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Physical Strain and Risk during Stroller Locomotion on Cross and Combined Slopes

In sidewalks, slopes for vehicle crossings are often installed, and pedestrians have to walk across these slopes. The present study examined the influences of slope gradients on the danger and physical strain during stroller locomotion. Nine female participants walked forward while pushing a stroller with a dummy baby on a mock sidewalk with 1) a cross slope (the whole surface of the sidewalk tilted sideways) at gradients of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, and 2) combined slopes connecting a cross slope at gradients of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% and a flat 0% area. The velocity and tracks of the stroller, the pressure between the palm and the stroller handle, and an electromyogram (EMG) of the upper limbs of the participant were measured during stroller locomotion. Throughout both the cross and the combined slopes, the participants decreased their locomotion velocity according to the increase in the slope gradient. The steeper slope led the stroller to drift off-course to the downhill direction and caused increased pressure between the palm of the participant and the handle and increased EMG values, especially in the forearms. The results indicated that, on a sidewalk with a steeper cross slope, it is difficult for stroller users to maintain their intended course, even if they decrease their locomotion velocity and make their greater physical effort.