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The Enigma of Canadian Nationalism

issue of independence and national viability played such an important role in Canadian politics. Indeed, there are a number of striking parallels between this and the early inter-war period. At that time the nationalist movement devoted its efforts to ending the last vestiges of British rule; in the recent past we have seen the emergence of numerous groups committed to ending the American domination of Canada. On both occasions nationalism surfaced as an economic issue-jobs and development -as a cultural concern-the creation of indigenous cultural institutions-and as a source of intensive political conflict. Nationalist politics ran the gamut of the political spectrum, from the far left to the far right.’ But, perhaps because of their intensity these movements tend to be short-lived and have failed to achieve a sustained impact on Canadian politics. Brief, intense periods of activism are typically followed by rapid decline and collapse. Each time the various movements involved are thus forced to begin anew, without being able to build effectively on the past. This haphazard development has left a deep imprint on present-day English Canadian nationalism. A major reason behind the precarious nature of these movements is their inability to come to terms with Canada’s developmental crisis. Two broad and contradictory streams of nationalism dominate Canadian history-a progressive nationalism of dependency employed by popular and democratic forces as an instrument of change, and a reactionary nationalism of domination used by the state and elites as an instrument of power. The origins of both these traditions reflect the peculiarities of Canada’s place in the world economy as a white settler colony. It is by exploring these dimensions that one begins to understand why nationalism in Canada remains so central to the survival of the two