Wednesday, October 23, 2013

Preparing and Litigating Motions to Suppress Statements and Confessions

1.  Be aware of the psychological impact of confessions
    --The mere mention of the word changes the attitudes of judges, prosecutors, jurors and defense lawyers. “Confessions” destroy the adversarial process.
     --A large percentage of confessions are false, in whole or in part.

2. Discover the statements: “The state was obligated to disclose to Mason any statement that Mason made. See Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.220(b)(1)(C). The fact that the witness was on the state's witness list and Mason failed to depose him does not vitiate the state's discovery violation.” Mason v. State, 654 So.2d 1225 (2d 1995)

3. A motion to suppress statements can be filed at any time before trial, or even during trial. Fla. R. Crim. Pro. 3.190(i)

4. The key question: Was the statement voluntarily made? The requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment is that the trial judge make a determination that a confession was freely and voluntarily given before it is to be considered by a jury. Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368 Finding must be made with “unmistakable clarity.”

 a) Promises: Confessions are not deemed freely and voluntarily given if they have been elicited by direct or implied promises of leniency. State v. Walter, 970 So. 2d 848, 851 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007). Thus where an officer offers to “help” or “fix things” without clarification on the limits of the officer's authority, courts have found that a defendant's resulting confession was involuntary. See Day v. State, 29 So. 3d 1178, 1181 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010); Ramirez v. State, 15 So. 3d 852, 856 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009).    Dermio 112 So.3d 551 (2d DCA 2013)
Better case: Day v. State, 29 So. 3d 1178   4th Dist. 2010

b) Threats or Coercion: “Once it is established that there were coercive influences attendant upon an initial confession, the coercion is presumed to continue "unless clearly shown to have been removed prior to a subsequent confession." State v. Outten, 206 So. 2d 392, 396 (Fla. 1968)
5.    Miranda issues:
       Whether the defendant was "in custody"? (if so, why? Illegal arrest/detention = suppression: B.S. v. State, 548 So.2d 838 (3rd 1989) (police station confession was improperly admitted as the product of a non-consensual confinement)
       Where the statements in response to "interrogation?" "Interrogation takes place ... when a person is subjected to express questions, or other words or actions, by a state agent, that a reasonable person would conclude are designed to lead to an incriminating response." Traylor, 596 So.2d at 966
       If the defendant was in custody and in response to interrogation, then were the Miranda warnings properly given?
       If so, did the defendant make a intelligent, voluntary and knowingly waiver?: To determine if a waiver is valid a court must make two inquiries. First, the court must determine if the waiver was voluntary in the sense that it was the product of free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception. Second, the court must determine whether the waiver was executed with a full awareness of the nature of the rights being abandoned and the consequences of their abandonment., the State has the burden of proving the waiver is valid by a preponderance of the evidence. “State v. Sliney, 699 So.2d 662, 668 (Fla. 1997)
       Waiver of Miranda should be in writing Traylor, 596 So.2d 957. 966
       Was statement recorded? If not, is it reliable.

6.  Trial issues:
 --carefully review statement and redact irrelevant, inadmissible portions.
--Be on lookout for Detective confronting Defendant with guilt: Mohr v. State, 927 So.2d 1031 (2nd DCA 2006)(The jury could not reasonably have been expected to disregard the aspersions of guilt created by the detective's word)
--You can litigate voluntariness before the jury, and call expert witnesses on false confessions. Boyer v. State, 825 So.2d 418 (1st DCA 2002)
 -- Jury Instruction:: “A (Defendant’s) statement should always be considered with caution and be weighed with great care to make certain it was freely and voluntarily made.  . . .  If you conclude the defendant’s out of court statement was not freely and voluntarily made, you should disregard it.”

7. What if you want the Defendant’s statement admitted? The State may not be able to resist. But if they do, See Judge Farmer’s dissent in Cotton v. State, 763 So.2d 437, 445-46, or consider whether the statement falls under a hearsay exception/

8. Appeals:
   Orders denying motions to suppress confessions are not dispositive unless stipulated to by the parties. England v. State, 46 So. 3d 127, 129 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010)

    At trial you must renew your objection at the time the statement is admitted.

Tuesday, October 22, 2013

Is 'shaken baby syndrome' shaky science?

 Pamela Jacobazzi of suburban Bartlett has spent the last 14 years in prison for violently shaking 10-month-old Matthew Czapski to death. The 58-year-old former home day care operator is among hundreds of people nationwide convicted in recent decades on the basis of what doctors call "shaken baby syndrome." That diagnosis gained prominence in the 1980s and '90s, as publicity campaigns warned of the dangers of shaking infants.

Lawyers for Jacobazzi argued that her conviction should be set aside because jurors didn't hear evidence of other medical theories on what killed Matthew.
In September, though, DuPage County Judge Robert Kleeman rejected her bid for a new trial. He didn't rule on the validity of shaken baby syndrome. Instead, he said her trial attorneys had possessed all available medical evidence and had presented a reasonable defense.
But a question lingers here and in similar cases across the U.S.: Is shaken baby syndrome based on shaky science?
"Virtually all the hallowed tenets of shaken baby syndrome have been challenged on the basis of scientific principles and have been found wanting or wrong," Dr. Jan Leestma, a former Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago neuropathologist, wrote in his 2009 textbook, "Forensic Neuropathology."
Leestma tells us that a raft of biomechanical studies cast doubt on the idea that shaking a baby will generate enough force to seriously injure his or her brain or cause other symptoms of the diagnosis. But SBS proponents tell us that those studies are incomplete; they don't, for instance, adequately account for multiple or repeated shakings over time.
Let's stop right here to make one thing clear: Violently shaking a baby can lead to serious injuries, particularly if there is neck whiplash or the baby's head strikes a wall or floor. No one, including those skeptical of the science underlying this diagnosis, suggests that such conduct is anything but dangerous and wrong.
That said, it's also clear that SBS is among the trickiest diagnoses for doctors to reach. Babies can't tell doctors what happened. Some illnesses and simple accidents can mimic the symptoms. In some cases, there are no outward signs of abuse. Often there are no witnesses to suspected abuse. What's more, injured infants may be lucid after whatever incident caused the injury. On occasion, infants may even be lucid for hours before they collapse and die. That expands the pool of potential causes and, if authorities suspect abuse, of potential perpetrators.
Jacobazzi is due to be paroled in 2015. But many other people are in jail across the country, convicted of shaking infants. Are some of them innocent? This complex but out-of-the-limelight debate will be hashed out in courtrooms and research labs. That's healthy for medical science, and for our justice system.
Decades ago, many doctors believed that if a child suffered from three symptoms — subdural (brain) and retinal bleeding and brain swelling absent a fracture or bruise to indicate an accident or fall — then the injuries likely happened through vigorous shaking.
In 2009, though, the American Academy of Pediatrics expanded its definition of shaken baby syndrome to stress that while shaking can cause injuries, other factors can be just as important, including the blunt impact of a head against a solid surface like a floor or wall. Researchers also stress that accidents, a child's pre-existing medical condition, medical history and genetic disorders can cause injuries that mimic the effects of abuse. The academy, based in suburban Elk Grove Village, suggested a broader term, "abusive head trauma," to describe the array of injuries abuse can cause.
Dr. Cindy Christian of the academy's committee on child abuse and neglect tells us the medical consensus remains strong around the science of SBS. "Some babies are injured by shaking," says Christian, who co-wrote the 2009 report. "Some by blunt impact. Some by a combination of factors." That report "doesn't say shaking is benign. It doesn't say shaking doesn't harm children. And it doesn't say there is no such thing as SBS.''
Expect to hear more about this. Last year the Innocence Network, a group of organizations that provide pro bono legal help for people who claim to be wrongly convicted, brought on a lawyer to pursue claims of innocence in shaken baby cases nationwide. Doctors will continue to refine the SBS diagnosis, evaluating new research and clinical experience.
That should leave us all shaken.

An Editorial from the CHicago Tribune publishes October 21, 2013