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How Effective is Lithium in the Prevention of Relapse in Bipolar Disorder? A Prospective Naturalistic Follow-Up Study

Objective: The effectiveness of lithium in preventing recurrences of bipolar disorder was examined prospectively for 2 years in two representative samples of bipolar I patients being treated in a comprehensive program following recommended guidelines. Method: One hundred and twenty patients were recruited from consecutive admissions to two catchment area psychiatric services (one in the United Kingdom, the other in New Zealand). They were seen at 3–monthly intervals by a member of the research team. Treatment was adjusted according to clinical needs. Results: Overall, two-thirds of the patients had a recurrence. Of the 57 on lithium as sole treatment, 39 (68%) had a further episode; 17 after stopping lithium. The 42 on other mood stabilisers and/or an antipsychotic, with or without lithium, did no better. By contrast, only eight (38%) of the 21 who were taking no prophylactic medication had a recurrence. Conclusions: Lithium is much less effective in clinical practice than would be expected from clinical trial results. A major reason for this is poor compliance. Alternative treatment strategies are needed to improve the outcome for bipolar disorder patients