{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.019867549668874173, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 6.4958677685950414, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Thoracic embolotherapy for life‐threatening haemoptysis: A pulmonologist's perspective

Abstract:  Haemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract and is life‐threatening when blood obstructs the major airway causing asphyxiation. This may occur in the presence or absence of pre‐existing compromised pulmonary reserve and medical comorbidities. Life‐threatening haemoptysis is a relatively common clinical situation encountered by pulmonologists and thoracic embolotherapy is a key therapeutic option. Although thoracic embolotherapy primarily involves bronchial arterial embolization, it also encompasses embolization of non‐bronchial systemic arteries and the pulmonary arterial supply. A pulmonologist's perspective on this topic is presented. Pertinent areas related to this theme, namely surgery and the role of bronchoscopy in life‐threatening haemoptysis are discussed briefly.