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Parkinson’s disease over the last 20 years – new concepts and developments

Much has changed in our understanding and approach to Parkinson’s Disease (PD). This in part is because of new scientific methods such as the discovery of how to make induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); the development of improved gene editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 and the ability to undertake single cell RNA analyses. However, much of our new understanding comes directly from observations made in the clinic and related biomaterials. In this short review I will highlight some of this.