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Activation of porcine endothelium in response to xenogeneic serum causes thrombosis independently of platelet activation

Abstract:  Background:  Endothelial cell activation and microvascular thrombosis are hallmarks of hyperacute xenograft rejection. However, the molecular determinants of platelet‐endothelial interaction and thrombus formation are poorly understood. This study investigated whether: (i) xenogeneic human serum (HS), as a source of xenoreactive antibodies and complement, activates porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) to promote thrombus formation under high shear stress; (ii) the endothelial adhesive proteins vitronectin receptor and P‐selectin are involved in the von Willebrand factor (VWF)‐platelet interaction during the thrombotic process under flow; (iii) reactive oxygen species (ROS) are activated by complement and served as intracellular signals for adhesive protein up‐regulation.