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Approach and Avoidance Motivation: Issues and Advances

One of the most fundamental, widely embraced concepts in the study of emotion is that of approach and avoidance motivation. Many eminent theorists have argued that emotional stimuli elicit two different types of behavior or behavioral inclinations, with appetitive stimuli affecting approach and aversive stimuli affecting avoidance (for an overview see Elliot, 2008). This basic idea is central to nearly every influential model of emotion and behavior, and the field has experienced an explosion of research in this area (see Figure 1). However, much of this research is only loosely connected to other research, and is encapsulated within research programs that differ in theoretical background, methodology, and choice of research paradigms. Furthermore, investigators from the various fields seem often to be unaware of each other’s conceptualizations and methods. As a consequence, a broad, integrative discussion (and, perhaps, debate) about conceptualization, operationalization, and inference regarding approach and avoidance behavior is lacking to date, limiting communication between, and scientific progress across, different research programs in this area of inquiry.