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Beyond Urban Economies: Retail Enterprise among Immigrant Groups in the Hinterlands of the United States in the Late Nineteenth Century

Boyd R. L. Beyond urban economies: retail enterprise among immigrant groups in the hinterlands of the United States in the late nineteenth century, Regional Studies. Supposedly, the best opportunities for immigrant entrepreneurs to become retail traders in the United States in the late nineteenth century were in urban centres of the industrialized core regions of the North. The present study, however, shows that during this time, the concentration of immigrant groups in the retail trade was greatest in the hinterlands of the West and South, the least urbanized and industrialized peripheral regions. These findings are interpreted through the conceptual framework of mixed embeddedness, which takes account of the embeddedness of entrepreneurial immigrants in co-ethnic communities and in the socioeconomic and institutional contexts of the larger society.