{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.034912718204488775, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0012468827930174563, 'mean_word_length': 5.2734375, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Organization of Genetic Variation

Chapter 2 deals with the manner in which genetic variation is organized in random-mating populations, including such basics as the Hardy–Weinberg principle, multiple alleles and DNA typing, and X-linkage. These are basic, elementary concepts that set the stage for later chapters. It also includes detailed examination of two-locus linkage disequilibrium (LD), measures of LD, and the levels of LD observed in natural populations. The chi-square test for goodness of fit is discussed, together with its interpretation, along with the basics of hypothesis testing including type I error (false positive), type II error (false negative), power, and the need to correct for multiple comparisons. Also discussed are LD due to population admixture and Wahlund’s principle.