{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02802241793434748, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 6.022471910112359, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Implementable Three-Phase OPF Formulations for MV-LV Distribution Networks: MILP and MIQCP

The increasing uptake of distributed energy resources (DER) poses significant operational challenges to Distribution Network Operators (DNOs). In this context, AC Optimal Power Flow (OPF)-based approaches have the potential to aid DNOs’ decision-making, to enable the operational orchestration of DER and network elements, improving performance while catering for network constraints. However, the classical OPF formulation is non-linear, and consequently, suffers scalability issues when dealing with realistic distribution networks as they can have over thousands of nodes, require three-phase modelling and contain discrete devices. This work extends the authors’ previous works by proposing and comparing two implementable OPF formulations (linear and quadratically-constrained) for operational usage in distribution networks considering D-Y transformers. Results using a realistic MV-LV network show that both formulations can successfully orchestrate the operations of DER and network elements. While the linear OPF offers speed advantages when handling discrete variables, the quadratically-constrained OPF has better accuracy with acceptable speeds.