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Analysis of Proprioception of Hip Joint in Total Hip Arthroplasty

Introduction: The instability of the joint is classified roughly into mechanical and functional. It is reported that the postoperative dislocation often occurs by the posterior approach of the THA and may be caused by functionality instability due to the injury of the periarticular soft tissue. We analyzed the joint position sense of the hip according to an approach of the THA and examined effect to give postoperative dislocation. Materials & Methods: 92 patients (184 hip joints) who received THA in our hospital were selected in the study. Cases in which position sensation measurements were insufficient were excluded. As for the classification, the posterior approach (PL groups) was 39 hips, anterolateral approach (AL groups) was 30 hips, and control group was 37 hips. Results: There was no significant difference between the AL group and PL group in the absolute reproduction angle error score (ARAES). The relative reproduction angle error scores (RRAES) for passive internal and external rotations and active internal rotation were significantly lower in the AL and control groups than the PL group. Discussion: This study was suggested that the hip joint position sense in the AL group was better retained for the preservation of the soft tissue.


Introduction
Recently, total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been performed for patients with various types of hip disorders. They included osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Perthes deformity, and osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Although THA is an effective procedure to achieve pain relief and restore the hip functions, dislocation is apprehensive complication after THA, which is the most common cause of THA revisions. Many factors contributed dislocation of THA, such as vertical implantation of acetabular components, reduced offset of the hip, inadequate combined anteversion and reduced tension of soft tissue around the hip joint. It was reported that it often occurs in the first year after surgery when the posterolateral approach (PL) is used, whereas it occurs later with the anterolateral approach (AL). When appropriate implantation of prosthesis is accomplished, instability should be focused in terms of dislocation after operation. There are two types of joint instability: one is mechanical instability due to the disruption of anatomical structures of the hip joints and the other one is functional instability due to insufficient proprioception (joint position sense and kinesthetic sense) [1] [2]. Although mechanical instability [3] may be important as contributing factors of dislocation, the fact that some dislocations occur more than 10 years after operation indicates that the cause of dislocation is not only mechanical factors but also functional instability due to disruption of joint proprioception [4] [5]. Therefore, we analyzed the joint position sense in patients treated by THA through different approach and examined if there were any differences between the two surgical approaches in the hip joint position sense.

Materials and Methods
Of the patients who received THA in our hospital from June 1991 to July 2014, 92 outpatients (184 hip joints) who were treated from April 2012 to October 2014 were selected and enrolled in the study. The exclusion criteria could not understand method for measurement and did it with the patients whom the measurement was not able to conclude or the patients with the dementia. Of these, 12 were male and 80 were female. The mean age was 63.1 years (range, 22 -84 years), and the mean postoperative follow-up was 65.8 months (range, 3 -312 months). Healthy contralateral hip joints without radiographic abnormality were assigned to the control group. We performed THA through two types of surgical approaches. One of approach was anterolateral modified Watson jones's approach (AL group) and the other was posterolateral approach (PL group). The AL group included 30 hips, the PL group included 39 hips, and the control group included 37 hips. In the AL group, the mean patient age was 63 ± 11.3 years, the mean postoperative follow-up period was 20.9 ± 17.4 months, and four and 25 patients were male and female, respectively. Fourteen right joints and 16 left joints were used in the study. In the PL group, the mean patient age was 63.4 ± 10.6 years, the mean postoperative follow-up period was 107.2 ± 80.2 months, and six and 23 patients were male and female, respectively. Twenty right joints and 19 joints were included in the study. In the control group, the mean patient age was 63.8 ± 11.9 years, four patients were male, and 33 were female. Nineteen right joints and 18 left joints were analyzed (Table 1). During the examination of patients in the AL group for surgery, osteoarthritis of the hip was diagnosed in 20 joints, osteonecrosis of femoral head was observed in eight cases, and rheumatoid arthritis occurred in two joints. In the PL group, osteoarthritis of the hip was diagnosed in 28 hip joints and osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurred in 11 cases. The joints in the control group had no joint space narrowing, osteoarthritis of the femoral head, or acetabular roof. We examined items from the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity-level rating, Oxford hip score, and Harris hip score and were used to measure hip joint position sense using the method described below.
An examiner measured joint position sense manually using a measurement device ( Figure 1). Visual confirmation of the angles was made using a goniometer, which could measure the same angle of the lower extremities. Patients were placed in the semi-Fowler's position and asked to close their eyes during measurements. The hip joints were rotated internally and externally to 20˚, held in position for 5 s, and the patients were then asked to memorize the angle. The joints were returned to 0˚ (initial position), and the patients were asked to repeat the movement and declare when they had reached the memorized angle. The actual measurements were used as the angular repositioning values. Active and passive movements were used to measure the angles. The rotation speed was set at 2˚/s for passive movements, and measurements were performed three times. Values are mean ± SD (standard deviation). The absolute reproduced angle error score (ARAES) was defined as the absolute value of the score attracted 20˚ from a reproduced angle. In addition, the relative reproduced angle error score (RRAES) was defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the reproduced angle. Soft Statcel3 (OMS publishing Inc. Japan) was used for statistical analyses after approval by our institution's statistical official. Mann-Whitney U tests, Student's t-tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analyses.

Results
There were no statistically significant differences between the AL group, PL group, and control group in the assessment items for VAS, UCLA activity level rating, Oxford hip score, and Harris hip score ( Table 2). Also there were no significant differences in the active or passive angular repositioning of external or internal 20˚ rotations among the three groups ( and control group, respectively; there was a significant difference between the AL group and PL group ( Figure 2, Table 4). The passive internal rotation ARAES was 2.56˚ ± 1.38˚, 2.68˚ ± 1.49˚, and 2.13˚ ± 1.70˚ in the AL group, PL group, and control group, respectively, compared with respective passive external rotation ARAES of 2.40˚ ± 1.74˚, 2.64˚ ± 1.60˚, and 2.17˚ ± 1.70˚. There were no significant differences in these errors among the groups (Figure 3, Table 4).     2.81˚ ± 1.50˚ in the AL group, PL group, and control group, respectively, and there were no significant differences among the groups (Figure 4, Table 5).
The passive internal rotation RRAES for the groups was 2.33˚ ± 1.14˚, 3.26˚ ± 1.84˚, and 1.76˚ ± 1.00˚ in the AL group, PL group, and control group, respectively, compared with the respective passive external rotation RRAES of 2.00˚ ± 1.24˚, 2.74˚ ± 1.53˚, and 1.86˚ ± 1.21˚. There were significant differences between the AL and PL groups and between the PL and control groups ( Figure 5, Table 5).

Discussion
In recent years, the anterolateral approach has used for THA to achieve invasiveness to the soft tissues around the hip joint, which has possibly led to a de-  [15]. When joint capsule after the THA is kept although there is difference in the approach, there is the report to influence position sensation [16]. It is possible that the AL approach conserves the posterior soft tissues better than the PL approach, and that the remaining proprioception is involved in joint stability.
A comparative study of hip joint position sense by Pickard et al. reported angular internal and external rotation measurements in elderly and young patients [17]. The error of internal rotation was small and thus relatively accurate; however, active movements produced more accurate angles than passive movements.
Moreover, age was not related to the accuracy of angular repositioning. In a study measuring the position sense of active and passive movements in healthy adults aged 18 -30 years, Benjaminse et al. reported that passive movements were more accurate [18]. A study comparing THA and hip resurfacing by Larkin et al., reported that, compared with THA, hip resurfacing tended to ameliorate proprioception, but not in elderly subjects [19]. Based on these previous studies, it is unclear whether active or passive movement is more accurate; the correlation with age is also unknown. Various measurement methods were used in these studies, and therefore, no consensus has been reached.
The peripheral muscles in the hip joint move during its active movement.
Thus, proprioception of the posterior soft tissues and antagonist muscles is needed to control these movements. In contrast, during passive movement the peripheral muscles of the hip joint do not move; therefore, only proprioception of the posterior soft tissues is used to control the dislocation position of the hip joint. In the present study, the angular error scores for both passive and active movements were similar in the AL group and the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference between the AL and PL groups. Therefore, these results suggest that the use of the AL approach conserves the posterior joint capsule that controls both active and passive movements, thereby conserv-ing proprioception in patients.
In the current study, we measured the rotational movement angles of the hip joints in the AL, PL, and the control groups. There were no significant differences in the scores of any patient assessment items between the AL and PL groups. However, there were significant differences in the external rotation direction of the active measurement in ARAES between the AL and PL groups.
There was no significant difference between the AL group and the control group.
In contrast, there were no significant differences in the internal rotation direction of the active and passive measurements in ARAES among the three groups.
In contrast, significant differences were observed between the AL and PL groups and the PL and control groups in the internal rotation direction of the active measurement in RRAES; specifically, the PL group was significantly higher than the other two groups. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the AL and PL groups and the PL and the control groups in the internal and external rotation direction of the passive measurement in RRAES; the RRAES of the PL group was significantly larger than those of the AL and control groups. However, the RRAES was similar in the AL and control groups.
ARAES shows the size of the deviation from a defined point, but there were no significant differences among the groups. In contrast, RRAES shows a difference in the reproduction angle that a subject recognizes. The PL group recognized other two groups and significant difference, but there was no significant difference between the AL and control groups. Therefore, we recognize neigh- The angular error scores of passive internal and external rotations and active internal rotation were significantly smaller in the AL group compared with the PL group. Therefore, these results suggest that proprioception was conserved well in the AL group compared with the PL group.

Conclusion
We compared post-THA joint rotation position sense in 30 joints in the AL group, 39 in the PL group, and 37 in the control group. There was no significant difference between the AL group and PL group in the absolute reproduction angle error score (ARAES). The relative reproduction angle error scores (RRAES) for passive internal and external rotations and active internal rotation were significantly lower in the AL group than the PL group. A comparison of the results in the PL and AL groups suggests that joint position sense was conserved in the AL group compared to the PL group.