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Spatial-Temporal Variation in Paddy Evapotranspiration in Subtropical Climate Regions Based on the SEBAL Model: A Case Study of the Ganfu Plain Irrigation System, Southern China

The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) is a commonly used method for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) at a regional scale; however, the cloudy and rainy characteristics of subtropical monsoon regions pose a greater challenge for estimating paddy field ET based on remote sensing technology. To this end, a typical subtropical climate region in southern China (Ganfu Plain irrigation system) was selected as the study area. Subsequently, we evaluated the applicability of the SEBAL model for estimating the ET of paddy fields at the daily scale; derived the interannual variation (2000–2017) characteristics of early, middle, and late rice ET; and finally analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of rice in different hydrological years. The results demonstrated that: (1) the SEBAL model estimated ET accurately on a daily scale, with R2, NSE, and RMSE values of 0.85, 0.81, and 0.84 mm/day, respectively; (2) the ET of paddy fields in the irrigated area was higher in July and August and the interannual trend of ET of early rice was not obvious, with a declining trend observed in middle rice and late rice from 2000 to 2009, which was followed by an increasing trend from 2009 to 2017; and (3) variations in the spatial distribution of ET were significant for early and late rice at different precipitation levels and less obvious for middle rice in wet years but significant in dry years. Overall, this study verified the applicability of the SEBAL model for estimating ET in paddy fields in subtropical regions and provided a basis and reference for the rational allocation of water resources at a regional scale.