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The G.U.T. of gut

One of the most ambitious objectives of physics has been to formulate a Grand Unified Theory (G.U.T.) whose ultimate goal is to conceptualize, unite and express the behaviour of particles and forces of nature into a framework that allows it to be expressed in a single mathematical equation (1). Although falling somewhat short of this goal, current cosmological G.U.T.s endeavour to describe the earliest events in the formation of the universe. If successful, this has the potential to elucidate the evolution of the fundamental forces (or matter) that span the micro-cosmos realm of bosons, fermions, gluons, gravitons, etc., to that which integrates the movement of the estimated 250 billion galaxies of the macro-cosmos. At present the big bang theory is the favoured explanation for the creation of the universe, a phenomenon possibly followed by a state of exponential expansion (Guth’s inflation theory) or even Linde’s chaotic inflation (2). The latter proposes that universes are constantly popping in and out of existence (as a part of a multi-universe system). The ekpyrotic universe theory is an example of a different G.U.T. whereby it is postulated that the universe began when two gigantic membranes collided (2). This idea encompasses the M-theory, which is a composite of the superstring theories (whereby it is suggested that the smallest building blocks of matter are loops of string and oscillating globules that undergo extreme contortions with spontaneous breaks and repair) (3). The strength of the M-theory is that it unites all the four forces (i.e. gravity, electromagnetism, the weak and strong electric force), but this requires calculations that span 11 space–time dimensions that entwine as a singularity at the moment of creation, assuming that there was a beginning (1, 3). However difficult it is to imagine what state of reality existed before the cosmos came into existence, the aim of a G.U.T. is to unite the extravagantly complex physical phenomena into a framework whereby individual components yield themselves for experimentation, verification or rejection. Whether a particular G.U.T. is legitimate or not is, of course, important but not crucially so, as its cardinal purpose is to facilitate and encourage research. G.U.T.s are therefore continually amended and updated to accommodate new emerging data. Unlike physicists who observe and marvel at objects in excess of 12 billion light years away, many medical researchers are, by comparison, restrained and inward looking and avoid extrapolating data outside their experimental settings. This may reflect the orthodox medical school curriculum and training, which uncompromisingly individualizes diseases, emphasizing diagnosis as obligatory for implementation of standardized treatment. Furthermore, the scientific funding system, whereby politically Machiavellian armchair speculators advocate exclusive funding for selfserving, myopic, reductionist research that misses the whole by concentrating exclusively on the minuscule, may also be at fault. Even if these factors were unimportant, it would still be matter of considerable conjecture whether a G.U.T. could be applied in the biological sciences. However, if the affirmative, it would not take an astute allegorist to conclude that a biological G.U.T. would ‘nemine contradicente’ pertain to the pathogenesis of gut disorders. Indeed, by considering some of the unique characteristic features of the gastrointestinal tract and consolidating much experimental evidence from different sources in man, we propose and set out to justify the basis of a G.U.T. of the pathogenesis of gut disorders, i.e. disease of the small intestine.