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Five to Ten Years after Placement: The Long-Term Efficacy of Retention and Pre-Grade Transition

This study examined the long-term effects of retention and transition placement on school attendance, self-esteem, academic achievement, and special education/remedial service provision of students who were completing their seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. Because the majority (65%) of the sample had been retained/transitioned at the end of their kindergarten or first-grade year, student data were collected 5 to 10 years post-placement. Comparisons were made among students who had been retained, received transitional placement, or been advanced into the next grade in the usual manner. Both the retained and transitioned groups differed significantly from the matched sample group on average number of days absent during grades one to six and on special education/remedial service provision. Results suggested that neither retention nor transition placement resolved the academic deficiencies of these children.