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Comparison of annual performance factors of normatively designed heat pump systems

Heat pumps play a key role in decarbonizing the heat supply for buildings. To exploit heat pump's potential in a resource‐efficient way, high coefficients of performance (COP) are required. For air‐source heat pumps, the COP is subject to outside temperature, building dynamics, and user demands. To achieve high COPs, it is necessary to design heat pumps to meet the demands and to optimize operation in terms of COP.