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Systematics of the Tawny-Bellied Seedeater (Sporophila hypoxantha). II. Taxonomy and Evolutionary Implications of the Existence of a New Tawny Morph

Abstract. 
 The capuchinos, a subset of the genus Sporophila, represent a radiation of seedeaters characterized by little genetic differentiation, virtually no change in bill and body shape, marked plumage differences on a common theme, and notable differentiation in vocalizations and habitat use. We describe a distinctive variant that would have been considered a species by the traditional strictly phenotypical criteria for classification of species in the genus. This variant resembles the Tawny-bellied Seedeater (S. hypoxantha) but has a tawny, not gray, nape and back. It is also identical in pattern to the Chestnut Seedeater (S. cinnamomea) but has a tawny rather than chestnut body. We tested four hypotheses to assess the status of the variant: that it represents a new species, a hybrid S. hypoxantha × S. cinnamomea, a color morph of S. cinnamomea, or a color morph of S. hypoxantha. The variant is identical to S. hypoxantha in vocalizations and habitat use, varying geographically in parallel. Both forms breed syntopically, and the tawny variant is recorded only within the range of S. hypoxantha, with many records from areas where S. hypoxantha is the only breeding representative of the ruficollis group. We consider the tawny variant to be a color morph of S. hypoxantha. Two nontrivial evolutionary paths can constitute precursors to speciation in the capuchinos: (1) differentiation in vocalizations and habitat use arises with little plumage change in more or less geographically isolated populations, and (2) differentiation in plumage proceeds without change in vocalizations and habitat use within some populations.