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China and Russia—The Great Game . By O. Edmund Clubb (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. Pp. 578. $12.95.)

A second value of the collection is its extension of the universe of those examining problems of social control under communism, or in a still broader range of political systems. Ukrainians constitute the third largest ethnic group (fewer only than Russians and Chinese) under Communist rule. What these documents—and other samizdat materials reaching Western Europe—indicate is that the currents of opposition evident in Eastern Europe and among Jews, Baltic, and Caucasian groups in the USSR are strongly present among the Ukrainians as well. Since the opposition figures who composed the Ukrainian documents and those who are mentioned in them are nearly all intellectuals, one cannot extrapolate the evidence to assert that mass opposition to Soviet-style Communism is as strong in the Ukraine as it manifestly is in Czechoslovakia or among Jews in the USSR. What the documents do establish is that Ukrainian intellectual opposition has become increasingly more articulate and daring, and that it has spread to groups which w,ere little affected by the violent anticommunism of the World War II period. There is little doubt that these young people are sincere in claiming a Marxism-Leninism as their fundamental ideology, even though they are as selective in using it to support nationalism as their prosecutors are in using the official doctrine to maintain centralism. Given these new features, it is equally significant, however, that contemporary opposition writers admit solidarity with the older nationalist elements. Although L. H. Lukyanenko asserts that he did not know what the OUN (the principal prewar Ukrainian nationalist organization) was before he was arrested, another of the jailed oppositionists writes: