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Acute medical and surgical problems

This chapter starts with the ABCDE approach to the acute medical patient, then outlines a symptom-based approach for assessment, alongside pre-hospital investigations and monitoring measures. It goes on to cover cardiological emergencies, basic and advanced life support, bradycardias and tachycardias, myocardial ischaemia, pericarditis, shingles, acute pulmonary oedema, sepsis, acute exacerbations of asthma, COPD, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, hyperventilation syndrome, care of the unconscious patient, cerebrovascular events, fitting, meningitis and septicaemia, diabetic emergencies, and the acute abdomen. For each topic the symptoms, clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment are outlined.