{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02784503631961259, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 6.254385964912281, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Starvation and malnutrition

Starvation is a state of severe malnutrition due to a reduction in macro- and micronutrient intake. The basis underlying starvation is an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The commonest cause of starvation is lack of available food, usually due to environmental, social, and economic reasons, although other causes include anorexia nervosa; depression and other psychiatric disorders; coma and disturbance of consciousness; intestinal failure; and mechanical failure of digestion, including poor dentition and intestinal obstruction. Protein energy malnutrition is usually seen in developing countries. This chapter discusses starvation and malnutrition, focusing on their etiology, symptoms, demographics, natural history, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.