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Calmodulin kinases: essential regulators in health and disease

Neuronal activity induces intracellular Ca2+ increase, which triggers activation of a series of Ca2+‐dependent signaling cascades. Among these, the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinases (CaMKs, or calmodulin kinases) play key roles in neuronal transmission, synaptic plasticity, circuit development and cognition. The most investigated CaMKs for these roles in neuronal functions are CaMKI, CaMKII, CaMKIV and we will shed light on these neuronal CaMKs’ functions in this review. Catalytically active members of CaMKs currently are CaMKI, CaMKII, CaMKIV and CaMKK. Although they all necessitate the binding of Ca2+ and calmodulin complex (Ca2+/CaM) for releasing autoinhibition, each member of CaMK has distinct activation mechanisms—autophosphorylation mediated autonomy of multimeric CaMKII and CaMKK‐dependent phosphoswitch‐induced activation of CaMKI or CaMKIV. Furthermore, each CaMK shows distinct subcellular localization that underlies specific compartmentalized function in each activated neuron. In this review, we first summarize these molecular characteristics of each CaMK as to regulation and subcellular localization, and then describe each biological function. In the last section, we also focus on the emerging role of CaMKs in pathophysiological conditions by introducing the recent studies, especially focusing on drug addiction and depression, and discuss how dysfunctional CaMKs may contribute to the pathology of the neuropsychological disorders.