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Transformation versus Tradition: Agrarian Policy and Government–Peasant Relations in Right-Bank Ukraine 1920–1923

THE HISTORY OF UKRAINE during the 1920s is a relatively neglected subject. Historians have instead been drawn to the events of 1917-20, in particular the fate of the various revolutionary governments, or to the purges, famine and repression of the 1930s.1 The Bolsheviks succeeded in establishing control in Ukraine in 1920 but few historians have adequately studied the consolidation of the Soviet regime thereafter. The vast majority of the population was ethnically Ukrainian and worked on the land but the cultural background of the Soviet government was far removed from this rural world.2 This dichotomy had been exposed during 1918 and 1919 when fledgling Soviet regimes collapsed as a result of peasant rebellions or a simple lack of peasant support.3 Sullivant has commented that there was 'little enthusiasm for Bolshevism in the Ukraine, particularly in the western provinces-less local support than in any other area of the Russian empire'.4 The question remains as to how the Soviet government of 1920 was able to establish and consolidate a regime without excessively antagonising the peasant majority, and, in particular, how the difficult land question was finally resolved. Many Ukrainian Nationalist historians have argued that the establishment of the Soviet regime in Ukraine was the result of military occupation by the Red Army under orders from Moscow.5 However, this argument is somewhat simplistic. Large numbers of troops were deployed in Ukraine but the government was unable to rule by force alone, as was demonstrated by the lessons of earlier regimes. In 1920 the Bolsheviks were also willing to enter into local alliances with left-wing Ukrainian