{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02793994995829858, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010008340283569641, 'mean_word_length': 6.07669616519174, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Inflammatory Stress Induces Statin Resistance by Disrupting 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Feedback Regulation

Objective—The risk of cardiovascular disease is increased by up to 33 to 50× in chronic inflammatory states and convention doses of statins may not provide the same cardiovascular protection as in noninflamed patients. This study investigated whether the increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCoA-R)–mediated cholesterol synthesis observed under inflammatory stress was resistant to the action of statins and if so, whether this was because of interference with the sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage–activating protein pathway. Approach and Results—Inflammatory stress was induced by adding cytokines (interleukin-1&bgr;, tumor necrosis factor-&agr;, and interleukin-6) and lipopolysaccharides to vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and by subcutaneous casein injection in apolipoprotein E/scavenger receptors class A/CD36 triple knockout mice in vivo. Inflammatory stress exacerbated cholesterol ester accumulation and was accompanied in vitro and in vivo by increased HMGCoA-R mRNA and protein expression mediated via activation of the sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage–activating protein/sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 pathway. Atorvastatin reduced HMGCoA-R enzymatic activity and intracellular cholesterol synthesis in vitro. However, inflammatory stress weakened these suppressive effects. Atorvastatin at concentrations of 16 &mgr;mol/L inhibited HMGCoA-R activity by 50% in vascular smooth muscle cells, but the same concentration resulted in only 30% of HMGCoA-R activity in vascular smooth muscle cells in the presence of interleukin-1&bgr;. Knocking down sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage–activating protein prevented statin resistance induced by interleukin-1&bgr;, and overexpression of sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage–activating protein induced statin resistance even without inflammatory stress. In vivo, the amount of atorvastatin required to lower serum cholesterol and decrease aortic lipid accumulation rose from 2 to 10 mg/kg per day in the presence of inflammatory stress. Conclusions—Increased cholesterol synthesis mediated by HMGCoA-R under inflammatory stress may be one of the mechanisms for intracellular lipid accumulation and statin resistance.