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India’s First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975–77

Indira Gandhi, daughter of India’s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, became prime minister in her turn in 1966. At first treated as a pliant puppet by the old guard within the Indian National Congress (a ‘gungi gudiya’ or dumb doll was the insulting term used by the veteran socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia), she broke free from their control by a series of stunning coups de main that enabled her to position herself as a leader committed to completing the promise of Indian independence through radical economic and social reform. An engineered split in the Congress party was followed by a striking election victory in 1971 and then her leadership of a decisive victory in a war with Pakistan.