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Electricity market design requirements for DC distribution systems

DC distribution systems (DCDS) connect local generators and loads directly. By avoiding unnecessary losses in AC-DC conversion, DCDS offers higher energy efficiency. Since different parties in a DCDS may have conflicting goals, matching between power supply and demand should be done with carefully designed allocation rules and monetary transfers, such that no one prefers to act otherwise than the outcome of the allocation. This paper reveals DCDS' unique operational requirements and indicates the challenges and opportunities they pose to market design. A design framework is introduced into DCDS electricity market, incl. tradable services, design goals, market participants, design options and performance criteria. We review the existing market models for AC and DC distribution systems and point out the direction for future work.