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William H. Ashley: Enterprise and Politics in the Trans-Mississippi West. By Richard M. Clokey. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980. Pp. xiii, 305

cities. Between 1790 and 1860 Baltimore's economy shifted from commerce to industry, tens of thousands of immigrants arrived, and the city was transformed from an eighteenthcentury private society into a modern public one. This metamorphosis of a significant and understudied city is the topic of Professor Browne's important book. Too often institutional, intellectual, and social changes are seen as the result of more fundamental changes, which are usually economic in nature. According to this view, industrialization is the key causative force, and the resulting changes in social relationships, ideas, and institutions are simply among the effects of industrialization. Professor Browne has essentially reversed this argument, and shown quite convincingly that the changes in institutions, ideas, and social arrangements caused, or were the prerequisites for, the industrialization that followed. New ideas about credit, money, and the proper role of government made possible the business revolution that eventuated in the new industrial order. These changes occurred in the context of an earlier culture, and vestiges of the old order persisted long after their original purpose was transformed. These changes also occurred in the context of wide-ranging changes in U.S.-European trade patterns, the general monetization of credit, the trans-Atlantic migration of peoples, and the erosion of urban slavery. No longer did a narrow elite control the city; now there was a series of specialized business, political, and social elites. A new society emerged, and attitudes toward the proper sphere of government changed as successive mayors tried to address the constant problems of a growing metropolis. The needs of the city were as diverse as improved transportation to western markets and providing streets and police protection for urban neighborhoods. Professor Browne relates an enormously complex story. The book's argument is complicated, the writing often dense. But the author is not guilty of oversimplifying the past. A wide variety of factors converged to create the situation out of which the modern city of Baltimore emerged, and the author carefully delineates all the interrelationships involved. Browne's analysis of the changes in international trade patterns, banking policies, workingmen's needs, and interstate commerce is grounded in massive research. He has combed a staggering list of manuscript collections and government sources. The book is broad based, interpretative, and bold; it is not for casual weekend reading. But for a sophisticated analysis of how one city underwent a profound economic, political, and social revolution, it is a model study.