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Dietary energy density (ED) in Irish children aged 1 to 4 years

Few data are available investigating the ED of the diets of pre-school children. The aim of this paper was to use data from the Irish National Pre-School Nutrition Survey to determine nutrients and foods associated with dietary ED in 1–4 year old children (n = 500). Food intake data collected by a 4 day weighed food record were analysed using a modified version of WISP g (Tinuviel Software, Anglesey, UK) containing McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods, 6 Edition and the Irish Food Composition Database. Mean dietary ED (kcal/g) was calculated including (a) food only (1.53 kcal/g), (b) food & milk (1.24 kcal/g), (c) food, milk & fruit juices (1.19 kcal/g) (d) food and beverages>5 kcal/100 g (1.13 kcal/g) and (e) food and all beverages (0.92 kcal/g). For all methods, dietary ED increased with age from 1–4 years. Children were classified by tertile of their dietary ED (calculated using food and all beverages), stratified by age. Mean daily intakes of energy and (energy adjusted) nutrients and foods by tertile of dietary ED are reported.