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Differential role of PTEN in transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) effects on proliferation and migration in prostate cancer cells

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) acts as a tumor suppressor in normal epithelial cells but as a tumor promoter in advanced prostate cancer cells. PI3‐kinase pathway mediates TGF‐β effects on prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. PTEN inhibits PI3‐kinase pathway and is frequently mutated in prostate cancers. We investigated possible role(s) of PTEN in TGF‐β effects on proliferation and migration in prostate cancer cells.