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Interstitial elements in steel: effect on structure and properties

Abstract Atomic distribution, thermodynamic stability of solid solutions and properties of dislocations in steels are discussed in terms of the effect of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen on the electronic structure of iron. It is shown that nitrogen and hydrogen increase the density of electron states at the Fermi level, which results in the enhanced metallic character of interatomic bonds, whereas carbon acts in the opposite direction and enhances the covalent bonds. Some remarkable features of mechanical behavior of austenitic steels containing carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen are analyzed based on the differences and similarities of the electronic structure.