{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.015437392795883362, 'fraction_numerical': 0.017152658662092625, 'mean_word_length': 5.340579710144928, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Damage Assessment and Spatio-Temporal Mapping Using Object Based Image Analysis Technique on Floods-2015 in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Floods are the natural disasters which not only harm human lives but also damage entire structure in the inundated area. Pakistan has been witnessing extensive floods since very long because of long and severe spells of monsoon rainfalls with abrupt diurnal and seasonal disparity in the temperature level every year. Floods of 2010 and 2014 were so severe that they had broken the disaster record of earthquake-2005 in Pakistan and floods of 2015 had devastated the southern Punjab badly. These floods have damaged socioeconomic activities and people were displaced from the flood prone areas. Southern Punjab has been facing this calamity frequently from 2010 onward which resulting to huge destruction and gigantic loss of human lives every year. An immaculate large area of the Southern Punjab was damaged with crop land, built-up areas and road networks. To assess the damages and spatiotemporal mapping during flood period, remote sensing and GIS techniques have been incorporated by using spatial statistical and object-based image classification techniques. These techniques have been applied for estimating damages, mapping and extracting flood extents by embedding NDVI, NDBI and NDWI methods into object-based image analysis. This paper concludes assessment of damages, various extents of flood and accuracy assessment (79.3% and Khat 0.72). Outcomes of the paper would be very beneficial for disaster management authorities for mitigating future floods and helpful for flood monitoring departments to guide competent management authorities at all tiers for quick response and rehabilitation programmes.