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Pathogenic Bacteria for Human and Fish Isolated from Fish Farm in Kastamonu, Turkey

Aquaculture production has showed a rapid growth in the last years. To provide increasing amounts of aquaculture for the world’s growing population, many major fish farms are already at maximum capacity; fish are often cultured in limited spaces such as ponds and net cages under high densities, under parameters that depend on the species stocked and prevailing environmental conditions. However, these overcrowding trends adversely affect the health of cultured fish by making them susceptible to infectious diseases [1].


Introduction
Aquaculture production has showed a rapid growth in the last years. To provide increasing amounts of aquaculture for the world's growing population, many major fish farms are already at maximum capacity; fish are often cultured in limited spaces such as ponds and net cages under high densities, under parameters that depend on the species stocked and prevailing environmental conditions. However, these overcrowding trends adversely affect the health of cultured fish by making them susceptible to infectious diseases [1].
As in every living organism, human beings are producing a number of waste products while continuing their life, and diseases such as fish and aquatic products are emerging due to the pollution caused by these products, and some of these diseases may show zoonotic characteristics [2]. Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans through drinking water and, consumption of raw and undercooked fish or similar aquatic products. For these reasons zoonotic organisms are an important for human health.
Enterobacteriaceae spp. can be transmitted to human by consumption of the aquatic organisms and contaminated water. Also Bacillaceae spp. are widely found in fish [3,4]. Vibrionaceae spp. lives extensively in almost every water source, especially in salty and brackish water. Besides these bacteria are frequently isolated from fish, other aquatic products, and shellfish [2,5]. Many bacteria of Vibrionaceae, especially non-epidemic isolates of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholera cause the infections for human due to consumption of raw and/ or undercooked aquatic products. In contrast, the epidemic Vibrio cholerae isolates are transmitted from environments to water and human [6]. The most common species of the Vibrionaceae is the Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains [7]. Aeromonadaceae spp. are more often contaminated to human by water and food [8,9]. Aeromonadaceae spp. were isolated in 11.1% of the samples taken from diarrhea patients in Japan between 1985-1987. It has been found that younger human who eat fish products infected with Aeromonadaceae spp. may develop diarrhea and, chronic enterocolitis performs in elderly people, as well as inflammation and vomiting in people contaminating with these bacteria [10,11]. Salmonella spp. are isolated from fish and other aquatic organisms. Infections of Salmonella spp. are mostly transmitted to human by contaminated water and food. It has been reported that 7% of Salmonella spp. infections in the United States are related to seafood [12,13].
Importance of zoonotic diseases are day by day increasing owing to its risks and effects. For this reason, careful evaluation, examination and monitoring of foodstuffs in terms of human health is important. The microbial flora of processed and fresh aquatic organisms should be carefully examined in the evaluating stage. Also the bacterial flora of the aquatic organisms is determined by the environment in which it lives. According to, this the objective of the study was to evaluate, examine, research and monitoring the condition of the pathogenic bacteria for human and fish in the fish farms of Kastamonu, Turkey.

Materials and Methods
There are 11 fish farm in Kastamonu, which are total production capacities 419, 50 t per year, but 5 of them made fish production at all seasons. For this, sample collected from 5 fish farms for the bacteriological analyses at 2015 and 2016. Farm I, II and II Volume 6 Issue 3 -2017 based in different streams, Farm IV and V established in a dam lake. Dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, temperature, conductivity and resistivity are measured in these farm with Hach Lange HQ 40 D multimeter and were given Table 1. Ten fish and water samples were taken in duplicate from each fish farm for the bacteriological investigations. Bacteria were isolated from samples with dilutionplate methods [14]. All of the bacteriological media used in this research was from Merck (Merck, Germany). Individual colonies were then identified [15,16]. Gram staining, catalase, oxidase and motility were using for presumptive identification of the bacterial strains. Biochemical characteristics of totally 21 bacteria were determined with API 20 E, API 20 STREP and API 50 CH tests (BioMerieux S.S., France) at 25±0.5 ºC for 48 h [17,18].

Results and Discussion
There are no find any parasitic infestation in fish farms. Aeromonashydrophila, Lactococcusgarviae, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio fluvialis were isolated from fish samples, also Burkholderiacepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from water samples. Distribution of the bacteria were given Table 2 in the fish farms. API 20 E, API 20 STREP and API 50 CH tests results were given Table 3-5 respectively.

Motility --
Oxidase -- ESC Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from Farm I, II and IV. This pathogen causes various lesions and fever in the body for human and fish [16,20]. Vibrio fluvialis, a zoonotic pathogen that can cause zoonotic infections, is a type of bacterium that is found intensely in a normal environment. It may be dangerous for human health with produces toxins. It is known that this bacterium, which causes gastroenteritis, diarrhea, lesions and bacteremia in humans, causes diseases in shellfish and their eaters. There are contamination and disease risks with consumption of raw and/or undercooked aquatic products [6,[21][22][23]. V. fluvialis was isolated from Farm III.
Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria isolated from the production water in Farm IV is among the bacterium commonly found in the waters. It is known to be pathogenic in many species of fish, especially in carp [16,24].
Lactococcusgarvieae isolated from Farm IV and V is known to be a species of pathogenic bacterium that causes heavy economically losses in various fish species all over the world [16]. It is also an important species in terms of threatening human health. Bacterium was first time isolated from a bovine mastitis case in England [25,26].
Vibrio anguillarum isolated from fish in Farm V is a pathogenic bacterium causing vibrios is infection in many fish species and high rate of losses in aquaculture. This bacterium, which can be found especially in salty and brackish waters, is causing an outbreak infection in fish farms [16,18,27].

Conclusion
Unsurprisingly, Aeromonas hydrophila, Lactococcus garviae, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio fluvialis, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from these farms on account of its natural living environments. It is thought that, this condition is caused by the microbial flora of these water and also this results supported that the production water of the fish is directly related to the bacterial flora of fish. Some of them these bacteria can be cause zoonotic infection for human. For this reason, fish producers must pay attention to hygiene rules and monitoring the aquaculture environment.