{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02600216684723727, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.243243243243243, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Regional Growth in a Dual Economy: Marshall-Arrow-Romer Externalities and Firm-Ownership in Hungary

Using census-type data of Hungarian firms, we test the Marshall-Arrow-Romer (MAR) hypothesis on the impact of agglomeration economies on regional economic growth. The results suggest that MAR type of local knowledge externalities have a significant positive impact on TFP growth. However, initial and dynamic levels of foreign- and domestic capital had adverse effect on productivity growth. Moreover, slower employment growth was observed in locations with a higher level of initial regional specialization. We argue that regional growth was driven during the transition from the socialist structure into market economy by low-cost motivations of foreign-owned firms; but due to the gap between MNEs and domestic companies – the so-called dual economy – local knowledge externalities hardly exist between the two spheres.