{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02465931213497729, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006489292667099286, 'mean_word_length': 5.79295154185022, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Beclomethasone dipropionate, formoterol fumarate and glycopyrronium bromide as a combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ABSTRACT Introduction: The triple therapy term covers the combination of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), long-acting β-receptor agonist (LABA) and long-acting anticholinergic drug (LAMA) in one or in separate inhalers. The latest GOLD 2018 (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Disease) guidelines recommend the triple therapy in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients of group D who despite the combination of two drugs: LAMA/LABA or ICS/LABA continue to have persistent symptoms or suffer from further frequent exacerbations. Areas covered: The first triple fixed-dose combination of extrafine beclomethasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium in one pMDI type inhaler intended for the treatment of COPD has been registered in Europe in 2017. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, clinical efficacy and safety of this triple combination are presented in the review. Expert commentary: A 20% reduction in the risk of moderate or severe exacerbation was found in patients receiving triple therapy compared to the ICS/LABA combination and LAMA monotherapy. Triple therapy reduces the number of exacerbations in comparison with double bronchodilatation (LABA/LAMA), thus representing an interesting therapeutic option in the management of COPD. The profile of side effects of triple therapy is typical for individual active agents included in the combination.