{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016260162601626018, 'fraction_numerical': 0.005962059620596206, 'mean_word_length': 5.321917808219178, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Supersonic vortex breakdown during vortex/cylinder interaction

The head-one interaction of a supersonic streamwise vortex with a circular cylinder reveals a vortex breakdown similar in many ways to that of incompressible vortex breakdown. In particular, the dramatic flow reorganization observed during the interaction resembles the conical vortex breakdown reported by Sarpkaya (1995) at high Reynolds number. In the present study, vortex breakdown is brought about when moderate and strong streamwise vortices encounter the bow shock in front of a circular cylinder at Mach 2.49. The main features of the vortex/cylinder interaction are the formation of a blunt-nosed conical shock with apex far upstream of the undisturbed shock stand-off distance, and a vortex core which responds to passage through the apex of the conical shock by expanding into a turbulent conical flow structure. The geometry of the expanding vortex core as well as the location of the conical shock apex are seen to be strong functions of the incoming vortex strength and the cylinder diameter. A salient feature of the supersonic vortex breakdown is the formation of an entropy-shear layer, which separates an interior subsonic zone containing the burst vortex from the surrounding supersonic flow. In keeping with the well-established characteristics of the low-speed vortex breakdown, a region of reversed flow is observed inside the turbulent subsonic zone. The steady vortex/cylinder interaction flow fields generated in the current study exhibit many characteristics of the unsteady vortex distortion patterns previously observed during normal shock wave/vortex interactions. This similarity of the instantaneous flow structure indicates that the phenomenon previously called vortex distortion by Kalkhoran et al. (1996) is a form of supersonic vortex breakdown.