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Agrarian reform vs. religious revitalization: collective resistance to peasantization among the Mundas, Oraons and Santals, 1858-95

In the period 1858-95, there occurred two different types of social movement among some adivasi (indigenous) peoples of Bihar.’ First, in the Sardar movement, members of the Munda and Oraon tribes, who lived in Ranchi District, sought to restore land that they considered they had always been entitled to hold on low or nominal rents. The principal means for attaining these ends were refusals to pay rents, land seizures, and petitions to senior British officials. The other movement was called the Kherwar movement, and involved members of the Santal tribe living in Santal Parganas District. The Santals, like the Mundas and Oraons, pressed for lower land rents, but their attempts to achieve this were more sporadic than those by the Mundas and Oraons. The Santals were more