Frameworkless Web Applications

Since we have (mostly) advanced beyond CGI scripts and PHP the default tool many people reach for when building a web application is a framework. Like drafting a standard legal contract or making a successful Hollywood film, it’s good to have a template to work off of. A framework lends structure to your application and saves you from having to reinvent a bunch of wheels. It’s a solid foundation to build on which can be a substantial “batteries included” model (Rails, Django, Spring Boot, Nest) or a lightweight “slap together whatever shit you need outta this” sort of deal (Flask, Express).

Foundations can be handy.

The idea of a web framework is that there are certain basic features that most web apps need and that these services should be provided as part of the library. Nearly all web frameworks will give you some custom implementation of some or all of:

  • Configuration
  • Logging
  • Exception trapping
  • Parsing HTTP requests
  • Routing requests to functions
  • Serialization
  • Gateway adaptor (WSGI, Rack, WAR)
  • Middleware architecture
  • Plugin architecture
  • Development server

There are many other possible features but these are extremely common. Just about every framework has its own custom code to route a parsed HTTP request to a handler function, as in “call hello() when a GET request comes in for /hello.”

There are many great things to say about this approach. The ability to run your application on any sort of host from DigitalOcean to Heroku to EC2 is something we take for granted, as well as being able to easily run a web server on your local environment for testing. There is always some learning curve as you learn the ins and outs of how you register a URL route in this framework or log a debug message in that framework or add a custom serializer field.

But maybe we shouldn’t assume that our web apps always need to be built with a framework. Instead of being the default tool we grab without a moment’s reflection, now is a good time to reevaluate our assumptions.


What struck me is that a number of the functions that frameworks provide are not needed if I go all-in on AWS. Long ago I decided I’m fine with Bezos owning my soul and acceded to writing software for this particular vendor, much as many engineers have built successful applications locked in to various layers of software abstraction. Early programmers had to decide which ISA or OS they wanted to couple their application to, later we’re still forced to make non-portable decisions but at a higher layer of abstraction. My python or JavaScript code will run on any CPU architecture or UNIX OS, but features from my cloud provider may restrict me to that cloud. Which I am totally fine with.

I’ve long been a fan of and written about serverless applications on this blog because I enjoy abstracting out as much of my infrastructure as possible so as to focus on the logic of my application that I’m interested in. My time is best spent concerning myself with business logic and not wrangling containers or deployments or load balancer configurations or gunicorn.

I’ve had a bit of a journey over the years adopting the serverless mindset, but one thing has been holding me back and it’s my attachment to web frameworks. While it’s quite common and appropriate to write serverless functions as small self-contained scripts in AWS Lambda, building a larger application in this fashion feels like trying to build a house without a foundation. I’ve done considerable experimentation mostly with trying to cram Flask into Lambda, where you still have all the comforts of your familiar framework and it handles all the routing inside a single function. You also have the flexibility to easily take your application out of AWS and run it elsewhere.

There are a number of issues with the approach of putting a web framework into a Lambda function. For one, it’s cheating. For another, when your application grows large enough the cold start time becomes a real problem. Web frameworks have the side-effect of loading your entire application code on startup, so any time a request comes in and there isn’t a warm handler to process it, the client must wait for your entire app to be imported before handling the request. This means users occasionally experience an extra few seconds of delay on a request, not good from a performance standpoint. There are simple workarounds like provisioned concurrency but it is a clear sign there is a flaw in the architecture.

Classic web frameworks are not appropriate for building a truly serverless application. It’s the wrong tool for the architecture.

The Anti-Framework

Assuming you are fully bought in to AWS and have embraced the lock-in lifestyle, life is great. AWS acts like a framework of its own providing all of the facilities one needs for a web application but in the form of web services of the Amazonian variety. If we’re talking about RESTful web services, it’s possible to put together an extremely scalable, maintainable, and highly available application.

No docker, kubernetes, or load balancers to worry about. You can even skip the VPC if you use the Aurora Data API to run SQL queries.

The above list could go on for a very long time but you get the point. If we want to be as lazy as possible and leverage cloud services as much as possible then what we really want is a tool for composing these services in an expressive and familiar fashion. Amazon’s new Cloud Development Kit (CDK) is just the tool for that. If you’ve never heard of CDK you can read a friendly introduction here or check out the official docs.

In short CDK lets you write high-level code in Python, TypeScript, Java or .NET, and compile it to a CloudFormation template that describes your infrastructure. A brief TypeScript example from cursed-webring:

// API Gateway with CORS enabled
const api = new RestApi(this, "cursed-api", {
  restApiName: "Cursed Service",
  defaultCorsPreflightOptions: {
    allowOrigins: apigateway.Cors.ALL_ORIGINS,
  deployOptions: { tracingEnabled: true },

// defines the /sites/ resource in our API
const sitesResource = api.root.addResource("sites");

// get all sites handler, GET /sites/
const getAllSitesHandler = new NodejsFunction(
    entry: "resources/cursedSites.ts",
    handler: "getAllHandler",
    tracing: Tracing.ACTIVE,
sitesResource.addMethod("GET", new LambdaIntegration(getAllSitesHandler));

Is CDK a framework? It depends how you define “framework” but I consider more to be infrastructure as code. By allowing you to effortlessly wire up the services you want in your application, CDK more accurately removes the need for any sort of traditional web framework when it comes to features like routing or responding to HTTP requests.

While CDK provides a great way to glue AWS services together it has little to say when it comes to your application code itself. I believe we can sink even lower into the proverbial couch by decorating our application code with metadata that generates the CDK resources our application declares, specifically Lambda functions and API Gateway routes. I call it an anti-framework.


To put this into action we’ve created an anti-framework called @jetkit/cdk, a TypeScript library that lets you decorate functions and classes as if you were using a traditional web framework, with AWS resources automatically generated from application code.

The concept is straightforward. You write functions as usual, then add metadata with AWS-specific integration details such as Lambda configuration or API routes:

import { HttpMethod } from "@aws-cdk/aws-apigatewayv2"
import { Lambda, ApiEvent } from "@jetkit/cdk"

// a simple standalone function with a route attached
export async function aliveHandler(event: ApiEvent) {
  return "i'm alive"
// define route and lambda properties
  path: "/alive",
  methods: [HttpMethod.GET],
  memorySize: 128,

If you want a Lambda function to be responsible for related functionality you can build a function with multiple routes and handlers using a class-based view. Here is an example:

import { badRequest, methodNotAllowed } from "@jdpnielsen/http-error"
import { ApiView, SubRoute, ApiEvent, ApiResponse, ApiViewBase, apiViewHandler } from "@jetkit/cdk"

  path: "/album",
  memorySize: 512,
  environment: {
  bundling: { minify: true, metafile: true, sourceMap: true },
export class AlbumApi extends ApiViewBase {
  // define POST handler
  post = async () => "Created new album"

  // custom endpoint in the view
  // routes to the ApiViewBase function
    path: "/{albumId}/like", // will be /album/123/like
    methods: [HttpMethod.POST, HttpMethod.DELETE],
  async like(event: ApiEvent): ApiResponse {
    const albumId = event.pathParameters?.albumId
    if (!albumId) throw badRequest("albumId is required in path")

    const method = event.requestContext.http.method

    // POST - mark album as liked
    if (method == HttpMethod.POST) return `Liked album ${albumId}`
    // DELETE - unmark album as liked
    else if (method == HttpMethod.DELETE) return `Unliked album ${albumId}`
    // should never be reached
    else return methodNotAllowed()

export const handler = apiViewHandler(__filename, AlbumApi)

The decorators aren’t magical; they simply save your configuration as metadata on the class. It does the same thing as the Lambda() function above. This metadata is later read when the corresponding CDK constructs are generated for you. ApiViewBase contains some basic functionality for dispatching to the appropriate method inside the class based on the incoming HTTP request.

Isn’t this “routing?” Sort of. The AlbumApi class is a single Lambda function for the purposes of organizing your code and keeping the number of resources in your CloudFormation stack at a more reasonable size. It does however create multiple API Gateway routes, so API Gateway is still handling the primary HTTP parsing and routing. If you are a purist you can of course create a single Lambda function per route with the Lambda() wrapper if you desire. The goal here is simplicity.

The reason Lambda() is not a decorator is that function decorators do not currently exist in TypeScript due to complications arising from function hoisting.

Why TypeScript?

As an aside, TypeScript is now my preferred choice for backend development. JavaScript no, but TypeScript yes. The rapid evolution and improvements in the language with Microsoft behind it have been impressive. The language is as strict as you want it to be. Having one set of tooling, CI/CD pipelines, docs, libraries and language experience in your team is much easier than supporting two. All the frontends we work with are React and TypeScript, why not use the same linters, type checking, commit hooks, package repository, formatting configuration, and build tools instead of maintaining say, one set for a Python backend and another for a TypeScript frontend?

Python is totally fine except for its lack of type safety. Do not even attempt to blog at me ✋🏻 about mypy or pylance. It is like saying a Taco Bell is basically a real taqueria. Might get you through the day but it’s not really the same thing 🌮

Construct Generation

So we’ve seen the decorated application code, how does it get turned into cloud resources? With the ResourceGeneratorConstruct, a CDK construct that takes your functions and classes as input and generates AWS resources as output.

import { CorsHttpMethod, HttpApi } from "@aws-cdk/aws-apigatewayv2"
import { Construct, Duration, Stack, StackProps, App } from "@aws-cdk/core"
import { ResourceGeneratorConstruct } from "@jetkit/cdk"
import { aliveHandler, AlbumApi } from "../backend/src"  // your app code

export class InfraStack extends Stack {
  constructor(scope: App, id: string, props?: StackProps) {
    super(scope, id, props)

    // create API Gateway
    const httpApi = new HttpApi(this, "Api", {
      corsPreflight: {
        allowHeaders: ["Authorization"],
        allowMethods: [CorsHttpMethod.ANY],
        allowOrigins: ["*"],
        maxAge: Duration.days(10),

    // transmute your app code into infrastructure
    new ResourceGeneratorConstruct(this, "Generator", {
      resources: [AlbumApi, aliveHandler], // supply your API views and functions here

It is necessary to explicitly pass the functions and classes you want resources for to the generator because otherwise esbuild will optimize them out of existence.

Try It Out

@jetkit/cdk is MIT-licensed, open-source, and has documentation and great tests. It doesn’t actually do much at all and that’s the point.

If you want to try it out as fast as humanly possible you can clone the TypeScript project template to get a modern serverless monorepo using NPM v7 workspaces.

Woodworker Designs and Builds the Perfect Tiny House Boat called the Le Koroc
Maybe a foundation isn’t needed after all

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