv., 'conformably, proportion-
ally, suitably,' from MidHG. gemcey, OHG.
tjimay^i, adj., 'adapted' ; akin to mefjcn.
gcmcht, adj.,
common, public
vulgar,' from MidHG. gemeine, OHG.
belonging to one another, in
common, universal,. belonging to the gnat
; an adj. common to Teut. ; comp.
Gotn. gamains, 'in common, joint, general,
unholy,' AS. gcm<ene
'E. mcan
Du. gemeen.
The common Teut. ga-maini-s is primit.
allied to the equiv. Lat. com-mUnis (lor
com-moini-s) ; comp. Lat. Anus with Goth.
dins, Aryan oino-s. Since ' in common' is
the primary meaning of the class, 3J?(incib
(which see) cannot be very closely allied to
its OTeut. cognates.
emfc, f.,
chamois,' from the equiv.
MidHG.gemey,gami, OHG.*gamu^(gam^),
m. ; although a corresponding word is want-
ing in the other Teut languages, there is
no sufficient reason for regarding OHG.
{,, as borrowed (formed like
OHG. fnm$, see .irfd) ; AS. ganot,
fowl'; MidHG. krebe$, see JtrefcS). The
Romance cognates (Ital. camozza, Fr. cha-
mois) which are equiv. in sound tell
rather in favour of their own foreign origin
than that of the G. word (in Lat. the term
was rupicapra). Perhaps Span, and Port.
gamo, 'stag,' is based upon a Goth. *gama,
allied to omfe (E. game has probably no
connection with the word ?).
d>emuU, see ntalmcn
(^emufc, see
gcmut and Qemixt, see fUiut.
gen, prep.,
against, towards,' from the
equiv. MidHG. gen, a variant of gein, gegen.
See gcgeit.
accurate, precise, strict, parsi-
monious,' from late MidHG. (MidG.)nowtce,
careful, exact,' akin to noutce, genouice,
adv., 'scarcely'; comp. Du. iiaauw, 'nar-
row, exact, punctual.' Probably these cog-
nates, in their Goth, form *ga-nSws, are
to be connected with Goth, nfthws, HG.
nalje. Others refer them to a root nau,
to narrow,' in 91ot and its cognates.
gcjtc^m, see cutgeneljm.
gcncfett, vb., ' to get well, recover,' from
MidHG. genesen, OHG. ginesan, str. vb.,
'to be left alive, be healed, escape alive,'
to be delivered of a child
; corre-
sponding to Goth, ganisav, 'to recover
health, be rescued, saved,' AS. genesan,
OSax. ginesan,
to be rescued, be left alive'
also Du. geuezen,
to heal, cure.' The
Teut. root lies, with which nafyrcn and its
cognates are connected as factitives, corre-
sponds to the Sans, root nas,
to approach'
in an affectionate manner, join,' and espe-
cially to Gr. viofiai (root cr-), 'to come
back,' and vda-ros,
return home.' From
Teut. are derived OSlov. gonlzati (gone-
ziiqti), 'to be redeemed,' and gonoziti, 'to
redeem,' allied to gonozitelji, 'Saviour.'
See nafjven.
cmdt, n., 'back of the neck, nape,'
from the equiv. MidHG. genie, genicke, n.
akin to 91adfcn, AS. hnecca.
gcntcHJClt, vb., 'to enjoy, partake of,'
from the equiv. MidHG. genieyn, OHG.
ginio^an, str. vb., with the variants Mid
HG. vieyn, OHG. nio^an; corresponding
to Goth, niutav, 'to take part in soiin-
thing,' ganiutan, 'to catch' {nuta, 'captor,
Gen ( "4 ) Ger
fisher'). OIc. nj6ta, 'to enjoy, derive joy
Iroin, have tlie use of,' AS. iie6ta, 'to
take, use, enjoy/ Du. genieten, OSax.
to enjoy.' Tiie primary meaning
of the Teut. root jim, found in str. verbs,
was 'to get something for one's own use,'
then 'to use or enjoy something, have the
use of.' See
9hejjmi&. Akin to the
primit. allied Liih. naudii, 'use, produce,'
pa-nustu, -ii'Adau, -nusti, 'to long, yearn
for.'- (Scnoffe, m., 'comrade, companion,
mate,' lrom the equiv. MidHG. gen6$, OHG.
gin6$, in.; corresponding to OSax. genCt,
AS. genedt, T>\x. genoot ; lit. 'one who par-
takes of something with ano;her,' comp.
efede and efinbe.

$<moffame, L from
the equiv. MidHG. gendysame, f., 'fellow-
ship,' OHG. ginSysaml, abstract ot OHG.
gino^sam, MidHG. gendysam,
ot equal
birth or worth.'
gcmtg, adj., 'enough, sufficient,' from
the corresponding MidHG.genuoc(g), OHG.
; a common Teut. adj. with the Mod
HG. meaning ; com
Goth. ga6hs, AS.
gendh, E. enough, Du. genoeg, OSax. gindg
a deriv. of an OTeut. pret.-pres. Goth.
ganah, OHG. ginah, 'it suffices'; comp.
Goth, ganauha,
sufficiency,' OHG. ginuht,
MidHG. genuht,
sufficiency.' On MidHG.
gmulitsam, OHG. ginuhUam, 'abundant,
sufficient,' is based ModHG. aenugjam. To
the Teut. root nOh (Aryan nak) preserved
in these words some refer the Sans, root
to attain,' and Lat. nancisci.
fjber, m., ' spear,' formed from the equiv.
MidHG. and OHG. gSr, in.; corresponding
to OSax. gir, AS. gar, Olc. geirr. The r
in the latter wold must be based upon
an 8, otherwise the Scand. form would be
*gdrr. Goth. *gaiza may be inferred too
lrom old proper names, such as Hario-
gaisus. The terms ydiaos, yaiaov, are also
mentioned by Polybi us, Diodorus, &c, as
applied to the spear by the North Europ.
barbarians. The word is genuinely Teut.
(yet comp. also Olr. gai, from *gaiso,
'spear'), and has the approximate mean-
ing, as the allied etfel shows, of 'shaft,
rod (as a missile),' for which reason Gr.
xabs, 'shepherd's staff,' and Sans. hiSus, n.,
'missile,' are perhaps cognate. The root
is Sans, hi, 'to urge on,' with which AS.
gdd and E. goad (from Aryan *ghai-ta) are
also connected. The OTeut. term was fh>t
used again in ModHG. as a borrowed word,
though it continued to exist in the proper
names etbftt (OHG. Gir-braJit, lit.

tering witli speare
trlwrD (OHG. Ucr-
hart, 'spear-bold'), trtrub (OHG. GertrAt).
Comp. ffjrm and eifrt.
fjerao (1.),
adv., 'even' (of nnmlwrs),
from the equiv. MidHG. gerat, OHG. girad,
prop, 'equal in reckoning' ; akin to
Goth. rapjd, ' number,' garafijau, 'to count.'
fteraoe (2.),
adj., 'going in one direc-
tion, straight, upright,' from MidHG. gerat,
'alert, quick, skilful, recently grown up,
straight and therefore long' ; the primary
meaning is
nimble, rapid' j comp. OHG.
rado (and rato, hrato), 'quick,' AS. rafte
(also hrozde),
quick,' Goth. raf>s,
Perhaps primit. allied to SRab, Lat. rota.
$erai, n.,
tools, furniture, utensils,
from MidHG. gerate, OHG. girdti, n.,
equipment,' lit.
consultation, precau-
collective of (Rat.
geraum, gcrftumig, see Slattm.
Qpcraufd), n., 'entrails of slaughtered
animals,' from the equiv. late MidHG. in-
geriusche; origin obscure.
Qetben, vb., 'to tan, curry, polish,' from
MidHG. gerwen (garweri), wk. vb., 'to make
ready, prepare, equip, dress, tan'
; a deriv.
ot gar (see gar) ; OHG. gariwen (garau-en),
from *gur\ojan,
to make ready,' lederga-
gered)f, adj., 'righteous, just, fit,' from
MidHG. gereht, 'straight, right, dexterous,
skilful, fit, upright, innocent, just,' OHG.
gireht (greht), 'rectus, directus' (not yet
'Justus') ; corresponding to garaihts,
right '
; in AS. rihtvcis (OHG. rehtwis),
'Justus.' E. righteous. See rcd)t.
$erfalfte, Qietfalke, m., 'gerfalcon,'
from the equiv. MidHG. gir-, gerfalke
from Rom. See tier.
$erid)f, n., 'judgment, tribunal, court,
jurisdiction,' in its double sense even in
MidHG. gerihte, n., 'tribunal, sentence,
jurisdiction,' and 'prepared food'; OHG.
girihti, n., only in the first sense ; akin to
goring, adj., 'petty, trifline,' prop. Mu-
si gnificant, easy,' from MidHG. geringe,
light and quick, nimble,' ringe,
light, convenient, insignificant, slight,
small,' OHG. ringi, giringi,
light' ; a spe-
cifically G. adj., wanting in the other Teut.
origin obscure. The development
of meaning from ' light ' to 'slight ' through
the medium of
is similar to that of
gcrn, adv., 'yladly, willingly, fain,' from
the equiv. MidHG. genie, OHG. gerno, adv.,
Ger ( "5 )
from the MidHG. and OHG. adj. gem
the latter correspond Goth, gairns in faihu-
avaricious ' (comp. Goth, gairnjan,
to desire, long for, demand'), OIc. gjarn,
eager,' AS. georn,' zealous,' Du. gaarne,
OSax. gem. Akin to OHG. and MidHG.
g'ir (without the partic. suffix n), 'desiring,
demanding,' as well as to bcgeljren, ter. The
Teut. root ger (from Aryan gher,
to de-
mand violently,' was contused with a deri-
vative form in r from a root g% (ght), allied
in meaning
; see ier, etet. Whether the
Suns, root har-y,
to be fond of,' or Gr.
xalpw, or Oscan heriest,
he will be will-
ing,' is connected with the Aryan root gher
is uncertain.
$er(le, f.,
barley,' from the equiv. Mid
HG. gerste, OHG. gersta, f.
akin to Du.
gerst ; a specifically G. word, unknown to
ihe other dialects
OSax. and AS. grist, E.
grist, are not connected with it, but with
OTeut. grindan, 'to grind' (equiv. to Lat.
to gnash
?). In the remaining
Teut. dialects the terms for crfle are Goth.
baris, OIc. bygg (and barr), AS. bere, E.
barley. OHG.gersta, from -pve-Teut. gherzdd-,
corresponds only to ihe equiv. Lat. hordeum
(from *horsdeum, prim, form *ghrzde'yo-)
Gr. Kpld-fi,
barley,' is scarcely a cognate.
From an Aryan root ghrs,
to stiffen ' (Lat.
horrere for *horsere, Sans. hrS,
to bristle
up'), some have inferred cvfle to mean
the prickly plant ' (on account of the
prickly ears).
$erfe, f., from the equiv. MidHG. gerte,
OHG. gartia, f.,
rod, twig, staff' ; a deri-
vative of OHG. and MidHG. gart, 'rod,
staff, stick.' To the latter correspond Goth.
gazds (comp. Jgiort, equiv. to Goth, huzds),
'stick,' and OIc. gaddr (E. goad and its
eqniv. AS. gdJ are not allied
see @er).
Probably Teut. gazda- (OHG. gerta would
be *gazdj6) is primit. allied to Lat. hasta
(from Aryan ghazdhd),
(Serud), m., from the equiv. MidHG.