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Faculty readiness for online teaching at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University during the COVID-19 crisis: a cross-sectional study [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Background: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the education sector around the world. In order to control the spread of the virus, eLearning practice has been introduced in Saudi higher education. Such online communication has become an important tool to narrow the teaching practice gap. This study assessed the characteristics of eLearning and distance learning and Results: The study showed positive responses and readiness (skills and abilities) and the effectiveness of IAU’s faculty members to perform e-learning activities during COVID-19. IAU faculty received a strong positive response, and the respondents were also impressed with and agreed on trainer knowledge, session management, communication and expertise on training topics. Conclusions: The positive response indicates the readiness of IAU to provide the necessary support (tools, information and updates) required for a successful online educational process.


Introduction
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) derived from a mutated zoonotic virus tends to cause respiratory infections with variable severity (Tay et al., 2020). The pandemic disease initially started in Wuhan city, China and then spread severely, affecting Western countries. The infection rate and number of deaths are increasing at alarming rates around the globe. The main source of this rapid spread is attributed to the infection and replication ability of the virus in the upper respiratory tract without any symptoms. In the case of a single cough or sneeze, millions of microdroplets containing the virus are generated. COVID-19 has infected approximately 16 million people and caused the death of approximately 600,000 individuals worldwide. The global economic losses due to forced lockdowns around the globe to contain the spread of the virus have been estimated to be 9 trillion US dollars. In the U.S., more than 4 million people have been infected; and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the cases of infection and deaths are increasing steadily. The transmission rate from infected people was found to be higher than that of the influenza virus with reproductive numbers between 1.4 and 2.5. In the KSA, to date (08.04.21), the total number of cases is 394,952 with 6,719 deaths and 381,189 recoveries (https://www.worldometers. info/coronavirus/).
To contain the spread of this viral infection, strict social distancing, quarantine and rapid testing are suggested to control the COVID-19 crisis (Giordano et al., 2020). Inadvertently, the important role of information technology has been felt in higher education (Ayers, 2004;Carr-Chellman & Duchastel, 2000). Saudi Arabia has initiated several measures to actively control and manage the virus. In order to fight against COVID-19, as per Saudi government instructions, the Ministry of Education has taken several actions without affecting the quality of the education system. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) is a leading university promoting academic and advanced scientific research in the Eastern Region. IAU has various graduate courses and branches. The university started with the College of Medicine and College of Architecture and provides strong health care services through the establishment of King Fahd University Hospital. The IAU campus and its 21 colleges spread across various places of the Eastern Province with student enrolment is currently approximately 45,000 students. In order to control the spread of COVID-19, the KSA suspended all onsite activities of universities and initiated digital-based distance learning and remote working strategies. Based on the World Health Organization and Ministry of Health guidance, certain orders were issued such as staying home, working from home, being safe, and maintaining good hygiene. In the case when going out is a necessity, social distancing (2 m) should be maintained. The sudden health crisis affected the educational sectors and inflicted a long-term financial revision state pertaining to online education.
Web-based advanced learning tools for online teaching have long been considered a prime importance for student coaching (Beaudoin, 1990;Beaudoin, 1998;Cohn, 2002;Zhang et al., 2020). Therefore, in response to government mandated quarantine and remote working, IAU swiftly moved to online teaching (March, 2020). Fortunately, various technological updated measures have already been recommended based on the KSA's Vision 2030 (https://ndu.gov.sa/en/). Accordingly, several technological readiness measurements have been implemented by IAU. The advancement of the digital age with computerbased information technology was well realized, leading to the establishment of the Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Learning in 2010. Since then, the evolution of the eLearning processes of universities worldwide has been constantly upgraded and developed for teaching, distance learning programmes, training and services (Dhawan, 2020). The IAU's mission to integrate such digital technology aims to provide effective eLearning teaching, provide distance learning services and deliver support in e-courses. The goal is to provide an e-learning platform to on-and off-campus students and expand the technology from universities to integrate regions and spread across the KSA.
Currently, the digital platform that IAU uses is the Blackboard eLearning management system. The Deanship of E-Learning and Distant Learning lab at IAU is integrated with advanced high-performance IOS computers (Mac), Windows, platforms, visual viewers, studios, and soundproof capsules (to view and recording services). The presence of a digital lab enables interactive sessions, displays, video meetings, lectures, workshops, training sessions, uploading data in the Blackboard system and recording. IAU has advanced eLearning digital management facilities.
The aim of this study was to analyze the significant role of the digital system and evaluate the readiness of IAU faculty members to transition to online teaching during COVID-19 using survey-based methods.

Study design
The exploratory study design was used to study the level of eLearning experience among the faculty members of IAU. Considering the abrupt changes in teaching mode during this pandemic situation, a questionnaire could effectively predict the characteristics and management of the advantages of e-learning by faculty members. The study was conducted from 8 th March to 12 th March 2020.

Amendments from Version 1
The aim of the study is to analyze only the significant role of the digital system and evaluate the readiness of IAU faculty members to transition to online teaching during COVID-19 using survey-based methods. Hence, the authors have not collected the demographic data of the IAU faculty members. However, the authors stated that the demographic data of faculty members can be included in further research in the Limitations and Recommendations Section. In the present version, under the methodology section, the limitation and recommendations section has been included.

Ethical considerations
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (Standing Committee for Research Ethics on Living Creatures) with reference no. IRB-2020-17-148). Completion of the questionnaire by faculty members was taken as consent to participate.

Participants
This study was conducted at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), which is located in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. A convenience sampling was used in this study. All faculty members (N=2227) of IAU who were involved in online teaching during the COVID-19 crisis in the 2019-2020 academic year were considered the population of this study, as only these faculty members used and experienced IAU e-learning facilities. Access to QuestionPro by external (non-IAU) persons was prohibited; therefore, only IAU teaching faculty were included. Nonteaching staff/faculty of IAU were excluded. In order to address potential sources of bias, the population of this study only included faculty members.

Data collection
A QuestionPro questionnaire with 22 questions on eLearning experience, training experience and skills and knowledge in the educational process of IAU faculty was implemented. Questionnaire was sent to participants using their university e-mail with a link to the questionnaire. The faculty members had to use their university email and password to log into the questionnaire via Blackboard dashboard. A specified time duration of 14 days to respond to the questionnaire was given to potential respondents. Two follow-up emails were sent that included reminders regarding answering the questionnaire.
The questionnaire was created through four brainstorming meetings with higher education experts and faculty members.
Three sections were included in the questionnaire, which aimed to evaluate: (section 1) the overall eLearning experience using Blackboard; (section 2) the skills and training provided to IAU faculty members to use eLearning; and (section 3) the management of classes and tests using the online learning tools. Section 1 had 8 items, section 2 had 9 items and section 3 had 4 items (total 21 items). The last item (22) was 'How satisfied are you with our services'. Each item was a statement, and the answers respondents could choose from were as follows: strongly agree (marked as 1 in the data), agree (2), true sometimes (3), disagree (4), and strongly disagree (5).

Data analysis
Descriptive statistics were applied to reveal the level of eLearning experience among the faculty members of IAU. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha reliability test. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with the principal component method was used to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire used. Furthermore, structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was conducted using the AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) software 2020 to study the adequacy of the e-learning variables involved in the questionnaire. Pearson's correlation was also used to examine the relationship between the e-learning variables and the faculty's overall satisfaction. Besides, the effect of e-learning variables on the faculty's overall satisfaction was evaluated using multiple regression analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22.0 at a 5% significance level. Pearson's correlation was also used to examine the relationship between the e-learning subgroups and interactions. There were no missing data to address in this study.

Limitations and recommendations
This study is restricted to the faculty members of a single public university, and future work can be conducted with the enclosure of all Saudi universities. In further research, the demographic data of faculty members can be included. Further, the relationship between demographic variables of faculty members (such as age, gender, nationality, highest educational qualification, current designation, and work experience) and their e-learning experience, training, and applying skills and knowledge in the educational process through e-learning can be revealed in future studies. Besides, the difference in overall satisfaction among faculty members concerning their demographic variables can also be studied. It is suggested to study the influence of demographic variables on overall faculty satisfaction with the e-learning process at their respective universities. A qualitative or quantitative research can be further carried out with Saudi faculty members to reveal the challenges or barriers facing faculty members while using Blackboard. This study also recommends that higher education administrators frame and execute uniform regulations to improve teaching faculty's satisfaction with Blackboard.

Results
Out of the 2227 potential responses, 634 completed responses were received (response rate, 28.5%).
Reliability and validity of the instrument Cronbach's alpha was used as a benchmark to study the reliability of the questionnaire (Schakib-Ekbatan et al., 2019). The reliability value of Cronbach's α coefficient ranges from 0.00-1.00. In the present study, the reliability of the statistics on the eLearning questionnaire using Cronbach's α coefficient was found to be 0.940. This indicates that the questionnaire achieved a reliable standard of high consistency.
EFA on the 21-item questionnaire was 0.943, with a significance level of 0.000 with Bartlett's test. The dimensionality of the instrument was analysed using CFA. KMO value (KMO=0.943) and Bartlett's test of sphericity (value=10061.978, p<0.05) demonstrated that the raw data were suitable for the application of factor analysis (Table 1). indicate an overall satisfaction with the provided services ( Table 5). The results of the factor loadings on the eLearning scale showed that all items had values greater than 0.5, which indicated that the survey's quality was satisfactory (Table 6).
In this study, SEM analysis resulted in the model depicted in Figure 1, and the following characteristics: n=634, df=184, chi-squared=966.286, and p=0.000 (<0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed SEM model used in this study adequately fits the sample data representing IAU faculty members. The results of the relationship between each item and the proposed three dimensions show that the path coefficient between each item and the proposed 21-item questionnaire is positive and significant (p-value<0.05). The results show that there is a positive significant relationship between each item and the proposed three dimensions ranging from 0.290 to 1.339, which is given in  The common communalities of the instrument used are presented in Table 2; all the items had a value greater than 0.50, which indicated that the quality of the measurement was satisfactory. Table 3 shows the percentage of responses for each statement. The faculty's perception of the quality of eLearning experience at IAU was found to be high (Table 4). A positive correlation existed between the eLearning variables that

18
The extent to which the training is consistent with my job goals

Discussion
IAU promotes leadership qualities, encourages and supports high-end basic and applied research activities (medicine, arts and sciences, and computing), and enhances researcher skills with state-of-the-art facilities. IAU has students and faculty members from different cities and regions. During onsite/ traditional classes, the chance for infection and spread is high among students due to mingling. The online management and workload assessment of faculty are critical for strategic balance (Conceição & Lehman, 2011;Davies et al., 2005). This study was conducted to evaluate eLearning variables from the perspective of IAU faculty members using a questionnaire. The questionnaire's reliability was studied using Cronbach's α coefficient. The criterion value was statistically studied with KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) and Bartlett's test. The results indicated that all the items had a value greater than 0.50, which indicated that the quality of the measurement was satisfactory.
In the first section of the questionnaire, the eLearning experience of faculty was evaluated. The faculty members were asked  and results (Buchanan, 1999;Carnevale, 2004;Schifter, 2000a;Schifter, 2000b). Our results show a unanimous level of satisfaction of faculty members using the Blackboard eLearning tool. In the first instance, the ease of using Blackboard received mostly positive responses of 'strongly agree' (50.3%) and 'agree' (38.7%), indicating a higher proportion of faculty members with a strong commitment to the online working mode of action. Broadcasting and recording lectures via Zoom using Blackboard received mostly 'strongly agree' (59.3%) and 'agree' (33.4%) responses. Very few responded 'true sometimes' (6.2%), 'disagree' (1.1%) and 'totally disagree' (0.0%). The positive responses of respondents indicate the ease of using the Blackboard platform to provide course lessons using menu items and conducting Zoom classes with students through built content options. In the case of Blackboard collaboration (virtual classroom), the 'true sometimes' (32.5%) responses increased, similar to the 'strongly agree' (33.1%) and 'agree' (30.8%) responses. Impressively, the disagreement response still has a lower proportion (<4%). An increase in 'true sometimes' indicates that respondents have some reluctance or reservation of using Blackboard as a video tutoring platform. Conducting online tests using this software was found to be easier as most respondents positively agreed (58.5%). In total, 26.8% of respondents answered 'true sometimes' while few disagreed (11.2%) and strongly disagreed (3.5%). Faculty members expressed positive agreement and strong satisfaction with the provided technical support (strongly agree, 49.8%; agree, 34.5%). Less than 4% expressed disagreement, while 12% responded 'true sometimes'. Furthermore, stronger agreement was given by faculty members for the easy contact, responses and services provided by technical support assistance.
The second section of the questionnaire was related to the experience of the training received. Cho & Berge (2002) reported that a major barrier in distance training is administrative, technical experts and the infrastructure system. However, in the present study, a strong positive response was given to training experience. Respondents were also impressed and agreed on the trainer's knowledge expertise on training topics. Strong affirmative statements were recorded for the trainer's session management and the way they handled participants' questions. Similarly, the trainer's ability to communicate with trainees and the level of discussion received strong positive responses. Training experience using the Zoom platform, training time and training materials received positive responses. For the overall training sessions, approximately 7-15% of respondents expressed the statement of 'true sometimes' while very few provided negative responses.
The third section of the questionnaire was related to the application of skills and knowledge in the educational process through eLearning at IAU. Substantial positive responses with 47.3% of respondents answering 'strongly agree' and 42.7% answering 'agree' indicated that the organized training was consistent with faculty's job goals. Similarly, the faculty revealed that they were able to apply the learned experience during their educational process (agreement of 43.7% and 43.8%, respectively). A high percentage of respondents agreed that training also contributed to developing specific skills that can boost their success in the workplace and accepted that they would also promote this training course to their colleagues. Overall, the faculty members expressed satisfaction with the provided Blackboard service.
The level of perception of faculty members with respect to eLearning experience at IAU was found to be impressively high with a mean score higher than 4 (Table 4). A positive correlation exists between eLearning variables that indicates an overall satisfaction with the provided services (Table 5). The results of the factor loadings on the eLearning scale showed that all items had values greater than 0.5, which indicated that the survey's result quality was satisfactory ( Table 6). The observed positive results of eLearning experience can be correlated to several IAU training initiatives offered to faculty members through the Deanship of Academic Development (DAD). Key training program approaches to online classes are classified into short training programmes, intensive training programmes and material resource support. The professional development training programme involves improving competency in teaching/learning, lecture preparations and mentorship training programmes. Training topics are based on assessment, surveys, reports to the Deanship of Quality and Accreditation (DQAA), student course evaluations, faculty, academic program evaluations, benchmarking teaching and learning practices, trainer questionnaires, and DAD forum recommendations. In addition, the training content materials were updated in the training portal on Blackboard and IAU website (DAD, 2020).
Mainly, the key strategy points focus on faculty online communication skills, leadership skills, conceptual thinking, learning as a team, teaching in a creative way, interpersonal student communication skills, deep learning, lecture planning, an artistic teaching approach and class management.
A faculty professional development series was conducted by IAU. The topics was related on utilizing educational technology and teaching methods. The framework includes theoretical backed interactive sessions, using technological tools to improve student engagement, motivating the students by improving the learning environment and intellectual concept activities, improving competency and fluency in English, microteaching (teaching through practice), metacognition (higher-order thinking), effective questioning strategies, avoiding common teaching mistakes, flipped classrooms (instructional strategy), knowing students' learning styles and welcoming students on the first day of class.
The professional training for faculty also includes improving effective assessment and evaluation skills. The module covers the different types of concepts, methods, types and concepts based on assessment. Increasing questioning, thinking skills, teaching strategies and question paper setting tend to improve higher-order thinking capabilities. Faculty members are guided to use performance-based assessment and portfolios; improve the capability of analysing test results; establish question items to motivate higher-order thinking; assess project work and lab-based learning; and improve soft skills such as emotional intelligence, team-based work, interactions, metacognition skills and leadership. Furthermore, faculty members are trained on grading practices, effective rubrics and constructive feedback.
Importantly, a survey finding by Bonk (2002) stated that faculty members should be trained for online teaching in the online world. Considering such recommendations, the development series focused on mentoring benefits, improving oral communications, and 21 st century skills (collaboration, critical thinking, communications, creativity, and emotional intelligence) in higher education. Training includes assessing new learning and teaching strategies, similar to the COVID-19 pandemic situation; and how to publish in journals related to education. The module comprises observation of classroom behaviours and interactions and the promotion of learning through activities. Faculty members were taught strategies for formulating key principles of critical thinking and student engagement. The adult learning concept and principles were taught to be applied in knowledge transfer from classroom to actual work settings, as seen in the current pandemic situation. The concept of selfefficacy from the perspective of faculty and department was the focus. Similarly, preventing faculty burnout during adverse situations such as COVID-19 and different strategies to overcome faculty burnout are taught.
SEM was used to evaluate the experience of eLearning at IAU. This model has been effectively used to analyse the structural variables in educational-based research (Jansson et al., 2019). Based on the survey study, a model was constructed using SEM analysis (Figure 1). The SEM study showed that items studied under the proposed three dimensions are acceptable for measuring the eLearning experience of IAU faculty members during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the modules were found to be effective in the present situation and able to continue the practice of teaching and learning in the online mode of action. The expressed eLearning satisfaction level by faculty and online trainings adopted by IAU can be an effective strategy to combat online teaching challenges.

Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge in higher education. This study explored faculty readiness for online teaching during the COVID-19 crisis at IAU. The survey responses by the faculty indicate their high satisfaction using eLearning tools. The Blackboard online teaching software tool, recording lectures using the Zoom platform, virtual classrooms and online tests received strong positive responses. Faculty responded positively to the technical and training support rendered by IAU. Overall, the study found that the eLearning training and modules provided by IAU were effective in the present pandemic situation.

Open Peer Review © 2022 Mohamed S.
This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Shahul Hameed Pakkir Mohamed
Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia Thank you very much for your responses. All the comments were addressed in the manuscript.

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly

Nuhad Abdullah Alomair, Imam Abdulrahman BinFaisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
The demographic details are missing in the table and in the interpretation of the results? ○

Response:
The aim of the study is to analyse only the significant role of the digital system and evaluate the readiness of IAU faculty members to transition to online teaching during COVID-19 using survey-based methods. Hence, the authors have not collected the demographic data of the IAU faculty members. However, the authors stated that the demographic data of faculty members can be included in further research in the Limitations and Recommendations Section.

Limitations and Recommendations
This study is restricted to the faculty members of a single public university, and future work can be conducted with the enclosure of all Saudi universities. In further research, the demographic data of faculty members can be included. Further, the relationship between demographic variables of faculty members (such as age, gender, nationality, highest educational qualification, current designation, and work experience) and their e-learning experience, training, and applying skills and knowledge in the educational process through e-learning can be revealed in future studies. Besides, the difference in overall satisfaction among faculty members concerning their demographic variables can also be studied. It is suggested to study the influence of demographic variables on overall faculty satisfaction with the e-learning process at their respective universities. A qualitative or quantitative research can be further carried out with Saudi faculty members to reveal the challenges or barriers facing faculty members while using Blackboard. This study also recommends that higher education administrators frame and execute uniform regulations to improve teaching faculty's satisfaction with Blackboard.
It is better to add a table relationship between demographic data (such as academic rank, age, years of teaching experience, attendance of training courses, etc...) of faculty members and their e-learning experience, received training information, and applied skills and knowledge?

Response:
The aim of the study is to to analyse the significant role of the digital system and evaluate the readiness of IAU faculty members to transition to online teaching during COVID-19 using survey-based methods. Hence, the authors did not analyze the relationship between demographic data of faculty members and their e-learning experience, received training information, and applied skills and knowledge. However, the authors stated that the relationship between demographic data of faculty members and their e-learning experience, received training information, and applied skills and knowledge can be revealed in future studies in the Limitations and Recommendations Section.
The description is provided as follows:

Limitations and Recommendations
This study is restricted to the faculty members of a single public university, and future work can be conducted with the enclosure of all Saudi universities. In further research, the demographic data of faculty members can be included. Further, the relationship between demographic variables of faculty members (such as age, gender, nationality, highest educational qualification, current designation, and work experience) and their elearning experience, training, and applying skills and knowledge in the educational process through e-learning can be revealed in future studies. Besides, the difference in overall satisfaction among faculty members concerning their demographic variables can also be studied. It is suggested to study the influence of demographic variables on overall faculty satisfaction with the e-learning process at their respective universities. A qualitative or quantitative research can be further carried out with Saudi faculty members to reveal the challenges or barriers facing faculty members while using Blackboard. This study also recommends that higher education administrators frame and execute uniform regulations to improve teaching faculty's satisfaction with Blackboard. What type of sampling was used in this study?

Response:
In this study, convenience sampling technique was applied.
The description is provided in the Methods section as follows:

Participants
This study was conducted at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), which is located in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. A convenience sampling was used in this study. All faculty members (N=2227) of IAU who were involved in online teaching during the COVID-19 crisis in the 2019-2020 academic year were considered the population of this study, as only these faculty members used and experienced IAU e-learning facilities. What are the challenges or barriers the faculty members at the IAU have met while using Blackboard? ○

Response:
The aim of the study is to analyse the significant role of the digital system and evaluate the readiness of IAU faculty members to transition to online teaching during COVID-19 using survey-based methods. Hence, the authors did not reveal the challenges or barriers the faculty members at the IAU have met while using Blackboard. This valuable point of the reviewer has been included in the Limitations and Recommendations Section for further research. The description is provided as follows:

Limitations and Recommendations
This study is restricted to the faculty members of a single public university, and future work can be conducted with the enclosure of all Saudi universities. In further research, the demographic data of faculty members can be included. Further, the relationship between demographic variables of faculty members (such as age, gender, nationality, highest educational qualification, current designation, and work experience) and their elearning experience, training, and applying skills and knowledge in the educational process through e-learning can be revealed in future studies. Besides, the difference in overall satisfaction among faculty members concerning their demographic variables can also be studied. It is suggested to study the influence of demographic variables on overall faculty satisfaction with the e-learning process at their respective universities. A qualitative or quantitative research can be further carried out with Saudi faculty members to reveal the challenges or barriers facing faculty members while using Blackboard. This study also recommends that higher education administrators frame and execute uniform regulations to improve teaching faculty's satisfaction with Blackboard. What are the limitations, suggestions, and recommendations in the study?

Response:
As advised, the authors have included the Limitations and Recommendations Section in the manuscript. The description provided in the manuscript is given below:

Limitations and Recommendations
This study is restricted to the faculty members of a single public university, and future work can be conducted with the enclosure of all Saudi universities. In further research, the demographic data of faculty members can be included. Further, the relationship between demographic variables of faculty members (such as age, gender, nationality, highest educational qualification, current designation, and work experience) and their elearning experience, training, and applying skills and knowledge in the educational process through e-learning can be revealed in future studies. Besides, the difference in overall satisfaction among faculty members concerning their demographic variables can also be studied. It is suggested to study the influence of demographic variables on overall faculty satisfaction with the e-learning process at their respective universities. A qualitative or quantitative research can be further carried out with Saudi faculty members to reveal the challenges or barriers facing faculty members while using Blackboard. This study also recommends that higher education administrators frame and execute uniform regulations to improve teaching faculty's satisfaction with Blackboard.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
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