{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.019447287615148412, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.608108108108108, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Circulating Current Control and Energy Balancing of a Modular Multilevel Converter using Model Predictive Control for HVDC Applications

The scalability of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology renders it suitable for high voltage direct current (HVDC) applications. Thus, this topology plays a significant role in long distance power transmissions, asynchronous interconnections, and long undersea cable crossings. In this paper, a novel model predictive control (MPC) scheme is presented, which performs a circulating current control and energy balancing of an MMC. The proposed MPC formulation unites diverging control objectives specific to optimal steady state operation and hardware protection in case of AC side faults. The control performance is evaluated in simulations for steady state operation and an AC side ground short-circuit scenario. In addition, the MPC scheme is compared to the performance of a standard controller generally used in the industry.