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The Prince and the Sage: Concerning Wang Yangming’s “Effortless” Suppression of the Ning Princely Establishment Rebellion

In 1519 Wang Yangming (1472–1529) was residing in southern Jiangxi after having just led campaigns to suppress rampant banditry throughout the region. Although he wished at the time to leave his post of Grand Coordinator of Southern Gan and Superintendent of Military Affairs and return home to visit his aging father and recuperate from chronic illness, he was prevented from doing so by the development of a rather different kind of threat to the security of the country. This threat was the rebellion of the Prince of Ning Zhu Chenhao (1478–1521), the great-great-grandson of Ming Taizu’s sixteenth son, the Prince of Ningxian.1 The prince initiated his rebellion on 1519/6/142, but was defeated by Wang Yangming within approximately 42 days in what must have been a rather dishearteningly ignominious conclusion to years of grandiose expectations and preparation. But the challenges for the grand coordinator did not end with the capture of Zhu Chenhao. At the very moment he was submitting victory memorials, favorites of the Zhengde emperor, (Zhu Houzhao; Ming Wuzong; r. 1506–21), had convinced their ruler to lead a force of his own to the region. These favorites in turn attempted to force Wang Yangming to hand the prince over to their custody so they could release him on Lake Poyang and create an opportunity for the emperor to lead a campaign of his own. Because Wang Yangming refused, his life was at stake for months. In the end, however, after