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Practical applications of the exemption principle in radiation protection

Abstract The concept of exemption has been widely used in radiological protection. It is part of the regulator's arsenal for applying legislative requirements in a graded fashion, to avoid the expenditure of effort on situations where the return in terms of improvement in protection would otherwise be trivial. Nevertheless, it still remains a controversial matter. It is not so much the dosimetric criteria for exemption that cause debate; it is more the way in which the concept is used; the scenarios employed to calculate derived activity concentrations, and its relationship to the somewhat analogous concept of exclusion. A particular problem has been the full integration into the legislative system of protection of exposures to radiation from sources of natural origin and the degree to which exemption is a relevant concept for dealing with such situations. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to provide some clarity on the two concepts and their practical implementation with a view to encouraging international harmonization and avoiding further unnecessary debate.