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Effects of selective decontamination of digestive tract on mortality and antibiotic resistance in the intensive-care unit

Purpose of reviewSince its introduction in 1984 several small trials have studied the infection prevention regimen of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) in intensive care patients. Although meta-analyses of these studies suggested that SDD could reduce mortality, it continued to be a highly controversial strategy. There were not only serious doubts about the methodological quality of the meta-analyses, fear also existed that SDD would lead to increased antibiotic resistance. Recently, two new large randomized trials have been published that studied the effects of SDD on mortality and resistance. In this article, we will review the concept on which SDD is based and the present knowledge of the effects of SDD on mortality and antibiotic resistance. Recent findingsIn accordance with earlier meta-analyses of small studies, two recent randomized trials have confirmed that selective decontamination of the digestive tract significantly lowers mortality and decreases the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Limitation of these studies is the fact that they were conducted in intensive-care units (ICUs) with a low prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). SummaryThere is convincing evidence that selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) lowers mortality as well as resistance in circumstances with low prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). SDD should still be considered experimental in area's where MRSA and VRE are endemic. However, given the important potential benefits of SDD, more studies are urgently needed to adapt SDD in a way that proves effective in those settings.