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Plasticity of Fission Yeast CENP-A Chromatin Driven by Relative Levels of Histone H3 and H4

The histone H3 variant CENP-A assembles into chromatin exclusively at centromeres. The process of CENP-A chromatin assembly is epigenetically regulated. Fission yeast centromeres are composed of a central kinetochore domain on which CENP-A chromatin is assembled, and this is flanked by heterochromatin. Marker genes are silenced when placed within kinetochore or heterochromatin domains. It is not known if fission yeast CENP-ACnp1 chromatin is confined to specific sequences or whether histone H3 is actively excluded. Here, we show that fission yeast CENP-ACnp1 can assemble on noncentromeric DNA when it is inserted within the central kinetochore domain, suggesting that in fission yeast CENP-ACnp1 chromatin assembly is driven by the context of a sequence rather than the underlying DNA sequence itself. Silencing in the central domain is correlated with the amount of CENP-ACnp1 associated with the marker gene and is also affected by the relative level of histone H3. Our analyses indicate that kinetochore integrity is dependent on maintaining the normal ratio of H3 and H4. Excess H3 competes with CENP-ACnp1 for assembly into central domain chromatin, resulting in less CENP-ACnp1 and other kinetochore proteins at centromeres causing defective kinetochore function, which is manifest as aberrant mitotic chromosome segregation. Alterations in the levels of H3 relative to H4 and CENP-ACnp1 influence the extent of DNA at centromeres that is packaged in CENP-ACnp1 chromatin and the composition of this chromatin. Thus, CENP-ACnp1 chromatin assembly in fission yeast exhibits plasticity with respect to the underlying sequences and is sensitive to the levels of CENP-ACnp1 and other core histones.


Introduction
In most eukaryotes, chromosomes contain a centromere that occupies a single locus. The centromere acts as the site for assembly of the kinetochore that mediates the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules and orchestrates their equational segregation to daughter nuclei at mitosis. In many organisms, long tandem arrays of repetitive satellite DNA, such as alpha-satellite DNA in humans, are found at each centromere [1,2].
Chromosomal DNA is packaged in chromatin composed of nucleosomes containing the four core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Histone variants can play specific roles in the regulation of gene expression. For example, H3.3 replaces H3 in regions of active transcription [3][4][5]. Intriguingly, kinetochores contain a specific form of chromatin in which canonical histone H3 is replaced by the centromere-specific histone H3 variant known generally as CENP-A [1,2,6,7].
CENP-A is essential for the assembly of a functional kinetochore and as such must represent a key component in establishing and/or maintaining the site of kinetochore assembly at the centromere [8][9][10][11][12]. Although CENP-A proteins are found at centromeres in all organisms, there appears to be no specific conserved sequence that ensures the assembly of CENP-A chromatin [1,2,7,13]. Indeed, the deposition of CENP-A appears to be malleable since inactivated human centromeres lack CENP-A, even though they retain alpha-satellite repeats [14]. In addition, neocentromeres occasionally arise on chromosomal DNA that lacks any similarity to alpha-satellite repeats, and CENP-A can associate with noncentromeric sequences included in human artificial chromosomes [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Similarly, in Drosophila, noncentromeric DNA can acquire the ability to assemble and propagate kinetochore proteins [20][21][22]. These and other observations suggest that the site of CENP-A chromatin assembly is epigenetically regulated and propagated [1,2,13].
Fission yeast centromeres are reminiscent of those of metazoa in that they contain repetitive elements (outer repeats, otr) that flank the central domain (see Figure 1). The central domain is composed of inner repeats (imr) surrounding the central core (cnt) [23][24][25]. Noncoding transcripts arising from the outer repeat provide a substrate for RNA interference (RNAi) that directs methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 and the assembly of silent chromatin (reviewed in [26]). Within the central domain most histone H3 is replaced by the centromere-specific H3 variant CENP-A Cnp1 to form the unusual chromatin that occupies most of the 10-12 kb comprising imr and cnt [11,23,[27][28][29]. Consistent with the notion that CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin is a signature of kinetochore activity, kinetochore-specific proteins are confined to the central domain [11,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. At each centromere a cluster of tRNA genes demarcates the two distinct chromatin domains: outer repeat silent heterochromatin and kinetochore chromatin [23,36]. Deletion of one of the two tRNA genes from one side of a centromere allows heterochromatin to infiltrate the central domain [37]. The fact that all three fission yeast centromeres have a common organization of DNA elements suggests that the assembly of heterochromatin and CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin domains could be strictly governed by sequence.
Marker genes placed within outer repeat chromatin are silenced, and this requires RNAi components, Clr4 histone H3K9 methyltransferase and Swi6 (homologue of HP1) [36,38]. Genes are also silenced in the central domain, but this silencing is strongly dependent on kinetochore integrity rather than RNAi-mediated heterochromatin [31,35,36,39]. Mutations in several kinetochore proteins, including CENP-A Cnp1 , alleviate silencing, specifically in the central domain, and affect the association of CENP-A Cnp1 with the central domain and/or the unusual chromatin found within the central domain [11,29,35,36].
Dissection of fission yeast centromeric DNA showed that outer repeat and central domain sequences are required for the assembly of a kinetochore that supports mitotic segregation [23,24,40]. In Drosophila and humans, centromeres can arise at sites apparently lacking particular features at the primary DNA sequence level. It is not known whether the similarity between fission yeast and metazoan centromeres extends to the ability of CENP-A chromatin to assemble on noncentromeric sequences or if CENP-A assembly in this organism more closely resembles the situation in budding yeast in which CENP-A associates at a specific sequence.
Here, we investigate the ability of fission yeast CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin to assemble on noncentromeric sequences. We determine whether the amount of CENP-A Cnp1 incorporation directly correlates with silencing, kinetochore assembly, and kinetochore function. Altering the relative ratios between H3, H4, and CENP-A Cnp1 influences the assembly of CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin, the recruitment of other kinetochore proteins, and the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Surprisingly, there is no impediment to depositing H3 in

Author Summary
The DNA of all genomes is organized into chromosomes that are packaged in chromatin in which DNA is wrapped around nucleosomes composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Centromeres are the specialized regions on chromosomes that attach them to spindle microtubules, and this process is required to allow each daughter cell to receive one copy of each chromosome after they have duplicated. Centromere regions are distinguished from other parts of the chromosome by the incorporation of the histone H3 variant CENP-A instead of histone H3 into specialized nucleosomes. This CENP-A chromatin allows the machinery (the kinetochore) responsible for attaching chromosomes to microtubules to assemble. Fission yeast centromeres contain a central domain where CENP-A is prevalent. This study shows that CENP-A can associate with ''foreign'' DNA placed in the central domain. Therefore, CENP-A appears to associate with any DNA placed in this environment, independent of its DNA sequence. Increasing the relative level of H3 allows H3 to be assembled in place of CENP-A in this critical central domain and results in defective centromere/ kinetochore function and chromosome segregation. This study highlights the plasticity of centromeric chromatin. the central domain. Thus, our observations indicate that the relative levels of histones are crucial for the correct formation of CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin.

CENP-A Cnp1 Assembles on Noncentromeric DNA
The central domain of centromere 1 (cen1) is composed of the cnt1 element, a portion of which is shared with cen3, and the cen1-specific imr1 repeats that are virtually identical in sequence on the left and right sides [23]. The outer repeats flanking the central domain are also found at cen2 and cen3, totaling 17-18 copies at centromeres [23,25].
The distribution of endogenous CENP-A Cnp1 across cen1 was assessed using anti-CENP-A Cnp1 antiserum for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), confirming that endogenous CENP-A Cnp1 associates with the central domain (cnt1 and imr1), but not with flanking outer repeats ( Figure S1). To determine whether CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin forms on noncentromeric sequences in fission yeast, its association with a ura4 þ gene inserted at different sites in cen1 was assessed using ChIP ( Figure 1A). The use of ura4 þ insertions also provides specificity in ChIP for cen1, especially for duplicated cnt1 and imr1 regions and the more repetitive outer repeats. The ura4-DS/E allele (279-bp deletion) at its euchromatic locus provides an internal control for quantification. CENP-A Cnp1 shows no association with ura4 þ in the outer repeats of cen1 (sites 1 and 2). No association of CENP-A Cnp1 is seen at a euchromatic control site R.int-cnt1:ura4 þ (R: between open reading frames SPBC342.01 and .02), even though in this case the ura4 þ gene is also flanked by 1.7 and 1.6 kb of DNA from the central domain of cen1 ( Figure S9). However, just outside the tRNA ala and tRNA glu genes that demarcate the edge of the central domain, a 4-fold enrichment of CENP-A Cnp1 is detected (site 3). A similar level of CENP-A Cnp1 is detected inside the first tRNA ala gene (site 4), but much higher levels (20-to 50-fold enrichment) of CENP-A Cnp1 are associated with ura4 þ in the core of the central domain of cen1 (site 5 and 6). This confirms and extends previous analyses utilizing C-terminally 3 3 HA tagged CENP-A [11] and is similar to the pattern of association seen for Mis6-HA across cen1 [36].
These observations suggest that fission yeast CENP-A Cnp1 can associate with noncentromeric DNA inserted within the central domain. However, it is possible that the strong enrichment of ura4 þ in ChIPs is simply due to the association of CENP-A Cnp1 with adjacent centromeric DNA sequences in the IPs. To test this rigorously we used two strains in which 1.7 kb or 4.7 kb of DNA bearing the ura4 þ gene was inserted at site 6 in the middle of the central domain of cen1, cnt1:ura4 þ , and cnt1:bigura4 þ , respectively ( Figure 1B). The sonicated chromatin used for anti-CENP-A Cnp1 ChIP was less than 800 bp ( Figure 1C). The region within ura4 þ monitored by PCR is 0.9 kb and 0.5 kb (cnt1:ura4 þ ) or 2.2 kb and 2.2 kb (cnt1:bigura4 þ ) away from centromeric sequences, and thus, any enrichment of ura4 þ indicates association of CENP-A Cnp1 with ura4 þ DNA. Using this stringent assay, we observe that CENP-A Cnp1 assembles on ura4 þ DNA in cnt1:ura4 þ (19-353 enrichment) and even associates with the middle of cnt1:bigura4 þ which is at least 2 kb from any endogenous centromeric sequences (6-123 enrichment). Thus, we conclude that CENP-A Cnp1 can assemble on noncentromeric sequences.
The R.int-cnt1:ura4 þ control (R) consists of the ura4 þ gene flanked by 1.7 and 1.6 kb of central domain DNA [39], yet no association of CENP-A Cnp1 is seen at this location. Thus, central domain sequences alone are not sufficient to induce CENP-A Cnp1 assembly when placed on a chromosome arm. This is consistent with previous analyses showing that plasmids containing just central domain DNA do not exhibit centromere function or features associated with functional centromeres [23,24,27]. In addition to ura4 þ , we have also detected CENP-A Cnp1 on ade6 þ when inserted in the central domain of centromeres ( Figure S1). Thus, the deposition of CENP-A Cnp1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe does not require specific underlying DNA sequences and can probably assemble on any noncentromeric DNA sequence provided that it is placed in the context of a functional centromere.

Silencing Correlates with CENP-A Cnp1 Function and Levels in the Central Domain
The ChIP analyses above indicate that there is more CENP-A Cnp1 on cnt1:ura4 þ than on cnt1:bigura4 þ . Both ura4 þ insertions at site 6 are silenced, as indicated by growth on counter-selective 5-fluoro-orotic-acid (FOA) plates. However, the cnt1:ura4 þ insertion exhibits more growth on FOA plates indicating that it is more strongly silenced than the larger cnt1:bigura4 þ insertion ( Figure 1D). In support of this, more ura4 þ mRNA is detected in cnt1:bigura4 þ cells compared to cnt1:ura4 þ cells by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR ( Figure 1E).
Consistent with the idea that silencing is due to spreading of CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin onto ura4 þ gene insertions, cnp1 mutants alleviated silencing of ura4 þ within the central domain (less growth on FOA; Figure 2A) and less CENP-A Cnp1 was detectable by ChIP on the central domain ( Figure  2B); this is supported by previous analyses [11,35,41]. The most severe cnp1 alleles showed the greatest reductions in CENP-A Cnp1 levels: cnp1-1(L87Q) [11] . cnp1-76 (T74M) . cnp1-87 (E92K) . cnp1-169 (V52A) (previously referred to as sim2 mutants; [35]). This suggests that the production of defective CENP-A Cnp1 results in less CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin in the central domain, and that this chromatin state is more compatible with ura4 þ gene expression. ChIP with antibodies recognizing the C-terminus of histone H3 indicates that this is accompanied by increased incorporation of histone H3 into the central domain chromatin in all cnp1 mutants ( Figure  2B), and this concurs with analyses of other mutants affecting CENP-A Cnp1 deposition [41,42]. Silencing also correlates with chromatin composition in the centromere insertions: more H3 is associated with cnt1:bigura4 þ than with the more silent cnt1:ura4 þ ( Figure 2C). Interestingly, in Drosophila, H3 can take the place of CENP-A CID when CENP-A CID levels are reduced [43].
In addition, cnp1 mutants are sensitive to excess H3, displaying a correlation between allele severity and sensitivity to different H3 levels ( Figures 2D and S2). Moreover, overexpression of histone H4 suppressed the temperature sensitivity of cnp1 mutants, with higher levels of H4 being required to suppress more severe alleles ( Figures 2E and S2), as reported for cnp1-1 [42]. These genetic interactions suggest that additional H4 may assist in incorporation of mutant CENP-A Cnp1 into the central core by facilitating the formation of more H4/CENP-A Cnp1 heteromers. On the other hand, excess H3 would exacerbate the phenotype by competing with CENP-A Cnp1 for H4 from the available pool, further favoring H3/H4 deposition into central domain chromatin.
Together, these data imply that assembly of CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin on DNA inserted in the central domain is incompatible with gene expression and that when CENP-A Cnp1 is defective, histone H3 takes its place, allowing greater expression.

Elevated CENP-A Cnp1 Levels Increase Central Domain Silencing and the Extent of CENP-A Cnp1 Chromatin
Since defective CENP-A Cnp1 alleviates silencing, we determined whether, conversely, overexpression of CENP-A Cnp1 causes an increase in central domain silencing. Unlike budding yeast, fission yeast are able to tolerate overexpression of CENP-A Cnp1 , to an extent that the normally undetectable CENP-A Cnp1 is detectable by western analysis [44] ( Figure S3). Overexpression of CENP-A Cnp1 (from the attenuated nmt1 promoter in prep81x) in a wild-type strain bearing cnt1:ura4 þ or cnt1:bigura4 þ increased the level of silencing, as indicated by increased growth on FOA ( Figure  3A), and more CENP-A Cnp1 was detected on cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ ( Figure 3B). This suggests that the ura4 þ sequence inserted in the central domain is not saturated for CENP-A Cnp1 . There was also a detectable increase in the levels of CENP-A Cnp1 on endogenous central domain sequences ( Figure 3B).
Most CENP-A Cnp1 is normally confined to the central domain, which is flanked on both sides by tRNA ala and tRNA glu genes, separated by 349 bp [37]. When CENP-A Cnp1 was overexpressed, increased silencing (more growth on FOA) occurred at site 4 (ura4 þ between the tRNA ala and tRNA glu genes; Figure 3C), and a subtle increase in CENP-A Cnp1 levels was reproducibly detected on ura4 þ at this site. However, in strains overexpressing CENP-A Cnp1 , additional CENP-A Cnp1 could not be detected in the heterochromatin domain beyond the tRNA ala and tRNA glu genes (unpublished data). Moreover, there was no apparent effect on the extent of the CENP-A Cnp1 domain in a strain lacking heterochromatin on the outer repeats (clr4D; unpublished data). These data suggest that CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin is confined to the central domain but that overexpression of CENP-A Cnp1 allows some expansion in the extent of the CENP-A Cnp1 domain beyond the proximal tRNA ala gene into an inserted ura4 þ gene. (B) ChIP analysis of CENP-A Cnp1 and H3 association with centromeric DNA in wild-type and indicated cnp1 mutants using specific primers for imr1, cnt1, and fbp1. Enrichment of imr1 and cnt1 was assessed compared to fbp1 in IP relative to total (T) extract. (C) ChIP analysis of CENP-A Cnp1 (C) and H3 (H3) association with cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ insertions at site 6 and R.int.cnt1:ura4 þ (site R). (D) Serial dilution of wild-type and cnp1-87 cells expressing additional histone H3 at low (prep81x-H3) or medium (prep41x-H3) levels, compared to empty vector, on minimal medium lacking leucine at 25 8C and 32 8C. (E) Serial dilution of wild-type and cnp1-87 cells expressing additional histone H4 at low (prep81x-H4), medium (prep41x-H4), or high (prep3x-H4) levels, compared to empty vector, on minimal medium lacking leucine at 30 8C and 36 8C. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030121.g002 Overexpression of Histone H3 Results in Defective CENP-A Cnp1 Chromatin As the degree of central domain silencing correlates with increased H3 levels in both cnp1 mutants and cnt1:bigura4 þ versus cnt1:ura4 þ , we investigated the effects of simply overexpressing H3 on central domain silencing and composition. Additional histone H3 was expressed from the nmt1 promoter (prep3X-H3) in strains harboring cnt1:ura4 þ or cnt1:bigura4 þ ( Figure 4A). Quantitative western analyses indicate that 2-to 3-fold more H3 is present and that the levels of CENP-A Cnp1 are unaffected ( Figures S4 and S5). H3 overexpression resulted in increased ura4 þ expression from cnt1:ura4 þ as shown by loss of growth on FOA. This was accompanied by increased H3 on cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ ( Figure 4B) and a concomitant decrease in CENP-A Cnp1 levels ( Figure 4C).

Alteration of the H3:H4:CENP-A Cnp1 Ratio Perturbs the Integrity of Central Domain CENP-A Cnp1 Chromatin
The nmt1 promoter used in the above experiments is active throughout the cell cycle whereas histone gene expression is normally induced from endogenous promoters in early S phase [11,45]. To rule out the possibility that the observed effects were due to constitutive expression of H3 from the nmt1 promoter, we altered the ratio of H3:H4 genes while retaining the normal endogenous promoter elements. In fission yeast, three pairs of H3 and H4 genes are transcribed divergently from a putative common regulator at three distinct loci (H3.1/H4.1, H3.2/H4.2, and H3.3/H4.3) [46]. We completely deleted the H3.1/H4.1 pair and either the H3.2 gene, resulting in a H3:H4 gene ratio of 1:2 (H4 . H3), or the  H4.2 gene, resulting in a H3:H4 gene ratio of 2:1 (H3 . H4) [47] (Figure S6). Increased H3 relative to H4 (H3 . H4) alleviated silencing of both cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ , resulting in failure to grow on counter-selective FOA plates ( Figure 5A), indicating a complete inability to silence ura4 þ expression. Conversely, excess H4 (H4 . H3) enhanced silencing of cnt1:ura4 þ as indicated by reduced growth on plates lacking uracil. These phenotypic effects were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis ( Figure 5B); more ura4 mRNA is produced from cnt1:ura4 þ in the H3 . H4 strain (although we were unable to detect a further increase in the comparatively high levels of ura4 mRNA in cells containing cnt1:bigura4 þ ). These analyses also indicate that central domain silencing is fully intact in the control strain (H3 ¼ H4; H3:H4 ratio 2:2) used in these experiments ( Figure 5A and 5B; compare to wild type; H3:H4 ratio 3:3). The strain also displays robust ChIP of CENP-A Cnp1 on endogenous centromeric sequences and ura4 þ sequences inserted therein (e.g., Figure 5D). Thus (as with cnp1 mutants), disturbing the H3:H4 balance so that more H3 is expressed alleviates silencing in the central domain, while additional H4 enhances silencing.
To determine the impact of additional H3 on centromere integrity, we assessed CENP-A Cnp1 association with centromeres by ChIP and immunolocalization. Cells with a histone imbalance in favor of H3 (H3 . H4) were confirmed to have increased H3 levels on cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ by ChIP ( Figure 5C). CENP-A Cnp1 levels were greatly reduced on cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ in cells with excess H3 (Figure 5D), yet the cellular levels of CENP-A Cnp1 are unaffected ( Figure  S5). Lower levels of CENP-A Cnp1 are normally detected on the ura4 þ region of cnt1:bigura4 þ relative to cnt1:ura4 þ , and excess histone H3 caused a further decrease in the level of CENP-A Cnp1 associated with the middle of the cnt1:ura4 þ and a consistent but less dramatic effect on cnt1:bigura4 þ ( Figure  5D). We also observed a reduction of CENP-A Cnp1 levels on endogenous centromeric sequences in strains with excess H3 ( Figure 5D). In strains with an excess of H4 relative to H3 (H4 . H3), more CENP-A Cnp1 was detected on cnt1:bigura4 þ , although the effects on endogenous centromeric sequences and cnt1:ura4 þ were more variable ( Figure 5D and unpublished data).
Chromatin immunoprecipitation of a protein reports the population average for its association with particular DNA sequences. To assess CENP-A Cnp1 levels in individual cells, immunolocalization was performed. In fission yeast, the three centromeres cluster adjacent to the spindle pole body (SPB) in interphase and this was used as a marker for centromere position. In both H3 ¼ H4 and H4 . H3 strains a clear CENP-A Cnp1 signal (red) was detected next to the SPB (green) in all cells ( Figure 6A). However, in H3 . H4 cells, the CENP-A Cnp1 signal was weaker or undetectable and displayed variation between cells. The majority of cells had much weaker staining than H3 ¼ H4 (54% versus 7%), and very few displayed bright/ very bright staining (9% versus 93% in H3 ¼ H4). In addition, the CENP-A Cnp1 signal in H4 . H3 cells was quantified and found to be of greater intensity than in H3 ¼ H4 cells (2.5-fold (E) Temperature-sensitive growth of H3 . H4 at 32 8C is suppressed by expression of additional CENP-A Cnp1 or histone H4. Serial dilution growth assay of wild-type H3 ¼ H4 (H3:H4 2:2) or H3 . H4 (H3:H4 2:1) cells overexpressing CENP-A Cnp1 , H4, or nothing from prep81x on Àleucine þThiamine (nmt1 promoter repressed), Àleucine ÀThiamine (expressed) at 25 8C or 32 8C as indicated. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030121.g005 brighter on average in the H4 . H3 cells compared to the H3 ¼ H4 cells; details of quantification methods described in Figure S7 and Materials and Methods). Thus, the immunolocalization data confirm the ChIP analyses and indicate that the level of CENP-A Cnp1 at centromeres in H3 . H4 cells exhibits variation within the population.
These observations are consistent with a scenario in which excess CENP-A Cnp1 allows more CENP-A Cnp1 /H4 chromatin assembly in the central domain, while elevated H3 levels permit more H3/H4 nucleosomes to occupy the central domain at the expense of CENP-A Cnp1 . It also appears that an increase in the available H4 pool allows CENP-A Cnp1 to compete more effectively with H3 for incorporation in the centromere.

Proper Chromosome Segregation Is Dependent on Maintenance of Histone Ratios
Altering the ratios of H3:H4:CENP-A Cnp1 have clear effects on central domain chromatin, but what are the consequences for chromosome segregation? It is possible that a functional kinetochore can be assembled despite alterations in the proportion of CENP-A Cnp1 /H3 in the central domain. To determine whether chromosome segregation is aberrant in strains with altered histone ratios, fixed cells were stained for chromosomal DNA (DAPI: red) and anti-a-tubulin to identify cells with a mitotic spindle (green) ( Figure 6B). The H3 . H4 strain exhibited significantly higher rates of chromosome segregation defects in anaphase (lagging chromosomes and uneven segregation) compared to the H4 . H3 and control (H3 ¼ H4) strains (16.6%, 0%, and 1.4%, respectively, see Figure S8). Together these data suggest that excess H3 interferes with the localization of CENP-A Cnp1 at centromeres resulting in defective kinetochore function during mitosis.
It could be argued that disturbing histone ratios in the cell is likely to have pleiotropic effects that lead to chromosome missegregation. For instance, mutants that affect silencing and function of centromeric outer repeat chromatin display high frequencies of lagging chromosomes. However, alleviation of outer repeat silencing was not observed when H3 was overexpressed or in H3 . H4 strains (unpublished data). In addition, prep81x-Cnp1 rescued defective growth of the H3 . H4 strain, allowing growth at 32 8C ( Figure 5E), suggesting that the primary defect in H3 . H4 cells is in central domain function. As expected, the defective growth of the H3 . H4 strain was also rescued by H4 overexpression ( Figure 5E).

Other Kinetochore Proteins Can Associate with Noncentromeric DNA and Are Affected by Histone Ratio
Mutations in cnp1 or genes encoding kinetochore proteins alleviate silencing in the central domain [31,35,36]. Previous analyses suggest that the kinetochore proteins Mis6 and Sim4 can associate with cnt1:ura4 þ [35,36]. To examine this further, ChIP was used to determine if three kinetochore proteins, CENP-C Cnp3 -GFP, Mal2-GFP, and Sim4-GFP, are also associated with the middle of cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ . Under conditions where chromatin was extensively sheared, all three kinetochore proteins were found to associate with the middle of the ura4 þ gene when it was inserted within cnt1 at site 6 (both cnt1:ura4 þ and to a lesser degree for cnt1:bigura4 þ ), but not when it was flanked by 1.7 and 1.6 kb of central domain DNA at a euchromatic site (R: R.int-cnt1:ura4 þ ) ( Figure 7A).
Thus, not only CENP-A Cnp1 , but three other kinetochore proteins tested associate with noncentromeric DNA when inserted in the context of a functional fission yeast centromere.
Elevated levels of CENP-A Cnp1 or histone H3 have opposite effects, respectively leading to more and less deposition of CENP-A Cnp1 on cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ . Since CENP-A Cnp1 is required for kinetochore assembly, we tested whether the levels of Mal2-GFP, Sim4-GFP, and CENP-C Cnp3 -GFP on cnt1:ura4 þ and cnt1:bigura4 þ are also affected in strains expressing additional CENP-A Cnp1 or histone H3 ( Figure  7B). Cells expressing additional CENP-A Cnp1 reproducibly showed more CENP-C Cnp3 -GFP, Mal2-GFP, and Sim4-GFP associated with ura4 þ in the central core, especially for cnt1:bigura4 þ . Conversely, in cells expressing more histone H3, less of these three kinetochore proteins were detected on cnt1:ura4 þ . This indicates that adjusting the levels of CENP-A Cnp1 and H3 not only alters the extent and density of CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin at centromeres but also influences the recruitment of other kinetochore proteins, resulting in defective chromosome segregation.

Discussion
We have found that CENP-A Cnp1 in fission yeast can associate with noncentromeric sequences provided that they are placed in an environment with the required contextual cues for CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin assembly. Our analyses show that excess CENP-A Cnp1 (or H4) allows the deposition of more CENP-A Cnp1 at the expense of H3 while an excess of H3 allows the deposition of more H3 in place of CENP-A Cnp1 and leads to defective chromosome segregation. These analyses strongly support the concept that deposition of CENP-A Cnp1 in the central kinetochore domain exhibits surprising plasticity in that it can be disturbed or enforced simply by changes in the ratios of H3, H4, and CENP-A Cnp1 . These observations indicate that maintenance of the unique chromatin composition of the central domain is vital in ensuring proper kinetochore assembly and function. Thus, both the functional state of CENP-A Cnp1 and its density are important for centromere function.
In metazoa, the assembly of CENP-A chromatin and kinetochores is plastic [1,2,13]. In humans, CENP-A and kinetochores are normally associated with a subset of the centromeric alpha-satellite repeats. However, CENP-A can assemble at locations on chromosome arms lacking alphasatellite DNA, resulting in the formation of neocentromeres [14]. In Drosophila, experiments with truncated minichromosomes derived from the X chromosome demonstrate that CENP-A CID and kinetochore proteins can spread into chromosomal regions where they do not normally associate and then act as a functional neocentromere when the X centromere is subsequently deleted [20]. In addition, overexpression of CENP-A CID in Drosophila cells can attract other kinetochore proteins and even direct microtubule association at noncentromeric locations [22].
The similarity in the organization of centromeric DNA at all fission yeast centromeres suggested that, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the assembly of CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin might be more DNA sequence-dependent and thus less pliable than in metazoa [23,25]. The identification of Ams2, a GATA-like DNA-binding factor that affects CENP-A Cnp1 deposition, supported this possibility [42]. However, here we have shown that, as observed in Drosophila and human cells, fission yeast CENP-A Cnp1 can spread into and associate with additional sequences inserted within the central domain. Thus, provided the right contextual cues exist, fission yeast CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin can potentially associate with any DNA sequence. The establishment and continued loading of CENP-A in the central domain may be dependent on the central domain sequences themselves, but once it has been initiated, our analyses indicate that it can engulf inserted noncentromeric DNA. In addition, the association of CENP-A Cnp1 with exogenous sequences in the central domain is accompanied by the recruitment of other known kinetochore proteins. It is also possible that the association of CENP-A with ura4 DNA in the central domain might reflect some higher order structure within the centromere.
In S. cerevisiae, additional CENP-A Cse4 is degraded and only nondegradable mutant protein can be overexpressed [44]. In fission yeast there appears to be no inherent difficulty in overexpressing CENP-A Cnp1 since increased CENP-A Cnp1 is detected by western analysis upon overexpression ( Figure S3); and this is the cause of increased CENP-A Cnp1 incorporation into the central domain. Conversely, elevated levels of H3 lead to more H3 and less CENP-A Cnp1 in central domain chromatin. In addition, mutations in CENP-A Cnp1 are antagonized by H3 but rescued by H4 overexpression, and defects exhibited by H3 . H4 cells are suppressed by additional CENP-A Cnp1 . This indicates that perturbation in the relative levels of CENP-A Cnp1 , H3, and H4 can adversely affect the composition of CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin assembled at centromeres, affecting the relative density of CENP-A Cnp1 / H4 to H3/H4 nucleosomes. Disturbing the normal CENP-A:H3:H4 ratio clearly results in defective kinetochore function and chromosome segregation. Consistent with this, decreased CENP-A Cnp1 at centromeres in cells lacking Ams2 is suppressed or antagonized by overexpression of H4 and H3, respectively [41,42].
In fission yeast, it is likely that H3 and H4 mRNAs are coordinately expressed early in S phase from a common regulatory element residing between their divergent promoters, whereas CENP-A Cnp1 mRNA is expressed from late M, peaking prior to S phase [11,41,45,46]. This suggests that normally CENP-A Cnp1 is available before maximal H3 and H4 expression. As fission yeast centromeres are replicated early in S phase [48,49], this difference in expression timing may enhance the effective concentration of CENP-A Cnp1 relative to H3 at the start of S phase, and thus allow it to compete more effectively with the initially low levels of newly produced H3 for assembly with new H4 (Figure 8). Our data suggest that altering the ratio of H3:H4 either by altering the normal gene number from equivalency (3:3 or 2:2) to 2:1, or overexpressing H3, provides more H3 to titrate out the pool of H4 available for assembly with CENP-A Cnp1 into chromatin. Conversely, excess H4 relative to H3 (H3:H4 1:2) increases the pool of H4 available for assembly into chromatin with CENP-A Cnp1 , leading to more CENP-A Cnp1 at centromeres. These data suggest that the relative amounts of H3, H4, and CENP-A are normally delicately balanced in the cell to allow normal CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin and kinetochore assembly. Changes in this balance, the timing, or amount of expression can lead to increased or decreased CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin at centromeres (Figure 8). Precise regulation of histone levels, e.g., coregulation of H3 and H4, is likely to be important in other organisms (including human) where CENP-A overexpression has been detected in the tissue from colorectal tumors [50]. In S. cerevisiae, elevated levels of histone H3 and H4 cause defective chromosome segregation [51]; it is possible that this is due to defects in deposition of CENP-A Cse4 at centromeres.
The extent of sequence occupied by CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin appears to be flexible and increases in response to higher levels of CENP-A Cnp1 . The tRNA genes flanking the central domain act as a barrier preventing heterochromatin seeping into the kinetochore domain [37]. Here, we detect more CENP-A Cnp1 on ura4 þ between the tRNA ala and tRNA glu when CENP-A Cnp1 is overexpressed but not distal to tRNA ala in the heterochromatin domain ( Figure 3C); thus, CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin is still mainly confined to the central domain.
The mechanism of CENP-A assembly into centromeric chromatin is not known. In mammalian cells, CENP-A is synthesized in G2 and thereby separated from bulk histone synthesis [52,53]. Such analyses suggested that CENP-A chromatin assembly is uncoupled from replication. One model suggests that the CENP-A nucleosomes are randomly segregated at S phase and are subsequently recognized by the CENP-A chromatin assembly machinery resulting in the deposition of neighboring new CENP-A during interphase [2,52,53]. In fission yeast, in addition to a replicationindependent pathway, there appears to be a replicationcoupled pathway that allows CENP-A Cnp1 chromatin assembly [11,41]. Deposition during S phase is coupled with the expression of new histones (dependent on Ams2) while G2 assembly requires Mis6 [11,41,42]. Higher levels of H3 interfere with CENP-A Cnp1 incorporation at centromeres, suggesting that excess H3 can overwhelm the normal assembly pathways to predominate in the central domain. Surprisingly, there is no inherent impediment to deposition of H3 in the central domain. If a mechanism exists to prevent the over-incorporation of H3 in the central domain, it is easily overwhelmed. It is possible that H3 is incorporated during S phase but can be subsequently replaced by CENP-A Cnp1 via a replication-independent mechanism operating throughout the cell cycle. We envisage a scenario in which excess H3 results in overloading of the central domain with H3 nucleosomes, which in turn interferes with the recognition of central domain chromatin by activities that evict H3 and replace it with CENP-A Cnp1 . Thus, the balance between H3, H4, and CENP-A Cnp1 levels is critical to the incorporation of new CENP-A Cnp1 nucleosome and kinetochore function.

Materials and Methods
Yeast strains. S. pombe strains are listed in Table S1. Standard procedures were used for growth and genetic manipulations [54]. To construct FY4638 (cnt1:bigura4 þ ), a 4.7-kb fragment of DNA containing the ura4 þ gene (1.7 kb) flanked by 1.3 kb and 1.7 kb of DNA from the ade6 þ locus on the left and right side, respectively [36], was introduced at cnt1 by transforming strain FY319 (cnt1:ade6 þ ) [39]. Correct integrants (cnt1:ade6-ura4 þ -ade6) were identified by growth on plates lacking uracil and red color on limiting adenine and confirmed by PCR.
Plasmids and primers. Primers used in this study are listed in Table  S2.
RT-PCR. Total RNA was prepared from strains grown in YES at 25 8C and RT-PCR performed as described [56]. Primers WA41 and WA42 (Table S2) were used for amplification and quantitation performed as described [35].
ChIP. ChIP was performed as described [57]  . The extent of the shearing was checked either by ethidium bromide on a 1.7% agarose gel or by Southern blot (using ura4 þ probe). The sonicated chromatin used for ChIP was less than 800 bp. 10 ll of a-Cnp1 antiserum [58], 2-4 ll of a-H3C antibody (Abcam, ab1791; http://www.abcam.com), and 1.5 ll of a-GFP antibody (Invitrogen, A-11122; http://www.invitrogen.com) were used in ChIPs. Multiplex PCR analysis was performed as described [31]. PCR products were quantified as described for RT-PCR. For the input PCR, the cnt, imr, and otr values were normalized to the fbp value, giving the ''input ratio.'' Enrichment of cnt (WA26-WA27 primers pair, F7cnt1-R9cnt1 primers pair, and F10cnt1-R12cnt1 primers pair, Table S2), imr (WA28-WA29 primers pair, imrEf-imrEr primers pair, or imrC2f-imrC2r primers pair, Table S2) and otr (WA31-WA32 primers pair and CenF-CenR primers pair, Table S2) bands in the ChIPs was calculated relative to the fbp (WA33-WA34 primers pair, Table S2) band and then corrected for the ratio obtained in the input PCR. ChIPs performed on strains with ura4 þ insertions at centromere 1 were analyzed by PCR as described [56]. ChIP experiments were performed two to five times; representative examples are presented.
Quantification of Cnp1 staining. Comparison of Cnp1 signal intensity in H3 ¼ H4 (2:2) versus H4 . H3 was performed using the following procedure: Sad1 staining served as an internal control for staining efficiency and a marker for the approximate position of the centromeres (which cluster adjacent to the SPB). Image capture and analysis was performed using Metamorph software. Random fields of cells were captured using identical exposures for all samples (2 s for Sad1 and 0.5 s for Cnp1). Only G2 cells in which the Sad1 (SPB) signal was in focus were included in quantification of Sad1/Cnp1 spots. A circular region of interest (ROI) of 0.77 lm diameter was drawn around these Sad1 spots. In addition, ten ROIs per field were randomly placed on cells to measure background signal. All ROIs were then transferred to the Cnp1 image. If necessary, the position of ROIs was altered slightly (Sad1 and Cnp1 signals are adjacent or overlapping). Total signal intensity was measured for each ROI. Mean background intensity was calculated for each channel and subtracted from the mean of Sad1 or Cnp1 spot intensities as appropriate. The mean corrected Cnp1 intensity was divided by the mean corrected Sad1 intensity to normalize for efficiency of staining, giving a final value for Cnp1 staining intensity. To determine the relative Cnp1 staining intensity, the value for the H4 . H3 strain was divided by the value for the H3 ¼ H4 strain. This method was, however, determined not to be appropriate for measurement of relative Cnp1 signal intensity in H3 . H4 cells. This was because in many cells it was not possible to place the Cnp1 ROI with confidence due to very low intensity or undetectable Cnp1 staining at centromeres. Therefore, the Cnp1 signals were simply categorized instead. Images were obtained as above, and then larger ROI circles of 1.16 lm diameter were drawn around Sad1 spots that fit the criteria described above. The ROIs were then transferred to the Cnp1 images. If a Cnp1 spot could be identified within this ROI, it was classified as ''very bright,'' ''bright,'' or ''faint'' according to the maximum intensity within the spot. If no spot could be distinguished above background, it was recorded as ''undetectable.'' Supporting Information