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The Impact of Social Enterprises: A Bibliometric Analysis From 1991 to 2020

The aim of this work is to provide, through a bibliometric analysis of the last 30 years of thematic literature, an overview on the contribution of social enterprises to the achievement of global goals. A bibliometric method has been used to analyze the characteristics, citation patterns and content of 3318 documents published in international academic journals, books review and chapters, editorial material and proceedings papers. Considering our findings, the bibliometric analysis has shown that there are journals that have had a greater production on the topic with an impact on research. Thanks to the work of the most impactful authors, it emerges that the case study is the most used method to demonstrate the centrality of social enterprises in social innovation. The analysis also shows that the centrality of the themes is linked to innovation, impact, management and performance, demonstrating the assumption that the driver of innovation in terms of social impact is given by these types of companies. The research also shows the keyword evolution through the years. Through the coding activity, it has also been possible to demonstrate that by transposing the global sustainability objectives to the local that the more in-depth ones are addressed on the issues of sustainable economy and fair, responsible and sustainable innovation, while there is much shortcoming regarding the achievement of gender equality, sustainable water management but even more on the reduction of inequality between nations. The latter is probably conditioned by the more global target and therefore not easily approachable to social enterprises. Research limitations/implications – The study shows a limitation, related to the adoption of the bibliometric method. However, it considers books review, chapters, papers published in international and academic journals, editorial materials, reviews and proceedings papers. Originality/value – This research shows that the interest on SDG and social enterprises has grown continuously in the last 30 years, especially in the last 5. The literature puts social enterprises at the center of social innovation by focusing on performance and management issues. Therefore, with the intention of mapping the studies that have been done in this regard, the study analyzed how research on local development coherence for global development has been addressed.

confirmed that not many scholars have explored sustainable development from an entrepreneurship orientation (Hall, 2010).
After 2010, and specifically after 2015, several authors examined the topic and tried to fill the literature gap. In fact, in 2015 the United Nations proposed 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which represent a clear challenge not only for national governments but also for a wide range of stakeholders (Keesstra, Bouma, Wallinga, Tittonell, Smith, Cerdà , Montanarella, Quinton, Pachepsky, van der Putten, et al. 2016), in particular for social enterprises. After the intervention of the United Nations on the SDGs fields, it is possible to observe that literature on social enterprises have had a greater production on the topic with an impact on research (P. Biancone et al. 2019a; P. P. Biancone e Radwan 2019; P. Biancone et al. 2019b;Secinaro et al. 2019;Meneguzzo 2005). Before that period, told before, the literature on the topic is quite scarce.
According with the examined literature, it is confirmed that the main players in the area of impact economy are social enterprises (Bicciato 2000;Borzaga 2002;Borzaga e Tortia 2004;Calò et al. 2018;Farmer, Hill, e Muñoz 2012). Social enterprises are the best structured companies of the whole panorama of the third sector (Zamagni, Venturi, e Rago 2015).
Facing today's social and economic challenges implies an inclusive entrepreneurial system (Zamagni, Venturi, e Rago 2015), that is, one in which social enterprises are engines of economic and social inclusion for the territories in which they operate (Giuliani et al. 2018). The phenomenon influences business extensions (Goldoff 2000;Moore, Westley, e Brodhead 2012;Moore, Westley, e Nicholls 2012;Motta, Dini, e Sartori 2017;Rehn 2008). In the research emerges that the case study is the most used method to demonstrate the centrality of social enterprises in social innovation that literature confirms (Zamagni, Venturi, e Rago 2015;Borzaga 2002;Borzaga e Tortia 2004;Fiorani, Jannelli, e Meneguzzo 2012;Mosca, Musella, e Pastore 2007). Innovation (646), performance (371), management (257) and entrepreneurship (193), are the most used keywords in those articles, demonstrating the assumption that the driver of social impact is given by these types of keywords for social enterprises.
In this work, the research focuses on the evolution of social enterprises through a bibliometric approach from 1991 to 2020. They had been analyzed the characteristics, citation patterns and content of 3318 documents published in international and academic journals, editorial materials, reviews and proceedings papers.
The aim is to demonstrate how social enterprise contributes to the achievement of sustainable goals and to crystallize the academic studies on this field and moreover to demonstrate the evolution of the perception of social enterprises in literature. This research shows how, among 30 years, the literature has put social enterprises at the center of social innovation by focusing on performance and management issues. Therefore, with the intention of mapping the studies that have been done in this regard, the paper aims to explore how research on local development coherence for global development has been addressed.
In order to explore the contents of social enterprises literature, to understand whether SDGs are also typical of the analyzed sector, as well as to understand if they have already been covered in other aspects and to track their evolution and identify the main flows of the academic sector, this work is organized as follows: (i) Analysis of the literature; (ii) Identification of the most influential articles; (iii) Analysis of keywords.
The next section presents the methodology, consisting of hypotheses and basic methodology. It includes a review of what is present in the literature on the state of knowledge regarding the results on how social enterprises contribute to the achievement of SDG goals.
The third section explains the categorization of these findings. After describing the results of each method used, the fourth section outlines the implications and conclusions.

Background
Starting from the "Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: The Future is Now -Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, (United Nations, New York, 2019).", this study aims to identify how social enterprises acts in promoting the effective functioning of the SDG. planet for future generations, and build peaceful, inclusive societies as a foundation for ensuring lives of dignity for all [...] Our challenge now is to mobilize action that will bring these agendas meaningfully and tangibly to life. I call on Governments and stakeholders to recognize the gaps that have been identified in this reportin implementation, financing and political willand to now join hands to fulfil this vision and keep this promise".
The 17 SDGs developed by the UN recognize and ratify the essential social, economic and environmental issues facing our society. Governments and the public sector as well as the stakeholders and the enterprises too as a whole must use the SDGs as a basis for developing the public implementation (Farneti et al. 2019). The SDGs are embedded and framed in public governance, and their realization will strongly depend on it; the formulation of the SDGs may refer to different levels of commitment, but still: public administration is everywhere in the SDGs (Bouckaert, Loretan, e Troupin 2016).
On the other hand, according to the 2015 report by Social Enterprise UK -Think Global Trade Social -social enterprises too have an important role to play in the achievement of the UN's new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, with 17 SDGs and no less than 169 associated targets, understanding how social enterprises can contribute to the achievement of these goals remains challenging. Literature is limited on that field so an important academic contribution with a deepening on that topic appears to be highly recommended in order to reach substantial progress in achieving global goals and meet the criteria of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Littlewood e Holt 2018).

Method
The study was conducted in the form of bibliometric analysis. According to Verbeek, Debackere, Luwel, & Zimmermann (2002), bibliometric analysis can be defined as follows: "Bibliometrics is the statistical analysis of scholarly communication through publications". All sources are used to perform rigorous bibliometric and network analysis (e.g., citation and citation analysis) with the function of tracing the knowledge structure of this topic.
The analysis of the network through bibliometric tools has proved useful in identifying consolidated and emerging topical areas (Aria e Cuccurullo 2017). The statistical analyses were done with the statistical software R-Studio.

Identification of Papers
Three thousand, three hundred and eighteen documents have been identified based on the assumptions made.
This bibliometric study focuses to be precise on certain research boundaries. The keywords to be used have been designated with an asterisk (*) to show the range of possible studies, as many existing works use slightly different keywords for the same concept, e.g. "Social Enterprise" instead of "Social Enterprise". Two classes of keywords have been selected: 1. The keywords related to the concept of social enterprise, and therefore "Social Enterprise*, to gather more existing publications on the subject; and 2. The keyword which is now one of the main focuses needed to achieve the goals set by Agenda 2030, "innovation".
A meta-search engine (Web of Science-WOS) was used in the research, which accessed the most well-known academic databases. This multidisciplinary database allows researchers to identify key articles for scientific analysis (Okoli e Schabram 2010; Webster e Watson 2002).
These results were then aggregated into a single list for comparative purposes. Articles dealing with the areas business, business finance, economics, management, public administration, social work and social issues have been included in our list. For a better search, only peer review journals have been selected. In order to answer the research question, articles published from 1991 to 2020 (July2020) have been selected. Peer-reviewed journals play a fundamental role in the dissemination of scientific knowledge, the exercise of reputation control, the recognition of intellectual property and the construction of the group's membership and identity (Whitley 2000a).
The language of publication selected is English in order to have a wider and more homogeneous overview.
The aggregation of articles over a period of these years yields data that can be processed with standard bibliometric methods ( The above process can be summarised and represented in Figure 1 below.

Publication Pattern
During the period under review , the number of publications in social enterprises journals increased the production between 2015 and 2019 (2020 has just started). Scientific output started in 2001 and reached the top in 2018 ( Figure 2). The data confirm what has already been said above. This field of research is continuously evolving, and the horizons are increasingly broad.  The sample is composed of 7280 authors. The authors with most impact so far have been: LI Y (12), LI X (11), SCUOTTO (9), WANG L (9), ZHANG Y (9), EDGEMAN R (8), LI L (8), LIU Y (8), WANG J (8).
Checking the affiliation of the authors at the time of publication emerged that the most represented University are those represented on table 2.
Most of the studies are the result of the work of a single author. Source: our elaboration The most cited countries, with more than 1000 citations are USA (10552), United Kingdom (4029), China (1801), Germany (1654), Italy (1239) and Canada (1147).
Strategic Management Journal has 3 papers on the first 20 articles in terms of citations, Harvard Business Review has 2 papers on the same list of top-cited papers.
The top 5 most cited sources are: -Strategic management journal (2516) -Academic management review (2380) -Academic management journal (2056) -Journal business of ethics (1832) -Responsibility policy (1733) Harvard Business review is on the 11 th position with 1094 citations.  (Short, Moss, e Lumpkin 2009) is a literature review that assumes that in the particular field of social enterprises there is "often lack formal hypotheses and rigorous methods" and that "social entrepreneurship is informed by common areas of interest (…) like entrepreneurship, public/nonprofit management, and social issues, all of which represent fruitful venues for future research efforts" ;  (Hess 2016), that examines the concept of embeddedness in economic geography.

Keyword Co-occurrences Network
Every article published must contain keywords. These keywords are the research fields that have been involved in the respective articles. It establishes the co-occurrences of the network keywords. The purpose of the co-occurrence analysis is to design the conceptual structure of a frame of reference using a network of co-occurrence words to map and group the terms extracted from the keywords into a bibliographic collection. The following figure 3 provides information to find out which fields have been linked to social enterprises research. The figure shows that researchers combine their scientific production with a more significant number of keywords. It shows, therefore, that from the current elaboration, a clear perception of how a central the role is played by INNOVATION, PERFORMANCE and MANAGEMENT.
In addition, the most involved keywords are ENTREPRENEURSHIP, IMPACT, KNOWLEDGE, MODEL, ENTERPRISE, NETWORKS, FIRMS. The figure above helps to understand the incredible spread of the annual occurrences of the most cited words in the last 30 years. This selection of keywords allows us to understand that, in addition to management and performance, the most relevant topic is those that dealt with in SDG 9: INNOVATION. In fact, looking at this selection of keywords, the reference to SDG objective 9 "industry, innovation and infrastructure", which aims to ensure the building of resilient infrastructure promotion of inclusive and sustainable industrialization and fostering innovation, appears more pronounced than ever, in addition to the keywords "ENTERPRISE", "KNOWLEDGE" and "IMPACT", particularly after 2015.
Another important reference is to SDG objective 17 "partnership for the goals", which sets the goal of strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development where the main keyword is "NETWORK ".
The US keyword is due to the predominance in scientific publications of US scholars.

Coding Keyword
To examine the content of the articles, the study develops a list of the main keywords divided for each SDG and identified according to the keywords of each objective. The objective of the coding process is to determine whether there is a match between the SDG keywords and the keywords in the article collection, which is composed of a large number (2433) associated with the articles by the authors and databases.
A list of all keywords has been compiled by grouping them and associating them to each SDG (see Appendix 1) of reference. This also generated a final list of keywords that could not be grouped and had been removed from the coding process ( . Therefore, we decided to assign the articles to one or more keywords.
It was possible to code 2433 keywords, based on the reference SDGs.

Contributions to the Literature
In order to develop a sustainable approach to international growth, social enterprises must continue to learn from experience and adapt during their internationalization and connect all stakeholders with innovative reporting tools.
This paper argued that although there is no explicit reference to the SDGs in social enterprise journals, the issues are widely covered and are part of the scientific debate in the specific field.
The study presents the results of 30 years of research in the field of social enterprises and an overview of the contribution of social enterprises to achieving global goals. Although the SDGs were only issued in 2015, the topics they address are variously present throughout the timeline and can be read in the bibliometric analysis. A bibliometric method was used to analyze the characteristics, citation patterns, and content of 3318 documents published in international academic journals, book and chapter reviews, editorial materials, and proceedings papers. By adopting this scientific method, the analysis presents a deeper understanding of the intellectual structure of the social enterprise field by interpreting the study's emergent bibliometric characteristics designed to map and understand the current maturity of the fields. However, the main finding is that the keywords used in articles related to social enterprises and innovation relate to those types of several SDGs. In the sample, even though the SDGs are not explicitly mentioned, the topics covered are typical of this field. Regarding the SDGs, we noticed that the topics covered are typical of publications in journals related to social enterprises. The only exception was SDG 10 -REDUCED INEQUALITIES, which is not mentioned at all.
The following SDG areas are also not very well covered: SDG 1 -NO POVERTY, SDG 5 -GENDER EQUALITY, and SDG 6 -CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION.
In the research, there is a sense of the multidisciplinary nature of the topic and how the literature has treated it consistently. Because it is an interdisciplinary field, it benefits from a number of increased intersections with emerging approaches that also lead to practical feedback.
The bibliometric analysis showed that there are journals that have had a greater output on the topic with a significant impact on research. The case study is the most used method to demonstrate the centrality of social enterprises in social innovation, as it emerges from the analysis of the studies of the most impactful authors. The analysis also shows that the centrality of the themes is related to innovation, impact, management, and performance, demonstrating the hypothesis that the driver of innovation in terms of social impact is given by these types of enterprises.
The results also highlight that there is a rise in publications on the topic since they were included in the global background The 17 Sustainable Development Goals that make up the 2030 Agenda refer to different areas of social, economic, and environmental development, we refer to the year 2015. This brings out how impactful is the graft of global organizations to provide a direction of innovation in terms of social impact.

Implications for Managers
Based on the study's preliminary evidence and if supported by further research, social enterprise decision-makers can improve the effects of their actions internally and externally, even when reflection on best practices is not perceived as urgent.
Since it is commonly accepted that innovation is the theme of social enterprises par excellence and because it generates growth, we find that this aspect was particularly evident. However, at present, in the subject of the publication of the analysis, issues regarding network and performance are still important. At a time when the crisis has created great difficulties for the system, it is very important to understand what the model is for creating impact through companies. In turn, they can create a cycle of ethical investments through a chain reaction that generates activities capable of creating social impact by helping citizens in need.
The results suggest that these micro-processes can be supported by an entrepreneurial attitude that allows business managers to regularly take stock and be ready to act quickly by being aware of their company's financial and non-financial data, especially in a language that is certainly accessible. Too often, smaller companies going to market don't have the time or resources to make these assessments, and this can lead to inefficiencies that last longer than necessary, resulting in wasted resources and poor returns, as well as reducing opportunities for learning and adapting practices.
In the specific context, best practices that are around the topic of social impact consist of using human capital with increasingly specific combinations of skills and know-how. The manager must select the human capital to carry out these activities, otherwise, he or she will have to provide external professionals for implementation.

Limitations and Future Research
The study shows a limitation, related to the adoption of the bibliometric method even as it considers books, chapters, articles published in international and academic journals, editorial materials, reviews, and proceedings papers.
The purpose of our exploratory study is to provide insights that other scholars can draw upon and explore further in the process of theory development. Therefore, this study invites scholars to investigate the transferability of our insights and provides several promising avenues for future research.
These findings suggest that in general, the SDGs are the cataloging and organizing of topics that are already present and thus can be found in articles by social actors published over the past 30 years. In fact, interest in the SDGs and social enterprises has continually grown especially in the last 5. These findings form the basis for providing support to the scientific research sector, third sector agents, investors, and all stakeholders working with social entrepreneurs to better understand the focus on which research and social enterprises will need to concentrate in order to generate social impact. First, researchers question whether the social impact focus can generate transparency and accountability applied to all nonprofit but also for-profit contexts, as the current literature provides us with additional distinctions in this category: for impact and without impact (Calderini et al., 2018;Clark et al., 2004;Meneguzzo, 2005).
Second, the results highlight that this study is an opportunity to direct future research to fill gaps in the literature. Since the SDGs are goals to be achieved by 2030 (2030 AGENDA), evidence of these gaps can raise awareness of the scientific output and thus facilitate the achievement of the goals. In this sense, the literature places social enterprises at the center of social innovation by focusing on performance and management issues.
Third, to reach more general conclusions, the 2030 goals toward which the world is racing seem to be set by large institutions and public bodies. Social enterprises, which are the drivers of social impact, can certainly contribute to this, and trying to provide a dashboard of the SDGs business format can help generate global development from the local.
It would be very interesting to spark further empirical studies investigating the impact on tools related to the focus of this work. Generating social impact creates a need for reporting on this data and therefore the identification of good reporting tools on the global goals that humanity must now aim for.
In conclusion, with the aim of demonstrating how social enterprise contributes to the achievement of sustainable goals and crystallizing academic studies on this field and furthermore to demonstrate the evolution of the perception of social enterprises in the literature. This research shows how, over 30 years, the literature has placed social enterprises at the center of social innovation by focusing on performance and management issues.