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The Course of Development of the History of Chinese Philosophy

Practice is the basis of knowledge. As with developments in practice, people’s knowledge also advances and develops. China’s philosophical thinking has progressed step by step from the shallow to the profound, from lower to higher levels, and from the one-sided to greater diversity as a result of advances in production and developments in class struggle. This development, however, has not proceeded in a straight line. Due to imbalances in the development of production and especially because of the highs and lows and wave-like advances of class struggle, philosophical thinking, as a reflection of class struggle, has also had its high and low tides and undulating rises and falls. Philosophical materialism has advanced on a spiral course amid its struggles with idealism and all its rises and falls. The development of materialism has not seen smooth sailing and its victories have not been gained easily. It has experienced arduous exploration, acute struggle, and numerous reversals. During the era of slavery, the basic contradiction was the one between slave owners and slaves, and the slaves carried on protracted and heroic struggles against the slave owners to seek emancipation. After the advent of feudal society, the contradiction between landowners and the serfs became the basic contraction, and from Chen Sheng and Wu Guang to Hong Xiuquan, China’s peasant class raised the banner of rebellion and waged exceedingly arduous struggles against their feudal rulers. These countless peasant uprisings and peasant wars were the true motive force behind the development of China’s