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Modulatory Effect of Bolinaquinone, a Marine Sesquiterpenoid, on Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Processes

The marine metabolite bolinaquinone is a novel inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), with a potency on the human synovial enzyme (group II) higher than that of manoalide. This activity on the sPLA2 was confirmed in vivo in the 8-h zymosan rat air pouch on the secretory enzyme accumulation in the pouch exudate. Additionally, bolinaquinone decreased potently the synthesis and release of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in calcimycin (A23187)-stimulated human neutrophils as a consequence of the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase activity, as well as PGE2 and NO production on zymosan-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. This compound exerted anti-inflammatory effects by topical and oral routes on the mouse ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbolacetate, with ID50values of 76.7 μg/ear and 5.6 mg/kg, respectively, with a significant decrease in PGE2, LTB4, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels being more effective than indomethacin. This effect was confirmed in the mouse paw carrageenan edema after oral administration. Moreover, bolinaquinone was able to reduce the inflammatory response of adjuvant arthritis by inhibiting PGE2, NO, and TNF-α production in paw homogenates without affecting PGE2 levels in the stomach. Additionally, bolinaquinone inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and reduced the degree of bone resorption, soft tissue swelling, and osteophyte formation.