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Structural Studies of an Antioxidant, Immunoenhancing Polysaccharide Isolated from the Kernel of Trapa bispinosa Fruit

A water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of the kernel of Trapa bispinosa fruit was found to consist of D-glucose and D-mannose in a molar ratio of nearly 2:1. Structural assignment of the polysaccharide was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies (1H, 13C, DEPT-135, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments, the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This polysaccharide showed macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activation as well as antioxidant properties.