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Development of quantum dots for use in surgical navigation

Quantum dots (QDs) are optical semiconductor nanocrystals that exhibit stable, bright fluorescence over narrow, size tunable emission bands. The size tunable optical properties of QDs allow multiplexing with multiple emission wavelengths from a single excitation source. QDs may be linked to antibodies, peptides, and nucleic acids for use as fluorescence probes in vitro and in vivo. The electron dense construction of QDs makes it possible to detect QDs with radiographic techniques such as computed tomography. The intravenous injection of QDs may be exploited to optically label brain tumors, potentially leading to improved techniques for surgical biopsy and resection. Macrophage-mediated delivery of QDs to areas of neoplasm and inflammation may represent a novel technique that might be exploited in a variety of surgical situations in which optical feedback control could be useful in aiding the completeness of resection of a lesion or in the accurate localization of pathology for biopsy.