{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.025026624068157616, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.391156462585034, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Water-Body Area Extraction from High Resolution Satellite Images-An Introduction , Review , and Comparison

Water resources play an important role in environmental, transportation and region planning, natural disaster, industrial and agricultural production and so on. Surveying of water-bodies and delineate its features properly is very first step for any planning, especially for places like India, where the land-cover is dominated by water-bodies. Recording images, such as from satellite, sometimes does not reflect the distinguished characteristics of water with non-water features, e.g. shadows of super structures. Image of water body is confused easily with the shadow of skyscraper, since calm water surface induces mirror reflection when it gives birth to echo wave. Water transport is cheapest. Developing/poor countries like India will be benifitted if water transport is encouraged. In water transport, the link should be made between various land masses, including building blocks, through proper navigational system. Hence there should be clear distinction between calm water and the shadows of buildings. Over the past decade, a significant amount of research been conducted to extract the water body information from various multi-resolution satellite images. The objective of this paper is to review methodologies applied for water body extraction using satellite remote sensing. The Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) have also been discussed as they are closely linked with Remote Sensing. Initially, studies on water body detection are treated. Methodological issues related to the use of these methods were analysed followed by summaries. Results from empirical studies, applying water-body extraction techniques are collected and discussed. Important issues for future research are also identified and discussed.