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Overview on Energy Management of Electric Vehicles with Intelligent Braking Controllers

Despite many advantages that modern society benefits from electric vehicles, there are still significant obstacles to their widespread adoption, primarily related to the battery-based energy sources. This overview addresses one of the areas of battery and hybrid electric car management, namely, the energy recovery during their gradual and emergency deceleration. Based on the offered classification of braking controllers, only solutions that lead to energy savings are considered here, and, first of all, those that were tested in real vehicles or in laboratories. From this side, several categories of intelligent systems are briefly analyzed, such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and their associations.