{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03456832377855737, 'fraction_numerical': 0.022503636519209377, 'mean_word_length': 5.151578947368421, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Oncoprotein HCCR-1 expression in breast cancer is well correlated with known breast cancer prognostic factors including the HER2 overexpression, p53 mutation, and ER/PR status

Background Oncoprotein HCCR-1 functions as a negative regulator of the p53 and contributes breast tumorigenesis. The serum HCCR-1 assay is useful in diagnosing breast cancer and mice transgenic for HCCR developed breast cancers. But it is unknown how HCCR-1 contributes to human breast tumorigenesis. Methods Oncogene HCCR-1 expression levels were determined in normal breast tissues, breast cancer tissues and cancer cell lines. We examined whether HCCR-1 protein expression in breast cancer is related to different biological characteristics, including ER, PR, p53 genotype, and HER2 status in 104 primary breast cancer tissues using immunohistochemical analyses. Results HCCR-1 was upregulated in breast cancer cells and tissues compared with normal breast tissues. In this study, overexpression of HCCR-1 was well correlated with known breast cancer prognostic markers including the presence of steroid receptors (ER and PR), p53 mutation and high HER2 overexpression. HCCR-1 was not detected in the ER-negative, PR-negative, p53 negative and low HER2 breast cancer tissues. These data indicate that the level of HCCR-1 in breast cancer tissues is relatively well correlated with known breast cancer factors, including the HER2 overexpression, p53 mutation, and ER/PR status. Conclusion Determination of HCCR-1 levels as options for HER2 testing is promising although it needs further evaluation.


Introduction
Cells expressing HCCR-1 are tumorigenic in nude mice [1]. The functional role of this oncogene in tumorigenesis is manifested as a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor [1]. In the previous study, we investigated HCCR-1 protein expression in breast cancer and the possibility of using HCCR-1 as a useful biomarker for human breast cancer [2]. We also examined whether HCCR-1 protein expression in breast cancer is related to different biological characteristics including ER, PR, p53 genotype, and the HER2 status. Northern and Western blot analyses and immunohistochemical studies indicate that the HCCR-1 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in breast cancer tissues compared to the normal breast tissues [1,2]. Serological studies revealed an 86.8% sensitivity for HCCR-1 in breast cancer, which was higher than 21.0% for CA15-3 [2,3]. The HCCR-1 assay has an advantage over CA15-3 in diagnosing breast cancer. These results indicate that HCCR-1 is an oncoprotein that is related to breast cancer development [1,2].
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2, also referred to as HER2/neu or ErbB-2), a 185-kD receptor first described more than two decades ago [4], occurs in 20 to 30% of invasive breast cancers. In general, patients with breast-cancer cells that overexpress this receptor or that have a high copy number of its gene have decreased overall survival and may have differential responses to a variety of chemotherapeutic and hormonal agents [5,6]. Thus, strategies to target HER2 appear to be important in treating breast cancer [7]. HER2 signaling promotes cell proliferation through the RAS-MAPK pathway and inhibits cell death through the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [8]. Likewise, the HCCR-1 signaling is also known to be regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase-AKT pathway [9].
According to our previous study using a panel of breast cancer cell lines [2], HCCR-1 was highly expressed in breast cancer cell lines with high HER2 overexpression, with some exceptions, that have a mutated p53 and express ER/PR [10][11][12][13]. These data indicate that the HCCR-1 overexpression in breast cancer cell lines is well correlated with known breast cancer prognostic markers including high HER2 overexpression [10][11][12][13].
Because HER2 overexpression and amplification have important consequences on the prognosis and treatment of breast cancer, their presence must be accurately determined. Currently, two different methods are being used worldwide, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These two techniques identify different targets and both have advantages and disadvantages [14]. Which method should be viewed as the gold standard for HER2 determination remains a debate. Recently, other methods have been described as options for HER2 testing. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [15] and chromogen in situ hybridization (CISH) [16] have been proposed as cheaper and easier alternatives to FISH. Acceptable correlations between both methods and FISH have been reported [14]. But the correlations among the various clinical methods of detecting HER2 are imperfect with regard to both prognostication and the prediction of a response to trastuzumab (Herceptin, Genentech).
Multiple studies have demonstrated marked improvement in disease-free and overall survival when trastuzumab is incorporated in therapeutic regimens for HER2 overexpressed tumors [17,18]. Only patients whose tumors strongly overexpress HER2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or have amplification of the cerb2 gene by FISH, are likely to respond to Herceptin treatment [19].
Testing invasive breast carcinomas for HER2 overexpression/gene amplification has become a standard of practice [20]. Much of the recent literature has focused on the best method for documenting HER2 overexpression (IHC vs. FISH), technical limitations of each method, and the need for consistency and QA in test performance [17,[21][22][23]. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network HER2 Testing in Breast Cancer Task Force concluded that where adequate quality control/quality assurance procedures are followed, either IHC or FISH are acceptable methods [24].
Whether a laboratory uses IHC with FISH for equivocal cases, or uses FISH as the initial HER2 screen, these tests are expensive to perform. Development of a rational approach to selecting cases for HER2 testing would promote cost effectiveness in the health care system [25].
The aim of this study is to analyze the level of HCCR-1 expression in breast cancer tissues in order to demonstrate its correlation to other biomarkers including ER, PR, p53, and HER2, and estimate the possibility of HCCR-1 as a new biomarker candidate for breast cancer.

Tissues and cell lines
Human normal and cancer tissues were obtained during operation. All patients were subjected to the analysis with individual consent for the study.

Northern blot analysis
Total RNA was extracted from fresh human tissues and cell lines using RNeasy total RNA kit (Qiagen). Northern blot analysis was carried out, in which 20 μg of denatured total RNA was electrophoresed on a 1.0% formaldehyde agarose gel and transferred to nylon membrane. Human βactin cDNA control probe was used as a loading control. All blots were hybridized with the randomly primed [ 32 P]labeled HCCR-1 partial cDNA probe.

Immunohistochemical analysis and staining interpretation
For immunohistochemistry experiments, paraffin sections (5-μm thick) of normal human breast and cancer tissues were used for stainings using monoclonal antibodies against ER, PR, and p53, and affinity-purified polyclonal anti-HCCR-1 antibodies. Endogenous peroxide and nonspecific binding were blocked by using 3% hydrogen peroxide in TBST and with TBST diluted 1:10 in FBS for 30 minutes, respectively. Then sections were incubated with primary antibodies (diluted in TBST-FBS solution) for 2 hours at room temperature. Corresponding negative controls were incubated in the absence of primary antibody. Aminoethyl carbozole (AEC) was used as the chromogen. After immunostaining, sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Representative examples of stained tissues were photographed under the microscope. Pathologist counted at least 500 tumor cells in the area most strongly stained for ER, PR and p53. Positive staining for ER, PR, and p53 was defined by nuclear staining. According to most accepted cut-off point, 10% positive staining of tumor cells was used as positive result for ER, PR and p53. Immunohistochemically detected p53 protein is mutated p53 protein due to its prolonged half-life. The positive staining of tumor cells is strongly correlated with p53 mutation [26]. The HER2 immunohistochemical staining results were interpreted according to staining criteria. Positive staining for HER2 was defined by membrane staining. Cytoplasmic staining was not considered positive. Tumor cells showing no immunoreactivity (score 0) or the incomplete and faint membrane staining (score 1+) were considered as negative. HER2 was defined as positive when the complete weak to moderate membrane staining (weakly positive; score 2+) or the complete strong membrane staining (strongly positive; score 3+) was observed in more than 10% of tumor cells. The HCCR-1 immunohistochemical staining results was defined by cytoplasmic staining. The cut-off point of HCCR-1 for positive and negative staining was used 0% of cells. We changed HCCR-1 staining results as positive and negative results instead of stability.

HCCR-1 is well correlated with known breast cancer prognostic parameters
We conducted the following experiment to investigate whether the results of our previous study in which breast cancer cell lines were used [2] can be replicated in this study using fresh primary breast cancer tissues. The expression of HCCR-1 was measured in a panel of fresh 104 primary breast cancer tissues and their normal counterparts (Table 1 and Fig. 2). The increasing expression level of HCCR-1 was observed in the order of breast cancer tissues with (ER+/PR+/mutant p53/HER 3+), (ER+/PR+/ wild p53/HER2 2+), and (ER+/PR+/wild p53/HER2 -). HCCR-1 was not detected in breast cancer tissues with (ER-/PR-/p53-/low HER2) ( Table 1 and Fig. 2). These results confirm our previous findings in breast cancer cell lines in that HCCR-1 expression is correlated with known prognostic markers for breast cancer.
Since HER2 overexpression/amplification has important consequences on the prognosis and treatment of breast  cancer [10,13], its presence should be precisely determined. However, the various clinical methods of detecting HER2 are not perfect with regard to both prognostication and the prediction of a response to trastuzumab [14,[27][28][29]. HER2 testing continues to evolve, and many clinical laboratories currently use both tests (IHC and FISH). An efficient testing strategy consists of immunostaining followed by FISH in tumors with 2+ staining intensity [29]. This approach should minimize the risks of not treating patients who might benefit from trastuzumab and of treating patients who are unlikely to have a response; this is a critically important distinction as the use of trastuzumab moves into the adjuvant setting [7].

HCCR-1 expressions in breast cancers
Reported adjuvant trials used centralized laboratory review because of the high rate of discordant interpretations among individual laboratories [30,31].
Our data reveal that the HCCR-1 expression is tightly associated with HER2 activity in breast cancer tissues. This implies that the prognosis for the breast cancer might be improved when combining the measurement of the HCCR-1 level and the HER2 activity.

Conclusion
Our results highlight the strong correlation of HCCR-1 expression in breast cancer to other prognostic factors and HCCR-1 is positively well correlated with breast cancer prognostic parameters raise the possibility that HCCR-1 expression can be used as a new prognostic marker for breast cancer.