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Investigation of Bacterial Biofilm sample taken from Fresh Water and Soil and some Antibiofilm Approaches

Kehkashan Mian * Mian K (2021) Arch Clin Microbiol Vol.12 No.2: 144. Approaches. Materials and Methods 2021 https://www.acmicrob.com/ that often results in difficulty in order to treat chronic infections. Besides this, infections have been related with biofilm formation on human surfaces such as skin, urinary track and teeth. In spite of that biofilms on human surfaces are not always harmful.For instance, [4] dental plaque biofilms consists of dozens of species and their composition immediately inform either the disease is present or absent. There is a progression of colonization in dental plaque but the presence of valuable species opposes settlement by harmful organisms.But biofilms are ubiquitously found universally. Like, biofilms are formed on the hull of ships and inside pipes also where they cause severe damage. Biofilms are also formed in many natural settings but there they allow mutualistic symbioses. For example in order to allow ants to maintain pathogen free fungal gardens, the Actinobacteria often grow on ants. There a large number of welfares and damages that a biofilm can converse, so it is important for us to know that how bacteria develop in these communities.[5]From biofilm formation, a bacterial community mayget a number of benefits. Biofilms provide confrontation to many anti-microbials and protection against host defenses. Within the biofilm arise in the percentage of persisted cells appears to be one of the possible reasons behind the increased resistance against environmental stresses. Persisted cells are non-dividing and are resistant to many antibiotics even though of the fact that being hereditarilyalike to the rest of the population. Persisted cells are supposed to be protected from the antibiotic actions because they express such toxin antitoxin systems which through their toxin modules block the target of antibiotics. In addition to persisters, presences of extracellular matrix provide protection to constituent cells from external harms. These extracellular matrices also provide diffusion barrier to small molecules. In relation to this, some of the cells in bacterial community are metabolically inactive due to slower diffusion of vitamins, nutrients and co factors in biofilms [6]. By using different techniques of molecular biology and bioinformatics now we are able to know that how different biological species are working in special conditions and by using most advanced class of biology which is bioinformatics we can find Insilco determination. Having knowledge about bioinformatics means we can have knowledge about their ancestors as well that how specific biological specie is related to any other species. In order to study bacterial biofilms it is important to about their evolutionary history and to know about what is the association between different organisms we can use a technique of bioinformatics known as tree viewer in which we can draw phylogenetic tree which will enable us to find out the relationship between different biofilms which have common ancestor [7]. Quorum sensing is also an important technique to find the evolutionary history of biofilms. Once supposed as organisms which are infrequently interrelate, bacteria known as to lead extremely common lives. Essential to this sociality is a capability to detect local cell density and thus coordinate group activities. This capability is termed as quorum sensing, function through the secretion as well as recognition of auto-inducer molecules, which gather in a cell density-dependent way. As biofilms as well work as an auto-inducer so these can also be determined by using this technique. The effects of quorum sensing though, are highly flexible and depend upon both the species under surveillance and the experimental circumstances. Biofilm constitutes a complex assembly of DNA, protein and polysaccharide in their self-produced EPM (extracellular polysaccharide matrix) and was naturally found on various surfaces including living tissues, potable water system or natural aquatic, medical devices etc. Bacterial biofilms are well studied in avoiding phagocytosis, antibiotics and other disinfectant components. The interstitial voids such as micro and macro colonies found in biofilms allowed the diffusion of gases, antimicrobial agents and nutrients through the biofilms; however, biofilm changes their architecture in response to these changes occurring in the internal and external process. As the cells are in proximity, they exchange their extra chromosomal plasmid, their quorum sensing molecules and show distinct character in each biofilm community [8]. Despite of all the detailed studies on architectural features of biofilms, its composition, mechanisms, benefits and detriments, our review specifically focuses on the steps that are involved in Biofilm formation and Antibiofilm approaches in detail [9-11]. Formation of Biofilm: The fact that in a biofilm if cells are confined to a limited space that will influence the bacterial growth rate. This condition is very much similar to the stationary phase that is produced in laboratory conditions. Hence, biofilm formation basically represents a natural stationary stage of bacterial growth. With the increase making of secondary metabolites such as pigments, antibiotics and other small molecules, bacteria greatly change their physiology during stationary phase. Secondary metabolites function as signaling molecules either to start the biofilm formation procedure or to inhibit it by other organisms that live in the same habitat [12]. Formation of biofilm occurs in many steps as per genetic studies. Quorum sensing between the cells of microorganisms is a special type of signaling and it is a must requirement for the biofilm formation. In comparison with planktonic forms of the same microbes, transcription of different set of genes are required here. The viscous and elastic features of extracellular matrix attribute mechanical stability to a biofilm [13]. Formation of Biofilms is a difficult procedure but it happens in few common steps according to different researcher’s i.e. • Attachment to the Surface or Initial Contact • Formation of Micro-colony • Architecture and Maturation of Biofilms • Dispersion or Detachment of the biofilm. 2021 2 This article is available from: Archives of Clinical Microbiology ISSN 1989-8436 Vol.12 No.2:144 https://www.acmicrob.com/ Processing