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Spatial Structure Analysis of Benthic Ecosystem Based on Geospatial Approach at Parang Islands, Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java, Indonesia

This research examines the spatial structure of live coral based on its patches on a geospatial data. Spatial structure is a part of the landscape ecology approach that has been applied on terrestrial and applied on marine ecosystems on this research. It is including Mean Shape Index (MSI), Number of Patches (NumP), Mean Patch Size (MPS), Total Seascape Area (TLA) and Class Area (CA). Live coral patches were extracted based on GeoEye-1 satellite image with several tasks, such as ortho-rectification, atmospheric calibration, water column correction; Lyzenga transform and supervised classification. A field survey was done in 2015 2016 with 38 verification sites and 16 sites of manta tow. Live coral patches produced a significant accuracy (overall accuracy=84.1%, user accuracy= 81.8%, producer accuracy = 90%, and Kappa Index k = 0.81%). Live coral was found 35% (CA: 201.99 ha) of seascape TLA area 814.19 ha and spread over a large number of patches (NumP: 5613-21087 patches). The live coral had a mean shape index (MSI) between 1.23 to 1.25 and the average size of patches (MPS) between 0.0029 0.0082. This approach could be applied to reef ecosystems and becomes a baseline data to anticipate future damage.


INTRODUCTION
Coral reef ecosystems scattered across the world's coral reef triangle are under serious threats and anthropogenic is identified as the main issue of such damage (Burke et al., 2012). The threat of this damage is influenced by the climate change impact (Sunaryo, et al. 2018), especially the rise in sea surface temperature that affects the coral bleaching. In Indonesia, the status of coral reef condition shows that 60% is severely damaged (LIPI, 2107). Parang and Kumbang islands are part of Parang Island consist of coral reef ecosystems that form an ecological unity. Parang Islands of Karimunjawa Islands National Park has extensive coral reef ecosystem (Helmi et al, 2018a). Residents already live in this area before the national park establish. Most of the inhabitants depend on coral reef ecosystems for fishing, aquaculture, tourism, sailing and marine transport (Helmi et al, 2018b). The mapping of reef ecosystems is done periodically to determine the existing status and extent of damage as a basis for planning and management in the region. This research aims to 1) conduct a mapping of variations of shallow water habitats existing in coral reef ecosystems; 2) to examine the coral reef ecosystems covering percent live coral cover and spatial structure of living corals; and 3) trends in sea surface temperature rise and the potential for coral bleaching. Shallow water habitat mapping is conducted using GeoEye-1 multispectral satellite data with 1.8m x 1.8 m resolution that has not been done before. Data collection existed give information about status of live coral cover and quantitative coral reef structure with ecological landscape approach. Implementation of the landscape ecology approach to coral reef ecosystems is the novelties of this study. The landscape structure is part of an ecological characteristics based on a strongly spatial form of an ecosystem (McGarigal and Marks, 1995). The landscape spatial structure applied are Total Sescape Area, CA (Class Area), MSI (Mean Shape Index), NumP (Numb of Patches), MPS (Mean Patch Size). A detailed map of shallow water habitats, quantitative spatial structures of living coral reefs and rising sea surface temperature trends are becoming complementary data collection of coral reefs that have not been integrated previously.
Manta tow survey was carried out at 16 locations to verify the results of the mapping and to determine the condition of coral reefs. Manta Tow was conducted using two minute observations, visibility 10-12m, a speed of 1.5 knots, parallel observations on the reef crest and reef slope (Munasik. 2009). Accuracy tests of shallow coral reef ecosystem (Green et al. 2004) used the Confusion Matrix and Kappa Index methods.
Confusion Matrix is an objective method and accuracy because the accuracy can be obtained overall and each accuracy of object that was mapped (Sutanto. 2013). Kappa index is discrete multivariate techniques to study accuracy using statistical analysis Khat (Cohen, 1960in Sutanto, 2013 with the following algorithm. Where: K value is between 0 -1. If both accuracy value of each be close to 1, imply the possibility of such accuracy occurred by chance is 0 (not purely coincidental). If the negative value of K obtained, that means the mapping and modeling produced is very poor. The spatial structure is part of the ecological approach from the ecological scientific development (Stow, 1993). The spatial structure of living coral reefs in the study area was divided into four parts, namely the north, east, west and south. And subscripts algorithm for calculation of spatial structure as follows; Where; i = 1, ... , m or n : patch types (classes) j = 1, ... , n patches P i,j = perimeter (m) of patch ij a i,j =area (m 2 ) of patch ij A = Total landscape area (m 2 ) n = n i number of patches in the landscape of patch type (class) i TA equals the area (m2) of the coral reef ecosystem, divided by 10,000 (to convert to hectares). TA excludes the area of any background patches within the coral reef ecosystem Sum of areas of all patches in the landscape. CA equals the sum of the areas (m 2 ) of all live coral patches of the corresponding patch type, divided by 10,000. NP equals to the number of live coral patches of the corresponding patch type (class). MPS equals the sum of the areas (m 2 ) of all live coral patches of the corresponding patch type, divided by the number of patches of the same type, divided by 10,000 (to convert to hectares). MSI equals the sum of live coral patch perimeter (m) divided by the square root of patch area (m) for each patch of the corresponding patch type, adjusted by a constant to adjust for a circular standard (vector).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
GeoEye-1 Satellite Data has coverage of clouds 0%. Geometry Correction of GeoEye-1 satellite imagery (0.5m spatial resolution) has been done using 7 GCPs produce a significant geometric accuracy RSME= 0.87 with 0,4m accuracy in the field. Results for reef mapping are shown in Figure 2. The results of the survey conducted give you a map of coral reef ecosystems that have quality over all accuracy = 84.1% or higher than the tolerable accuracy (80%). Producer Accuracy and User Accuracy in each category are mapped according to the ecosystem with has high accuracy (above the rated tolerable accuracy = 80%). Statistical analysis shows that the coral reef ecosystem maps produced in the area of Parang Island is accurate and can be used for studies that require high accuracy of the mapping results. Kappa Value Index (k = 0.81) was obtained in the results of this analysis shows that this mapping accuracy is positive or considered as good and closed to the value of high accuracy (highest score = 1).
Coral reef habitat area obtained is 814.22 ha. There is live coral reef of 202.01 ha (49.75%) and coral reefs die 204 ha (50.25%) that were found in the area of coral reefs. The results of this study indicate that the area of Live and Death Coral is the 49.86% (406.01 ha) of coral reef ecosystems in the study area. The table shows that coral reefs live and dead coral reefs are spread almost evenly across the water of Pulau Parang diversity is relatively complex spatial structures in particular on the number of patches, mean patch size and class area. The dead coral (50.25%) is found more dominant than live coral (49.75%). The largest living coral reef is located in the western part of the islands (78.2 ha) spread at 2.1087 patches with Mean Shape Index Irregular (MSI=1.25) and very small size of Mean Patch Size (MPS=0.0037ha). Karimunjawa national park needs to improve the integrated surveillance and rehabilitation efforts in Parang Island. These rehabilitation priority areas could be focused on the area of dead coral and surveillance at live coral on this research. Surveillance and rehabilitation needs to be done in an integrated manner involving Pokmaswas (Community Watch Group), Polhut (Forest Police), and related with stakeholder, which are under the coordination of BTN Karimunjawa Central Java.

CONCLUSIONS
GeoEye-1 satellite imagery (spatial res. 5m) can be used for detail mapping of live and death coral with significant accuracy (over all accuracy=84.1 %, user accuracy= 81.8%, producer accuracy = 90%, and Kappa Index k = 0.81%). Dead coral (50.25%) is found more dominant than live coral (49.75%). At the western side of Parang Islands, was found the most widespread of seabed habitat (305.17 ha) and also found the most extensive of live (78.21 ha) and dead coral (81.8 ha). The largest living coral reef found in the western islands of 78.2 ha spread over 21087 patches with the Irregular Mean Shape Index (MSI = 1.25) and has a very small Mean Patch Size (MPS = 0.0037 ha).