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Uptake of phytodetritus by benthic foraminifera under oxygen depletion at the Indian margin (Arabian Sea)

Benthic foraminifera in sediments on the Indian margin of the Arabian Sea, where the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) impinges on the continental slope, are exposed to par- ticularly severe levels of oxygen depletion. Food supply for the benthic community is high but delivered in distinct pulses during upwelling and water mixing events associated with summer and winter monsoon periods. In order to investigate the response by benthic foraminifera to such pulsed food de- livery under oxygen concentrations of less than 0.1 mL L 1 (4.5 µmol L 1 ), an in situ isotope labeling experiment ( 13 C, 15 N) was performed on the western continental slope of India at 540 m water depth (OMZ core region). The assemblage of living foraminifera (> 125 µm) in the uppermost centime- ter at this depth is characterized by an unexpectedly high population density of 3982 individuals 10 cm 2 and a strong dominance by few calcareous species. For the experiment, we concentrated on the nine most abundant taxa, which con- stitute 93 % of the entire foraminiferal population at 0-1 cm sediment depth. Increased concentrations of 13 C and 15 N in the cytoplasm indicate that all investigated taxa took up labeled phytodetritus during the 4 day experimental phase. In total, these nine species had assimilated 113.8 mg C m 2 (17.5 % of the total added carbon). Uptake of nitrogen by the three most abundant taxa (Bolivina aff. B. dilatata, Cas- sidulina sp., Bulimina gibba) was 2.7 mg N m 2 (2 % of the total added nitrogen). The response to the offered phytodetri- tus varied largely among foraminiferal species with Uvige- rina schwageri being by far the most important species in short-term processing, whereas the most abundant taxa Bo- livina aff. B. dilatata and Cassidulina sp. showed compara- bly low uptake of the offered food. We suggest the observed species-specific differences are related to species biomass and specific feeding preferences. In summary, the experiment in the OMZ core region shows rapid processing of fresh phy- todetritus by foraminifera under almost anoxic conditions. The uptake of large amounts of organic matter by few species within four days suggests that foraminifera may play an im- portant role in short-term carbon cycling in the OMZ core region on the Indian margin.