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Differentiation and analysis of the population documents in the early Qing dynasty.


 This article offers seven explanations for patterns of population growth in Guizhou province during the early Qing dynasty. Growth followed three phases. The first phase lasted from the 18th year of Shunzhi to the 24th year of Kangxi (from 1661 to 1685). This period was marked by war and natural disaster, which contributed to population declines. The second phase lasted from the 24th year of Kangxi to the 22nd year of Qianlong (from 1685 to 1757). During the second phase population growth increased at a faster rate under conditions of high immigration, social stability, and economic progress. The third phase lasted from the 22nd year of Qianlong to the 20th year of Daoguang (from 1757 to 1840). Population growth during this third period put pressure on the land and food production. Population growth declined. The original data indicate that men in the household increased from 13,839 in 1661 to 21,388. The number of households increased from 27,687 in 1732 to 629,835 in 1753. Population was an estimated 3,149,175 in 1753 and 5,410,035 in 1840. Revised population estimates indicate that population grew from 2,060,400 in 1661 to 4,574,900 in 1753 and to 5,410,035 in 1840. Some researchers estimate total population in 1661 as under or around 1 million rather than the author's 2 million. It is explained that early registers counted men who provided a capitation tax. The author's ratio of registered men to total population, or households to total population, is 1:5.7. It is argued that underestimation in records was due to the number of people fleeing Guizhou due to war and heavy taxation. There were several versions of the "Annals of Guizhou," some of which were lost. Records were affected by the shift to a new system for organizing population in 1832, mistakes in recording, and the abolishment of the capitation taxation in 1786.
