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Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 Is Activated as a Consequence of Lymphocyte Activation and Regulates a Major Proteostasis Network in T Cells Critical for Cell Division During Stress

Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is a major transcriptional regulator of the heat shock response in eukaryotic cells. HSF1 is evoked in response to a variety of cellular stressors, including elevated temperatures, oxidative stress, and other proteotoxic stressors. Previously, we demonstrated that HSF1 is activated in naive T cells at fever range temperatures (39.5°C) and is critical for in vitro T cell proliferation at fever temperatures. In this study, we demonstrated that murine HSF1 became activated to the DNA-binding form and transactivated a large number of genes in lymphoid cells strictly as a consequence of receptor activation in the absence of apparent cellular stress. Microarray analysis comparing HSF1+/+ and HSF1−/− gene expression in T cells activated at 37°C revealed a diverse set of 323 genes significantly regulated by HSF1 in nonstressed T cells. In vivo proliferation studies revealed a significant impairment of HSF1−/− T cell expansion under conditions mimicking a robust immune response (staphylococcal enterotoxin B–induced T cell activation). This proliferation defect due to loss of HSF1 is observed even under nonfebrile temperatures. HSF1−/− T cells activated at fever temperatures show a dramatic reduction in cyclin E and cyclin A proteins during the cell cycle, although the transcription of these genes was modestly affected. Finally, B cell and hematopoietic stem cell proliferation from HSF1−/− mice, but not HSF1+/+ mice, were also attenuated under stressful conditions, indicating that HSF1 is critical for the cell cycle progression of lymphoid cells activated under stressful conditions.