{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.07407407407407407, 'fraction_numerical': 0.050793650793650794, 'mean_word_length': 4.449567723342939, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effect of pre-medication on gastroduodenoscopy in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.

The pre-medicant chosen may influence the ease with which gastroduodenoscopy (GD) is performed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative ease of GD in cats under ketamine and isoflurane anesthesia after IM injection of hydromorphone (H, 0.1 mg kg−1), hydromorphone plus glycopyrrolate (HG, 0.1 mg kg−1 (H), 0.01 mg kg−1 (G)), medetomidine (M, 0.03 mg kg−1), or butorphanol (B, 0.4 mg kg−1). 
 
 
 
Eight cats were assigned randomly to receive each treatment in a cross-over design with at least 7 days between treatments. Twenty minutes after pre-medication, medetomidine produced greater (p = 0.001) sedation than the other treatments when assessed, using a subjective ordinal scale. The cats were injected with ketamine (10 mg kg−1 IM), orotracheally intubated, connected to a pediatric circle breathing system, and allowed to spontaneously breathe isoflurane in oxygen. Once end-tidal isoflurane concentration was stable at 1.4% for 15 minutes, endoscopy was started. A single endoscopist (REG), who was unaware of the treatment used, performed all endoscopies. The endoscopist scored the difficulty of endoscopy subjectively (0–3). The significance of differences between treatments was evaluated using Friedman's test. 
 
 
 
Time for entering the stomach was 9.4 (4.7–15.9) (median (minimum–maximum)), 6.6 (5.2–11.7), 8.4 (6.3–16.5), and 7.7 (5.1–14.7) seconds and for entering the duodenum from the stomach was 20.5 (13.8–40.9), 18.2 (10.3–39.8), 20.2 (16.2–119.5), and 22.2 (11.8–83.8) seconds for H, HG, M, and B treatments, respectively. There were no significant differences in the time for, or difficulty of, endoscopy. 
 
 
 
We conclude that any of these drugs can be used satisfactorily at the doses and combinations tested to pre-medicate cats prior to general anesthesia for GD.