July 2016

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Infusing Machine Learning with Artificial Intelligence

As anyone who endures a call with an automated customer “help line” quickly learns, robots have a frustrating inability to understand sarcasm.
Sophie Loire, Ph.D., Research and Technology Fellow,
Chris Tagge, Ph.D., CEO,
Igor Mezic, Ph.D., Chief Scientific, Technical Advisor, Co-Founder
Ecorithm, Inc.

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As anyone who endures a call with an automated customer “help line” quickly learns, robots have a frustrating inability to understand sarcasm. It only takes a few minutes of the pseudo-friendly automaton cycling through endless menu selections to trigger a lunge for the 0 button and a desperate plea for “AGENT!” Yet, we’re happily dependent on automation for much of our daily lives. We’re even becoming accustomed to the idea that self-driving cars will soon lower our insurance rates and enable virtually uninterrupted texting during waking hours. Automation is now so ubiquitous that it’s strange to think that we’re entirely at ease with the robots, until we have to talk to them. 

But don’t blame the machines. It turns out that communication is an exceptionally complex, dynamic process and humans (and many animals) are amazingly proficient at the type of contextual learning required to master it. The mechanisms are so intricate that we don’t fully understand how the brain does it.  We’re still just scratching the surface of the field of artificial intelligence, but the combination of elements of human-like perception with a machine’s ability to process immense amounts of data, consistently and reproducibly, without fatigue or soul-crushing boredom, is already having profound impacts on analysis and automation.

For decades, technologists have been quite successful programming machines to learn and adapt within well-defined constraints.  This machine learning is a subset of the field of artificial intelligence and does not attempt to perform the full range of human cognitive abilities.  Rather, the machine typically “learns” in a reactive fashion.  At a high level, the machine receives a sensory input, scans its database of previous or programmed responses to that input, reacts, defines the success of the reaction based on the subsequent sensory inputs, and then remembers whether outcome was good or bad to influence the next decision point.  In effect, traditional machine learning approaches (such as polynomial regression, support vector machines (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and decision trees) in which they treat every point in time as an isolated event.  This is great for avoiding accidents on the freeway, where success and failure can be swiftly defined and measured. But what of more complex systems like buildings where meanings and outcomes are variable, time-dependent, and influenced by a variety of subtle, often unmeasured inputs?

The answer is that machine learning for buildings is a surprisingly difficult challenge. Buildings are strongly influenced by dynamic forces such as occupancy, weather, and other environmental factors on a variety of overlapping cycles (intradaily, daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal, to name a few). Most classic machine learning and data mining algorithms work poorly on time series data - typically transforming time-dependent inputs into multiple static input parameters, which loses the specificity and context of the data.

Fortunately, physical systems with time dependent fluctuations can be well-understood by looking at the characteristics of the repeated cycling or oscillatory behavior in the data. Skilled, experienced building engineers develop an intuitive feel for quickly diagnosing their building from looking at the data available to them. The human brain naturally performs pattern recognition grouping similar experiences and assigning labels to these groups. When a new data set is encountered, it is compared to the past experiences and a diagnostic is inferred. In other words, new information is not evaluated independently. Rather, it is reviewed and categorized based on past experience and all relevant context. This is what learning is all about and it is remarkably easy for a human brain.

Returning to the language analogy, the sentence “I never said she stole my money” is internet famous for having seven distinct meanings depending on which of the seven words is emphasized (try it). The historical context of the statement and how it’s said (e.g., shouted, whispered, with a sneer, etc.) can create even more complexity. This would be a difficult, laborious problem for machine learning. Essentially, each of the many different meanings would need to be specifically detailed and the machine would have difficulty determining accuracy by context, instead simply searching for the answer with the highest statistical probability, meaning the one that most often occurred in the past. Thus, systems approaching these types of complex problems are typically programmed to error on the side of caution by presenting a variety of different potential solutions and relying on humans to do the interpretation.

For a human, the interpretation is simple, straightforward, and exceptionally accurate. The human auditory system is finely tuned to detect and process cycling patterns (pitch, timing, and volume) and can detect subtle changes and deviation and extract signals from substantial noise. These properties provide metadata that enables the listener to accurately interpret the context and thus intended meaning of the sentence. Further still, the greater the shared experience between the two communicators, the more compressed the information can be, sometimes to the extent that words are barely needed at all.

Ecorithm’s True Analytics™ software combines several key elements of artificial intelligence with machine learning to rapidly and automatically identify and classify building data with exceptional accuracy. Similar to the metadata embedded in the communication example described above, each time series of building data and its underlying dynamic can be completely described by a set of triplets corresponding to its magnitude (similar to volume, this is the height of the oscillation), period (similar to pitch, this is the time scale of the oscillation), and phase (similar to timing, this is the starting point alignment of two time series of data with respect to a common time origin). The result is called the spectral pattern, which provides an automatically measurable and classifiable signature of behavior.

Ecorithm’s machine learning algorithm classifies time series signals by their spectral patterns using proprietary clustering and labeling techniques. Properties of the spectral patterns in a cluster give information about the system in term of mechanical, and control performances. Operational and energy efficiency opportunities are identified by looking at the classification of healthy states. The underlying expert knowledge, built-in to the system, translates into readable and actionable diagnosis through the introduction of a supervised learning layer. Prioritization can then be assigned depending on the level of severity of the findings.

Similar to a human interpreting communication, Ecorithm’s True Analytics™ software incorporates experience, context, and emphasis to pinpoint root cause diagnostics of building data with exceptional speed and accuracy. The artificial intelligence infused machine learning component of Ecorithm’s True Analytics™ software enables continuous, complex and complete analysis of a building system giving an in-depth understanding of building performance. This component also provides a significant increase of operational reliability, energy efficiency, and logistic efficiency, greatly benefiting building occupant comfort.

Three Signal Spectral

Figure 1: This graphic illustrates the intuitive cycling pattern recognition of a building engineer leading to his ability to diagnose simple issues. The three different room temperature time series are associated to three different VAV issues with signature cycling periodicities. However, humans are limited to the analysis of only a small data set and cannot handle the massive amounts of raw data generated by a building. The machine learning algorithms of Ecorithm’s True Analytics™ software enable the complete analysis of all the building data and automatically extract the intrinsic spectral patterns associated to an issue enabling the report of clear diagnostic.


About the Authors

Dr Sophie LoireDr. Sophie Loire:
Dr Loire is an accomplished expert on dynamical systems. Before joining the Ecorithm team as Research and Technology Fellow, she was a project scientist in Professor Igor Mezic research team at University of California, Santa Barbara and a lead consultant for AIMdyn, Inc developing critical tools for the study of complex systems from improved physical or mathematical models to new computing algorithms. Dr. Loire’s research involving the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill was published in the prestigious journal Science and was promptly highlighted by newspapers around the world, including UPI, Spiegel in Germany, The Engineer in the UK, El Pais in Spain, and the newspaper Panorama in Italy.

Dr Loire holds a Ph.D in Mechanical Engineering from University of California, Santa Barbara.

Dr Chirs Tagge

Dr. Chris Tagge:
Dr. Tagge has a proven track record of leading startups of innovative technologies with a focus on sustainability from concept to commercialization. Additionally, Dr. Tagge is an expert in intellectual property development and strategy. He holds seventeen US patents and has managed global intellectual property strategies for multiple companies, including Ecorithm.

Before founding Ecorithm, Dr. Tagge was president of Innovative Construction & Building Materials, a highly successful startup that developed advanced technologies to enhance critical properties of building materials. Previously, Dr. Tagge held the positions of CEO at LivinGreen Materials and Senior Scientist at SRI International.

Dr. Tagge holds a Ph.D. in Chemistry from University of California, Berkeley and was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Stanford University.

Igor MezicDr. Igor Mezic
Dr. Mezic is a world-renowned expert in the field of building energy efficiency. He is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), where he serves as Director of the Center for Energy Efficient Design, and Head of the Building and Design Solutions Group at the Institute of Energy Efficiency. UCSB’s Institute for Energy Efficiency – where Prof. Mezic is a founding member – is an interdisciplinary research institute dedicated to the development of cutting-edge science and technologies that support an efficient and sustainable energy future. Dr. Mezic is also an expert in complex dynamical systems, both a member of the Center for Control, Dynamical Systems and Computations, and the California Nanosystems Institute.

His major scientific contribution in this field has been the development of operator-theoretic methods for analysis of complex dynamical systems, that led to a massive number of applications in “Big Data Dynamics” – a term he coined.

After receiving his Ph.D. at Caltech in Applied and Theoretical Mechanics, Dr. Mezic became an Assistant Professor at UCSB, where he was promoted to a Full Professor in 2003. Dr. Mezic also served as an Associate Professor at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.


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