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Histological changes of the albino rat cerebellar cortex under the effect of different doses of tramadol administration

Background Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain with a wide range of applications. Aim This study was designed to investigate the effect of tramadol on the histology of the cerebellar cortex in adult albino rats. Materials and methods Thirty adult male albino rats weighing about 200 g were used and divided into control and experimental groups. The latter group was subdivided into two subgroups (IIa and IIb). Rats of subgroup IIa and IIb were injected intraperitoneally with 0.7 and 1.8 mg as a single daily dose of tramadol solution for 2 weeks, respectively. Rats were killed after 2 weeks and decapitated. The cerebellum was removed and subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric studies. Results Histological study of subgroup IIa showed mild distortion of Purkinje cells with destroyed mitochondria and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Meanwhile, subgroup IIb showed Purkinje cells arranged in multilayer cells with obvious damage such as a small nucleus with an indented membrane. The granular layer contained small cells, most of which had lost their nuclei, whereas others showed condensed chromatin with a thin rim of cytoplasm. Results of inducible nitric oxide synthase reaction showed a moderately positive cytoplasmic reaction of granular and Purkinje cells in subgroup IIa. However, subgroup IIb showed a highly positive cytoplasmic reaction. Morphological study of the cerebellar layer thickness showed a significant decrease in the thickness of Purkinje and granular layers, with a significant increase in the thickness of the molecular layer in both experimental subgroups. The Purkinje cell count showed a significant decrease in its number in both experimental subgroups. Conclusion The results of this study provided evidence that tramadol intake exerts a neurotoxic effect on the cerebellar structure in an ascending manner according to the dose administered. Thus, the Ministry of Health should make efforts to control usage of this drug among teenagers and correct misconceptions about this medication.