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Detection of a Broad Range of Low-Level Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II–Restricted, Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV)–Specific T-Cell Responses Regardless of Clinical Status

Background
This study aimed to comprehensively define the breadth and specificity of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV)-specific T-cell response in patients at different stages of chronic coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV).


Methods
Following in vitro stimulation with an overlapping set of 21 HDV-specific 20mer peptides and exogenous interleukin 2, HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses of 32 HDV-infected patients were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunospot analysis and intracellular cytokine staining for interferon γ production at the single-peptide level. Additionally, HLA-binding studies were performed both in silico and in vitro.


Results
We were able to detect ≥1 T-cell response in >50% our patients. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the breadth of the response in patients positive and those negative for HDV by PCR. HDV-specific T-cell responses focused on 3 distinct HDV-specific epitopes that were each detected in 12%-21% of patients-2 HLA class II-restricted epitopes (amino acids 11-30 and 41-60) and 1 major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted epitope (amino acids 191-210). In in vitro HLA-binding assays, the 2 CD4+ T-cell specificities (amino acids 11-30 and 41-60) showed promiscuous binding to multiple HLA-DR molecules.


Conclusions
This comprehensive characterization of HDV T-cell epitopes provides important information that will facilitate further studies of HDV immunopathogenesis.