{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.028135048231511254, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00964630225080386, 'mean_word_length': 5.955307262569832, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Activation of granulocytes by direct interaction with dendritic cells

Granulocytes from human peripheral blood were co‐cultured with conventional dendritic cells (cDC) or plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) to examine the effects of DCs on the activation or function of granulocytes. After co‐culture of granulocytes with DCs, expression of the activation markers of granulocytes (CD63 and CD64) was up‐regulated, and increased expression of CD50, the activation marker and ligand for CD209 (DC‐SIGN) was also observed. The interaction of granulocytes with DCs was visualized as the cluster where DCs, especially cDCs, were surrounded by granulocytes to form a ‘rosette’. After co‐culture of granulocytes with cDCs, the secretion of elastase from granulocytes was enhanced significantly when examined cytohistochemically and by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. An increase in myeloperoxidase (another activation index of granulocytes) was also observed after co‐culture with DCs. These findings suggest the functional and phenotypical activation of granulocytes by interaction with DCs. Furthermore, we examined the involvement of adhesion molecules in the granulocyte–DC interaction, and found that CD209 participates to some extent in this interaction.