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Sanctions as a nonproliferation tool: Lessons from Libya

ABSTRACT Libya's nuclear program provides a relatively straightforward “closed case” that allows us to analyze the contribution of economic and diplomatic sanctions to nonproliferation efforts. While Libya endured substantial economic difficulties during the period when sanctions were in place, sanctions served mostly as a magnifier for these problems, rather than as a primary cause. However, we find that sanctions can be an effective nonproliferation tool when they: have multilateral support, exploit specific weaknesses in the target state's economy, take advantage of political shifts and divisions in the target state, and are used in combination with other tools.