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What are the reasons behind tourism boycotts?

Boycotting as a coercive tactic is common now, with Ethical Consumer Research Association (2018) reporting more than 100 consumer boycotts in the last 20 years. Chatzidakis and Lee (2013) explain that boycotting is a decision made by people in light of ethical concerns. Recently, the concept of boycotting has been attached to ethical (Irving, Harrison, & Rayner, 2002), and political consumerism (Micheletti & Stolle, 2008). The tourism industry has experienced its fair share of boycotts (Shaheer, Insch, & Carr, 2018). Tourist destinations are boycotted for numerous reasons, including human rights violations (e.g., Myanmar) and animal welfare concerns (e.g., Spain for bullfighting). People view boycotts as a means to construct an ethical life through their travel purchase decisions and use them as a form of punishment to coerce change in tourist destinations (Lovelock, 2012). Destinations facing boycotts have experienced adverse impacts in several ways (Gartner & Shen, 1992). Despite the implications of boycotts for tourist destinations, there has been a dearth of studies of tourism boycotts. This research note explores why tourist destinations face boycotts. This information provides a foundation from which a better understanding of the nature of tourism boycotts and how they are triggered may be developed.