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Mechanics of drinking in the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis

Summary The drinking cycle of the brown tree snake was studied with the use of cineradiography, electromyography, high-speed cinematography, and pressure transducers to determine the morphological basis and mechanism of water intake. The drinking cycle is corrlposed of two phases, open and close. During the open phase, the lower jaw is depressed and .the quadrato-mandibular joint moves inward enlarging the oropharyngeal cavity. Through the parted anterior corners of the mouth, water is drawn into the mouth. During the close phase, these displacements are reversed, the edges to the mouth close, volume of the mouth decreases, pressure in the oropharyngeal cavity therefore rises, and water is driven past the esophageal sphincter into the esophagus. Unlike the drinking in primitive snakes, the tongue does not rhythmically protrude from and retract into the mouth during the drinking cycle, but instead the lingual canal is closed by soft tissues (oral mucosa, labial scales) and opened when these part. We propose that drinking is based upon a buccal-pump mechanism that aspirates water into the mouth, then drives it into the esophagus. This permits prolonged drinking bouts without requiring head tipping or the use of gravity for water intake or intraoral transport.