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Acute psychological stressors and short-term immune changes: what, why, for whom, and to what extent?

A series of recent studies (1-9) have assessed the effects of psychological shortterm stressors on the immune response. In this paper we briefly review the results of these studies, comment on the nature of the stressors and other methodological parameters, discuss issues related to the time course and specificity of the phenomena, and consider the clinical implications of transient immunological changes.