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Comprehensive High Impedance Fault Model for Real-Time Environment

This paper presents a comprehensive high impedance fault model for real-time environment. This model offers different types of ground surface and high impedance faults. Experimental results show that it is suitable for relays and algorithms commissioning in closed loop environment. The model is incorporated into OPAL-RT simulator and implemented in Hypersim software. Finally, the performance of the model is validated under a real case of high impedance fault by comparison with real-time simulation.