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Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instability in athletes.

Glenohumeral joint instability is a fairly common clinical disorder in athletes, especially in sports that involve the throwing motion. The direction of shoulder instability can be anterior, inferior, posterior, or multidirectional. The cause can be trauma, congenital laxity, or voluntary muscle action. Normal shoulders that have been disrupted by injury respond well to surgical correction. Shoulders that have inherently lax supporting structures, as found in patients with atraumatic and voluntary dislocation, have less consistent success with surgical repair. A common condition encountered in the shoulder of a throwing arm is anterior subluxation, which can be diagnosed by the positive apprehension sign and confirmed by arthroscopy. A torn glenoid labrum is a common injury also. Improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder disorders has been made recently by arthroscopy which allows direct visualization of the joint; many conditions can now be corrected by means of arthroscopic surgery. Radiographic techniques have also been improved.