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Which tool to distinguish transient alumina from alpha alumina in thermally grown alumina scales?

Abstract Alumina scales constitute excellent protective barriers when they form on alumina-forming steels. If they keep tightly adherent to the underlying substrate, they isolate it from the surrounding aggressive atmosphere at high temperature. The protectiveness of the alumina scale is highly dependant upon its growth mechanism. The nucleation and transformation of transient alumina (mainly γ-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3) is known to play an important role on alumina scale formation. It is therefore fundamental to characterise these transient alumina especially during the early stages of the oxidation process. The morphology of the transient alumina was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), their crystallographic phases determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) analyses were performed on reference samples and then compared to the alloys oxidised 5 and 30 minutes at 850, 900 and 950°C.