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The MAS Party in Venezuela

From the days of Marx to the present, socialist parties have attempted to arrive at a correct balance in their political work between agitation around concrete demands and diffusion of ideological propaganda based on the socialist ideal. Leftist theoreticians have disagreed over the emphasis that should be placed on these two forms of political activity. Marx criticized the Utopian Socialists for avoiding the class struggle and attempting to achieve socialism solely by propagandizing around the example of their experimental communities. At the other extreme, Lenin, in his celebrated What is to be Done, attacked the "economists" for assuming that trade union militance would automatically transform itself into socialist consciousness, and for thus discarding ideological education of the workers as unnecessary (Miliband, 1977: 40, 165-166). This dilemma has also confronted Latin American leftists. Jose Carlos Mariaitegui, one of the continent's outstanding Marxist thinkers, maintained that the rural Indians in his native Peru would emerge as a key element in the establishment of socialism, not through the struggle for agrarian reform, but rather as a result of their Incan heritage that imbued them with a sense of collective organization and consciousness. Thus for Mariategui, class struggle was secondary to socialist consciousness (Skinner, 1979-1980: 463-464). Precision regarding the correct combination of the functions of ideological education and collective agitation is far from academic. It is especially critical because efforts in one sphere may detract from those in the other. A communist trade unionist, for example, may decide to disguise his political affiliation in order to be able to maintain his job and be an effective labor leader, but in doing so he limits