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An investigation of an MPEG-4 embedded spatial digital watermark developed for tamper detection and characterization

The widespread adoption of digital video techniques has generated a requirement for authenticity verification in applications such as criminal evidence, insurance claims and commercial databases. The paper investigates the performance, effectivity and efficiency of a spatial digital watermark designed for video authentication. The embedded watermark is estimated from the possible tampered frame with the use of a temporal filter and the motion information. The imperceptible digital stamp is robustly embedded prior to encoding (compression) and allows tamper characterisation of time-base attacks. The functionality of this system is evaluated within an MPEG-4 implementation.