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Education of Young Children in the Soviet Union: Current Practice in Historical Perspective

This article describes how young children are educated in the Soviet Union. The initial section details the structure of education in the USSR, focusing on the changes that have taken place since the school reform of 1984. However, to understand contemporary developments, it is essential to view them in historical perspective, for this reform is only one in a series of changes that have occurred in the Soviet Union's 70-year history. It is also necessary to understand the theoretical and ideological forces that have helped define the nature of the Soviet educational system. Of particular significance is one of the most distinctive guiding principles of Soviet education-its explicit concern with moral education. In keeping with the dominant ideology, this takes the form of inculcation of a set of values and beliefs about collectivism and the importance of "socially useful labor." The second half of the article focuses on the first years of schooling, examining the ways in which the system attempts to inculcate these values and beliefs, as well as some possible drawbacks of an emphasis on a collectively oriented mentality.