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New World Settlement Evidence for a Two‐Stage Neolithic Demographic Transition1

The adoption of an agricultural village lifeway roughly coincided with a great increase in the absolute number of humans and in the size of human communities. This increase in the growth rate of human populations has been called the “Neolithic demographic transition” (Bocquet-Appel 2002:637). It is one of the fundamental structuring processes of human history, and is therefore highly relevant to the comparative study of cultural and social evolution at a global scale. Albert Ammerman and L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1971), in their original formulation of the demic diffusion hypothesis, provided a model for the Neolithic demographic transition. In their scenario, the transition to an agricultural economy led to “an increased net reproductive rate, lasting for some generations until a new plateau of population density consonant with the carrying capacity of the land was reached” (p. 687). The transition was therefore, in their view, a two-stage process. In the first stage, reduced mortality and/or increased fertility produced rapid population growth. In the second stage, limitations of the natural environment produced a lower population growth rate. In subsequent publications, Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza (1984; Ammerman, CavalliSforza, and Wagener 1987) have argued that both the timing of the onset of the Neolithic in Europe and