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Bullying Victimisation in Elementary School Students in Bandung City

Bullying is a severe problem in Indonesia. West Java has a higher rate of bullying cases, where Bandung City is the highest rating among other districts in West Java. This study aims to explore school bullying in Bandung City from the perspective of the bullied students. This study will help to get a better understanding of the reasons students being bullied, locations of bullying incidents in school, and to whom students reported being bullied at schools. This article hopefully will contribute to helping stop bullying at school. Samples of this study were elementary school students age 10-14 year-olds (N = 329; 46.2% boys; 53.8% girls). Samples were chosen randomly using a stratified cluster random sampling technique. Instruments used in this study were from Children's Worlds Survey, which have been adapted into Indonesian. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. All calculations were done with SPSS version 23. Results showed that physical condition and appearance are the reasons for girls being bullied while being well-known at school and religion are the reasons for boys being bullied. Bullying incidents mostly happen in the classroom and the school corridor. Students were preferring to tell parents about being bullied at school rather than telling the teacher.


I. INTRODUCTION
In 1972, Olweus defined bullying as an individual or a group of harassing, teasing, or pestering another person [1]. Olweus explained three criteria of bullying: first, it is an aggressive behavior; second, which is carried out repeatedly and over time; third, in the context of an interpersonal relationship characterized by an imbalance of power [2]. There are three types of bullying, which are physical bullying, verbal bullying, and psychological bullying [3].
Bullying is a severe problem that children worldwide have been facing on. The Global School-based Student Health Survey and Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, which involved 144 countries and territories, revealed that 16.1% of children have experienced being bullied physically [4].
Bullying has also been a serious problem for Indonesian children. Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) in 2011 which involved 46 countries showed that 55% of Indonesian children aged 11 to 15 years old were bullied at school [5]. The Global School-Based Health Survey in 2015 revealed that 32% of Indonesian students aged 13 to 17 had experienced physical violence, and 20% have been bullied in their school [6]. This result was considered as one of the highest numbers in Asia. Children's Worlds Survey in Indonesia revealed that 52.5% of elementary students had been bullied physically by other children at school at least once in the past month. 60.6% had been bullied verbally, and 49.6% had been bullied psychologically [3]. Bandung City is one of the districts in West Java that has the highest rate of bullying cases on elementary school students [3].
Since bullying affected children's mental health, it is important to stop bullying and help our children from being victimized. Therefore, this study aims to explore bullying victimization in elementary school students in Bandung City to get a better understanding of the incidents. This article will describe descriptive data of bullying incidents by age and gender. This article also will explain the reasons for students being bullied, locations of a bullying incident in school, and to whom students reported that they were bullied at schools. This article hopefully will increase awareness among parents, teachers, and researchers about bullying victimization, so that parents and teachers would be able to prevent bullying incidents in school.

A. Sampling Technique
Sampling was designed to obtain a representative sample of elementary school students in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. The sampling procedure was clustered -schools being the sampling unit -, stratified by the rank of the public and private schools and by the rank of the religious and nonreligious schools. Participants were elementary school students (N=814) from Grades 4, 5, and 6. After database cleaning and depuration, as explained in the next section, the final pooled sample was N = 329. Details of the final sample are presented in Table 1.

B. Data Depuration
Depuration procedure of this study followed three steps. First, cases with incomplete questionnaires were deleted. Second, students who did not answer whether they were victims or not were also deleted. Five students have been deleted from the database. Therefore, from 814 students who participated, only 809 students who stayed in the databased. Third, since analysis only focuses on bullying victimization, students who perpetrators and not bullying victims were not included in the data analysis. Therefore, the final sample was only 329 students who analyzed on this study.

C. Ethical Clearance
The ethical committee at Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung approved conducting a research project with elementary school students. The research team also has permission from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Religion at the district level of Bandung City to collect data in 11 schools randomly chosen that agreed to participate. Written parents' consent was obtained. Children also were informed that the data would treat confidentially, and they were free to answer or not answer the questions.

D. Questionnaires
Questionnaires from the Children's Worlds Survey have been used in this study. Questionnaires asked about school bullying incidents (physical, verbal, and psychological) [3] which has been translated into Indonesian [24]. Children also answered the questions about the reasons being bullied, the location being bullied at school, and to whom they reported when they were bullied by other students.   Table 2 showed that bullying incidents were quite frequent happened in the five age groups for physical, verbal, and psychological bullying. Being left out by other children in class occurred more prevalent in the 10-year-olds group, while being hit and being called unkind names by other children at school more frequent in 12-year-olds group. Being called unkind names is the most frequent bullying incident compare to other bullying types. There were in total is 323 (98.18%) students reported being called unkind names. This result is in line with a study by Borualogo and Casas [22] using a representative sample from West Java in the third wave of Children's World Survey in Indonesia.  Table 3 showed that more boys being hit more than three times by other children at school compare to girls. While girls were more frequently victimization of psychological bullying and verbal bullying.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
These results are in line with other studies on school bullying. Boys tend to be more overt to express their aggressive behavior towards other boys [25][26][27] while girls engage in a more relational [25] and indirect aggression [26]. Girls were more likely to be passive victims [28]. These results explain why girls experienced more frequent psychological and verbal bullying at school, while boys experienced more frequent physical bullying at school.  Table 4 showed different reasons for boys and girls being bullied. Girls reported that they were bullied most likely because of their physical condition and their appearance. Physical condition including the color of the skin, the hair condition, being pretty or not. Appearance, including their clothes, shoes, and bags. Boys reported that they were bullied most likely because of their physical disabilities. These results are in line with other studies stated that bully-victims usually being physically weaker than their peers [29]. Individuals with disabilities are also at risk of being bullied [30][31]. Table 4 also showed there are more girls reported being bullied because of their academic achievement, whether getting the highest or the lowest scores in class compare to boys. These results are in line with Olweus' statement [29] that students who are having high or low academic achievement are one of the characteristics of bully-victims.
Economic status can also put individuals at high risk of bullying victimization. Several studies showed that lower economic status leads individuals to be bullied [32]. In this study, both economic status (lower and high) are also the reason for students being bullied at school. The incidents are quite the same among both boys and girls.
Another reason that girls also reported they were bullied because they were liked by teachers. Mostly boys (65.2%) also reported that the main reason they were bullied was that they were famous (well-known) in school. Boys also reported that they were bullied because of their religion. For boys and girls, behavior considers ill-mannered and the origin of culture are also the reasons they were bullied. This condition explained about school climate in where students interact with teachers and other students at school. Teachers need to take this into account. Teachers have to interact with all students without discriminating based on like or dislike. Teachers also need to pay more attention to children who consider ill-mannered by other students and teach them to behave following school rules.  Table 5 showed that bullying mostly happened in the classroom (76.2%) and the school corridor (56.2%). Bullying also happened outside of the school (53.4%), in the schoolyard (48.3%), in the canteen (26.7%), and in the toilet (11.6%). These results shall be taken into account. Teachers shall be aware that bullying might happen in the classroom while teachers are there. Teachers need to pay more attention to the possibilities of bullying incidents in the classroom, especially when the learning process is running in the classroom. Other studies showed that the prevalence of being mocking other students at school, raising the possibilities of bullying incidents happen in the classroom [33]. This is in line with these findings, where students might mocking other students in the class that then ended up being bullied.  Table 6 showed that boys and girls were preferring to tell parents about being a victim of bullying at school. Teachers were least chosen by both groups of gender to tell bullying incident which students experienced at school. These are interesting findings. Although the incidents happened at school, students decided to say to parents rather than to tell teachers. This condition might be because students do not feel comfortable enough to report the bullying incidents to teachers. Teacher's involvement is one of the important aspects of the school climate. Teachers can build the school climate to prevent bullying [34]. Teachers who perceive bullying as normative behavior will make students believe that bullying is accepted. Teachers who were letting students mocking other students in the class will make students aware that teachers do not concern about bullying. Therefore, students do not tell teachers when they were victimized by other students. Another study also showed that victims have a positive relationship with parents [28]. Therefore, victims feel more comfortable to tell parents about their bullying incidents. Table 5 also showed more girls who chose friends to share about being victimization at school compare to boys.
For future study, it is an interesting idea to test the relationship between teachers and students at school, as well as the relationship between parents and students, and among students at school in the contribution of bullying incidents at school.

IV. CONCLUSION
Bullying is severe problem that need to be taken into account and prevent raising the incidents. Being called unkind names by other children at school is the most frequent bullying incidents among elementary students in Bandung City. Boys most likely being victimized physically, while girls being victimized psychologically and verbally.
Having limitations and differences in physical condition (e.g., weak, the skin color) as well as having physical disabilities are reasons for girls and boys being bullied. Having the lowest or the highest academic scores are also reasons for girls being bullied. Boys most likely being bullied because they were famous or well-known at school.
Having a good relationship with teachers is also a reason for children being bullied. Other students feel that teachers are not neutral in class and focus on only students that teachers like.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT LPPM Universitas Islam Bandung funded this study through Penelitian Dosen Utama research scheme. Thank you to Andita, Annisa, Dinni, Hana, Restu, and Virna who have helped with collecting data.