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Islands as biological substrates: classification of the biological assemblage components and the physical island types

Biological suites on marine islands attract the attention of many researchers because their natural seclusion enables a variety of key processes to be studied in considerable detail. The present‐day classification of marine‐island biotic systems is based largely on 19th Century ideas, specifically those of Darwin and Wallace. However, along a number of fronts, knowledge has advanced dramatically, particularly regarding the dynamic ‘solid’ Earth (plate tectonics, ocean‐floor thermal‐cooling subsidence, mantle‐plume hotspots, etc.), as well as the behaviour of the planet's liquid and gaseous envelopes, today and in the geological past. This manuscript serves as an introduction to a series of articles aimed at providing the biological/biogeographical community with an overview of the current understanding of the physical settings of the marine islands, that is, the substrates upon which the biotas accumulate and develop.