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Image interpretation of magnetic domains in Nd2Fe14B hard magnets

Low magnification electron holography, combined with in-situ field-calibrated magnetization and demagnetization Lorentz or Foucault microscopy, provides a way to gain some insight regarding magnetization configurations in magnetic materials. However, the measured projected magnetization maps obtained as the gradient of the phase after the reconstruction from experimental data suffer several drawbacks. For instance, the phase shift induced depends not only on the local magnetic field inside and close to the specimen, which is the information we want to extract, but also on the fringing field in the vacuum. Moreover, the demagnetizing effect of the interfaces between material and vacuum at the specimen edges induce a bending of the holographic fringes which seems to indicate a dependence of the domain structure on the distance from the edge. It is thus worthwhile to analyze more accurately these features by a thorough theoretical analysis with image simulations to compare with the experimental micrographs like those presented in Fig. 1.