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Moving the focus from relay element testing to protection system testing

The last three decades have seen significant improvements in power system protection. With the rise of digital relays, recalibration during maintenance tests became obsolete. The model of one IEEE element per electromechanical relay is not the case anymore. Digital relays build a system of elements freely combinable with programmable logic conditions. Additionally, to be able to protect the increasingly complex power system, these relays communicate with other relays, building an even bigger system. This being said, with few exceptions, like the use of RTDS (real-time-digital simulator) to simulate real world test cases, protection testing has neither changed significantly since the days of one element per electromechanical relay, nor adapted to the new challenges.