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Design of Studies

The studies reported in this book were all interpretive case studies based on collecting and analyzing qualitative data. The researchers relied especially on open-ended interviews, using interview protocols they designed and field tested before beginning their research. Researchers typically triangulated interview data with written critical incidents, nonparticipant observation, or document analysis. They collected demographic and background information so that they could describe the degree to which their samples were representative of the larger population. They also analyzed their data for patterns that might be affected by characteristics of their samples. Samples were typically convenience samples-that is, people who were in the organization that the researcher studied; met designated criteria regarding characteristics, such as the types of work they were doing, their function, or their experience; and, in some cases, were identified as