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Risk factors associated with the bovine trypanosomosis of livestock farms in Venezuela.

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with
bovine tripanosomosis in cattle ranches in Venezuela. There were
processed a total of 1.675 blood samples for active infection study and
1.572 for serology, collected in 49 cattle herds from livestock farms
scattered in nine states of the country and 4 different geographical
regions: east and west plains, south lake, central-west, and andean.
Microcentrifugation technique was used to detect active infection by
Trypanosoma vivax , while seropositivity to this hemoprotozoan was
detected by both the indirect immunofluorescence technique and the
ELISA immunosorbent assay. Through an epidemiological survey,
information on the racial, age, gender, purpose, management, and
tripanocidal treatment (active ingredient and frequency of application)
was gathered. There was a general active infection rate of 5,9% and an
overall 33,1% seropositivity. The following parameters (risk factors)
were positive associated to seropositivity: lack of implementation of
trypanocidal drugs (OR=2,62), use of diminazeno (OR=1,87), age group
heifers(OR=1,48) and adults (OR=1,41), racial Bos indicus (OR=1,80),
purpose meat (OR=1,29), and semi intensive handling (OR = 1,40).
Factors associated negative (protective effect) were trypanocidal drug
application (irrespective of the active ingredient) (OR=0,38),
implementing isometamidium (OR=0,35), frequency of use of drugs on a
regular basis with trypanocidal drugs at interval of 4 to 6 months
(OR=0,62) and longer than 6 months (OR=0,33), age group calves
(OR=0,39), racial mixed breed Bos taurus x B. indicus (OR=0,63), and
extensive management (OR=0,71). These factors should be considered in
the implementation of strategic plans to control this disease in
endemic areas.