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Effects of interpersonal relations on the cognition of self-deprecating humor

The purpose of this study is to consider and clarify the affirmative side of self-deprecating humor in daily scenes, focusing on interpersonal relations. We conducted inquiry survey whose subjects are 137 Japanese college students―67males and 70 females (M = 19.33, SD = 1.38). When we conducted covariance structures on effects of interpersonal relations on self-deprecating humor, we found that it was perceived as socially desirable in addition to favorableness and warm feelings if they have entertaining relation and feel happy to be with each other. However, it is showed that use of self-deprecating humor is perceived as lack of self-confidence if they have strong emotional ties. Accordingly, the survey shows that self-deprecating humor is perceived differently according relation between friends and it can be said that it is necessary to use it properly to each friend.


Introduction
We use different humor consciously or unconsciously so as to make human relation smooth and soften the atmosphere at the time.
The definition of humor is vague and the means to classify is diverse. According to Martin (2007), humor is "an action that seems funny or appears to invite others to laugh, mental process to imagine and interpret such a funny stimulus and emotional reaction to the stimulus." Also Ueno (1992) suggests three kinds of humor in Japan, "aggressive humor" "playful humor" and "support-relief humor".
"Aggressive humor" is humor that offends oneself or others, "playful humor" means poor that is used to deal with stress and calamity. It is said that using such humor prevents a person from becoming involved in negative situation such as suffering and becoming depressed. On the other hand, it is said that there is negative humor that should be avoided because of its mental unhealthiness, which includes aggressive humor and self-defeating humor. It is showed that using that humor has negative correlation with degrees of satisfaction in human relation, self-confidence and wellbeing, and it is thought as lack of social skills (Martin, 2007).
Still, it was already reported that such humor has positive side. In particular, it is suggested that using self-deprecating humor relates to social skills and human resources of the user (Yashima, 2016;Tsukawaki, Hirakawa, 2012). Yashima (2016) notes that the reason why positive side is seen is because self-deprecating humor tends to be adapted to Japanese culture since "modesty" is regarded as virtue there. Therefore, we take up self-deprecating humor among humor and consider further affirmative cognition.
According to Ziv (1984), self-deprecating humor used among Jews was originally typical.
He suggests that ability of laughing at oneself is a desirable characteristic and using that humor wins high praise from society. This does not agree with the opinion of Marin et al (2003), who classified self-deprecating humor into negative style. Also Lundy et al. (1998) reported that self-deprecating humor has characteristics such as "humble self-disclosure" and "to convey friendliness" and Dynel (2009) mentioned it has characteristic "to convey intelligence and calm". It is also suggested, however, that self-deprecating humor can convey "low intelligence when compared with other humor" and "weakness of oneself" (Lundy, et al., 1998). Accordingly, self-deprecating humor is thought to cause both the situation where positive cognition is given to the receiver and the situation where negative cognition is given.
First, user's characteristics are mentioned regarding the situation where self-deprecating humor is used. It is indicated that users of the humor have low self-respect and low wellbeing, and their uneasiness and depression are high (Martin, et al., 2003). But it is made clear that the higher degree of self-acceptance they have, the more often they tend to use self-deprecating humor (Tsukawaki and al., 2009). Also, it is regarded that users of self-deprecating humor analyze and understand themselves and their high introversion to use self-insight is their characteristic (Ziv, 1984 were not used for analysis since they were aimed at confirming whether respondents could suppose proper self-deprecating humor.

(2) Cognition of self-deprecating humor
We used 21 items regarding cognition of self-deprecating humor by reference to earlier studies. Examples of the items were "I feel him friendly" "I feel him outgoing" "I can sympathy with him" "I can sympathy with the contents" "I feel him intelligent" "I feel him uneasy" and the like. Respondents answered with five-point scale, from "1. Not applied" to "5. Applied".
humor" were named "Good sense" since items that are socially desirable and respected, were standard deviation value collected in those factors. In the meantime, the factors such as "I feel him unhealthy mentally" "I feel him uneasy" that include items affecting negatively on interpersonal relations were named "lowness of self-efficacy".
On Cronbach's coefficient alpha, the results were followings, "friendship, affirmation"; α = .85, "nature of common sense"; α = .74, "lowness of self-efficacy"; α = .72. Results of factor analysis (Table 1) and the average of all variables and standard deviation value (Table 2) are showed. We would like to consider effects of cognition on self-deprecating humor with the   showed to "Good sense" (β = .30, p ≺ .001), but negative effect was showed to "Lowness of self-efficacy" (β = .50, p ≺ .001). In the meantime, from "emotional ties", negative effect was showed to "Friendship, affirmation" (β = .22, p ≺ .01), and positive effect was showed to "Lowness of self-efficacy" (β = .50, p ≺ .001) ( Figure 1). Next, regarding the relation between the quality of interpersonal relations and cognition of self-deprecating humor we constructed Model B with changed direction of its path that self-deprecating humor affects relations, and compared it with Model A so as to find which causal relationship was reasonable to examine the hypothesis. Table 3 shows standardized coefficients between both model's variables and Table 4 shows goodness of fit index. As a result of analysis, since goodness of fit of Model A is higher, the hypothesis that the quality of interpersonal relations affects cognition of self-deprecating humor is supported.

Cognition of self-deprecating humor by receivers
As a result of factor analysis, we found that self-deprecating humor used in friendly relation produces different cognition. Among three abstracted factors, "Friendship, affirmation" factor shows cognition regarded as good impression, and "Good sense" factor shows cognition regarded as socially desirable characteristic and sympathy. However, "Lowness of self-efficacy" factor can be said to have effect of conveying mental weakness.
Yet, "Friendship, affirmation" factor abstracted in this study includes the item, "I feel it's okay to take advantage of his humor when A uses self-deprecating humor." That suggests that effect which can cause aggression from receivers to users exits as a side of "Friendship, affirmation" factor.
According to Ziv (1984), self-deprecating humor is regarded as laughing at their own before being laughed at someone. If you use self-deprecating humor, you will remove  (1984), " users of self-deprecating humor are introverted and have self-insight". Taking it into consideration that self-deprecating humor has a side of "self-disclosure" as characteristic, we can guess that outgoing person will probably use it.
From the above, similarities and differences with earlier studies are seen in effects of receiver's cognition by using self-deprecating humor, and it is thought that cognition can be different according cultural context.

3) Experiment procedure
Each student was assigned to one of three   Property-based adjective measurement questionnaire (Hayashi, 1978) Totally 14 questions regarding "intimacy" and "social desirability" were used in this study.

5) Analysis
Whether A sensed self-directed humor in the utterance made by B was determined as follows: cases with five or higher points were categorized into self-directed group and those with four or lower points into non-self-directed group. Two-way mixed-design analysis of variance was performed with the effectiveness of self-directed humor, affect scales, and impressions of B, as a dependent variable, and the mode of response (self-directed response group / non-self-directed response group: hereafter self-directed group/ non-self-directed group) and observer condition (without / with) as independent variables.

6) Ethical consideration
Based on the response of questionnaire

Effectiveness of self-directed humor recognized by aggressive speakers
There were 15 self-directed groups and 10 non-self-directed groups. A pair was excluded from the scope of analysis as the conversation was not an interaction involving aggressive utterance and its response. Scores of the recognition of self-directed humor were compared with t-test. Self-directed group has significantly higher scores than non-self-directed group (t (13.22) = 5.27, p <.001). Thus it was confirmed that condition setting on response mode was appropriate. Secondly, as for interpersonal impressions, two-way mixed-design analysis of variance was performed with "intimacy" and "social desirability" as dependent variables, and the mode of response (self-directed group/ non-self-directed group) and observer condition (without / with) as independent variables.  Regarding "intimacy", interaction between the mode of response and observer condition was significant (F (1,23)=5.92, p <.05) and then simple main effect test was performed.
Under the "observer condition" is "with", the simple main effect of the "mode of response" was significant (F (1,23)=4.17, p <.05), and the simple main effect of "observer condition" was significant among non-self-directed group (F (1,23)=4.95, p <.05). These results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3.
As for "social desirability", neither

Respondent's Affect and observer
Two-way mixed-design analysis of variance was performed with affect scale, with which respondent (B) rated aggressive utterance, as a dependent variable, and the mode of response

Self-directed humor viewed as Aikidohumor
It was suggested that the aggressive speaker feels like reducing emotional distance with the user of self-directed humor when the   were various responses including some cases which respondents couldn't make self-directed response though the respondents had been asked to respond with self-directed humor.
Based on limit of this research, further consideration is needed regarding the distinction of responses.

Respondents and observers
Regarding "positive affect" of the respondent, main effect of the "observer" was significant in the analysis of variance, which suggests fun and pleasant feelings of the respondent to aggressive utterance is promoted when there is the observer. Originally, it is said that receivers of aggressive utterance such as teasing often experience negative emotions, especially in females (Keltner et al., 1998). Therefore, it is predicted that emotions such as grief and anger will arose in the receivers to the partner's aggressive utterance. However, under the situation where there is an observer, positive affect was promoted on receiving aggressive utterance, regardless of the mode of response.
In Yamamoto (2013), it is said that the amount of utterance, smile, gaze of speakers when there is a friend observer is not related to the positive emotion of the speaker. Therefore, the mechanism of how the existence of a friend observer affected the respondent's positive emotions should be examined in the future.
Regarding the observer, there was no effect of the mode of response observed. Because the more two people's conversation is active, the more observer's cognition becomes positive according to Kimura, Yogo & Daibo (2005), the activeness of conversation may be more important than the mode of response.

Suggestion for clinic
Regarding possible clinical application of the However, it is true only when there is the third party who is not verbally involved in the communication.
On one hand, there are some risks accompanied. According to Kimura (2015), the observer infers not only goodness but also intimacy of communication from active communication of two people. Negative aspect of above stated feature is that the responding with humor, the behavior itself, can disguise victims of bullying who suffer from unpleasant feelings, and make it difficult others discover them. There are also possibility that the observer comes to join the attack. In short, when applying self-directed humor as Aikido-humor, a prudent attitude is required to use it. The more you use it immoderately, the more others will tease you with expects you react comically.
Regarding the way to respond to other than self-directed humor, since a specific reaction wasn't identified in this study, we couldn't suggest unambiguously. However, as well as self-directed humor, non-self-directed humor can be used properly depending on how you want to make the relationship with aggressive speakers in the future.

Conclusion
Based on this study, it is suggested that the