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Mechanical properties of bone cement: a review.

Many authors have examined the mechanical properties of bone cement and the various factors that affect its mechanical behavior. This article presents a comprehensive survey on the reported mechanical properties of bone cement. Variables that influence the mechanical properties, such as handling characteristics, strain rate, loading modes, additives, porosity, blood inclusion, in vivo environment, temperature, etc. have also been reviewed. The importance of specifying these variables in reporting test results on the mechanical properties of bone cement is pointed out. Previous attempts to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement are also summarized. Future research areas important for fully characterizing the physical properties of PMMA are also suggested.