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The Evolution of Philippine Tourism Policy Implementation from 1973 to 2009

Abstract This paper examines tourism policy implementation in the Philippines from the 1970s through to the latter part of the 2000s. It argues that the process of national tourism policy implementation in that period could be explained by policy learning. The paper provides evidence that tourism policy implementation could be analytically divided into three phases of policy learning, with phase one from the 1970s to 1986 characterized by lesson-drawing; phase two, from 1986 to 1999, by technical and conceptual learning; and phase three, from 1999 onwards by the intensification of social learning. Broadly, the paper demonstrates that policy learning is a viable approach to explain tourism policy. It further points out that policy learning must be accorded greater weight than currently conceived in the literature, but cautions that resilient elements of a society such as traditional solidarities and power relations should not be ignored.