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Identification and Clinical Impact of Impaired Cerebrovascular Autoregulation in Patients With Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction

Background and Purpose— To study cerebrovascular autoregulation and its impact on clinical course in patients with impending malignant middle cerebral artery infarction, we used invasive multimodal neuromonitoring, including measurement of cerebral perfusion pressure, tissue oxygen pressure, and microdialysis. Methods— Fifteen patients with a stroke that involved >50% of the middle cerebral artery territory were included. Probes were placed into the ipsilateral frontal lobe. Autoregulation was assessed by calculation of the cerebral perfusion pressure–oxygen reactivity index (COR) and the correlation coefficient (R) of cerebral perfusion pressure and tissue oxygen pressure at 24 and 72 hours after stroke. Results— COR and R at 24 hours after stroke were higher in the 8 patients with a malignant course (ie, massive edema formation) compared with the 7 patients with a benign course (COR, 1.99±1.46 versus 0.68±0.29; R, 0.49±0.28 versus 0.06±0.31; P<0.05), indicating impaired autoregulation in the malignant course group. At 72 hours, further increases in COR and R were observed in the malignant course group in contrast to the benign course group with stable values over time (COR, 3.31±2.38 versus 0.75±0.31; R, 0.75±011 versus 0.36±0.27; P<0.05). With a COR of 0.99, a cutoff value for prediction of a malignant course was found. The lactate-pyruvate ratio was higher in patients with a malignant compared with a benign course at both time points. COR, R, and the lactate-pyruvate ratio showed significant correlations with outcome parameters as a midline shift on cranial computed tomography and score on the modified Rankin scale after 3 months. Conclusions— We found early impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation in peri-infarct tissue of patients who developed malignant brain edema, whereas autoregulation was preserved in patients with a benign course. Impaired cerebral autoregulation seems to play a key role for development of a malignant course and might serve as a predictive marker. Impaired cerebral autoregulation also accentuates the need for consequent adjustment of cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with impaired autoregulation.