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Aqueous Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Sedimentology of Rocks at the Mars Rover Landing Sites

Introduction and Summary: The Mars Exploration Rovers, Opportunity and Spirit, have provided critical ground truth observations pertinent to global data sets and observations that have been interpreted in terms of an aqueous past [1-3]. Most crucial from these new rover missions has been their ability to travel to rock outcroppings and probe the weathered exteriors and fresher interiors of rocks with chemical and mineralogical and a variety of optical imaging systems. Both rovers have returned data indicating layer-by-layer aqueous deposition or aqueous alteration under conditions that were almost certainly highly acidic and hypersaline but not as cold as current conditions [4-9]. The two landing sites are very different, but the rover observations dovetail nicely with synoptic observations made from orbiters. The accumulated sets of observations for both sites indicate periods of hydrogeologic processes involving huge amounts of liquid water. Both rovers have produced data consistent with possible continued aqueous processes, most likely involving minute traces of acidic, saline brines that are liquid and chemically active in the upper centimeters on warm days, but frozen much of the time [5-6]. Terrestrial analog sites provide a rich variety of insights into the cause of the observed chemistry, mineralogy, and physical sedimentology at each rover site. A sea or big lake is implicated for Meridiani Planum [2-3], and a huge debris flow is likely at Gusev Crater. Room remains for alternate or modified interpretations, but water is unavoidable. Meridiani Planum., Opportunity's site at Merdiani Planum indeed appears to have been a hypersaline, acid sea or large lake, as the MER team has well substantiated. Chemical analogs from acid-mine drainage sites, such as Rio Tinto (Spain)[9], and acid-brine evaporative lakes, such as Lake Tyrell (Australia), explain much about the chemistry and mineralogy of these rocks. Physical sedimentologic and evaporite analogs such as the Permian Basin and active saline playas of the southwestern U.S. explain many other features [5]. Banded iron-formations of Western Australia and elsewhere, and the eroded sedimentary rock bluffs, butte, and mesas of Monument Valley (Arizona) offer additional partial analogs to parts of Merdiani Planum. Multielement covariation diagrams (Fig. 1), using rover data published by [10], basic aqueous chemical phase equilibria and physical chemistry of relevant