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Investigating electron beam interactions with nanoparticle capping ligands using correlative liquid phase transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy

Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) has been widely used for real time imaging of nanoscale dynamics in nanoparticles (NPs) systems in liquid phase where nanoparticles are functionalized with different types of ligands ranging from small molecules to polymers [1,2,3]. Capping ligands control colloidal interparticle interactions that are important in directing assembly between NPs; however, interactions between the electron beam and capping ligands during LPTEM have not been studied. ligands to set the dose for visualizing nanoparticle assembly minimum electron beam interference. In this study we applied a correlative LPTEM and fluorescence microscopy (FM) method to examine NP– ligand–electron beam interactions for a system of silver NPs functionalized with branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). The specific binding of a fluorophore to primary amine functional groups on the BPEI utilized to investigate electron beam induced BPEI polymerization and degradation on the NPs and silicon nitride (SiN x ) membranes during LP-TEM imaging. BPEI functionalized 100 nm silver air on the top and bottom membranes of the liquid cell and DI water flowed into the SiN x window of the liquid at dose 0.658