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Protein kinase C epsilon translocation and phosphorylation by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP): potential role in CDDP-mediated cytotoxicity.

Phorbol ester-like protein kinase C (PKC) activators, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and perturbation of some growth factor receptors have been reported to alter the cytotoxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP). To study the mechanism of this alteration, we have examined the effect of CDDP per se on PKC isozymes. The SKBR-3 human breast carcinoma cell line exhibits at least six different PKC isozymes (PKC alpha, betaI, betaII, delta, epsilon, and zeta). After exposure to 10-100 microM CDDP for 3 h, only PKC epsilon translocated from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane and to the cytosolic fraction. This translocation was observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner by Western blot and confocal microscopy. CDDP also decreased the mobility of PKC epsilon in the nuclear membrane fraction, an effect that was blocked by protein phosphatase 2A, suggesting drug-mediated isozyme phosphorylation. This translocation and phosphorylation were also induced by the cisplatin analogue carboplatin but not with the anticancer agents Adriamycin and Taxol. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against PKC epsilon down-regulated isozyme content, blocked drug-induced translocation, and reduced cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity 3-fold compared to that of sense-treated cells. Antisense PKC epsilon also decreased SKBR-3 cell sensitivity to carboplatin but not to Adriamycin and Taxol. These data support a role for PKC epsilon translocation and phosphorylation on CDDP-mediated toxicity.