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THE SURVIVAL OF THE CAROL IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

The chief evidence for the survival of the Carol in the seventeenth Century seems to be found in certain Catholic collections that circulated among the English recusants and in which poems called carols occur. One naturally wonders what is their relationship to the traditional carol of the fourteenth and fifteenth Century, because by this later period only Catholics retained the attitudes to the Virgin and Saints that gave many of the writers of religious carols their impulse. The traditional attitudes and sentiments of the carols with their tender feeling for the humanity of Christ, their reverence for the Virgin, the angels and saints, occur in the poetry of Robert Southwell and his fellow-Jesuits John Brereley and Henry Hawkins, äs well äs in the poetry of Richard Verstegan. We know that one aspect of pre-Reformation Catholicism that survived into the seventeenth Century was the observance of the liturgical cycle, and that Easter, and especially Christmas, were celebrated with both ceremony and festivity. At the beginning of the reign of James I some one hundred and forty people waiting to hear Mass at Candlemas were arrested by the Biehop of Heroford. An informer in 1654 said the best time to arrest certain priests was Christmas "for then they will be employed at gentlemen's houses". One of the Tixall letters of August 1636 refers to music and dancing in a Catholic family: "My sister Aston did invite us thether to dance, and there was all my Lord of Esicke's museick, and then,