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Galaxy clustering and the missing mass

The last several years have witnessed the completion of several large-scale red-shift surveys of galaxies, which have greatly increased our knowledge of the large-scale distribution of galaxies, and have shown that the superclustering phenomenon is widespread and accompanied by large holes in space that appear to be quite deficient in galaxies. The extreme lumpiness of our local Universe presents a challenge to all current theories of galaxy and cluster formation. A comparison with existing n-body simulations results in a poor match to the observations, indicating either that the initial conditions are incorrect or that additional input physics must be specified. With the large CfA red-shift survey complete to magnitude 14.5 at high Galactic latitude, it is possible to determine dynamical masses of small groups as well as large clusters, and the data set provides critical parameters for the mass measurement of the entire Local Supercluster. A trend of increasing mass: light ratio with scale size of measurement emerges from these studies, an effect that implies that dissipative processes probably played a major role in the formation of galaxies and clusters. 1