{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.037242249964931966, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02293449291625754, 'mean_word_length': 5.317678334071776, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 1, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 17, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Pharmacovigilance Evaluation of Bendamustine-related Skin Disorders using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database

- Purpose: Bendamustine is used in hematologic malignancies such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma. This study evaluated the association of bendamustine-related skin disorders using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Methods: We identified and analyzed reports of skin disorders between April 2004 and November 2019 from the JADER database and calculated the reported odds ratios (RORs) using disproportionality analysis. Additionally, we analyzed the relationship between skin disorders related to bendamustine use and patient information (age and sex). Results: The symptoms, ranked in order of decreasing strength of association with skin disorders, were infusion-related reaction (ROR=5.708), herpes zoster (ROR=4.658), hypersensitivity (ROR=3.271), and rash (ROR=1.472). Additionally, analysis of the relationships between rash related to bendamustine and sex or age showed significant relationships for female sex and age younger than 70 years (ROR=2.247 and 2.176, respectively). Meanwhile, analysis of the relationship between herpes zoster and sex showed a significantly stronger association for male than female sex (ROR=2.887). Conclusion: Our analysis of skin disorders related to bendamustine use reported in the spontaneous reporting system databases showed that the association of rash with bendamustine use was affected by sex (female) and age (younger than 70 years). Additionally, the association of herpes zoster with bendamustine was affected by sex (male). Bendamustine is an outpatient chemotherapy regimen, and so we recommend close monitoring of female patients or those younger than 70 years who experience rash-like symptoms and male patients who experience herpes zoster-like symptoms.


INTRODUCTION
Bendamustine is widely used as first-line therapy for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (1) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (1,2). Additionally, bendamustine is highly effective in patients with relapsed/refractory or elderly patients with multiple myeloma (MM) (3,4). Therefore, bendamustine therapy is being increasingly used in various hematologic malignancies such as NHL, CLL, and MM.
However, bendamustine can cause various skin disorders in patients. A phase II study in the United States reported skin disorders in 9.2% of patients with NHL receiving bendamustine alone (5). Other reports in the Western world indicate a skin disorder frequency of 5.0-9.3% for bendamustine monotherapy in patients with CLL (2). Meanwhile, a phase II study in Japan reported skin disorders in 46.4% of patients with NHL treated with bendamustine alone (6). This evidence suggests that bendamustine-related skin disorders occur at higher frequencies in Japan. These skin disorders can have profound impacts on patient health-related quality of life through both physical discomfort and psychological distress (7)(8)(9). Moreover, worsening skin symptoms may lead to dose reduction/termination in the management of cancer chemotherapy (7,8). Therefore, it is important to clarify the risk factors for skin toxicities after bendamustine treatment.
Recently, spontaneous reporting systems have been used as essential methods of post-marketing drug safety surveillance to detect adverse drug events (ADEs) (10,11). While randomized clinical trials are considered the gold standard for assessing drug efficacy and safety (10,12), the design of such trials involves small and homogeneous populations that are monitored over short periods, making it difficult to detect many ADEs (13). Thus, the detection and reporting of suspected ADEs in clinical practice is the backbone of post-marketing surveillance (14). Therefore, pharmacovigilance activities are important for assessing, monitoring, and preventing ADEs (11). In April 2004, Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) established a spontaneous reporting system. The Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database is a large-scale, unitized database for pharmacovigilance that accumulates reported cases and their results (15)(16)(17). To our knowledge, the present study is the first report to analyze the relevant characteristics of skin disorders in bendamustinetreated patients using a database of adverse events reported spontaneously in Japan. This study evaluated the association of bendamustine-related skin disorders using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Patient background (e.g., age and sex) is an important factor to consider when monitoring ADEs in the context of pharmacovigilance. In a phase II study in Japan of bendamustine plus rituximab, the incidence of CD4 lymphopenia was 93%. Patients with CD4 lymphocytopenia are susceptible to various opportunistic infections such as herpes zoster (18). Herpes zoster is a rash that most often appears as a band of rashes or blisters in one area of the body; it gradually becomes more painful, sometimes enough to disrupt sleep.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data from released JADER database (15)(16)(17). This database is available for free download from the PMDA website (http://www.pmda.go.jp) and includes ADE cases. We analyzed ADE reports recorded between April 2004 and November 2019. The data structure of the JADER consists of four datasets: patient demographic information (DEMO), drug information (DRUG), adverse events (REAC), and medical history (HIST). The REAC table uses the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) to codify the ADEs, which are indicated as "Preferred Term (PT)" We first removed duplicate cases from the DRUG and REAC tables, as described by Hirooka and Yamada (19). We then used the identification number of each ADEs case to merge corresponding case data from the DRUG, REAC, and DEMO tables. The medication contributions to the ADEs were classified as "suspected medicine," "concomitant medicine," and "interaction." We only extracted cases that were classified as "suspected medicine," which included 1,584,551 cases. Additionally, cases with incomplete information on patient age and sex were removed (114,814 cases). We used more than five reports for each skin disorder.
We evaluated the association of skin disorders with bendamustine based on the reported odds ratios (RORs). ROR is frequently used in the spontaneous reporting database as an indicator of the relative risk of ADEs. We used the analysis data table and constructed 2 × 2 tables based on two classifications: the presence or absence of the "skin disorders" and the presence or absence of suspected bendamustine use. We next calculated the ROR as the reporting rate of a "skin disorder" caused by bendamustine divided by the rate of the same adverse event caused by all other drugs present in the database. Skin disorder signals were considered positive when the lower limits of the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the ROR were >1. Additionally, we analyzed the relationships between bendamustine-related skin disorders and patient information (sex and age). The objective and explanatory variables were set to skin disorders and patient characteristics (age and sex), respectively. We calculated the RORs, 95% CIs, and p-values using Fisher's exact tests. Ages reported in the JADER database are provided as delimited data every 10 years owing to privacy considerations. Although elderly people are generally defined as those aged 65 years or older, some researchers have proposed increasing this threshold to reflect the longevity and aging of the Japanese population (20). Therefore, we categorized patients as 70 years and older and under 70 years. All data were analyzed using JMP 14.2.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, U.S.A.), with p < 0.05 indicating statistical significance.  10044223, 8 reports), and toxic skin eruption (PT code 10057970, 5 reports). The ROR does not allow for the quantification of risk factors but, rather, indicates an increased risk of ADEs reporting. Signals were detected in four of 10 ADEs for skin disorders. The symptoms, ranked in order of decreasing strength of association with skin disorders, were infusion-related reactions 5.708 (3.368 to 9.675), herpes zoster 4.658 (3.111 to 6.975), hypersensitivity 3.271 (1.631 to 6.560), and rash 1.472 (1.037 to 2.088). Tables 2 and 3 show the RORs for age and sex for each skin and non-skin disorder of the 10 skin disorders listed in Table 1. This study population comprised 1,967 cases of bendamustine-associated ADEs, including 136 skin disorders. Of the adverse event reports associated with the administration of bendamustine, the rate of reported skin rashes was significantly higher in female patients than in male patients (ROR, 2.247; 95% CI, 1.092-4.623; p=0.030) and in younger patients than in elderly patients (ROR, 2.176; 95% CI, 1.002-4.728; p=0.049). Among the adverse event reports associated with bendamustine, the rate of herpes zoster in male patients was higher than that in female patients (ROR, 2.887; 95% CI, 1.074-7.766; p=0.036).

DISCUSSION
The JADER database collects comprehensive information on ADEs from real-world data. Therefore, this pharmacovigilance study was suitable for the evaluation of ADE signals in various skin disorders related to bendamustine.
Our study results showed that skin disorders such as infusion-related reaction, herpes zoster, hypersensitivity, and rash were associated with bendamustine. Structurally, bendamustine consists of three parts; namely, a mechlorethamine group with alkylating properties, a butyric acid side chain that enhances water solubility, and a benzimidazole ring that confers an antimetabolite property. (21,22) A review of current literature reported a relationship between aromatic drugs and increased risks of rash or hypersensitivity reactions. (23,24) Additionally, Knowles et al reported that chemical structures containing aromatic rings may be involved in the mechanism that contributes to skin disorders.(25) Our results showed that infusion-related reaction, hypersensitivity, and rash were signals of adverse events specific to bendamustine. Thus, skin damage caused by the use of bendamustine may be an allergic reaction to its aromatic ring.
The results of the present study also indicated that herpes zoster was an adverse event signal specific to bendamustine use. In a phase II study in Japan of bendamustine plus rituximab, the incidence of CD4 lymphopenia was 93% (26). Patients with CD4 lymphocytopenia are susceptible to various opportunistic infections such as herpes zoster (27). Moreover, the results of a phase II study of NHL patients showed that a frequency of opportunistic infection such as herpes zoster of 4.3% after the initiation of bendamustine alone therapy (6). Herpes zoster due to bendamustine may be caused by immunosuppression. It is unclear whether the patients who experienced herpes zoster in our study were prophylactically treated with antiviral medications. Although there is no mention in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines of prophylactic administration of antiviral medications when administering bendamustine, this prophylactic administration should be considered for recommendation.
Additionally, we demonstrated that female sex and age younger than 70 years were important risk factors for rash, whereas male sex was an important risk factor for herpes zoster in the JADER database. The potential impacts of sex and age on the pharmacokinetics of bendamustine have been evaluated in both adult and pediatric patients but are not considered to be affected by either factor (22).
The details of the sex-and age-based mechanisms underlying rash and herpes zoster associated with bendamustine use are not fully understood. However, there is a difference in the occurrence of skin disorders between those with and without mutations in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that suppress Interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression, suggesting that SNPs are associated with the occurrence of bendamustine-related skin disorders (28). IL2 plays an important role in the T-cellmediated immune response and exerts antitumor activity (28). Additional studies are needed to evaluate these relationships between SNPs mutations and sex and age.
In conclusion, our results showed that infusion-related reaction, herpes zoster, hypersensitivity, and rash were bendamustinerelated skin disorders. Additionally, we demonstrated that female sex and age younger than 70 years were important risk factors for rash, whereas male sex was an important risk factor for herpes zoster in the JADER database. The identification of risk factors for skin disorders associated with bendamustine treatment provides useful information for patient management. However, this study has some limitations. The adverse drug cases in the JADER database were reported voluntarily. Thus, spontaneous reporting systems such as the JADER are subject to overreporting, under-reporting, missing data, lack of a denominator, and the presence of confounding factors (e.g., concomitant medications and comorbidities) (29). Therefore, the true incidence of skin disorders cannot be calculated. Although the JADER dataset has more clinical details than other spontaneous reporting system databases such as the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System, further studies are needed to address these limitations. However, reports in spontaneous reporting system databases reflect real-life scenarios and provide a rough indication of signal strength that can be used as a general hypothesis to search for potential ADEs (30,31).

CONCLUSION
Our analysis of skin disorders related to bendamustine use reported in the spontaneous reporting system databases showed that the association of rash with bendamustine use was affected by sex (female) and age (younger than 70 years). Additionally, the association of herpes zoster with bendamustine was affected by sex (male). Bendamustine is an outpatient chemotherapy regimen, and so we recommend close monitoring of female patients or those younger than 70 years who experience rash-like symptoms and male patients who experience herpes zoster-like symptoms.