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Estrogen as Jekyll and Hyde: regulation of cell death.

Estrogen has profound effects on growth, differentiation and function in male and female reproductive systems, and it is important for bone density, brain function and cholesterol mobilization. Despite beneficial estrogen functions, sustained estrogenic exposure increases the risk and/or the progression of various cancers, including those of the breast, endometrium and ovary. This opinion article touches upon the dual role estrogen played in cancer and asks whether the use of estrogen in combination with other targeted therapy would be possible, considering the newly identified crosstalk pathway which can switch the effects of estrogen.