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Media divergence in ideal linear phased arrays

Electromagnetic waves propagating within a homogenous media exhibit properties of non-divergence. Non-divergence, as applied to electromagnetic waves, occurs when the wave (carrier) speed and the wave modulation (code) speed appear equal. Thus for GPS applications both code and carrier measurements through non-divergent media are equal, otherwise the media exhibits "code-carrier divergence". This paper explores mathematically the sources of code-carrier divergence within ideal phased arrays. Specifically phased arrays with phase and amplitude steering are described mathematically and tests for divergence applied to special cases. It is shown that even for ideal phased arrays (i.e. perfect isometric elements with no mutual coupling) that code-carrier divergence is the rule and non-divergence is the exception. Only under specific conditions does phased arrays appear as a homogenous media