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Monitoring and Analysis of Water Surface Slope of the Yarlung Zangbo River Based on Remote Sensing

Global warming has led to an increase in interest in river hydrology. Water surface slope is a basic parameter of river morphology and is critical in understanding riverine ecosystems. The Yarlung Zangbo River is an important international river. Scientific understanding of its hydrology has been severely limited by its harsh topography and the sparse distribution of measurement stations. This paper describes the first attempt to use ICESat-2 satellite altimetry data to calculate river water slope and introduces a new technique for studying river hydrology. Water level data for different stretches of the Yarlung Zangbo River were obtained from high spatial resolution ICESat-2 altimetry data. The data were analyzed to determine the water surface slope of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and variation in the water surface slope was examined for several river sections. The water surface slope of the Yarlung Zangbo River was greatest in summer and autumn and least in winter and spring. There may be seasonal cyclic changes in the water surface slope. The range for water surface slope was large and the difference in extremes is significant; the maximum average water surface slope was 1935.17 cm/km and the minimum water surface slope was 0.08 cm/km. The water surface slope of the Yarlung Zangbo River can be characterized as small in the upper and middle reaches and large in the lower reaches; it is related to dry and wet conditions determined by topography and climate. The upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River are semi-arid and the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River span three climate zones: semi-arid, semi-humid and humid. In addition, the water level information measured by ICESat-2 data is basically similar to the water level information measured by Hydroweb data, except that the water level information of individual virtual stations is quite different due to special reasons. It was found that ICESat-2 data had higher-accuracy water level data results and more river location information. Therefore, ICESat-2 satellite altimetry data can provide a baseline reference for the study of the Yarlung Zangbo River hydrology, and the technique used is applicable to other rivers.