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One-electron atoms in Schwarzschild Universe Bare and electromagnetically dressed cases

The quantum mechanics of one-electron atoms in presence of external electromagnetic fields is considered within Weber's framework. The results by the earlier studies are extended in the sense that for given source and field configurations the changes of the electromagnetic potentials due to the curved background are included. The formulation is specialized to the case with Schwarzschild background. The first corrections to the energy levels for bare atom and Zeeman/Stark effects are calculated, exhibiting possible changes in meaningful orders.


Introduction
The behavior of quantum mechanical systems in the presence of gravitational fields has been the subject of great number of research pieces. Among others, two leading approaches are those by DeWitt [1] and Weber [2]. In the studies based on DeWitt's approach, the general formulation of quantum mechanics for a relativistic or non-relativistic system on a curved background is the main concern [3][4][5][6]. In the second based on Weber's, an interaction scheme between the quantum system and the gravitational field is the guiding rule. In particular, in this approach the linearized classical equations of motion of the test system/particle interacting with the gravitational fields provide the basic ingredients to formulate the quantum theory [2,7,8]. Interestingly, these two approaches are not equivalent, and based on the different sequences and orders of approximations being used in each approach, one may get different results [7,8].
Based on the DeWitt's approach, the formulation of Dirac particles on a curved background is used to extract the first corrections in curvature to the energy levels of one-electron atoms [3][4][5][6]. In [7,8], the interaction between gravitational waves and a charged test particle is studied. While [7,8] falls within Weber's scheme, it is shown that the sequence of linearizations used in the original version [2] is not sufficient in case dealing with the charged particles in presence of external fields.
The purpose of the present work is to extend the results for nonrelativistic charged particles on a curved background. In particular, within the Weber's framework, we consider the case with one-electron atoms in presence of additional external electromagnetic fields in the small curvature limit to obtain the first corrections to the energy levels. Extending the results by [3][4][5], for given source or field configurations, the corrections due to curvature to the electromagnetic potentials as well as and their effects on the energy levels are studied. It will be seen that the obtained corrections to the nuclei potential and the external fields due to curvature can result in changes in meaningful orders of magnitude. As a specific example, the corrections to the energy levels of oneelectron atom in the Schwarzschild metric is considered.
The scheme of the rest of this paper is the following. In section 2, the basic notions of the formulation on curved background, including the Riemann normal coordinate system is reviewed. In section 3, the basic elements of the quantization procedure as well as the the construction of Hamiltonian in the presence the electromagnetic potentials based on Weber's approach are presented. In section 4 the formulation is specialized to the case for one-electron atom in Schwarzschild background. In particular, for the case of bare atom and the Zeeman/Stark effects the first corrections to the energy levels are obtained. Section 5 is devoted to concluding remarks.

Basic notions
According to general relativity principles, it is not possible to find a system of coordinates in curved space-time in which Γ γ αβ = 0 everywhere (α, β, γ = 0, 1, 2, 3). However, one always can construct local inertial frames at a given event P 0 , in which free particles would move along straight lines locally. As a consequence, it is possible to set Γ γ αβ = 0 at least up to the first order of the Riemannian curvature. As the constructed tangent space is similar to the Minkowski space-time, a local inertial frame is defined for each given point P 0 of space-time by the following equation for the metric g αβ,µ (P 0 ) = 0. (1) The coordinates of such a frame are called the Riemann normal coordinate system [2,[9][10][11][12]. The metric components have the following forms in the Riemann coordinates up to the first order of Riemann's tensor (i, j, · · · = 1, 2, 3): Consequently, the affine connections (Christoffel multipliers) are found to be The equation of the motion of a test particle in an arbitrary coordinate system reads with u α = dx α /dτ is the four vector velocity and τ is a proper time. F µα em and F µ stand for the space-time components of the electromagnetic and other external forces acting on the particle, respectively. The above equation of motion can be obtained in terms of the metric g αβ (x) and the four vector electromagnetic potential A α , usually adopted by the Lorentz gauge, from the following Lagrangian [9,11,12] in which

Toward quantum system
Here, using a set of assumptions and approximations, we develop the quantum mechanics governing the dynamics of the test particle. As announced earlier, our approach is basically the one by Weber's. As we are considering nonrelativistic dynamics, it is assumed that the proper time can be replaced by the coordinate time x 0 , simply by τ → c x 0 , by which the equations of motion of the test particle for spatial directions become Also and hereafter, we consider the cases for which we have: Many interesting cases, including the Schwarzschild metric, are of this type. By these all we introduce the following Lagrangian whereṼ The following is to show that the above Lagrangian produces the desired equations of motion of the test particle according the Weber's picture. Firstly, it is pointed out that the raising of the Lorentz indices is done with the metric (2), namely, Further, in the weak-field limit, the gravitational force is given by F α grav = − 1 2 mc 2 ∂ ∂xα g 00 [11,12], so we need to keep the velocities independent term appearing in the Eq.(5). Therefore, the gravitational parts will not be included inṼ eff (x). We mention that the metric is not explicitly a function of time. For sake of simplicity, we set m = 1, q c A µ → A µ : jẋi , and Γ k 00 = − 1 2 g ,k 00 , and referring to (8), It is seen that the Lagrangian (9) can produce the equation of the motion (7). The Hamiltonian of the system can be constructed easily using the Legendre transformation. The conjugate momentum is as follows: by which, By the set of coordinates and their conjugate momenta, the Hamiltonian comes to the form or equivalently, it can be reduced to the following where, the Coulomb potential appearing inṼ eff (x), is given by the Maxwell equations in the curved background.
Here we assume that the solutions to the Maxwell equations for the potentials A i 's are subjected to the Coulomb gauge, by whicĥ where the symbolˆindicates the operator forms of the variables are being used. It is easy to check that due to the diagonal form of Riemann's curvature tensors of the Schwarzschild universe, the above form is possible.
In passing to quantum theory, the classical values are replaced by their operator counterparts. Due to terms involving coordinates and momenta, one encounters the known problem of ordering ambiguity. Here we exploit the rising of the Latin indices to construct the symmetrical Weyl ordering, by which the Hamiltonian (15) comes to the form In order to consider all of the corrections in first order of curvature, the electromagnetic potentials should also be re-calculated. The Maxwell equations in the curved background take the following form for which, by applying the local coordinates introduced earlier, we have [3,4]: Using the perturbative expansion A α = A 0 α + A 1 α + O(R) 2 , for the source of nucleus J 0 = −Q/r and J i = 0, one finds the following for the electromagnetic potentials: Assuming that the electromagnetic potentials have two parts, corresponding the one by nucleus of one-electron atom and the one by the external sources (as in Zeeman and Stark effects), we use the following replacement: in which the second term is responsible for the potential by the external sources. The latest Hamiltonian takes the form: The above Hamiltonian consists of local coordinates and is valid for the noncovariant observer as well. As a consequence, the results from the theory only can be interpreted in a local framework based on Riemann normal coordinates. As is evident, these two are identical in Schwarzschild background without external electromagnetic fields.

Quantum theory in Schwarzschild background
As an application of the quantum theory developed in previous section, here we consider the background by the static Schwarzschild solution in which r, θ and φ are representing the spherical coordinates. The nonvanishing R µναβ are the relevant spatial components of curvature tensor in the spherical coordinates given by Evidently, the components of curvature tensor would get arbitrary smaller values in the limit r → ∞. This fact is the basis to use the results in the previous section which are valid in the small curvature limit. Therefore, for one-electron atoms sufficiently far from the origin the quantum theory developed in Sec. 3 is applicable.

Bare one-electron atom
whereĤ 0 stands for the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the one-electron atom. The second term in above represents the direct effect of gravitational field on the energy, firstly considered by [3,4] and used by [5] to obtain the corrections to energy levels and the transition rates. The third term obtained in above is evidently originated from the correction to the nuclei potential due to the curvature. As we will see this added term would give comparable changes in the energy levels. The typical radius of curvature should be as small as D ∼ 10 −3 cm, by which at the nonrelativistic limit the perturbation would give larger corrections than the relativistic fine structure [3,4]. The following relations are useful in the subsequent calculations: where C l1l2,l m1m2,m stands for Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. In what follows we represent the one-electron atom states as usual where n, l and m l are the relevant quantum numbers. By these the first-order correction to energy of S-states (l = 0) is given by Using the given form of R 0i0j by Eq.(27), we readily have by which for the S-states the first correction to the energy by the correction to the nuclei potential by curvature vanishes. By this the present model coincides with those by Parker and Pinto's for S-states [3][4][5]. However, the situation is different for the P -states (l = 1). To calculate the P -states (l = 1) the diagonalization of the degenerate block of the Hamiltonian is required. Due to the electric quadrupole transition selection rules, we have ∆l = 0, ±2 and ∆m = 0, ±1, ±2. With similar calculation for P -states, One finds the matrix elements of the shifted Hamiltonian QeR 0303 r n,1 C 21,1 00,0 C 21,1 where m and m ′ take value 0, ±1, corresponding to the P x , P y and P z orbits, respectively. By setting β = 1 10 QeR 0303 2 me 2 (3n 2 − 2), and the diagonal form of R 0i0j , the explicit form of the matrix is found to be By the corresponding eigenvalue equation: the following values are obtained for the corrections, As mentioned earlier, the correction to the nuclei potential is absent in [5]. As a consequence, in [5] the S-states, in agreement with the present model would not get corrections at first order. It would be useful to compare the result for the P -states. By the last expression in above, we would get in which, E 1 new and E 1 P into are the first corrections due to the corrections to the nuclei potential by the present model, and the curvature by [3,5]. As is evident, the corrections by the additional term in (35) is not negligible and have to be considered.

The Normal Zeeman Effect
Here we consider the effect of an external uniform magnetic field on the energy levels of the one-electron atom, which is, in absence of spin effects, known as normal Zeeman effect. For the nonzero uniform magnetic background field as B = B 0k , due to the specific form of the Riemann tensor, it is easy to see that there is no change in the correction to the scalar potential A 0 of previous section, and we have: In the Coulomb gauge, the unperturbed components of the vector potential are given as The components of the correction to the potential, A 1 i , satisfy by which, using R 0101 + R 0202 + R 0303 = 0, we have by which at the first order in curvature, By these all the operator form of the Dewitt's Hamiltonian of the one-electron atom for the normal Zeeman effect takes the form in which the first two terms represent the unperturbed Hamiltonian. The above expression is valid for the so-called weak field, or B 0 10 −2 G. In fact the last term in above is the result of corrections to the potential, can be calculated the contribution of the correction related to the Zeeman effect, it is as follows: Evidently, there is nonzero corrections due to the second part for the P -states. Whereas, the Weber's Hamiltonian of the one-electron atom for the normal Zeeman effect takes the form in which, it can be transformed to a more useful form by the identitŷ By the above, the contribution of the correction related to the Zeeman effect can be calculated. Following [5] and in a semi-classical point of view, we can calculate the energy levels based on the Bohr's quantization procedure. In fact, the stability of motion of the one-electron atom in the xy plane does not last long. However, after neglecting the effect of the last correction, the Bohr radius is definable. One can choose the orientation of the spatial axes of the normal coordinates such that z ∼ y ′ , y ∼ x ′ and x ∼ z ′ . Now, if we restrict ourselves to circular orbits in the x ′ y ′ plane and by assuming the presence of a magnetic field in z (radial) direction and with ρ ′ = x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 , the equation of motion can be shown to be by the Bohr quantization condition (mρv n = n ) and R = R 0202 , we get Comparing above with the similar one by [5], the term proportional to ρ ′3 is new. Therefore, although there is no change in the Landau-Bohr radius obtained in [5], however a new radius can be defined by this new term, namely The obtained radius goes to the infinity when R = 0, leading to the motion on the straight line.

The Stark Effect
This energy shift of atomic levels in presence of an external uniform electric field is known as the Stark effect. On this topic, the Hamiltonian describing the Stark effect is encountered with a technical agreement between the DeWitt and Weber approaches. The deformed Maxwell equations are used to reproduce of the potential and redefine the distribution of electrical charges in order to product an uniform electric fields in the presence of the gravitational background. To be specific and for the case of Weber's method, we assume that J 0 = Qδ( r − ) − Qδ( r + ), with r ± = r ± R. So that, if the size of R is infinite then the electric field will be uniform. However, according to the Eqs.(20), the scalar potential comes to the form: where, where, γ is a angle between r and R. So, by setting R = Rk, the potential by which the uniform electric filed in curved background is produced is given by Hence, in Schwarzschild background, the perturbed Hamiltonian for the Stark effect is given bŷ Due to the parity, the correction to energy of S-states by the term e E0 4 R 0 i0j x i x j z vanishes.

Concluding remarks
The results for nonrelativistic charged particles on a curved background are extended. In particular, within the Weber's framework, we consider the case with one-electron atoms in presence of additional external electromagnetic fields in the small curvature limit to obtain the first corrections to the energy levels. Extending the results by [3][4][5], for given source or field configurations, the corrections due to curvature to the electromagnetic potentials as well as and their effects on the energy levels are studied. It will be seen that the obtained corrections to the nuclei potential and the external fields due to curvature can result in changes in meaningful orders of magnitude. As a specific example, the corrections to the energy levels of one-electron atom in the Schwarzschild metric is considered.

Acknowledgments
The author thanks professor Amir H. Fatollahi for guidance and advice in the conduct of this research. Also, the author thanks the Shahrekord University for support of this research grant fund.