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Biological synthesis of the analgesic hydromorphone, an intermediate in the metabolism of morphine, by Pseudomonas putida M10

The morphine alkaloid hydromorphone (dihydromorphinone) was identified as an intermediary metabolite in the degradation of morphine by Pseudomonas putida M10. A constitutive NADH-dependent morphinone reductase capable of catalyzing the reduction of the 7,8-unsaturated bond of morphinone and codeinone, yielding hydromorphone and hydrocodone, respectively, was shown to be present in cell extracts. The structures have been identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Morphinone reductase has been partially purified by anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. This enzyme has potential applications as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of the highly potent analgesic hydromorphone and the antitussive hydrocodone.