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2 Biological Considerations

Sections 3 and 4 of this Report deal with dosimetry in general and non-uniform dose distributions in particular. A complete understanding of dose specification for internal emitters requires knowledge of biological responses and how they are affected by dose distributions in space and time. Although the general biological responses to the radiations deriving from internal radionuclide decay ar e the same as those for external beams, the former ar e modulated by declining dose rates and marked discontinuities in dose distributions. Also, the various emitted particles provide a spectrum of ionisation densities, much as do differences in beam quality from external sources. For these reasons, discussions of biological endpoints, biological factors that influence the selection of an administered radionuclide, and tumour and non-tumour responses are included in this section.