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The Water Balance of Wet Grassland Sites with Shallow Water Table Conditions in the North-Eastern German Lowlands in Extreme Dry and Wet Years

In recent years, Germany has experienced an increasing number of extreme wet and dry years. In the North German lowlands, wet grassland sites with shallow water table conditions are widespread landscape elements. They are characterized by a special water and nutrient balance that reacts very sensitively to changes in the hydrological system. Studies on evapotranspiration (ETa) and the development of groundwater levels were carried out at two typical wet grassland sites with shallow water table conditions. A weighable groundwater lysimeter system in the Spreewald wetland (SPW) and an eddy covariance station in Havelländisches Luch (HL) were used to measure ETa. The results show that even these shallow water table sites cannot sufficiently meet the vegetation’s water demands in extreme dry conditions. The groundwater levels drop to values deeper than 1 m below the surface. As a result, water supply to the vegetation is temporarily limited. The mean crop coefficients (Kc) of these wet grassland sites reach values of 1.1 in the vegetation period with a sufficient water supply, but drop to around 0.8 in dry years when the water supply is limited. Areas with small catchment areas, such as HL, are more seriously affected by the dry meteorological conditions than areas with sufficient inflows from larger catchment areas, such as SPW.