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Projected light microscopy

In light microscopy (or optical microscopy) visible light is either transmitted through or reflected from the specimen before it is observed or recorded. In its simplest imaging mode, bright field microscopy, the illumination light is modulated in intensity or color depending on the specimen's transmission or reflection properties before it enters the objective lens. The general drawbacks of this are limited resolution (which is constrained by the wavelength of visible light) and limited contrast. Several techniques exist for enhancing the contrast of light microscopes, such as dark field microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, (differential) interference contrast microscopy, or fluorescence microscopy. Most of them are applied to make otherwise invisible transparent objects, such a biological structures like cells, visible. Specimens that are too thick for transmitting light, however, require a reflected illumination - for which there are few alternatives for contrast enhancements.