{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.038237738985868665, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03408146300914381, 'mean_word_length': 4.814009661835748, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Timing of Testicular Recrudescence in Siberian Hamsters Is Unaffected by Pinealectomy or Long-Day Photoperiod after 9 Weeks in Short Days

In this study, the authors asked whether pinealectomy or temporary exposure to a stimulatory photoperiod affects the timing of spontaneous testicular recrudescence in adult Siberian hamsters chronically exposed to short days (9:15 light:dark). In Experiment 1, hamsters were pinealectomized after 6, 9, or 12 weeks in short days. Pinealectomy after 9 or 12 weeks did not affect the timing of spontaneous gonadal growth (27.7 ± 1.9 and 25.4 ± 1.3 weeks, respectively) compared to sham-operated controls (28.6 ± 0.9 weeks). Enlarged testes occurred earlier in animals that were pinealectomized after 6 weeks in short days (21.8 ± 2.1 weeks). In Experiment 2, adult hamsters were exposed to short days for 9 weeks, transferred to long days (16:8 light:dark) for 4 weeks, and then returned to short days for 23 additional weeks. Although long-day interruption caused gonadal growth in 15 out of 19 hamsters, the temporary long-day exposure did not affect the timing of spontaneous gonadal growth following return to short days (28.2 ± 0.9 weeks) in 10 of the 15, relative to the timing observed in control hamsters continuously maintained in short days (28.2 ± 1.1 weeks). Four out of 19 hamsters did not show gonadal growth following long-day exposure. Spontaneous gonadal growth in these hamsters (28.0 ± 1.4 weeks) also occurred at the same time as controls. The remaining 5 hamsters exhibited enlarged testes following long-day exposure (12.0 ± 0.0 weeks) but were refractory to the second short-day exposure. All hamsters exhibited entrainment of wheel-running activity following the change in photoperiod. Afinal group of 13 animals were pinealectomized before long-day transfer. They exhibited gonadal growth (at 17.2 ± 0.8 weeks) but failed to regress a second time when returned to short days. The timing of gonadal growth in these animals was delayed relative to the sham-operated hamsters temporarily transferred to long days (Experiment 2) but accelerated relative to the hamsters pinealectomized at 9 weeks, which remained continuously in short days (Experiment 1). The results of both experiments suggest that a pineal-independent process mediates the timing of spontaneous gonadal growth in Siberian hamsters chronically exposed to a short-day photoperiod.