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Prostaglandin E2 Enhances Proliferation, Dedifferentiation and Stem-Like Properties of Rat Retinal Müller Glial Cells in vitro

Aims: To investigate the differences of gene expression in rat retinal Müller glial cells after basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) treatment, and to explore the function of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the proliferation and dedifferentiation of rat retinal Müller glial cells. Materials and Methods: A gene expression profile in rat retinal Müller glial cells after bFGF treatment, matching untreated cells, was conducted using gene array technology. The candidate gene selection was performed on GenMAPP/MAPPFinder. The functional effects of PGE2 on the proliferation and dedifferentiation of Müller cells were further investigated. Results: Gene array analysis identified that 298 genes were upregulated and 293 genes were downregulated. The GenMAPP/MAPPFinder results showed that the PG biosynthetic process had the highest correlation (Z score 8.803) with the stem cell characteristics of Müller cells. The quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results showed that PGE2 can significantly upregulate the expression of cyclin D1 in Müller cells. Also, the bromodeoxyuridine and flow cytometry results showed that PGE2 can significantly increase the proportion of Müller cells in S phase. Furthermore, qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of nestin (a marker of neural stem/precursor cells) and Pax6 (a marker of retinal stem/precursor cells) were significantly upregulated by PGE2 stimulation, and similar results were obtained by immunofluorescence staining. Conclusion: PGE2 may enhance the proliferation, dedifferentiation, and stem-like properties of rat retinal Müller glial cells in vitro.