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THE ACTIVITIES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE VALLEY OF FERGHANA FROM 1960 TO 1980 (IN THE EXAMPLE OF LIBRARIES)

The article covers the history of libraries in the villages of the Ferghana Valley in the 1960s and 1980s. In particular, the issues of libraries serviced for the villagers, their supply of books, and their logistical support are covered by archival materials and scientific literature on the subject.


Introduction
The book is an integral part of the cultural development of society. Humanity is one of the determinants of cultural civilization. For centuries, the book has played a decisive role in the upbringing and mental development of the individual. A Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) noted on books' position for the development of the society as: "The book is a truly breathtaking and noteworthy view of human creation. The books live in the wisdom of the past; however, the voices of people whose soil has already been frozen are distinctly louder and clearer. Mankind has created, re-imagined, and all that he has achieved is preserved in the pages of books, like a magic box. The vast majority of all areas of human knowledge reside on paper, in books that are memories of personality" [1, P.10].
From ancient times until today, the book has been a treasure trove of knowledge in the lives of people in Central Asia, including the Ferghana Valley. Libraries play a key role in bringing this priceless treasure into people's minds. During the years of independence in our country complete changes are being implemented in all spheres. In particular, library-information services play a key role in the transformation of cultural and educational spheres. The law on further development of library system adopted by the First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Information and Library Provision of Five key initiatives to improve the spirituality and organization of meaningful leisure time for youth" on March 19, 2019. The project of the Program of measures to increase the spirituality of youth, to popularize reading among them is aimed at the implementation of the objectives of the fourth initiative. The initiative is expected to deliver 1 million books to each region on fiction, historical, scientific and popular topics. It is also planned to reconstruct and overhaul information and library centers and open public libraries by entrepreneurs [3.]. The article describes the work done during the Soviet era in the rural areas of the country in the activities of libraries.

Research methods.
In the middle of the 50s of the XX century the problem of creation of the state public library in each 1974, these libraries served 268,000 students. They were given 2 million 146,000 books, much more than in 1970 [9. P.106.]. The amount of funds allocated from the regional budget to increase the fund of the regional libraries was also increasing. For example, in 1974 the regional budget had allocated 2.5 times more money to buy books than in 1970. Only in 1973 it made up 34 thousand rubles, and in 1974 it constituted to 83 thousand rubles. Although some progress had been made in this area, there had been serious problems. Another problem in this area was the lack of a network of stationary libraries. In 1974 there were 1 regional, 24 city, 14 district, 218 villages, 18 children, 10 clubs, 98 collective farms and 42 trade unions' libraries in Namangan. In 1974 there were no stationary libraries in more than 50 settlements of the region. Residents of these settlements had to use the services of small mobile libraries.
Another serious problem in the library sector was the weak material and technical base of libraries. Most libraries in the region were located in adapted buildings. The central library was not opened in Namangan due to lack of buildings. The district libraries, in particular, the libraries of Namangan, Turakurgan, Uchkurgan, Kosonsoy, Naryn districts, were in very narrow premises. All rural and collective farm libraries were unable to provide their work in the winter due to lack of heating systems [9. P.108.]. The regional library, which had 200,000 copies, was unable to stock its books in its building in 1973 [9. P.109.].
Collective libraries played a significant role in the period studied. In 1970 there were 99 collective farm libraries in Namangan region. One of the most well-functioning libraries in this collective library was the "Leningrad" collective farm library in Pap District, with a total of 3,846 copies of books. In 1970, there were 500 readers of the library, and they had asked for 3,448 books. During these years libraries of this kind also had been providing mobile services to the public. In 1970, the "Leningrad" collective farm library served seven mobile services and organized 14 public events on social and political issues. The collective farm library "Jdanov" in this district was also one of the region's largest collective libraries with over 2,730 books. There were 539 readers in the library and 5285 books were handed out that year. This library had provided 7 portable field trips and brigades and has organized 10 public events on various topics [8. P.74.].
In 1983, only 60% of rural librarians in Andizhan were educated in the field of library science, but 70% of them had secondary special education. At the beginning of the 1980s, rural libraries confessed a lack of specialized Uzbek literature on such subjects as cotton growing, selection and seed breeding, and the use of machines in cotton production [ In 1982, the fund of the Andizhan regional libraries collected 667,100 copies of agricultural and technical literature, accounting for 11% of all books in the regional library (UzSSR -10.7%). Issuance of production books to readers amounted to 13.8% of the total book issuance rate (9.7% in the Republic, 10.9% in the USSR) [10. P.23.]. On the other hand, regional libraries were not fully provided with books published in the country. In particular, only 70% of productionrelated books published by 1982 republican publications were delivered to the Babur Regional Library. Another disadvantage in this area was that the use of libraries for inter-library members was very low. By the late 1980s, per capita book availability in the country had increased from 2.7 books to 4.3 books in rural areas. These figures were 5.6 books in the Andizhan region, 6.3 books in the Khorezm region, 4.5 in the Bukhara region, and 4.9 in the Tashkent region. The share of books in local languages was 42.5% of all publications, including 57.8% in rural libraries also reveal how much change the field had undergone [1. P.154.]. This process is also observed in the work of libraries. In 1970 the total number of libraries in the countryside was 4801, the book fund was 17 261 thousand, and by 1990 the number of libraries was 6,208, and the book fund was 49,074 3 thousand. In the cities in 1970, there were 1081 libraries, the book fund was 13,976 thousand copies, and in 1990, the libraries were 1,453, and the book fund was 38,652,800 copies. This is evidence of how the number of libraries and book collections in rural areas increased over the years [1. P.155.]. At the same time, the average rural libraries in the country were 1.8 times less than in the USSR, the club facilities were 3.8 times less, and cinema equipment was 2.8 times lower.
Inadequate access to cultural facilities for the rural population was due to the very limited funding available to the community. For example, in 1985 only 0.1% of public funds allocated for agriculture were allocated for the construction of cultural facilities. In spite of the small amount allocated, it has not been used fully. The Ministry of Construction and Contractors underestimated the role of the social sector and did not implement their plans. In 1981In -1985.51 million rubles were invested, of which only 6.63 million rubles or 78 percent were spent [11. P.25.]. In conclusion, although the 1960s and 1980s, Ferghana Valley's rural areas had made some changes in the field of library service, the material resources of libraries were inadequate. Since most rural libraries were located in non-adapted buildings, it had caused some discomfort for readers. One of the reasons that made it difficult for every rural family to access the book was the fact that a large portion of the existing books in the rural libraries were in other languages, and that there was a lack of local Uzbek literature. During the period under review, the availability of libraries for the rural population had increased considerably over the past 50 years, but we can see that the availability of libraries was far below than the average in the USSR.