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Phagocytosis of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by cytokine‐activated macrophages

Phagocytosis of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by cytokine‐activaled and non‐activated bone marrow‐derived macrophages was examined in vitro. Macrophages treated with recombinant interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ingested a significantly higher number of in vitro‐grown trophozoites than untreated macrophages. Maximal uptake of parasites occurred after 4 h and 6 h of incubation where 81.4% and 79.1% of macrophages were positive for trophozoites. Other cytokines tested, IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐5, GM‐CSF, CSF‐I and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) either alone or in combination with LPS, failed to activate macrophages to phagocytose G. lamblia. The induction of this activated macrophage anti‐microbial function was achieved pharmacologically using phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionophore A23187. The giardicidal activity of macrophages activated with IFN‐γ and LPS or that induced by PMA and A23187 was inhibited by H‐7, indicating the role for protein kinase C in the intracellular events following activation.