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Reproduction, development, and longevity of Pholetesor ornigis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of spotted tentiform leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in the laboratory

Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) was reared on potted apple trees in the laboratory to study its reproductive potential as a parasitoid of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.). At 23°C, a 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod, and with abundant hosts for oviposition, 20 P. ornigis females lived 32 ± 1.6 (x ± SEM) d and parasitized 368 ± 20 host larvae. They killed hosts only by parasitism and did not feed on hosts. The sex ratio of offspring was 1.7:1.0 (male/female), although female offspring outnumbered males during the first 10 d. The net reproductive rate ( R o) under these conditions was 120.1 females per female per generation. Females fed honeydew from Aphis pomi De Geer or sucrose lived 23 ± 8.3 and 21 ± 4.7 d, respectively; those fed on crab apple fruit or given only water lived 8.7 ± 5 and 1.7 ± 0.5 d. Development time from egg to adult increased as constant rearing temperature decreased; the developmental threshold was 9.2°C for males and 9.5°C for females. Development time was 5 d longer on first-instar hosts than on the other four instars. Implications of these results for biological control of the leafminer are discussed.