{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03380714560122935, 'fraction_numerical': 0.024202842873607376, 'mean_word_length': 5.185273159144893, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Bright quantum dots emitting at ∼1,600 nm in the NIR-IIb window for deep tissue fluorescence imaging

Significance In vivo fluorescence imaging in near IR-IIb window (1,500–1,700 nm) can provide high spatial and temporal resolution and deep tissue penetration for fundamental research and potential translations. Herein, a bright fluorescent probe emitting at ∼1,600 nm based on lead sulfide (PbS)/CdS quantum dots was developed. The CdS shell helped to chemically passivate and retain the high fluorescence of the PbS core after phase transfer to aqueous solutions for biocompatibility. The 1,600-nm emitting probe allowed noninvasive, millimeter-deep fluorescence imaging at high speeds up to 60 frames per second with micrometer-scale spatial resolution in 2D wide-field and 3D confocal modes. The probes were nontoxic and largely excreted over 1 month, providing a tool for in vivo research of preclinical animal models. With suppressed photon scattering and diminished autofluorescence, in vivo fluorescence imaging in the 1,500- to 1,700-nm range of the near-IR (NIR) spectrum (NIR-IIb window) can afford high clarity and deep tissue penetration. However, there has been a lack of NIR-IIb fluorescent probes with sufficient brightness and aqueous stability. Here, we present a bright fluorescent probe emitting at ∼1,600 nm based on core/shell lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (CSQDs) synthesized in organic phase. The CdS shell plays a critical role of protecting the lead sulfide (PbS) core from oxidation and retaining its bright fluorescence through the process of amphiphilic polymer coating and transferring to water needed for imparting aqueous stability and compatibility. The resulting CSQDs with a branched PEG outer layer exhibited a long blood circulation half-life of 7 hours and enabled through-skin, real-time imaging of blood flows in mouse vasculatures at an unprecedented 60 frames per second (fps) speed by detecting ∼1,600-nm fluorescence under 808-nm excitation. It also allowed through-skin in vivo confocal 3D imaging of tumor vasculatures in mice with an imaging depth of ∼1.2 mm. The PEG-CSQDs accumulated in tumor effectively through the enhanced permeation and retention effect, affording a high tumor-to-normal tissue ratio up to ∼32 owing to the bright ∼1,600-nm emission and nearly zero autofluorescence background resulting from a large ∼800-nm Stoke’s shift. The aqueous-compatible CSQDs are excreted through the biliary pathway without causing obvious toxicity effects, suggesting a useful class of ∼1,600-nm emitting probes for biomedical research.