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Flexible biradicals in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide: the exchange interaction, the chain dynamics, and a comparison with conventional solvents.

X-band time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra of three flexible biradicals of varying chain length and structure were obtained in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) solutions and compared to conventional solvents. For C16 acyl-alkyl biradical 1a, an average spin exchange interaction between the radical centers, J(avg), was obtained by spectral simulation using a simple model for spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRPs) and a small amount of T2 relaxation from a previously established J modulation mechanism. A large solvent effect on J(avg) was observed for the first time, varying by almost 1 order of magnitude from CO2 (J(avg) = -120 +/- 10 MHz) to heavy mineral oil (-11 +/- 3 MHz) for 1a. For C15 bis(alkyl) biradical 1b, spectra obtained under supercritical conditions are only slightly different from those detected in liquid CO2 but differ from spectra taken in benzene. For C10 acyl-alkyl biradical 2a, more emissive spin polarization due to S-T- mixing is observed in CO2 than in benzene. These results are discussed in terms of solvent properties such as dielectric constant, viscosity, and specific interactions. Both chain dynamics and changes to the equilibrium distribution of end-to-end distances can alter J(avg) and the observed ratio of S-T0 to S-T- mixing; however, faster chain dynamics is concluded to be the most likely cause of the observed effects in these systems.