{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.00903225806451613, 'fraction_numerical': 0.003870967741935484, 'mean_word_length': 5.258064516129032, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Fire and Concrete Structures

After the 9-11 attack on the World Trade Center, interest in the design of structures for fire greatly increased. Some engineers have promoted the use of advanced analytical models to determine fire growth within a compartment and have used finite element models of structural components to determine temperatures within a component by heat transfer analysis. Following the calculation of temperatures, the mechanical properties at various times during the period of the fire must be determined. This paper provides structural engineers with a summary of the complex behavior of structures in fire and the simplified techniques which have been used successfully for many years to design concrete structures to resist the effects of severe fires.