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The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: Sixty Years Later

In 1953, on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine, émigrés from eastern and central Ukraine published in Toronto an English-language collection titled The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book. The volume contained largely memoirs and testimonies on policies and actions taken by Soviet authorities that Raphael Lemkin had identified that same year as constituting the Ukrainian Genocide. A second volume, published in 1955, was dedicated to the collectivization and famine. The two, however, went virtually unnoticed by the scholarly community until the appearance of Robert Conquest’s The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (1986). At that time, Conquest was attacked for using émigré sources, characterized by some critics as Cold War products, biased and unreliable. Despite shortcomings, the publication of the two volumes marked an admirable effort by the émigrés to tell their stories of repression and persecution under Stalinist rule in Ukraine.