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Observing Liquid Flow in Nanotubes

Advances in microfabrication have led to the emergence of the field of nanofluidics, which studies fluid transport in nanometer-scale structures [1-2]. Nanoscale confinement may considerably modify the properties and dynamics of a liquid. For example, the flow of water through carbon nanotubes has been reported to be enhanced by several orders of magnitude [3-4]. However, the magnitude of the enhancement has remained a point of contention [5]. A particular obstacle to settling this controversy is the great challenge of studying flow in a single nanotube [6]. Here, we demonstrate how this can be achieved by using 4D Electron Microscopy, which combines the spatial resolution of a Transmission Electron Microscope with the (ultra)fast time resolution of modern laser systems [7]. We directly image the flow of liquid lead through individual ZnO nanotubes to capture a range of flow phenomena and to characterize the nanoscale viscous friction involved [8].