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NF‐kB and caspases are involved in the hyaluronan and chondroitin‐4‐sulphate‐exerted antioxidant effect in fibroblast cultures exposed to oxidative stress

Oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis play a critical role in the onset and progression of cellular damage. It was previously reported that hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin‐4‐sulphate (C4S) were able to protect human skin fibroblasts from oxidative stress. This antioxidant activity is due to the chelation of transition metal ions. Nuclear factor kB (NF‐kB), complexed with the inhibitory protein IkBα, is an ubiquitous response transcription factor involved in inflammatory reactions and acts by inducing cytokine expression, chemokines and cell adhesion molecules. Caspases are specific proteases responsible for the regulation and the execution of apoptotic cell death. The damage caused by free radicals may be amplified greatly by the activation of these factors. The study investigated whether the ability of these glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to reduce oxidative damage in fibroblast cultures involves NF‐kB and caspases modulation.