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Not Slave, Not Free: The African American Economic Experience since the Civil War. By Jay R. Mandle. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992. Pp. xii, 137. $29.95, cloth; $12.95, paper

lems for her overall interpretation. It was only in Lowell, where female workers stood alone and single, outside the family system, that they were able to participate fully and relatively equally in the ten-hour movement, and even here, Murphy is forced to admit, there were qualifications and ambiguities. Elsewhere, republican patriarchy was reinforced by Washingtonian moralism: women participated in a "gender-hierarchical" movement controlled by men.