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Utilization of cognitive support in episodic free recall as a function of apolipoprotein E and vitamin B12 or folate among adults aged 75 years and older.

Apolipoprotein E (APOE), vitamin B12, and folate were examined in relation to free recall among 167 community-based older adults. Cognitive support at encoding and retrieval was also taken into account. Participants were classified as APOE e4 or non-epsilon4 allele carriers and as either low or normal vitamin B12 or folate status. A significant association was identified between low vitamin B12 and the epsilon4 genotype in respect to free recall, but only in circumstances of low cognitive support. This result remained after removing dementia cases that occurred up to 6 years after testing. A similar, but nonsignificant, trend was evident in relation to folate. The research is discussed with reference to vulnerability models and genetic influences on brain reserves.