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The effects of estrogen, parathyroid hormone, and testosterone on activated raw cells

Females have higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines following sepsis which is thought to enhance or maintain immune responses, compared to males. The goal of this investigation was to activate macrophages with lipopolysacchride (lps) and then stimulate with estrogen (E), testosterone (T), or parathyroid hormone (PTH) to evaluate the cellular and cytological response over a 24, 48, and 72 hour time period. Both T and PTH showed increased numbers of macrophages after 24 hours which was maintained for the duration of experiment. In addition, by 72 hours, there were increased levels of nitric oxide in all cells challenged with hormones and lps when compared with cells treated with lps alone. The most striking changes were seen the cellular morphology. Cytological evaluation revealed evidence of aggregation and sheet‐like cobblestone appearance of cells treated with estrogen by 24 hours which was maintained for the duration of the experiment. Additional studies are needed to define the role of cellular aggregation and enhanced immune response. Supported by NIH‐NIGMS Grant R 25 GM 50117.