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Book Review: Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared

reflect the actual situation in all its complexity and diversity. Nonetheless, this kind of information can, indeed must, be used, not only in cases where little else is available, but also as a necessary complement to other types of'historical records. On the basis ofthe 120 interviews with these survivors, we learn much about the social structure of interwar Poland. More valuable, however, is the recalling of the experiences lived differently by Polish Christians andJews during the German and Soviet invasions of Poland and their respective consequences. By way of differentiation, Polish Jews experienced and evaluated life under the Russians and Germans (Communists and Nazis) very differently than Polish Christians who harbored much more hostile attitudes toward the Communists and Russians (in spite of the intense hatred for German occupation felt by all Poles) than the intense hostility of the Polish Jews to Nazism and Germany. The author compellingly demonstrates how these attitudes have shaped their lives quite differently during and after the war and also during their respective lives in the United States. The lengthy central part of the monograph details the efforts ofJewish and Christian religious, social and political groups to assist the arrival of refugees from the European camps and provide for a solid foundation for a new life here. From the wealth of details provided by the author, it becomes evident that the Jewish groups were more effective in the helping process and that in both cases there were problems between the olderJewish and Christian populations already here and the new arrivals. An additional dimension is, ofcourse, the deep-seated misunderstanding between Jews and Christians from Poland. As the interviews amply show, this situation has not been ameliorated to any appreciable extent and there has consequently been little interrelationship amongst them. The differences are further illuminated by a quite significant variation onissues ofself-definition and attachment to Poland; Christians are much more attached to Polish traditions, whereas the Jews tended to repudiate their Polish background. While impossible to do justice to these problems ofself-definition, this is one of the most meaningful dimensions of this essentially microhistorical study. Based upon extensive research, it is a solid contribution to the understanding of the European roots ofethnic conflicts and the transformations of these in this society.