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The molecular basis for winter depression.

A pulse of light is capable of inducing the circadian phase-dependent gene expression in neurons. The phase or amplitude of the circadian rhythms can be modulated by critically timed exposures to light. A significant heritability for the light-induced responses has been observed in hamsters. In humans, light has been used for treatment of the light-dependent winter depressive disorder. A genetic predisposition for high responsiveness to light may occur in patients with winter depression. The altered gene expression induced by light may account for a unique sensitivity to light and mediate the anti-depressant effect of light treatment.