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Between Inclusivism and Exclusivism: Jains as Minority

Though recognised as a distinct religious category from the very first census in 1873, the census exercise nonetheless left a large number of adherents of Jainism stumped and even reluctant to return themselves as separate from Hindus. The 1921 Census report for the Punjab returned a curious category, ‘Jain-Hindus’, indicating perhaps to the fact that a self-conscious Jain community had yet to emerge. Centuries of close commercial, commensal and even occasionally marital ties with Vaisnava Baniya castes (with whom Jains share most closely their strict dietary regimen – the touchstone of true followers) and internal faultlines along its multiple schisms of Digambar and Svetambar; gacchas and sampradayas impeded the formation of such an identity. More recent ethnographic studies have also attested to the fluid and contextual nature of Jain identity.