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Identification of immunogenic microbial patterns takes the fast lane

Innate immunity to microbial infection is an inherent feature of all multicellular eukaryotes. In contrast to jawed vertebrates, which, in addition to innate defenses, also possess noninheritable mechanisms of adaptive immunity, antimicrobial defenses of lower metazoans and plants are germline-encoded. Plants use a bipartite immune system to cope with infection (1). The evolutionarily older branch is based on recognition of common microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or upon recognition by PRR-type receptors of host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns that are produced by deleterious microbial enzymatic activities or toxins (2). This type of plant immunity is referred to as MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI), and is equivalent to metazoan innate immunity. A second, evolutionarily younger, layer of plant immunity is referred to as effector-triggered immunity, which is based on the recognition of the presence or activities of microbial pathovar-specific effector proteins by cognate plant immune receptors (3).