{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02365697387875801, 'fraction_numerical': 0.009857072449482503, 'mean_word_length': 5.170212765957447, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Propofol Increases Presynaptic Inhibition of Ia Afferents in the Intact Human Spinal Cord

Background: In vitro studies indicate that the primary molecular targets of propofol in the spinal cord are γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors. Because of the complexity of the central nervous system, specific GABA-mediated effects have not yet been isolated in humans. Here, the authors used heteronymous Ia facilitation of the soleus H-reflex from the femoral nerve as a specific pathway involving GABA to demonstrate a presynaptic GABA-mediated effect of propofol in humans. Methods: The study was performed in 10 volunteers aged 23–32 yr. The soleus H-reflex was evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. The stimulation current was adjusted to yield an unconditioned H-reflex of 15% of the maximal muscle response to electric stimulation of the tibial nerve. The soleus H-reflex was conditioned by stimulating Ia afferents from the quadriceps femoris in the femoral triangle. The stimulus was applied 0.3–0.4 ms after the onset of facilitation, to assure a purely monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential from quadriceps Ia afferents to the soleus motoneuron. At least 45 conditioned (femoral and tibial) and unconditioned (only tibial) stimuli were applied in random order. The authors compared the amount of heteronymous H-reflex facilitation under a concentration of 2 μg/ml propofol with control values obtained before and after the propofol infusion. Results: H-reflex facilitation due to the conditioning stimulus during propofol administration was significantly (P < 0.05, t test) decreased by an average of 43% in all patients in comparison with the control values. Conclusions: Although alternative explanations such as supraspinal effects cannot be ruled out completely, the findings of this study are most likely explained by a specific presynaptic effect of propofol. Strong evidence form neurophysiologic studies indicates that this effect is mediated by the GABA type A receptors.