{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03800403979950625, 'fraction_numerical': 0.019450886511558314, 'mean_word_length': 5.214783821478382, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 6, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 5, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Bacterial Infection and Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Autoimmune Liver Disease-Associated Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure

Objective To date, few studies are available on autoimmune liver disease-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). The aim of this study is to investigate bacterial infection and predictors of mortality in these patients. Methods We retrospectively studied patients with autoimmune liver disease from August 2012 to August 2017. Clinical data of the patients were retrieved for analysis. Results There were 53 ACLF patients and 53 patients without ACLF in this study. The ACLF group had a higher prevalence of complications (P < 0.05). The 28-day and 90-day mortality rates were also obviously high in patients with ACLF (38.3% and 74.5%, resp.) (P < 0.05). No predictor was significantly associated with 28-day and 90-day transplant-free mortality. In 53ACLF patients, 40 (75.5%) patients showed bacterial infection. ACLF patients with bacterial infection showed high Child-Pugh score, MELD score, CLIF-SOFA score, 28-day mortality, and 90-day mortality (P > 0.05). Moreover, C-reactive protein (CRP) using 12.15 mg/L cut-off value proved to be more accurate than procalcitonin in identifying patients with infection. Conclusions Autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF showed more complications and high mortality. Bacterial infection patients displayed a more severe condition than those without infection. Elevated CRP is an accurate marker for diagnosing bacterial infection in autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF patients.


Introduction
In recent years, acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) as a specific clinical form of liver failure has attracted increasing attention. In fact, ACLF is considered a syndrome that occurs on the background of chronic liver disease, and previously diagnosed cirrhosis is not required, which is characterized by acute hepatic decompensation resulting in liver failure (jaundice and prolongation of the international normalized ratio [INR]) and one or more extrahepatic organ failures that are associated with increased mortality within a period of 28 days and up to three months from onset [1,2]. Moreover, ACLF can rapidly progress, requiring an urgent need for assessment and referral for liver transplantation [3].
Therefore, recognition and intervention of the predictors of mortality in ACLF patients can prevent or reverse the process and improve the survival rate.
Several patients with ACLF have been recently reported [3][4][5][6][7]. Moreau et al. found that bacterial infection is the trigger of 33% ACLF and is the most commonly identifiable trigger of this syndrome [4]. Some studies considered hepatic encephalopathy, low-serum sodium, and high INR as predictors of poor outcome in ACLF patients [3,5]. However, few studies about autoimmune liver disease-induced ACLF patients are available to date. Except for the known predictors, possible risk factors have also received less attention. Moreover, bacterial infection in the population is not largely known. The aim of this study is, therefore, to collect data 2 Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology about autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF patients to investigate bacterial infection and predictors of mortality to reduce the mortality in this population.

Study Population and Data Collection.
We retrospectively analyzed the data of all patients admitted at the infectious disease wards of the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China, and diagnosed with autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF from August 2012 to August 2017. Patients with autoimmune liver disease who satisfied the 13th Asia-Pacific Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infection (APCCMI) Consensus Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of liver failure [8], but not diagnostic criteria of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) [4], were as control group (i.e., no ACLF group). All of the patients in our study had oral care after they admitted to hospital. Patients showing the following were excluded: coinfections with other viruses, including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E virus, and human immunodeficiency virus; concomitant liver diseases, such as Wilson's disease; coexisting liver cancer or extrahepatic malignancy; usage of hepatotoxic drugs. We used the composite of death or liver transplantation as our endpoint.
The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. The need for consent was waived because the study was retrospective and data were analyzed anonymously.
The following data were collected from hospital information system and medical documents: age, gender, diabetes, coexisting other autoimmune diseases, steroid exposure, laboratory findings, symptoms, the presence of bacterial infection at admission or during hospitalization, and mortality at 28 and 90 days. The chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment (CLIF-SOFA) score, Child-Pugh score, and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score were calculated from the collected data.
Diagnostic criteria and grades of ACLF were defined according to EASL definition [4], as follows.
ACLF Grade 1. This group includes 3 subgroups: (1) patients with single kidney failure, (2) patients with single failure of the liver, coagulation, circulation, or respiration who had a serum creatinine level ranging from 1.5 to 1.9 mg/dL and/or mild to moderate hepatic encephalopathy, and (3) patients with single cerebral failure who had a serum creatinine level ranging from 1.5 and 1.9 mg/dL.

ACLF Grade 2. This group includes the patients with 2 organ failures.
ACLF Grade 3. This group includes the patients with 3 organ failures or more.
The patients as control group satisfied the following criteria specified by the 13th APCCMI Consensus Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of liver failure [8] as follows.
Patients with chronic liver diseases have acute or subacute deterioration of liver function. ACLF usually exhibits the following symptoms: (a) fatigue with gastrointestinal tract symptoms; (b) rapidly deepening jaundice, with total bilirubin 10 times higher than the upper limit of normal or a daily increase ≥ 17.1 mol/L; (c) hemorrhagic tendency with INR ≥ 1.5 or prothrombin activity ≤ 40% and other causes which have been excluded; (d) progressive reduction in liver size; and (e) hepatic encephalopathy occurrence.
Bacterial infection in parts of the body was defined as follows [13]. Bacterial pneumonia was defined as the association of clinical and radiological signs of lung infection observed in chest radiographs. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was diagnosed when ascites culture was positive or polymorphonuclear count was no less than 250 cells/ L in ascites, excluding other inflammations such as pancreatitis, peritoneal carcinosis, tuberculosis, and bloody ascites. Urinary tract infection was diagnosed using bacterial culture positive or urine leukocyte count >15 cells/high power field and >10 6 bacteria/ L. Fever and cellulitis associated with leukocytosis were used to diagnose skin and soft tissue infection. Septicemia was defined as clinical signs of infection and two consecutive blood cultures yielding the same organism, when a blood culture yielding an organism was considered as bacteremia. Patients considered for bacterial infections but without positive culture or evidence of organ involvement were considered as undetermined infection.

Statistical Analyses.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical variables were expressed in percentages and frequencies.
Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviation. Continuous variables were analyzed with independent-sample -test when they in line with the normal distribution otherwise Mann-Whitney test was used. The chi-square test was performed to analyze categorical variables. The 90-day mortality prediction was carried out with univariate and multivariate logistic regression. value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Characteristics of the Study Cohort.
During the study period, 53 patients with autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF who were admitted to the infectious disease ward of our hospital were included in this study. Fifty-three patients were included as control group. The clinical features and laboratory results of the ACLF patients and no ACLF patients are shown in Table 1   The 28day and 90-day mortality rates were also obviously high in patients with ACLF ( < 0.05).

Clinical Features of Bacterial Infection in Patients with
Autoimmune Liver Disease-Associated ACLF. In our study, 40 (75.5%) patients had bacterial infection, and 14 (35.0%) patients were diagnosed with bacterial coinfection in the first 72 h of admission. The demographic and clinical characteristics of ACLF patients with and without bacterial infection are detailed in Table 1. ACLF patients with bacterial infection showed high Child-Pugh score, MELD score, CLIF-SOFA score, 28-day mortality, and 90-day mortality. Meanwhile, no statistical significance was observed ( > 0.05). However, in laboratory findings, bacterial infection patients displayed high leukocyte counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) ( < 0.05). High serum levels of serum creatinine and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), low levels of hemoglobin, and alanine transaminase (ALT) were also observed in bacterial infection patients ( < 0.05) ( Table 1).

Discussion
ACLF is a hotspot issues; however, it is lack of uniform diagnostic criteria. Different diagnostic criteria could lead to different patient prognosis. In our study, ACLF patients satisfied the EASL definition, and patients who met APCCMI definition but not EASL definition were included as control group. The 28-day transplantation-free mortality of autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF was 38.3%, and 90-day transplantation-free mortality was 74.5%. Of note, a great number of critically ill patients were included in the ACLF group; ACLF grades 2 and 3 (56.6% and 36.1%, resp.) were dominant. Moreover, similar to the CANONIC study [4], the ACLF group had a higher prevalence of complications and higher 28-day and 90-day mortality rates.
Several studies were available about predictors of mortality in ACLF patients [5,[14][15][16][17][18][19]. Yu et al. [14] found that age, etiology, serum sodium, and ascites are independently associated with mortality. Cárdenas et al. [5] considered that the presence of hyponatremia is an independent predictive factor of survival in patients with ACLF. In Mücke's study, infection-triggered ACLF was considered as an independent predictors associated with increased mortality [19]. In our study, no predictor was significantly associated with 28-day and 90-day transplant-free mortality. Small size of study population may cause the situation.
In bacterial infection patients with ACLF, Child-Pugh score, MELD score, CLIF-SOFA score, 28-day mortality, and 90-day mortality were high in bacterial infection patients although no statistical significance was observed ( > 0.05). ACLF patients with bacterial infection showed a more severe condition than those without infection; this finding was consistent with that of previous study [13].
In recent years, serum CRP and PCT have been suggested for diagnosis and prediction of bacterial infection in chronic liver disease, with or without cirrhosis [13,[24][25][26]. Papp et al. [25] reported that CRP using a 10 mg/L cut-off value proved to be more accurate than PCT in identifying patients with infection (AUC: 0.93). In this study, we also revealed that CRP levels are more effective than PCT in the diagnosis of bacterial infection in autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF. The optimal cut-off value of CRP for bacterial infection diagnosis is 12.15 mg/L (96.6% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity), with an AUC of 0.948, which is similar to previous report [25].
Several limitations were observed in this study. First, this work was a retrospective study at a single center. Some data collections were limited, and bacterial infection might be affected by specific circumstance of our institution. Second, some patients had been treated by antibacterial agents before admission, which might affect the accuracy of bacterial infection rate. Third, immunosuppressor except corticosteroid was not used in our study population. Thus, further studies are needed to investigate bacterial infection and predictors of mortality in autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF patients using immunosuppressor.

Conclusions
In conclusion, autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF displayed high mortality and had more complications. ACLF patients with bacterial infection showed a more severe condition than those without infection. CRP levels higher than 12.15 mg/L suggested bacterial infection in autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF patients. No predictor was significantly associated with 28-day and 90-day transplantfree mortality. Further prospective and intervention studies on bacterial infection and predictors of mortality in autoimmune liver disease-associated ACLF patients with large sample numbers are thus needed.