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How does the cortex construct color?

When is a color not a color? When it’s a wavelength. This may surprise those who were taught that color is carried by the dominant wavelength of the light reflected from an object. And you’d be confused in good company; Isaac Newton, for example, believed that “every body reflects its own color more copiously than the rest.” The colors we perceive, however, are determined not only by the wavelengths reflected from one surface but also by those reflected from many surrounding surfaces. This is illustrated in Fig. 1. The colored pattern is illuminated by different intensities of long, medium, and short wavelength light and different amounts of each region of the spectrum are reflected from each patch. The central green patch (Fig. 1a) reflects a greater percentage of medium (greenish) wavelengths. When the illuminants are arranged to ensure that the green patch reflects a greater absolute amount of long (reddish) than medium (greenish) wavelength light (Fig. 1b), one still perceives the patch to be green. The visual system takes account of the changes in incident illumination and what is perceived is a measure of the relative rather than absolute proportions of reflected light. This ability to perceive true color rather than be fooled by the fickle nature of light is called color constancy.