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Probable corticosteroid-induced reactivation of latent hepatitis B virus infection in an HIV-positive patient involving immune escape.

We describe a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus who possessed a serological profile suggesting a previous cleared acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, including high levels of antibodies against HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs). Following the administration of inhaled glucocorticosteroids combined with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral treatment, the patient developed an unexpected severe acute hepatitis despite persistence of anti-HBs. A genotype A2 strain emerged with 2 major mutations in the S gene, sK122R and sD144E. Molecular and biological analyses strongly suggested reactivation of a latent HBV infection. The importance and the molecular basis of these 2 epitopes in immune-escape mechanisms and host-virus interactions are discussed.