{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02511513662879951, 'fraction_numerical': 0.016211237334970832, 'mean_word_length': 5.056526589810338, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Personal and professional profile, education, and perception of management and entrepreneurship of Dentistry students

In Dentistry, management and leadership seem to play an increasingly important role in facing the new challenges of the dental market. This study aimed to verify the personal profile for professional practice and the perception of management and entrepreneurship of students who attended the last year of Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, upon completion of the course of management and strategic planning in dentistry, for entering the labor market. A quantitatively and qualitatively descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was applied to 109 students who attended the course of management and strategic planning in dentistry. This course had 109 students enrolled, and for this research, 107 (98.17%) answered the questionnaire. The average age was 25 years, and 70.09 % were female; 63.55% said they have a good knowledge of themselves. When asked whether they knew some personal characteristics of dentists who have achieved success, 50.47% answered positively; 61.68% of students considered themselves organized, and 54.21% believed in being able to lead others. In the personal and professional profiles of students, it was possible to identify characteristics of leadership and optimism that they possessed about their professional future. Most of the students could incorporate attitudes and values that were covered by the course of management and strategic planning in dentistry. Additionally, the majority of them considered the knowledge acquired during this course while planning their professional careers. Descriptors: Professional Role. Professional Practice. Practice Management. Entrepreneurship. Dentistry.

qualified in the performance of their skills and competencies. These demands are not only about technical skills, but also encompass administrative and management related knowledge, either within the public or the private sphere.
In this way, the exercise of management and a leadership role in dentistry are extremely important in meeting new challenges and leading innovations and changes 1 . The literature shows the importance of the awareness of leadership in various aspects of dentistry, whether it be in clinical practice, in Dental education, research, or in public health [2][3][4][5][6][7] .
The management of the dental career has become increasingly important, such that students from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) have been requesting a course of management practice as part of the core curriculum, considering that the key to professional success is the building of a prosperous business 8 .
In Brazil, the National Curriculum Guidelines (NCG), which regulate and guide the core curriculum of universities, also understand that this is a vital topic for the training of a dental surgeon. After the implementation of the NCG, management and administration subjects are compulsory components in the core curriculum of dentistry courses 9 .
Considering this, the study aimed to verify the personal profile for professional practice and the perception of management and entrepreneurship of students who attended the last year of Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, upon their completion of the course of management and strategic planning in dentistry, for entering the labor market.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This investigation is in accordance with the international and national 10 parameters of ethics investigation with human beings; the investigation protocol was submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (CAAE: 35560314.1.0000.0075).
A quantitatively and qualitatively descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted.
A questionnaire with open and closed questions was administered to 109 students who attended the senior year of Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, upon their completion of the course of management and strategic planning in Dentistry.
The questionnaire was administered on the last day of school, and an explanation about the study was provided to the students before they began answering the questions. The questionnaire had two parts: the first part formed a personal and professional profile of the students, and the second analyzed the perceptions of students towards entrepreneurship and management.
The data obtained from the closed questions were tabulated using the software Microsoft Office Excel 2011, and the software STATA 13.0 was used to analyze the data. The first step of the analysis was to present the data descriptively, using the frequency of distribution, measures of central tendency, and measures of dispersion. For the open questions, content analysis was performed.

RESULTS
The course of management and strategic planning in Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo had 109 enrolled students. For this research, 107 (98.17%) answered the questionnaire. The average age was 25 years and 70.09% were female.
With reference to career choices, only 4.67% of students had not chosen an alternative professional practice, and 61.68% said they believed the same would be fulfilled through this activity.
As for the self-knowledge, 63.55% said they possessed a good knowledge of themselves, and when asked whether they knew some personal characteristics of dentists who had achieved success, 50.47 % answered positively. It was observed that 37.38% of students accepted running risks and 33.64% believed that they had ideas for a successful business. Most of the students also believed they were facing a real opportunity of reaching professional success. A large proportion of students (42.06%) chose Dentistry partly because of financial issues, but this was not the only reason. A total of 58.88% of the students seek satisfaction in their vocation through their choices. Talking about the reasons that led them to choose this career, the following categories emerged: "self-fulfillment," "break of the routine," "need of specific training," and "opportunity" (table 1). With respect to organization, 61.68% of students consider themselves organized, and 54.21% believe in being able to lead others; 53.27% of students intend to attend a specialization course the following year, and 40.19% do not expect the same; and 58.88% do not plan to study for a postgraduate degree (table  2).
In the second part of the questionnaire, it was observed that 35.51% of students answered that they were able to clearly describe the objective of the organizations in which they would work, and 41.12% were aware of the main product of that organization.
The categories described in table 3 were collected using content analysis from the answers that were given by the students when they were requested to express their main features.
Regarding the profile of future patients, only 32.71% of respondents already know this profile, 30.84% believe they have instruments to gather information about this, 45.79% have forms to measure patient satisfaction, and 19.63% have strategies to attract new patients.
The study revealed that 66.36 % of the students already chose the city in which they would start their professional careers, and 30.84% have defined their areas of action. Most students (40.19%) have analyzed the importance of the location for their business, and 43.93% believe that the chosen place gives more credibility to the patient. Furthermore, 11.21% of students responded that the main feature of a dental supplier would be the price and 27.10% said they would have a business partner. When asked whether the main feature of the suppliers would be the quality, 51.40% answered affirmatively.
It was observed that most students have not thought about assistants, professional trainings, stimulus policy, and monthly costs pertaining to employees. Only 20.56% already know how these trainings would be, and 24.30% have thought about stimulus policies.
Most students (59.81%) have not outlined any documents required to open a clinic, and 15.89% have thought about protocols to reduce civil lawsuits (table 4).
Have you already identified the reasons that led you to carry out this activity? 20,56% 1,87% 1,87%

DISCUSSION
The Dental senior year students' profiles reveal that the majority of the students are female and young, consistent with the feminization process that has been observed in Brazil 11 and in several other places in the world, such as in the United States and in Europa [12][13][14] .
Less than 5% of interviewees did not know where they would be working after graduation; this may indicate that students begin planning their professional career during the undergraduate course. Usually, in the final year of the degree, they are sure, or at least they can imagine as to how to go about getting a placement in the labor market.
It is important to note that more than half of these students made their choices to fulfill themselves. In a study conducted by the University of London, researchers found that 21% of their senior year students are still unsure of their professional choices 14 , and this result demonstrates that in this phase most students already know their professional future. On the other hand, Bastos et al. showed in their study that affinity and vocation were the primary motivation to the choice professionals and personal satisfaction was the lesser 15 .
A few months before graduation, the students reflect and think about their professional future. For example, more than half say they know their skills and potential for the professional practice, and about half of them have already observed characteristics of successful practitioners in the fields they wish to work in.
The students also accept the possibility of taking some risks, and about one-third admit to having good ideas for their business. Besides, half of the students recognize in themselves characteristics of leadership. In dentistry, a lot of studies have been focused on the effect of leadership in this career, which showed that most students want to play a leading role in their professional career or in the community where they live 1 .
In Brazil, the NCG, that aim to guide the training of dentists, clarify the need for the development of abilities that go beyond the technique. The NCG also provide that the dentist must have administrative and management capacities in the same way as they should be able to be entrepreneurs, managers, employers, or leaders of a health team 9 . The dental schools around the world have also been involved in discussions about the same topic and they are now including subjects such as Behavioral Science and Business in their curriculum 16 .
Most of our students are optimistic about their professional futures. They have already recognized an opportunity to succeed in their careers. Further, it is interesting to analyze that this success is not entirely related to financial returns, but also to their personal fulfillment. A study reveals that the majority of graduated women were satisfied with the dental practice, but more than half of them have complaints because of low pay, so the financial return cannot be a decisive factor in the initial choices of the future dentist. Over time it can give a certain degree of dissatisfaction, in so far as the same study reveals that most of these professionals do not encourage their children to follow the same professional path 17 .
On the other hand, the study of Rashid et al. 18 reveals that financial stability is crucial, and a very important factor in the choices that will be made by the future dentists, particularly among men.
Since 1970, the School of Dentistry from the University of São Paulo included a subject taught in the final semester, which aims to guide the careers of undergraduate students.
Some of the questions in the questionnaire were specific about contents that were provided during the management and strategic planning course in dentistry. These particular questions aimed to test the hypothesis that the students had become empowered due to the management and strategic planning contents. The data collected from these questions showed that some of the students could incorporate attitudes and values that were covered during the semester.
A third of the students know the purpose of the organization where they would work and half of them describe the main product of these companies. When asked if they would know to describe which reasons led them to desire this career, the qualitative data revealed these categories: "self-fulfillment," "break of the routine," "need of specific training," and "opportunity" (table 2). It was observed, however, that our students are able to define clearly and objectively the reasons for their choices and to establish these paths with maturity.
The need to gain professional experience after the undergraduate degree was also cited as the second most important factor when the discussion pertains to short-term career expectations 18 .
Only slightly more than one-third of the respondents affirmed knowing their competitive advantages over the rest of the competition, and almost the same percentage have a partial knowledge of this. These data reveal that students have been developing an important market vision and this factor can be a differential for a successful career. However, nowadays, only a few schools have specific disciplines that talk about management, strategic planning, or economy in their curriculum 19 .
In connection with the care that the future dentist has in relation to the labor market, it is evident that the students are not concerned solely with opening a clinic and providing good clinical care. They are also concerned with a lot of other aspects, such as: who will be their clients, ways to adapt their services to the needs of the patient, the places for assisting their patients, costs, payment methods, marketing, and user satisfaction, among others. Nowadays, the labor market in dentistry is more competitive and requires more knowledge of management and economy than just technical skills 19 .
Studies reveal that most of the causes of burnout syndrome among dentists is due to the failure of these professionals in adequately managing their careers [20][21][22][23] . This fact clearly shows that the university has an obligation to discuss and empower their students on these subjects to increase their chances of success, and to improve their quality of life and well-being.
A fact that draws our attention is the low percentage of students who want to work with dental assistants in their professional practice. This can be explained as during the undergraduate course, they have few opportunities to work with dental assistants. The financial aspect could be another reason for this fact because they imagine being compelled to remunerate assistants in the early years of their careers.
Finally, although the students demonstrate knowledge of management aspects and strategic planning, the vast majority seemed not to realize what they learned during the course. This finding is quite justifiable since our sample was composed of senior students who had not yet entered the labor market, and the vast majority shall organize their career after graduation.
Further studies are required to understand better the mechanisms by which the teaching of management can contribute to the integration of students into the labor market. Longitudinal studies can provide new evidence on the impact of this subject in the performance of future health professionals.

CONCLUSIONS
In the personal and professional profiles of students, it was possible to identify leadership characteristics and optimism about their professional future. Most of the students could incorporate attitudes and values that were covered by the course of management and strategic planning in dentistry. Additionally, the majority of them consider the knowledge acquired during this course when planning their professional career.
As observed in other studies cited in this article, the teaching of management can influence the student's education process with the possibility of positively impacting their performance in the labor market.