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A Retrospective Experience of Helicobacter pylori Histology in a Large Sample of Subjects in Northern Italy

Updated data about the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its correlation with histological results are scarce. The aim of our study was to provide current data on the impact of H. pylori in a third-level endoscopy service. We performed a large, retrospective study analyzing the results of all histological samples of gastroscopy from the year 2019. In total, 1512 subjects were included. The prevalence of H. pylori was 16.8%. A significant difference between the prevalence in subjects born in Italy and those from eastern Europe, south America, or Africa was found (p < 0.0001, p = 0.006, and p = 0.0006, respectively). An association was found between H. pylori and active superficial gastritis (p < 0.0001). Current H. pylori and/or a previous finding of H. pylori was related to antral atrophy (p < 0.0001). Fifteen patients had low-grade dysplasia. There were no statistically significant associations with current or past H. pylori infection. One patient presented gastric cardia adenocarcinoma with regular gastric mucosa. One patient, H. pylori positive, was diagnosed with gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinoma in a setting of diffuse atrophy, without metaplasia.. Our study provides updated, solid (biopsy diagnosis and large population) data on the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a representative region of southern Europe.


Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most common chronic bacterial infection in the world and is associated with numerous gastro-duodenal diseases such as duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcers, gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma [1]. The prevalence of H. pylori shows large geographical variations: in developing countries, about 80% of the population is H. pylori-positive, even at a young age while, in industrialized countries, it generally remains below 40%, and is considerably lower in children and adolescents than in adults and the elderly [2][3][4].
H. pylori infection is the most frequent cause of metaplastic and dysplastic changes in the gastric mucosa and, for this reason, it is classified as a type I carcinogenic factor [5]. The search for H. pylori infection in gastric biopsies during a gastroscopy is also the most frequently made request [6].
European guidelines recommend using the "test-and-treat" strategy for H. pylori infection in countries where the prevalence of H. pylori is greater than 20% [5]. The data in the literature indicate that, in Italy, as in other southern European countries (e.g., Spain and Greece), the prevalence of H. pylori in adults appears to be around 50% [7,8]. Therefore, the "test-and-treat" strategy recommended in Italy.
Obtaining updated data on the prevalence of H. pylori in subjects belonging to a highlevel specialist centre is important, both in terms of epidemiological data and to modify the clinical management of patients with gastric symptoms.
The main objective of this study is therefore a retrospective evaluation of Helicobacter pylori histology in a large sample of subjects who used the endoscopy service of the "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", Italy. The secondary objective is to evaluate and correlate the infection with pathological conditions based on the location, the activity of gastric inflammation, and the localization and extent of intestinal atrophy and metaplasia.

Materials and Methods
This retrospective study was based on the analysis of all gastric biopsies of patients referred to the endoscopy service in the period from 2 January 2019 to 31 December 2019.
The inclusion criteria were: -At least two biopsy samples in the antrum to search for H. pylori infection; -Age > 16 years. The exclusion criterion were: -A repeated examination in the same patient during the year. H. pylori was searched for in all patients with gastric biopsies using the Giemsa stain. The sensitivity of the Giemsa stain for the detection of H. pylori is about 93%, while its specificity is about 100% [9]. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are stopped at least two weeks before gastroscopy (this is to improve the accuracy of H. pylori detection in patients undergoing biopsies in the antrum only [10]) Using the hospital's centralized clinical reporting and archiving system, and the pathological anatomy service's archiving and reporting system, all patients who underwent gastric biopsies during endoscopy in 2019 were selected.
The following clinical data were collected: age, sex, place of birth, previous gastroscopies, previous H. pylori infection, indication for gastroscopy, endoscopic result, localization of biopsies, and presence of H. pylori.
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical review, and approval was waived for this study due to the retrospective and anonymous data collection design. The hospital provided the form "CONSENT TO DATA PROCESSING FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES". The shared database was collected anonymously. All the patients signed informed consent prior to examination (gastroscopy with biopsies). The STROBE guidelines were followed.
The primary outcome was the prevalence of H. pylori infection. The secondary outcomes were the correlation of the infection with histological conditions based on the location, the activity of gastric inflammation, and the localization and extent of intestinal atrophy and metaplasia.
Based on the presence or absence of inflammatory infiltrate, gastric atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia, as well as the localization of these alterations (only in the antrum, only in body/fund, or both sites), it was decided to associate the presence of atrophy only, i.e., without chronic inflammatory infiltrate, with the definition of atrophic gastritis, while considering the distinction regarding the nature of the inflammatory infiltrate (active or inactive).

Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were reported as mean (standard deviation (SD)), geometric mean, or median (interquartile range (IQR), depending on data distribution. The normality of the data was evaluated by the D'Agostino-Pearson test. Categorical variables were summarized as frequency and percentage. The Chi-square, or Fisher's exact test when appropriate, and the independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney test were applied for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Logistic regression (multivariate) analysis was performed, including all statistically significant parameters to the univariate analysis and using the "enter" method.
A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical analysis was performed with MedCalc Statistical Software version 18.9.1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium).
In 1193 (78.9%) patients, multiple biopsies were performed in the antrum and in the body/fundus (staging according to Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment, OLGA Staging system). In 319 (21.1%) patients, random samples were collected in the antrum only. Histological results are reported in Tables 2 and 3.   Table 4 summarizes the characteristics of the population and the prevalence of H. pylori infection. There was no statistically significant correlation between the prevalence of H. pylori infection for patients born in southern, northern, or central Italy (there was a trend towards a higher prevalence for those born in southern Italy compared to those born in northern Italy, p = 0.067). There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) between the prevalence in subjects born in Italy and those born in eastern Europe. There was also a statistically significant difference between the prevalence in subjects born in Italy and those born in south America (p = 0.0061), as well as between subjects born in Italy and those born in Africa (p = 0.0006). Through multivariable regression analysis, geographical origin from south America or Africa remained statistically significant (p = 0.04 and p = 0.005, respectively). A significantly higher prevalence of H. pylori was found in follow-up gastroscopies for atrophic gastropathy or previous peptic ulcer (p < 0.0001), which was confirmed by multivariate analysis (p = 0.002).
The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 206 out of 1193 (17.2%) in the 1193 patients from whom antrum and body/fundus samples were taken. In the 319 patients who underwent antral-only biopsies, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 46 out of 319 (15.7%). The histological results associated with H. pylori infection are reported in Table 5. An association was found between H. pylori and active superficial gastritis of the antrum and body/fundus (p < 0.0001), which was confirmed by multivariate analysis (p = 0.003). By correlating the finding of current H. pylori and antral atrophy, the association was found to be at the limit of statistical significance (p = 0.068); considering a history of H. pylori (current H. pylori and/or previous finding of H. pylori), a significant correlation was observed (p < 0.0001), which was confirmed by multivariate analysis (p = 0.004). The presence of antral metaplasia was associated with antral atrophy in 99.3% (299/301) of the patients (p < 0.0001, p = 0.005 at multivariate analysis). Body/fundus localized metaplasia was associated with atrophy in 96% (98/102) of the patients (p < 0.0001). Fifteen patients had low-grade dysplasia-14 in the antrum and 1 in the body/fundus. One patient presented gastric cardia adenocarcinoma with regular gastric mucosa. One patient had gastric sign cell adenocarcinoma with diffuse atrophy, without the metaplasia associated with H. pylori positivity. There were no statistically significant associations with current or past H. pylori.

Discussion
In the population of our study, we found H. pylori infection in 16.8% of subjects. This retrospective experience of Helicobacter pylori histology reported an infection rate lower than the known Italian prevalence, although the studies present in the literature are small in number, are dated and, above all, have been conducted on serological data by measuring anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies that do not give reliable information on active infection [11]. The data of the association between H. pylori and age showed a different trend compared to that in the literature: among H. pylori-positive patients, median age was 58 years compared to 62 years in H. pylori-negative patients; although, it can be speculated that the elderly population was more likely to undergo an invasive/non-invasive search for H. pylori in their lifetime and thus to have eradicated the bacterium.
In line with the literature data, however, was the data of the association between H. pylori infection and geographical origin. In fact, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was higher in Africa (40%), in south America, in particular in Peru (34.6%), and in eastern Europe (32.5%). Differences were statistically significant, despite the lower population of the groups under examination compared to patients of Italian origin. This is explained by the different prevalence of infection that still exists between developing countries and western countries [12]. As for Italy, the highest prevalence of H. pylori infection was found in southern Italy (17.2%), with a difference very close to statistical significance (p = 0.067).
Among the endoscopic results, it was confirmed that hyperaemia or erosions and ulcers are those most associated with H. pylori infection (p = 0.02 and p = 0.0002, respectively).
In 2002, Rugge et al. defined the staging of gastric histological changes associated with H. pylori (OLGA), emphasizing the difficulty of detecting H. pylori infection in cases of extensive intestinal metaplasia or during acid-suppressive therapy with PPI. In such cases, H. pylori infection is suggested by the presence of an "active" infiltrate [13].
In our study, among the histological findings, those associated with H. pylori infection were the following: superficial antrum and body/fundus gastritis (48.5%), chronic atrophic antral gastritis with chronic superficial body/fundus gastritis (38.3%), atrophic pangastritis (11.7%), and superficial gastritis of the antrum with atrophic gastritis of the body/fundus (1.5%). It should be noted that, among all the histological results associated with H. pylori, none of them showed involvement of the antrum only or the body/fundus only. All of these histological pictures showed an activity, namely the presence of polymorphonuclear infiltrate in the context of the biopsied gastric mucosa (100%).
H. pylori infection is the leading cause of gastric atrophy, and antral atrophic gastritis has been observed to occur in approximately half of the population with H. pylori infection. It was confirmed that the pictures of gastric atrophy and metaplasia localized at the body/fundus are rare and, in any case, influenced by the age of the subject and by the greater permanence of the bacterium in the stomach. The percentage of H. pylori-positive patients with antral metaplasia was 22.5%. In a similar vein to antral atrophy, no statistically significant association was found between antral metaplasia and current H. pylori infection; however, when considering patients with active H. pylori infection together with patients with a history of pylori infection, this association was statistically significant (p < 0.001), confirming what is known from the literature. Antral metaplasia occurs in the Correa cascade in the context of atrophy [14] and, in our study, a statistically significant association was found between gastric atrophy, both antrum and body/fundus, and gastric metaplasia (p < 0.001). From an anatomopathological point of view, it was decided not to carry out the characterization of metaplasia (complete, incomplete), despite the fact that, in the literature, incomplete metaplasia is a risk factor for the progression and malignant transformation of the gastric mucosa. However, in the same guidelines for the management of precancerous lesions, the clinical utility of the characterization of metaplasia requires further study [15].
The main limitation of our study is the fact that the observational and retrospective design may be subject to selection bias and may result in missing data concerning additional risk factors for the study outcomes, which partially precluded the acquisition of preendoscopy data. However, all patients eligible for the study were carefully screened and the sample size of our study is large.

Conclusions
Despite the aforementioned limitations, this study, representing a retrospective experience of H. pylori histology in a large sample of subjects in northern Italy, is one of the few that reports updated data based on biopsy samples and correlated them with histological pictures. Prospective studies are mandatory to confirm whether the real prevalence of H. pylori in Italy has decreased under a threshold for which a "test-and-treat" strategy could be no longer valid.