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Image authentication algorithm with recovery capabilities based on neural networks in the DCT domain

In this study, the authors propose an image authentication algorithm in the DCT domain based on neural networks. The watermark is constructed from the image to be watermarked. It consists of the average value of each 8 × 8 block of the image. Each average value of a block is inserted in another supporting block sufficiently distant from the protected block to prevent simultaneous deterioration of the image and the recovery data during local image tampering. Embedding is performed in the middle frequency coefficients of the DCT transform. In addition, a neural network is trained and used later to recover tampered regions of the image. Experimental results shows that the proposed method is robust to JPEG compression and can also not only localise alterations but also recover them.