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The Irony Of Marvell’s Horatian Ode

In August 1642, Charles I summoned his subjects to rally to his standard against England’s disobedient Parliament. Sometime in that same year, or perhaps the next, Andrew Marvell sailed from England for four years of European travel. For over two years, the King’s armies held their own against Parliament’s superior forces and resources, and so, in early 1645, Parliament reformed its armed hosts into the professional New Model Army. The New Model smashed the King’s own army at Naseby in Northamptonshire in June 1645, then turned on the Royalist-controlled southwest of England, routing the King’s remaining army at Langport, Somerset, in July. The New Model’s offensive continued through the autumn, winter, and spring with a string of successful sieges of royal fortresses, finally forcing the capitulation of Oxford, the King’s headquarters, in June 1646. By then the King had fled to refuge with the Scots, who handed him over, however, to Parliament in January 1647. So ended the first phase of the English Civil War. By 1646 or 1647, when Andrew Marvell returned from the continent, the victorious Parliamentary side had divided bitterly against itself, with the Presbyterian majority in Parliament opposing the Independents or Congregationalists who dominated the New Model Army. In spring 1648 the Royalists rose again in the south of England and in Wales, followed by a Presbyterian Scottish invasion in support of the English Royalists. The southern Royalists were scattered by Thomas, Lord Fairfax on the battlefield at Maidstone, Kent, then penned up in Colchester, Essex, where they yielded to Fairfax after a lengthy siege. Meanwhile, Oliver Cromwell starved out the rising in Wales by a siege of Pembroke Castle, then turned north to crush the Scots and Royalists in a three-day battle near Preston, Lancashire. King Charles was tried and beheaded in January 1649, and Cromwell went to subdue Ireland in August, returning victoriously in late May 1650. The next item on Parliament’s military agenda was to bring Scotland to heel, as its dominant Presbyterian faction was reaching accord with Charles I’s oldest son, the future Charles II. At this time Andrew Marvell penned ‘An Horatian Ode upon Cromwel’s Return from Ireland’ 120 lines in thirty stanzas, that combine panegyric praise of