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Review Essay: Human Rights and the Zimbabwe Land Debate

From around 2000 until 2008, Zimbabwe experienced one of the most dramatic economic downsizings in modern history. Service provision (water, electricity, education, and health) all but collapsed, and widespread food insecurity became a new norm. During this period, elections occurred in 2000, 2002, 2005 and 2008, but the new and popular opposition party, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), failed to unseat the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU PF) and President Mugabe, the only ruler Zimbabwe has known since independence in 1980. These years also witnessed the massive transfer of whiteowned commercial farms to black settlers, which ZANU PF presided over. Very high levels of violence and intimidation characterised both inter-party political competition and land redistribution. This inflammable domestic brew of racial, party, and land politics, also had regional and international dimensions. While the region was pro-ZANU PF and Mugabe, the West supported the opposition. In 2009, the opposition MDC factions – the MDC had split in 2005 – and ZANU PF joined a Government of National Unity (GNU), which recently approved a new constitution and is expected to hold elections in 2013.