{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0361714796070259, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03895008435050114, 'mean_word_length': 5.047104710471047, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 6, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 17, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP™) genotyping of 48 polymorphisms at different caprine loci in French Alpine and Saanen goat breeds and their association with milk composition

Using a novel and fast genotyping method called Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP™), we carried out a pilot study on 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to 40 genes in French Alpine (n = 24) and Saanen (n = 25) goats reared in Romania. Furthermore, the associations of the 13 polymorphic genetic variants with milk production and composition were investigated. Thirty-five SNPs did not show polymorphism in the studied populations. Polymorphic SNPs were detected in the following genes: CAST, CLEC4E, DES, GHRHR, HSP90AA1, IL15RA, IL1RN, IL8, MITF, PPRC1, SOCS3, TNF and TNFSF13. The studied Alpine population was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium at the g.62894878A>G locus (rs671391101) (P < 0.05). The results showed that four SNPs rs671391101 (GHRHR), rs640582069 (IL1RN) rs635583012 (SOCS3) and rs635969404 (IL15RA) out of the 13 polymorphic markers were significantly associated with milk production, protein, fat and lactose content in the Alpine breed. However, no significant effect was recorded in the Saanen population regarding milk yield or milk chemical composition. The current results provide new insights for the development of SNP marker-assisted selection technology in the goat industry and confirm the potential of using SNPs for the GHRHR, IL1RN, SOCS3, and IL15RA genes as candidate genes for selection, highlighting the direct implications of such genes for farm production outputs. The results from this study are relevant for future goat genomic studies and the inclusion of the associated traits into up-to-date selection schemes.


INTRODUCTION
The goat sector within the European Union accounts for 12.3 million head (EUROSTAT, 2016), concentrated geographically in Greece, Spain, Romania, France and Italy (10.68 million altogether), with the farmers essentially focused on dairy production (milk and cheese production). According to Eurostat reports for the year 2016, Romania alone holds a flock of 1.48 million breeding goats, representing approximately 12% of the goats reared in the EU. As in other European countries, the main focus of the sector is milk and cheese production, with goat meat being considered a marginal product. Milk production traits are of fundamental importance in livestock production and are strongly related to the efficiency and economy of the farm (Erhardt et al., 2010;. However, there are significant differences in the average milk production of goats between regions, mostly due to management and feeding systems and to genetic background (breed, selection). In Romania, goats are reared predominantly in extensive low-input production systems (Raducuta, Calin & Purdoiu, 2012), and the unimproved indigenous Carpatina breed represents over 90% of the population. The breed has modest production outputs, with milk yields estimated at 220 to 350 kg/lactation (Padeanu, 2001. Consequently, farmers started to import Saanen and French Alpine goats, the main specialized dairy goat breeds reared worldwide. The milk yield estimated for the two breeds ranges between 800 to 1100 kg/lactation when they are reared in intensive production systems (Palhiere et al., 2014). Both the Saanen and Alpine breeds are reared as purebreds where large commercial farms are concerned, while on small-and medium-sized farms, which practice more extensive rearing, the bucks are used for crossbreeding with the indigenous Carpatina breed in order to improve their milk yield and udder conformation.
The ongoing growth and increasing accessibility of genetic and genome sequencing data has given new perspectives for research in domestic ruminant species (Dong et al., 2013;Elsik et al., 2009). Polymorphism of milk proteins, which has been linked to the chemical composition and biological characteristics of milk, as well as the processing properties of cheese, is well studied and documented worldwide (Martin et al., 2002;Vinesh et al., 2013). Selection can be carried out to increase the frequency of alleles with a positive effect on a given production trait (Dekkers, 2004). Variations in these genes, which show strong associations with economically important production traits, such as traits related to milk production, are useful tools for marker-assisted selection (Parmentier et al., 2011). In the case of dairy goats, the effect of caseins-especially that of α s1 casein (CSN1S1)-on milk composition (mainly protein content) has received significant attention from both geneticists and animal scientists in the last decade. Moreover, the state of knowledge on goat genetics has been significantly improved from the year 2010 onward, subsequent to the sequencing of the goat genome and the release of the goat SNP50, which allowed several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (Martin et al., 2016). The aim of the current pilot research was to investigate the polymorphism of 48 SNPs of 40 genes on dairy production and major milk components using genotyping methods in French Alpine and Saanen goats reared in Romania. Furthermore, association study was performed between milk traits and polymorphic SNPs. The ultimate purpose was to find and describe polymorphisms that could prove useful for the design of future genetic improvement schemes in the two dairy breeds.

Animals and management
Forty-nine genetically unrelated multiparous goats (3rd lactations) reared under intensive commercial conditions (Northern Romania: 47 • 34 15 N 23 • 25 41 E), including twentyfive French Saanen and 24 French Alpine individuals, were included in this study. The commercial farm manages a total of 1035 breeding goats in a mixed-breed system, with both Saanen and Alpine being reared under identical management and feeding conditions.
At the farm level, both the Saanen and Alpine herds have been selected predominantly to increase milk yield, with the main selection aim being set at a production of 5,000 kg of milk per productive life. The animals selected for the current study were in the top 20% for milk yield, and were designated to produce the replacement does and bucks. All does were inseminated with frozen semen imported from France and Austria in order to avoid inbreeding within the populations. The does taken into the study were descendants of purebred animals introduced into Romania in 2009, following an import of Saanen and Alpine goats from France, representing a diverse sampling of genetic lines (12 lines/breed unit). Reproductive failure and udder-related problems were the criteria normally used to define which does would be culled. The culling rate at the farm level was 25%, with a conception rate of 83% and an average prolificacy of 186%. Pregnancy scanning was practised starting on day 45 after artificial insemination.
All animals were included in the Official Performance and Recording Scheme, being registered as nucleus reference breeding herds, which produce and disseminate tested bucks. Does were milked twice per day in a 'herringbone' milking parlour (2 sides × 24 units). The average lactation length on the studied farm was 280 ± 15 days. The following production data were recorded for the studied animals: milk yield (kg), fat (%), protein (%) and lactose (%).
Does were kept on a straw bedding, with a space allowance of 1.7 m 2 per head in the resting area and free access to water and outdoor paddocks of 4.5 m 2 /goat. They received a daily feed ration made of high-quality alfalfa hay ad libitum and pelleted feed (16% CP). Does were housed in groups of 40 to 50 animals, according to lactation stage and productivity, regardless of their breed.
Hair follicles were taken from each animal and kept at 4 • C until further processing. The research activities were performed in accordance with the European Union's Directive for animal experimentation (Directive 2010/63/EU).

Selection of SNPs
A total of 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 40 genes have been chosen based on the results of prior genome-wide association study (GWAS) and marker assisted selection study across the goat genome Boulanger, Grosclaude & Mahé, 1984;Martin et al., 2002;Martin et al., 2016;Mousavizadeh et al., 2009;Singh et al., 2015;Tabaran et al., 2014;Vlaic et al., 2010;Zaulet et al., 2008) (Table 1). Caprine SNP data were collected from the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database, or dbSNP (NCBI). Special focus was given to the major genes associated with milk production and composition traits, found at different chromosome localizations.

Genomic DNA extraction and genotyping
Genomic DNA was isolated using a method described by the FAO/IAEA (2004). The DNA was stored at −20 • C until further analysis. DNA concentration was measured with a NanoDrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). All samples were diluted to a uniform concentration, and the equivalent of 50 ng of DNA per sample was used for genotyping. Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP TM , LGC Genomics, Teddington, Middlesex, UK) genotyping was used for the bi-allelic discrimination of the selected 48 SNPs (Table 1). Results were visualized with SNP Viewer software (version 1.99, Hoddesdon, UK). Genotype data for each animal were exported for the statistical analysis.

Data analysis
The raw allele calls received from LGC Genomics were analysed with KlusterCaller software from LGC Genomics. Further, a genetic association study was conducted on polymorphic SNPs.
To determine genotype frequencies for all polymorphic SNPs and estimate the effect of SNP polymorphism and breed on milk yield and composition, we performed factorial ANOVA using the statistical software Statistica (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA) with the following model: where: y ijk is the milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage or lactose percentage; µ is the overall mean; SNP i is the effect of the selected SNP polymorphism (with 1, 2 or 3 levels, depending on the studied SNP); BREED j is the breed effect (Saanen or Alpine); SNPxBREED ij is the interaction between SNP polymorphism and breed; and ijk is the random error.
The chi-squared test (χ 2 ) was used to determine whether the populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). HWE analysis was performed for setting the genetic association studies.
The significance of each main effect (SNP and breed) as well as that of the interaction between main factors was verified using Shapiro-Wilk's test (Hill & Lewicki, 2007). The significance of differences between least-squares means was tested using Tukey contrasts.
For each SNP, only the animals found to have been genotyped for that SNP were taken into consideration. This is why the number of individuals varied across the SNPs.
The different genotype frequencies are shown in Table 2. The results of our study outlined that homozygous genotypes were more frequent than heterozygous in most cases. Only the Alpine goats were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium at the g.62894878A>G locus (rs671391101) (P < 0.05).
The studied individuals' genotypes were analysed for association with milk yield and composition in the Saanen and Alpine breeds and in both populations together. The four SNPs-rs671391101 (GHRHR), rs640582069 (IL1RN ) rs635583012 (SOCS3) and rs635969404 (IL15RA)-had significant effects on milk production, protein, fat and lactose in the Alpine breed and in both populations collectively (Table 3). No significant effects on investigated traits were found for any other polymorphic SNP (results not presented). No significant effects were recorded in the Saanen population regarding milk production, protein, fat or lactose content. Milk yield and fat percentage did not show any significant association with genotype in either the Saanen or the Alpine breed. In the case of total  population, the g.46353777T>G SNP located in the IL1RN gene was associated with milk production; the g.62894878A>G SNP in the GHRHR gene, the g.10354813C>T SNP in the IL15RA gene and the g.46353777T>G SNP in the IL1RN gene were associated with fat percentage (P < 0.05); the g.46353777T>G SNP in the IL1RN gene with protein percentage (P < 0.05); and the g.52626440T>G SNP in the SOCS3 gene with lactose percentage. Out of these associations, the g.52626440T>G (rs635583012) SNP located in the intron of the SOCS3 gene and the g.46353777T>G (rs640582069) SNP located in the IL1RN gene were associated with lactose percentage; the g.62894878A>G SNP in the GHRHR gene and the g.46353777T>G SNP located in the IL1RN gene were associated with protein percentage in the Alpine population (P < 0.05). The current findings also underline the significant differences found between the Saanen and Alpine goat breeds based on all 13 markers for milk yield (P ≤ 0.05).

DISCUSSION
The Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genotyping assay has been successfully used in order to genotype different organisms (He, Holme & Anthony, 2014;Semagn et al., 2014;Landoulsi et al., 2017). In our work KASP technology was used in Saanen and Alpine goats reared in Romania in order to investigate the polymorphism of 48 SNPs of 40 genes that were previously reported to be associated with the production traits or that potentially contributed to important metabolic conditions. The KASP genotyping system used in the present study generated a high assay success rate (94,81%) and offered a highly locus specificity and accurate genotyping solution. Ours results are in accordance with previously reported KASP assay success rate (Semagn et al., 2014). Furthermore, according to previous studies the KASP genotyping system has low-labour and economic advantages over other genotyping assays (Landoulsi et al., 2017).
The results of this study showed that only 13 of the studied SNPs were polymorphic. The genetic variants CC of rs669986850, TT of rs671256096, AG of rs671391101, TT of rs664283580, AA of rs671509714 and GG of rs669561078 were not observed in the Saanen or the Alpine. The missing genotypes may be attributable to the relatively small number of animals studied.
The results of the current study showed that the homozygous genotypes were more frequent than heterozygous in most cases. All results were tested for deviations from HWE that was used as a means of quality control. Only the Alpine breed was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium at the g.62894878A>G locus (rs671391101) (P < 0.05) and therefore this locus raises question for further study on large number of samples. The Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium for this SNP in French Alpine may be attributable to either selection or the genotyping error of KASP assays that produced 18 identified allele calls and 6 unidentified allele calls. Among the polymorphic SNPs, two were located in introns (rs660778229, rs635583012), and those variants have recently been demonstrated to be significantly associated with quantitative traits in different species, despite the fact that they do not change amino acids (Clark et al., 2015;Maitra et al., 2014;Sun et al., 2015;Zhao et al., 2013;Zhou et al., 2016). The results obtained here on single SNP analyses confirmed the previous findings, since it indicated that the goat SOCS3 g.52626440T>G beside GHRHR g.62894878A>G, IL1RN g.46353777T>G and IL15RA g.10354813C>T might play an important role in affecting milk production traits and could be linked to major genes that affect milk production traits in goats. Current findings revealed the significant association and the effects of those loci and the investigated milk traits. It was surprising since those genes are not milk protein genes or closely related to them.
SOCS3 is a member of the suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family of proteins that has a negative effect on cytokine signalling (Krebs & Hilton, 2001). However, polymorphism of SOCS3 gene was associated with somatic cell score trait in cattle (Strillacci et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2015), mammary development pathway (Raven et al., 2014) and is expressed in goat milk fat globules in response to experimental intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus (Strillacci et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2015).
Growth hormone (GH ) was found to have wide range effect on a variety of physiological parameters such as lactation, reproduction, growth traits and metabolism (Mousavizadeh et al., 2009). Marques et al. (2006) detected high levels of polymorphisms at the five exons and the 5 -UTR and 3 -UTR regions of growth hormone gene in Serra da Estrela ewes and found that the two copies of the ovine GH gene (namely, GH2-N and GH2-Z ) genotypes significantly affect milk yield in the breed. In contrast, significant differences in milk traits included milk yield, fat, protein, casein and lactose percentage were detected among Sarda sheep genotypes at polymorphic loci only for the GH2-Z gene (Dettori et al., 2015). However, there are no information about polymorphism and its associations with milk production traits in goats. Polymorphism and association study of exon 2 and exon 3 of the growth hormone gene with growth traits in goats from two Indian breeds did not find any significant association between genotypes and body development traits (Singh et al., 2015).
In the current study, two less-studied interleukins in goats were found to have a significant association with milk related traits. The IL1RN had also significant SNP for milk yield and located on chromosome 11 like a whey protein, β-lactoglobulin gene in goats. However, genetic variants of BLG gene involved this study (rs646939931) was not polymorph. Members of the IL-1 family are pleiotropic cytokines that have important rules in inflammation, immunoregulation and other homeostatic functions in the body (Mora & Weigert, 2016). Marcos-Carcavilla et al. (2007) studied the IL-1 family members as candidate genes for scrapie susceptibility detection in sheep. However, no studies on goats were published up-to-date. IL-15γ , IL-15Rβ and IL-15Rα are composing the chains of the interleukin-15 receptor (IL-15R). In human interleukin-15 receptor alpha is a high affinity IL-15 binding protein that is crucial for mediating IL-15 functions such as memory CD8 T, cell proliferation and NK, NK/T cell, and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte development (Schluns, Stoklasek & Lefrançois, 2005). Moreover, no previous study was performed for polymorphism or association studies with production traits in farm animals.

CONCLUSION
In summary, this study validated a KASP genotyping assays in goat that can replace the different genotyping assays developed for marker-assisted selection. The validated KASP genotyping assay used for the 48 SNPs will be helpful for diverse applications in goat breeding programs. Furthermore, preliminary results of the current study shows evidence of significant associations between four SNPs located on four genes, which were poorly studied before within the genetic variants and milk production traits in Alpine goats, indicating the potential role of SOCS3, GHRHR, IL1RN and IL15RA variants on relevant traits in dairy production.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND DECLARATIONS Funding
This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-0023. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
• Ludovic Toma Cziszter conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.
• Maria Sauer and Ioan Padeanu conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.

Animal Ethics
The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers): The research activities were performed in accordance with the European Union's Directive for animal experimentation (Directive 2010/63/EU).