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Hungarian And Soviet Efforts To Possess Ruthenia, 1938–1945

At the 51 Munich Security Conference on 7 February 2015, Russia was taken to task for its aggression in eastern Ukraine. The Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sergey V. Lavrov, denied this and castigated Kyiv (Kiev) for “fanning xenophobic attitudes.” Replying to a question “about the seizure of the Crimea and the attempt to split the Ukraine,” he defended Russia’s actions by calling attention to Ukrainian discrimination against the Hungarian minority. He declared: “Why aren’t we discussing that? Or the fact that not only Ukrainians and Russians live in Ukraine? that there are other ethnicities who by a twist of fate, found themselves in that country and want to live there?” Lavrov was correct in citing discrimination, but wrong in suggesting that the Hungarians found themselves in Ukraine by a twist of fate and wished to live there. The Hungarian community’s presence in 2015 in the Transcarpathian (Subcarpathian), or Ruthenian part of Ukraine was the result not of a “twist of fate,” but of border changes that emerged from two world wars and ultimately favored the Soviet Union. Stalin’s decision to gain the region in question was first considered by the Soviet autocrat during the international crises in 1938, when revisionist Hungary demanded and thereafter regained Ruthenia from CzechoSlovakia. Stalin’s goal was brought to final fruition in 1945 with the Soviet annexation of Ruthenia, which had never belonged to the Russian Empire or to its successors, Ukraine, or the Soviet Union. Ruthenia was given to Ukraine by Stalin in order to appease the Ukrainian nationalists and co-opt the Ukrainians to support membership in the Soviet Union.