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Radionuclide techniques for the detection of vesicoureteral reflux and their clinical significance.

We discuss and try to evaluate the detection of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) by radionuclide techniques and especially direct radionuclide cystography (DRC). Direct radionuclide cystography is applied for more than half a century mainly in children. Vesicoureteral reflux has a complex pathology not yet completely understood and is often related to urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal parenchyma scarring that can lead to long-term renal function impairment. Since there is no consensus on the optimal imaging algorithm after the first febrile urinary tract infection, many imaging strategies have been proposed for VUR detection in the last decade, including or not DRC. Views opposing or accepting its use are also presented.