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Evolution equations and ultrasonic wave propagation in biological tissues

The complexity of ultrasonic wave propagation in tissue arises from a combination of factors. First, there is the biochemical sophistication of the media concerned. Second, there is the variety of physical phenomena involved: the diffractive nature of the ultrasonic field, the presence of absorption, the presence of large scale inhomogeneities and small scale scatterers, and the possibility of finite amplitude propagation effects. The authors have been concerned to find a unified approach which will permit each of the effects to be taken into account in relation to the others. This approach is based on the application of two-dimensional evolution equations modelling ultrasonic propagation in non-cavitating soft tissues. The model incorporates all the propagation phenomena known from experimental studies, indicating a need for knowledge of nine material parameters for a complete description. It thus provides a basis for numerical investigation of the relative significance of the parameters under different conditions.