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3D printing‐assisted fabrication of double‐layered optical tissue phantoms for laser tattoo treatments

Artificial skin phantoms have been developed as an alternative tissue for human skin experiments due to convenient use and easy storage. However, fabricating both thin (∼100 μm) epidermis and relatively thick dermis is often cumbersome, and most developed phantoms have hardly reflected specific human skin types. The objective of this study was to fabricate skin phantoms with 3D printing technique to emulate various human skin types (I–VI) along with the corresponding optical and mechanical properties for laser tattoo removal.