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Experimental evaluation of 4G technologies in metro tunnel scenarios

In this work, an evaluation of the fourth generation (4G) waveform performance in underground tunnel scenarios has been carried out with the help of hardware testbeds. The equipment for the measurements has been deployed inside the carriage of an underground train, and the antenna elements were located both outside and inside the carriage. The experiments consisted of narrowband and wideband propagation measurements, and over-the-air transmissions for physical layer performance assessment.