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Molecular Beacon DNA Probes and Their Bioanalytical Applications

In the post-genomic and proteomic era, a continued demand still exists for biomolecular recognition probes with high sensitivity and selectivity for use in quantitative studies of genomic and proteomic information. These are particularly important for disease diagnosis as well as drug discovery.1–4 Since they were first reported in 1996,5 molecular beacons (MBs) have become a class of molecules widely used in chemistry, biology, biotechnology, and medical sciences for biomolecular recognition,3,4,6–8 due in part to their functionality and molecular specificity. In the traditional format, MBs act like switches that are normally closed, or ‘‘off’’. Binding induces conformational changes that open the hairpin and as a result the fluorescence is turned ‘‘on’’. More re-