{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03855526544821584, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02228024369016536, 'mean_word_length': 5.063852242744064, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 1, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Biomarkers predictive value in early stage non-small cell lung cancer

Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020;9(4):956-959 | http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2020.04.16 Lung cancer is the principal cause of cancer death worldwide (1). The vast majority of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), diagnosed in advanced stages of disease, has a poor prognosis (2). To improve patient outcome thanks to targeted therapies, assessment of several clinical relevant predictive biomarkers is key (3). In advanced stages of NSCLC, the College of American Pathologists (CAP), the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) identified panels of “must test genes” and “should test genes” (4) to be assessed by next generation sequencing (NGS) (5). Conversely, in early NSCLC stages no clear recommendations have been issued. To date, in this setting, only serum cancer related biomarkers [e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)] have been proposed. While, these latter may somehow be useful predict response to chemotherapy and prognosis (6), they have low sensitivity and specificity, as diagnostic markers (7). Screening by lowdose spiral computed tomography (CT), has recently been proposed by Humphrey et al., who reported in high-risk persons only a 20% mortality rate reduction (8). Therefore, the unmeet need of molecular markers as diagnostic tool for lung cancer detection in clinical practice makes relevant the study published in this Translation Lung Cancer Research issue by Tu et al. They adopted well-established bioinformatic tools to identify potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of NSCLC (9). In particular, the Authors interrogated the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to select the mRNA profiles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumoral and non tumoral patient samples. Three different gene expression profiles were taken into account: GSE19188, generated from 91 early NSCLC and 65 normal samples from 156 patients; GSE33532, derived from 80 early NSCLC and 20 normal specimens from 20 patients and GSE44077, consisting of 55 early NSCLC and 66 normal samples from 20 patients. On the whole, 221 DEGs were selected, excluding the DEGs overlaps of the three databases. As far as gene expression among DEGs is concerned, 60 genes evidenced an upregulation, whereas 161 were down-expressed in early stage NSCLC respect to normal samples (9). Subsequently, a pathway reconstruction analysis was performed by using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). On the overall, by interrogating Gene oncology (GO) and Kyoto Enciclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases the up-regulated genes were principal involved in the mitotic nuclear and cell division, and cell proliferation; whereas genes within the down-regulated group determined signal transduction, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion (Figure 1). Additionally, the Authors carried out Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the selected DEGs in order to identify the interaction among proteins. From a prognostic point of view, the Authors underlined the correlation among high mRNA level of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T), UNF2, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 Editorial

Lung cancer is the principal cause of cancer death worldwide (1). The vast majority of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), diagnosed in advanced stages of disease, has a poor prognosis (2). To improve patient outcome thanks to targeted therapies, assessment of several clinical relevant predictive biomarkers is key (3). In advanced stages of NSCLC, the College of American Pathologists (CAP), the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) identified panels of "must test genes" and "should test genes" (4) to be assessed by next generation sequencing (NGS) (5). Conversely, in early NSCLC stages no clear recommendations have been issued. To date, in this setting, only serum cancer related biomarkers [e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)] have been proposed. While, these latter may somehow be useful predict response to chemotherapy and prognosis (6), they have low sensitivity and specificity, as diagnostic markers (7). Screening by lowdose spiral computed tomography (CT), has recently been proposed by Humphrey et al., who reported in high-risk persons only a 20% mortality rate reduction (8). Therefore, the unmeet need of molecular markers as diagnostic tool for lung cancer detection in clinical practice makes relevant the study published in this Translation Lung Cancer Research issue by Tu et al. They adopted well-established bioinformatic tools to identify potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of NSCLC (9). In particular, the Authors interrogated the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to select the mRNA profiles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumoral and non tumoral patient samples. Three different gene expression profiles were taken into account: GSE19188, generated from 91 early NSCLC and 65 normal samples from 156 patients; GSE33532, derived from 80 early NSCLC and 20 normal specimens from 20 patients and GSE44077, consisting of 55 early NSCLC and 66 normal samples from 20 patients. On the whole, 221 DEGs were selected, excluding the DEGs overlaps of the three databases. As far as gene expression among DEGs is concerned, 60 genes evidenced an upregulation, whereas 161 were down-expressed in early stage NSCLC respect to normal samples (9). Subsequently, a pathway reconstruction analysis was performed by using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). On the overall, by interrogating Gene oncology (GO) and Kyoto Enciclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases the up-regulated genes were principal involved in the mitotic nuclear and cell division, and cell proliferation; whereas genes within the down-regulated group determined signal transduction, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion ( Figure 1). Additionally, the Authors carried out Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the selected DEGs in order to identify the interaction among proteins. From a prognostic point of view, the Authors underlined the correlation among high mRNA level of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T), UNF2, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3

Editorial
Biomarkers predictive value in early stage non-small cell lung cancer  TNFSF10 -mRNA  TNFRSF1A -mRNA  TNFRSF14 -mRNA  TNFAIP3 -mRNA  TNFSF15 -mRNA  TNFRSF8 -mRNA  TNF -mRNA  TNFSF4 -mRNA  TNFRSF13C -mRNA  TNFRSF17 -mRNA  CD70 -mRNA  TNFSF138 -mRNA  TNFRSF138 -mRNA  TNFRSF118 -mRNA  TNFRSF4 -mRNA  TNFSF18 -mRNA  LTB -mRNA  TNFRSF18 -mRNA  TNFRSF9 -mRNA  TNFRSF11A -mRNA  TNFSF12 -mRNA  TNFRSF10C -mRNA  TNFRSF1B -mRNA  TNFSF11 -mRNA  TNFRSF10B -mRNA  TNFSF13 -mRNA  TNFSF8 -mRNA  FAS -mRNA  TNFSF14 -mRNA  TNFRSF12A - (CDKN3), anillin (ANLN), Cyclin B2 (CCNB2), and Cytoskeleton Associated Protein 2 Like (CKAP2L) genes and an overall lower NSCLC patients survival rate (9). The Authors specifically pinpointed the potential role of these genes as predictive biomarkers for the early detection of NSCLC. Moreover, UBE2T plays an important role in the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway, and its upregulation was associated with tumor progression, invasion and metastatization of different cancer types, including NSCLC (10). In addition, high expression levels of UBE2T were related to disease recurrence after surgery (10). CDKN3 was associated with the dephosphorilation of CDK2, and its high expression is a negative prognostic marker in lung adenocarcinoma (11). ANLN showed an important role in cancer development and progression. An in vitro study on NSCLC cells underlined that the down-regulation of ANLN reduced dramatically cell proliferation (9). CCNB2 is associated with the G2/M transition during the cell cycle (12). It has been reported the association between the increasing level of CCNB2 protein expression and poor outcome in NSCLC patients (13). Conversely, the role of UNF2 and CKAP2L in NSCLC still remain unknown, need to be deeply investigated.
On the overall, the paper by Tu et al. strongly emphasized the role of DEGs not only as prognostic but also as potential useful targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC patients (9). They highlighted the central role of comprehensive bioinformatics analysis for biomarker screening, as a preliminary step to plan targeted in vivo validation studies. Despite the established role of most of the identified DEGs in crucial stages of cancer development and metastatization, several aspects, as suggested also by the Authors, remain to be further addressed. In fact, the mechanisms of action of some of the genes is not still understood and further knowledge is required to conceivably screen patients in the early stage of disease. Since screening NSCLC by invasive tissue based biomarkers analysis is unfeasible, it would be very interesting in further studies to assess the concordance rate between the data obtained on tissue and paired liquid biopsy. These evidences concur with those generated by a prospective study by Chen et al., who in early stage disease employed a targeted NGS approach to evaluate the presence of plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a predictive biomarker (14). On the overall, these Authors showed that the vast majority of early stage NSCLC patients (89.7%) had ctDNA that was quantifiable and potentially testable (14) to detect cancer in asymptomatic high risk patients (14). An integrated radiological and liquid biopsy approach may be a valid tool to identify early stages NSCLC with a significant reduction of costs for the healthcare system and discomfort to the patients (15). A limit of this approach may be related to the low concentration of ctDNA in the early stage of disease; this latter would be overcome by combining DNA, RNA and methylation based analysis (16).
In conclusion, the paper by Tu et al. represents an important contribution in the field of biomarkers role in early stage NSCLC. To favor implementation in the clinical setting, prospective evaluation in randomized trials and matched analysis of tissue and plasma samples are required.

Footnote
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi. org/10.21037/tlcr.2020.04.16). UM reports personal fees (for service in the speaker bureau and as an advisor) from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Roche, MSD, Amgen, Merck, outside the submitted work. GT reports personal fees (for service in the speaker bureau and as an advisor) from Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Bayer outside the submitted work. EV has no conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the noncommercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.