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Victorian and Edwardian Institutional Landscapes in England

Abstract The nineteenth century witnessed the institutionalisation of contemporary English society. This included a vast increase in the type and number of residential institutions to rehabilitate the socially disadvantaged. Amongst these establishments were lunatic asylums and other specialist hospitals, workhouses and orphanages, all provided with their own purpose-built buildings and landscapes which were believed to be essential to their function of restoring their inhabitants to their place within society. There has been little acknowledgement or study of these landscape types and still less has been published about their design, structure or extent. This article will provide an overview and comparison of these types, and will examine briefly the influences on their genesis. This analysis will demonstrate the historic significance of their designed landscapes and their distinctiveness as individual landscape types which developed alongside other better-known novel landscape types of the nineteenth century such as public parks and cemeteries.