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Urinary elimination: Part 2--retention, incontinence and catheterization.

In part two of this article, the nursing role in relation to the assessment and management of urinary retention, urinary incontinence and catheterization are considered using recent literature and best practice statements. Retention of urine and incontinence have a major detrimental impact on a person's life and nurses have an important role to play in supporting patients. Catheterization is often necessary for acute retention of urine but is the last resort for incontinence. However, when catheter use is appropriate, asepsis technique during insertion and continuing management can help to minimize associated problems. Urinary elimination problems are embarrassing and distressing and nurses need to deal with them with sensitivity and empathy.