{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04569932462586653, 'fraction_numerical': 0.026866204516378566, 'mean_word_length': 4.872117400419287, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain up-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-7 expression via the protein kinase Cγ–mediated FAK/ERK signaling pathway in colon cancer

The syndecan family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans contributes to cell adhesion and communication by serving as co-receptors for cell signaling and extracellular matrix molecules. Syndecan-2 is located at the cell surface, and we previously reported that it induces matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) expression in colon cancer cells. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report that overexpression of syndecan-2 in HT-29 colon cancer cells increases the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK in parallel with up-regulated MMP-7 expression, but a syndecan-2 mutant lacking the cytoplasmic domain showed significant reductions in these effects. Consistent with this observation, FAK inhibition via FAK-related non-kinase expression or inhibition of ERK with the ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 diminished the syndecan-2–mediated up-regulation of MMP-7. Activation of PKC enhanced syndecan-2–mediated MMP-7 expression, whereas inhibition of PKC had the opposite effect. Of note, the exogenous expression of syndecan-2 triggered localization of PKCγ to the membrane. Expression of syndecan-2 harboring a phosphomimetic (S198E) mutation of the variable region of the cytoplasmic domain enhanced MMP-7 expression and FAK phosphorylation. Finally, experimental suppression of shedding of the syndecan-2 extracellular domain did not significantly affect the syndecan-2–mediated up-regulation of MMP-7 in the early period after syndecan-2 overexpression. Taken together, these findings suggest that syndecan-2's cytoplasmic domain up-regulates MMP-7 expression in colon cancer cells via PKCγ-mediated activation of FAK/ERK signaling.

The members of the syndecan family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans contribute to cell adhesion and cell communication by serving as co-receptors for cell signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) 2 molecules (1). Similar to many other receptors, the syndecans contain three domains (2) that have unique but related functions in signal transduction. The extracellular domain interacts with various extracellular ligands, including growth factors, ECM molecules, cytokine, chemokines, and enzymes (1), to accommodate the functional needs of the cells (3). These interactions initiate signal transduction to regulate cellular functions both inside and outside cells. In particular, extracellular ligand binding induces clustering of syndecan transmembrane domains to initiate intracellular signaling events. Notably, syndecans contain a GXXXG motif that promotes self-association with the core protein (4). In the context of intracellular signaling, however, the cytoplasmic domain sequence is the most critical for regulating syndecan-mediated adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. The cytoplasmic domain of syndecan is essentially composed of two regions of conserved amino acid sequences, C1 and C2. The C1 region participates in direct interactions with the ezrin-radixin-moesin protein, tubulin, cortactin, and Src (5,6); in syndecan-1, this domain is involved in regulating endocytosis (7). The C2 region contains a PDZ-binding motif and is responsible for regulating syndecan recycling and exosome formation (8,9). The C1 and C2 regions are separated by a central variable sequence of amino acids that is distinct for each family member (V) and provides the unique function of each syndecan (10). The V region of syndecan-1 is known to be involved in the regulation of cell spreading and actin-fascin bundling (11). The syndecan-4 V region contains an NPXY sequence that binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and regulates syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain oligomerization and PKC␣ activation (12)(13)(14). In syndecan-2, the V region has the sequence RKPSSAA, in which the two serine residues can be phosphorylated by PKC␣, -␤, and -␥ (15)(16)(17). Indeed, the associations of the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain with PKCs are important for syndecan-2mediated functions. For example, PKC-␤II directly interacts with syndecan-2, enhances its membrane localization, and increases melanin synthesis in melanoma cells (18). Moreover, PKC␥ has been shown to mediate the development of the leftright axis in the Xenopus heart (15). These previous results support the unique functional roles of the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan-2 and show that these functions may be mediated through serine phosphorylation.
We previously reported that syndecan-2 interacts with pro-MMP-7 at the cell surface and that elevated syndecan-2 expression critically activates the processing of pro-MMP-7 into the active form (30). Accordingly, we proposed that syndecan-2 could function as a docking receptor for pro-MMP-7. However, it remained unknown how syndecan-2 might regulate the expression of MMP-7 as a cell surface receptor. Here, we analyzed the ability of the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain to act as a cell surface receptor in regulating MMP-7 expression.

Syndecan-2 promotes MMP-7 expression by activating the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/ERK pathway
We previously reported that syndecan-2 expression triggers MMP-7 expression in HT-29 colon cancer cells (30). To further explore the mechanism through which syndecan-2 regulates MMP-7 expression, we examined how the stable expression of rat syndecan-2 affected human colon carcinoma cell lines HT-29 and SNU-1235 ( Fig. 1). Consistent with our previous results (30), both HT-29 and SNU-1235 cells overexpressing rat syndecan-2 showed an increase in the mRNA expression levels of MMP-7, and knockdown of syndecan-2 expression by targetspecific siRNA reduced expression levels of MMP-7 in HT-29 cells (Fig. 1A), confirming involvement of syndecan-2 in MMP-7 expression. To begin investigating the regulatory mechanism underlying this effect in HT-29 cells, we examined the effect of human syndecan-2 expression on tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK, which is a major regulator of cell adhesion signaling (34,35), and its activation critically involves autophosphorylation at tyrosine 397 (36,37). As shown in Fig. 1B, our analysis revealed that syndecan-2 expression increased the phosphorylation of FAK tyrosine 397, and knockdown of syndecan-2 expression by target-specific siRNA reduced the phosphorylation of FAK tyrosine 397 in HT-29 cells (Fig. 1B). Consistently, transfection of HA-tagged FAK-related non-kinase (HA-FRNK), which is known to have a dominant negative effect on FAK signaling (39,40), reduced both the basal (Fig.  1C) and syndecan-2-induced (Fig. 1D) expression levels of MMP-7 in HT-29 cells, suggesting that syndecan-2 regulates MMP-7 expression through the FAK signaling pathway.
Consistent with previous reports that FAK can activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade during adhesion-mediated cell signaling (38), we observed increased phosphorylation of ERK, but neither p38 nor JNK, in HT-29 cells stably expressing syndecan-2 (Fig. 1E). The syndecan-2-mediated induction of MMP-7 expression was inhibited in cells treated with the potent MEK inhibitor, PD98059, and the specific ERK1/2 inhibitor, SCH772984 (Fig. 1F). Furthermore, syndecan-2 expression increased the activity of the MMP-7 promoter, but both PD98059 and SCH772984 reduced this effect (Fig. 1G). Taken together, these data suggest that syndecan-2 expression up-regulates MMP-7 by activating the FAK/ERK signaling pathway.

The cytoplasmic domain of syndecan-2 is crucial for its ability to induce MMP-7 expression
We next investigated whether the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan-2 was involved in its ability to induce MMP-7 expression. We expressed wild-type syndecan-2 or a syndecan-2 mutant lacking the entire cytoplasmic domain (⌬C31). As expected, the exogenous expression of syndecan-2 increased the expression of MMP-7 and the proteolytic activity of MMP-7 in the HT-29 conditioned media ( Fig. 2A). In contrast, ⌬C31 showed much lower expression levels of MMP-7 and the proteolytic activity of MMP-7 in the HT-29 conditioned media ( Fig. 2A). Similar results were observed when we monitored MMP-7 promoter activation; ⌬C31 expression triggered much less MMP-7 promoter activity than wild-type syndecan-2 ( Fig.  2B). Parallel with reduced expression levels of both syndecan-2 and MMP-7 in the HT-29 conditioned media, ⌬C31 showed much less phosphorylation of FAK or ERK (Fig. 2C). These findings indicate that the cytoplasmic domain is important for the ability of syndecan-2 to mediate MMP-7 expression. Consistent with this notion, compared with wild-type syndecan-2, ⌬C31 expression triggered much less cell migration activity (as monitored using an xCELLigence system; Fig. 2D) and colony formation (as assessed using a soft agar colony forming assay; Fig. 2E). These data suggest that the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain is essential for the ability of syndecan-2 expression to increase MMP-7 expression in HT-29 colon cancer cells.

Phosphorylation of serine 198 in the variable region is required for the ability of syndecan-2 to induce MMP-7 expression
The variable cytoplasmic domain is important for the functional specificity of each syndecan (15,41,42). As the ability to regulate MMP-7 expression is a unique feature of syndecan-2, we examined the possible involvement of the cytoplasmic domain in this effect. We generated truncated cytoplasmic domain mutants lacking the C-terminal EFYA sequence (⌬C4), the central region and the EFYA sequence (⌬C14) or the entire cytoplasmic domain (⌬C31) (Fig. 3A). HT-29 cells were transfected with vectors encoding the wild-type or mutant versions of syndecan-2, and the mRNA expression of MMP-7 was assessed by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. Compared with vector-transfected cells, those expressing wild-type syndecan-2 exhibited enhanced expression of the MMP-7 mRNA. The mutant syndecan-2 harboring deletion of four amino acid residues at the C terminus (the ⌬C4 mutant) also increased MMP-7 expression, whereas the other two deletion mutants failed to enhance MMP-7 expression (Fig. 3A). The same two deletion mutants, ⌬C14 and ⌬C31, both failed to induce MMP-7 promoter activity (Fig. 3B) or increase colonyforming activity (Fig. 3C). These findings suggest that the central variable region of the cytoplasmic domain is important for the ability of syndecan-2 to increase MMP-7 expression.
Because the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain contains unique serine residues within the variable region, we hypothesized that serine phosphorylation might be involved in the ability of syndecan-2 to regulate MMP-7 expression. To test this possibility, we replaced serine 197 and/or 198 with either alanine (to prevent potential phosphorylation) or glutamic acid (to act as a phosphomimetic of phosphoserine) (Fig. 3D). Similar to the results shown in Figs. 1 and 2, syndecan-2 overexpression increased MMP-7 expression and the phosphorylations of FAK tyrosine 397 and ERK. Interestingly, syndecan-2 mutants sub-

Role of the syndecan-2 cytoplasm in MMP-7 expression
stituting serine 197 and 198 with alanine (AA) or glutamic acids (EE) did not activate MMP-7 expression as much as wild-type syndecan-2. However, syndecan-2 mutant AE, in which serine 197 was mutated to alanine and serine 198 was mutated to glutamic acid, triggered higher-level MMP-7 expression than wild-type syndecan-2, whereas syndecan-2 mutant EA, in which serine 197 was mutated to glutamic acid and serine 198 was replaced with alanine, showed much reduced MMP-7 expression activity (Fig. 3D). These findings suggest that phosphorylation of serine 198 is crucial for the ability of syndecan-2 to trigger MMP-7 expression. Consistent with the above results, AE, but not EA, induced phosphorylation of FAK tyrosine 397 (Fig. 3D) and enhanced the soft agar colony-forming activity of HT-29 cells (Fig. 3E). Together, these data suggest that phosphorylation of syndecan-2 serine 198 in the cytoplasmic domain is essential for the ability of syndecan-2 to induce MMP-7 expression in HT-29 colon cancer cells.

Syndecan-2 requires PKC␥ to up-regulate MMP-7
It has been shown that the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain can be serine-phosphorylated by PKC␣, -␤, and -␥ (15,16). To explore the potential involvement of PKCs in the syndecan-2mediated up-regulation of MMP-7, we treated HT-29 cells with either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; a highly potent PKC activator) or bisindolylmaleimide I (GF 109203X; a competitive PKC inhibitor) and examined MMP-7 expression over time (Fig. 4). Our results revealed that PMA enhanced the basal expression level of MMP-7 in vector control cells and further enhanced the syndecan-2-mediated up-regulation of MMP-7 (Fig. 4, A and B). The syndecan-2-induced increase in MMP-7 expression was greatly reduced in cells expressing the cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant (⌬C31; Fig. 4, A and B). Moreover, treatment with GF 109203X reduced syndecan-2-mediated MMP-7 expression at 6 h and completely inhibited it after 24 h (Fig. 4, A and B). Consistent with this finding, inhibition of PKC activity blocked the ability of syndecan-2 to increase the soft agar colony-forming activity of HT-29 cells (Fig. 4C). Together, these data suggest that PKC activity is necessary for the ability of syndecan-2 to induce MMP-7 expression.
To further investigate which PKCs are involved in the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain-mediated up-regulation of MMP-7 expression, we examined PKC isotypes PKC␣, -␤, and -␥, which are known to phosphorylate serine residues in the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain (Fig. 5). As shown in Fig. 5A, HT-29 cells expressed all three of these PKC isotypes. Both syndecan-2 overexpression and siRNA-mediated syndecan-2 knockdown

Role of the syndecan-2 cytoplasm in MMP-7 expression
failed to affect the levels of these PKC isotypes in HT-29 cells (Fig. 5A). Interestingly, however, the overexpression of syndecan-2 specifically induced the membrane localization of PKC␥, but not PKC␣ or PKC␤, and syndecan-2 knockdown reduced the membrane localization of PKC␥ (Fig. 5B). These findings suggest that PKC␥ is involved in the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain-mediated induction of MMP-7. Consistent with these findings, the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant (⌬C31) could not induce the membrane localization of PKC␥ (Fig. 5C). Interestingly, none of the syndecan-2 mutants (AE, AA, EE, or EA) induced the membrane localization of PKC␥ (Fig. 5D), suggesting that PKC␥ localizes to the membrane but might separate from the membrane following the phosphorylation of Ser-198.
To further analyze the interaction between syndecan-2 and PKC␥, we performed a GST-pulldown assay with purified GSTtagged syndecan-2 protein and purified rat brain PKCs. The GST-pulldown assay showed that, unlike PKC␤II, which was previously known to interact with syndecan-2 (18), we could not detect direct interaction between recombinant syndecan-2 and PKC␥ under our experimental conditions (Fig. 5E), suggesting indirect involvement of syndecan-2 on PKC␥ mem-brane localization. In addition, immunostaining of HT-29 cells with PKC␥-specific antibody indicated that expression of wildtype syndecan-2 increased the membrane localization of PKC␥, as also seen in HT-29 cells treated with PMA (Fig. 5F). In addition, FRNK-mediated inhibition of FAK activity did not affect the membrane localization of PKC␥ (Fig. 5G), suggesting that this localization is upstream of FAK activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domainmediated activation of PKC␥ is crucial for the ability of syndecan-2 to induce MMP-7 expression.

Syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain induces MMP-7 expression independent of extracellular domain shedding
We previously showed that 1) the extracellular domain of syndecan-2 can be shed from the cell surface (33); 2) MMP-7 mediates the extracellular domain shedding of syndecan-2 (32); and 3) the shed syndecan-2 fragment enhances MMP-7 expression (33). We also proposed that syndecan plays a dual regulatory role as a cell surface receptor and docking receptor and that this dual regulatory function enables syndecan-2 to regulate both intracellular and extracellular activities (43). Therefore, we speculated herein that syndecan-2 might regulate

Role of the syndecan-2 cytoplasm in MMP-7 expression
MMP-7 expression through both cytoplasmic domainmediated signal transduction (as a cell surface receptor) and shed syndecan-2-mediated signal transduction (as an extracellular ligand). To clarify the potential cell surface receptorrelated effect of syndecan-2 on MMP-7, we generated a noncleavable syndecan-2 mutant (NC) (33) and an NC lacking the entire cytoplasmic domain (NC⌬C31) (Fig. 6A). We then transfected cells with vectors encoding the wild-type and mutant versions of syndecan-2 and examined MMP-7 expression over time. At 24 h post-transfection, cells expressing wild-type syndecan-2 and the NC mutant showed comparable enhancements of MMP-7 expression, whereas NC⌬C31 failed to induce MMP-7 expression (Fig. 6B). At 48 h post-transfection, the NC mutant-induced MMP-7 expression was significantly lower than induced by wild-type syndecan-2 (Fig. 6C). This suggests that syndecan-2 induces MMP-7 expression mainly via the cytoplasmic domain soon after transfection and that shed syndecan-2 mediates MMP-7 expression later on, after MMP-7 has accumulated to a sufficient degree. Consistent with this notion, the levels of shed syndecan-2 were higher in the conditioned media of HT-29 cells transfected with a syndecan-2expressing construct compared with vector-transfected cells, but the observed increases were progressively less dramatic in cells expressing the NC and NC⌬C31 mutants (Fig. 6C).
Because both syndecan-2 and shed syndecan-2 have been shown to regulate cell migration (31-33), we performed a realtime migration assay using an xCELLigence system (Fig. 6D).
Over 19 h, overall cell migration was markedly higher in HT-29 cells expressing wild-type syndecan-2 than in cells expressing any of the tested mutants (NC, ⌬C31, and NC⌬C31; Fig. 6D). At 5 h after plating, however, the NC mutant (but not ⌬C31 or NC⌬C31) was associated with an increase of cell migration comparable with that seen in cells expressing wild-type syndecan-2 (Fig. 6D). This suggests that syndecan-2-induced cell migration is dependent on the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain at the early stage of syndecan-2 expression. Similarly, HT-29 cells expressing the syndecan-2 mutants showed much less colony-forming activity compared with those expressing wild-type syndecan-2 (Fig. 6E). Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain induces MMP-7 expression via FAK/ERK signaling and independent of extracellular domain shedding.

Discussion
Although syndecans are highly conserved among family members and species, each syndecan has one or more unique functional roles that are critically governed by the variable cytoplasmic domain. The syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain is known to be involved in regulating MMP-7 expression, but the underlying mechanism was previously unknown. Here, we investigated the regulatory role of the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain in detail and show that the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain regulates MMP-7 expression through the PKC␥-mediated activation of FAK/ERK signaling. Our results revealed that overex-

Role of the syndecan-2 cytoplasm in MMP-7 expression
pression of syndecan-2 up-regulated MMP-7, enhanced the membrane localization of PKC␥ (Fig. 5), and increased the phosphorylations of FAK tyrosine 397 and ERK (Fig. 1). In contrast, deletion of either the entire cytoplasmic domain or the serine residue-containing variable region diminished the ability of syndecan-2 to enhance MMP-7 expression, suggesting that the variable region of the cytoplasmic domain plays an important role in this effect. Because syndecan-2 is the only syndecan known to regulate MMP-7 expression as a cell surface receptor, this involvement of the variable region is not unexpected. Syndecan-2 is unique among the syndecans in that its cytoplasmic domain contains two serine residues in the variable region. Therefore, it is highly plausible that the regulatory function of syndecan-2 could be closely related to serine phosphorylation. A previous study showed that PKC␥ mediates the phosphorylation of the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain to regulate syndecan-2-mediated inside-out signaling during the leftright development of Xenopus (15). PKC␤II was shown to be involved in regulating syndecan-2-mediated melanogenesis in melanocyte-derived cells (18), and PKC␦ was found to regulate syndecan-2-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts (44). In addition, Oh et al. (41) and Prasthofer et al. (17) reported that classical PKC directly phosphorylates serine residues in the variable region of the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain. Our present findings suggest that PKC␥ is a major regulator of syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain serine phosphorylation, because syndecan-2 expression in HT-29 cells increased the membrane localization of PKC␥ but not PKC␣ (Fig. 5). In addition, our experiments using a phosphomimetic mutant showed that phosphorylation of serine 198 in the variable region of syndecan-2 was involved in its ability to activate FAK and subsequently increase MMP-7 expression (Fig. 3). This may explain the specific ability of syndecan-2 to regulate MMP-7 expression. Interestingly, however, neither of the phosphomimetic mutants for serine 197 (EA or EE) increased the expression of MMP-7; instead, cells expressing these mutants showed less induction of MMP-7 than those expressingwild-typesyndecan-2 (Fig.3).Thissuggeststhatphosphorylation is specifically required for the syndecan-2mediated up-regulation of MMP-7 expression. Furthermore, our data indicate that excess phosphorylation at serine 197 may negatively regulate the ability of syndecan-2 to regulate MMP-7 expression. Our findings thus confirm the specific role of the cytoplasmic domain and suggest that the PKC isotypes play different regulatory roles in different cell types and for different functions.

Figure 5. Syndecan-2 expression increases membrane localization of PKC␥.
A and B, HT-29 cells stably transfected with syndecan-2 or si-syndecan-2 (si-hSDC2) oligomer. After 48 h, the PKC isotypes in TCL were determined by immunoblotting with isotype-specific antibodies. GAPDH was used as a loading control (A). The indicated cells were fractionated, and the amounts of the different PKC isotypes in the membrane fraction were analyzed by immunoblotting with isotype-specific PKC antibodies. Integrin ␤1 was used as a loading control (B). C and D, HT-29 cells stably expressing the syndecan-2, ⌬C31, AA, EE, AE, or EA mutant constructs were subjected to membrane fractionation, and the amount of PKC␥ in the membrane fraction was analyzed by immunoblotting with an isotype-specific PKC antibody. Integrin ␤1 was used as a loading control. Data are shown as mean Ϯ S.D. (error bars) (n ϭ 3), normalized to total FAK expression. *, p Ͻ 0.05. E, purified GST-SDC2 was incubated with rat brain PKCs for 2 h. Bound proteins were immunoblotted with anti-PKC antibodies.

Role of the syndecan-2 cytoplasm in MMP-7 expression
Along with PKC, FAK is an important regulator of adhesionmediated signaling. Syndecan-2 has been reported to regulate FAK activity in fibrosarcoma and melanoma cells (45,46). Here, we show that syndecan-2 expression enhances FAK tyrosine 397 phosphorylation and the activity of ERK, which is a downstream effector of FAK, in colon cancer cells (Fig. 1, B-E). In colon cancer cells, the ERK MAPK pathway is critically important for intestinal epithelial differentiation, tumor progression, and oncogenic behaviors (47). Here, we found that inhibition of ERK reduced the syndecan-2-triggered expression of MMP-7 in HT-29 cells (Fig. 1, F and G), suggesting that the FAK/ERK pathway is an important regulator of syndecan-2-induced MMP-7 expression. Interestingly, inhibition of FAK activity via the application of FRNK diminished the syndecan-2-mediated up-regulation of MMP-7 (Fig. 1D) but did not alter the syndecan-2-induced membrane localization of PKC␥ (Fig. 5G). This suggests that the membrane localization of PKC␥ is upstream of FAK phosphorylation.
We also previously showed that MMP-7 can induce shedding of the extracellular domain of syndecan-2 (32) and that shed syndecan-2 can induce MMP-7 expression as a cell surface ligand (33). To analyze the role of the syndecan-2 extracellular domain, we explored and compared the effects of wild-type syndecan-2, a non-cleavable syndecan-2 mutant (NC), and an NC mutant lacking the cytoplasmic domain (NC⌬C31; Fig. 6). Our data revealed that wild-type syndecan-2 and the NC mutant induced MMP-7 expression to comparable degrees at an early stage of syndecan-2 transfection, whereas the NC⌬C31 mutant induced much less MMP-7 expression at this point (Fig.  6). This confirmed that the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan-2 is important for its ability to up-regulate MMP-7. Interestingly, the NC⌬C31 mutant, but not the NC mutant, significantly reduced syndecan-2-mediated cell migration and colonyforming activity (Fig. 6, D and E). This was somewhat unexpected, as we previously showed that syndecan-2-mediated cell migration was reduced in cells expressing the NC mutant (33). The present findings suggest that MMP-7 is likely to be important to the ability of syndecan-2 to regulate cancer cell activity. Because syndecan-2-induced cell migration could reflect the abilities of syndecan-2 to up-regulate MMP-7 as both a cell

Role of the syndecan-2 cytoplasm in MMP-7 expression
surface receptor and a shed ligand, we monitored cell migration in real time (Fig. 6D). Interestingly, at an early stage of cell transfection, cell migration was dependent on the expression of syndecan-2 (Fig. 6C), presumably reflecting its action as a "cell surface receptor." Later, however, shed syndecan-2 appeared to play a more important role in regulating cell migration and other cancer activities. We speculate that significant levels of MMP-7 are present by this time, due to the actions of the syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain as a cell surface receptor. Moreover, syndecan-2 shedding is increased at this point. Thus, we believe that syndecan-2 regulates MMP-7 expression and colon cancer activity as both a cell surface receptor and a soluble ligand. In addition, our findings indicate that syndecan-2mediated MMP-7 expression is critical at the early stage of cancer progression, whereas MMP-7-mediated syndecan-2 shedding is more important at the later stage. Thus, our study suggests that anti-cancer efforts targeting such signaling molecules may need to use different strategies during different stages of cancer progression.
Our experiments further reveal that when syndecan-2 expression is increased in colon cancer cells, its cytoplasmic domain activation triggers the membrane localization of PKC␥, which may then induce the activating phosphorylation of syndecan-2 serine 198. The activated syndecan-2 cytoplasmic domain then activates FAK/ERK signaling to up-regulate MMP-7 expression. Based on our further findings, we propose that after syndecan-2 acts as a cell surface receptor to induce MMP-7 expression, the generated MMP-7 promotes the extracellular shedding of syndecan-2, and the shed syndecan-2 acts as a soluble ligand to additionally enhance the expression of MMP-7 (Fig. 7). To our knowledge, this is the first study examining the molecular mechanisms that regulate syndecan-2mediated MMP-7 expression in colon cancer cells that model an early stage of cancer progression.

Cell culture and transfection
The

Immunoblotting
Cultures were washed twice with PBS, and the cells were lysed with RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 10 M NaF, and 2 M Na 3 VO 4 ) containing a protease inhibitor mixture (1 g/ml aprotinin, 1 g/ml antipain, 5 g/ml leupeptin, 1 g/ml pepstatin A, and 20 g/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Cell lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C, denatured with SDS-PAGE sample buffer, boiled, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Proteins were transferred to 0.45-m nitrocellulose blotting membranes (GE Healthcare) and probed with the appropriate antibodies. Signals were detected using an Odyssey CLx imager (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE), and the data were analyzed with the Image Studio Lite software (LI-COR Biosciences).

Cellular fractionation
Culture plates were washed twice with PBS and then treated with a hypo-osmotic solution (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 5 mM EGTA, 2 mM EDTA) containing a protease inhibitor mixture. The cells were then scraped off of the plates and homogenized on ice, and the homogenate was centrifuged at 13,000 ϫ g for 15 min at 4°C. To collect the membrane fraction, the remaining pellet was solubilized in RIPA buffer containing a protease inhibitor mixture. Equal amounts of lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE, transferred to NC membranes, and probed with the indicated antibodies.

TCA precipitation and slot blotting
Conditioned media were collected, and proteins were concentrated by TCA precipitation (48). Conditioned medium samples were applied to the membrane on a Bio-Dot SF apparatus (Bio-Rad). The membrane was stained with Ponceau S (as a control) and then blocked in 0.05% Tween 20 in TBS (TBST; 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl) containing 5% skim milk. The membrane was washed with TBST and probed with the appropriate primary antibody (MMP-7 mAb or syndecan-2 mAb) for 24 h at 4°C. The blots were then probed with a species-specific secondary antibody of IRDye 800CW-conjugated goat anti-mouse, and the signals were detected with an Odyssey CLx imager (LI-COR Biosciences).

Luciferase assay
HT-29 cells stably expressing the various versions of syndecan-2 and the corresponding control cells were plated to 6-well plates. After 24 h, the cells were co-transfected with 1 g of pGL3-basic vector or MMP-7(Ϫ2344) reporter constructs (a

Role of the syndecan-2 cytoplasm in MMP-7 expression
generous gift from Dr. Seung-Teak Lee at Yonsei University) together with 0.1 g of pCMV/␤-galactosidase (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) (normalizing control), using the Viva Magic transfection reagent (Vivagen). Twenty-four hours post-transfection, the cells were washed with PBS and lysed with the buffer provided in the utilized luciferase assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Soluble extracts were harvested and assayed for luciferase and ␤-galactosidase activities, according to the manufacturer's instructions. To normalize the luciferase values for transfection efficiency, the results are presented as relative luciferase units (luciferase activity/␤-galactosidase activity).

Cell migration and colony-forming assays
Cell migration was monitored in real time using an xCELLigence system (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Basel, Switzerland). The lower chambers of a CIM-plate 16 (8-m pore size) were filled with fresh medium containing 10% FBS, the upper chambers were filled with serum-free medium (30 l/well), and the plate was incubated at 37°C in 5% CO 2 for 1 h. The background was measured using an RTCA DP Analyzer (RTCA software version 1.2, ACEA Biosciences). Transfected HT-29 cells (4 ϫ 10 4 cells/well) were added to each well, and the plate was incubated at 25°C. After 30 min, the plate was assembled onto the RTCA DP Analyzer, and cell migration was assessed at 5-min intervals for 48 h under conditions of 37°C and 5% CO 2 . The data obtained were analyzed using the provided RTCA software. To assess colony formation, 6-well culture plates were coated with 3 ml/well bottom agar mixture (McCoy's 5A, 10% FBS, 0.6% agar). After the bottom layer had solidified, 1 ml of top agar mixture (McCoy's 5A, 10% FBS, 0.3% agar) containing HT-29 cells (1 ϫ 10 5 cells/well) was added to each well, and the cultures were incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere. Colony formation was monitored daily with a light microscope. After 17 days, the colonies were stained with 0.005% crystal violet and photographed with a digital camera.

Immunofluorescence analysis
Cells cultured in coverslips in 12-well plates were fixed with 3.5% paraformaldehyde for 10 min. The cells were then washed with PBS, blocked with 0.5% BSA, and incubated overnight with anti-PKC␥ antibodies at 4°C. For detection of intracellular proteins, the cells were permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min before the blocking step. After a further wash with PBS, the cells were incubated with fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen) for 1 h at 25°C. The coverslips were mounted on glass slides with mounting solution, and the results were imaged under a confocal fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany).

GST pull-down assay
Rat brain PKCs was purified by ion exchange chromatography as described previously (51). Recombinant GST-syndecan-2 proteins were purified on glutathione-agarose beads as described previously (14). Bead-bound proteins were mixed with purified PKC␤ or -␥ and incubated at 4°C on a rotator for 2 h. The precipitated complexes were eluted with SDS sample buffer, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotted with anti-PKC antibodies.

Statistical analysis
Data are presented as the means from at least three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired Student's t test. A p value Ͻ 0.05 or Ͻ 0.01 was considered statistically significant.