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Elevated expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ has no correlation with established prognostic markers

Elevated expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) has been established to be a feature of breast cancer. There has been inconsistency in the literature regarding the precise significance of this—some studies have found no clinicopathological relevance at all, whilst others have concluded COX‐2 expression is an important biomarker in invasive disease and pre‐cancerous lesions, correlating with poor prognostic features. We studied COX‐2 expression in invasive ductal cancer (IDC) specimens and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in order to clarify these issues.