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Comparison of phage typing and DNA fingerprinting by polymerase chain reaction for discrimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains

A typing procedure for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of both mecA sequences and variable DNA sequences as present in the prokaryotic genome has been developed. Two primers based on the sequences of DNA repeats as discovered in gram-negative members of the family Enterobacteriaceae allow detection of variable regions in the genome of a gram-positive bacterium such as S. aureus, as does a newly described arbitrary primer. This procedure, enabling the detection of 23 different genotypes in a collection of 48 MRSA isolates, was validated by comparisons with phage typing studies. It appeared that within the same group of isolates only 13 different phagovars could be identified. Combination of the results from both phage typing and genotyping allowed the discrimination of 34 of 48 isolates. However, depending on the primer-variable complexity of the PCR fingerprints, which could also be modulated by combination of PCR primers, clear homologies between the groups defined by either phage typing or fingerprinting were observed. An analysis of an MRSA outbreak in a geriatric institution showed a collection of genetically homogeneous isolates. In agreement with phage typing, PCR fingerprinting revealed the identical natures of the MRSA strains isolated from all patients.