{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04322949777495232, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02288620470438652, 'mean_word_length': 5.321285140562249, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Increased expression and dysregulated association of restriction factors and type I interferon in HIV, HCV mono‐ and co‐infected patients

Host restriction factors and type I interferon are important in limiting HIV and HCV infections, yet the role of HIV, HCV mono‐ and co‐infection in regulating these antiviral genes expression is not clear. In this study, we measured the levels of TRIM5α, TRIM22, APOBEC3G, and IFN‐α, ‐β mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 43 HIV mono‐infected, 70 HCV mono‐infected and 64 HIV/HCV co‐infected patients along with 98 healthy controls. We also quantified HIV and HCV viral loads in mono‐ and co‐infected patients. The results showed that HCV, HIV mono‐ and co‐infection differentially increased TRIM22, APOBEC3G, and IFN‐α, ‐β mRNA expression while the mRNA expression of TRIMα was upregulated only by HCV‐mono infection. HIV/HCV co‐infection was associated with higher viral load, compared to either HIV or HCV mono‐infection. Additionally, we showed TRIMα and TRIM22 positively correlated with IFN‐α, ‐β, which could be dysregulated by HIV, HCV mono‐ and co‐infection. Furthermore, we found TRIM22 negatively correlated with HCV viral load in mono‐infected patients and APOBEC3G positively correlated with HCV viral load in co‐infected patients. Collectively, our findings suggest the potential role of restriction factors in restricting HIV, HCV mono‐ and co‐infection in vivo, which appears to be a therapeutic target for potential drug discovery. J. Med. Virol. 88:987–995, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.