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Methods of assessment of scapular movements during upper limb elevations: literature review

Objective: To carry out a literature review on methods to assess scapular movements during upper limb elevation and point out their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. Methods: The search was performed assessing MEDLINE, SCIELO, LILACS e PEDro databases with key words related to the subject. To be included, the studies would have to be published in Portuguese/English/Spanish/ French until the last day of 2005 and have assessed scapular movement during upper limb elevation. The exclusion criterion included assessments in the decubitus position. Results: one hundred eighty-one different studies were found and after the verification of the established criteria, 29 were selected for the analysis, which were divided into four groups: bidimensional static, bidimensional dynamic, three-dimensional static and three-dimensional dynamic assessment methods. Despite the variety of assessment techniques, a method that shows clinical applicability and is able to carry out measurements related to the functional movements of the scapula is yet to be developed. Another problem found was the lack of standardization of the terminology regarding movements, planes and axes. Furthermore, the three-dimensional methods applicable to scientific studies showed important limitations, such as high cost, need for specialized human resources, and measurement errors, which could be significant when determining changes in scapular kinematics. Conclusion: It is essential to standardize the terminology used to describe scapular movements, planes and axes and to develop complete functional assessment methods with clinical applicability, reliability and validity.