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Gauge-independent theory of light pressure in classical fields.

We present a quantum theory of light pressure in external classical fields, consistently incorporating both the electric and the magnetic components of the radiation. We start with the equation of motion of the gauge-independent Wigner function governing the individual charged constituents of the atom, separate the center of mass and internal degrees of freedom in the presence of the external field with the aid of an expansion that goes one order beyond the dipole approximation, and finally specialize to a near-resonantly driven two-state atom. The ensuing light-pressure theory turns out to be equivalent to the standard approach, even though in our treatment it is imperative to retain the magnetic field which does not appear explicitly in the conventional theory.