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Opposite regulation of the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors during contact inhibition.

Contact inhibition is a well-known phenomenon, but the details of its mechanism are poorly understood. Recently, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors have been studied intensively with respect to their regulatory role in the cell cycle, and of them, p27(Kip1) is particularly involved in contact inhibition. p27(Kip1) is believed to be regulated primarily through posttranscriptional mechanisms. We now report that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, including p27, are regulated differently at the mRNA level during contact inhibition in murine BALB/c-3T3 fibroblasts. The mRNA expression of p15, p16, and p27 was up-regulated as the cell density increased, but, on the contrary, the mRNA level of p21(Cip1/WAF1/Sdi1) markedly decreased when the cells became confluent. The protein levels of these genes were regulated in the same way as their mRNA levels, and cyclin-dependent kinase-2 activity was markedly inhibited on density-mediated growth arrest of the cells. These results indicate that the regulation of mRNA expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors appears to contribute to their protein levels and to the arrest of cell growth through contact inhibition.