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WILLEM’S PERSONALITY IN THE NOVEL DASAMUKA BY JUNAEDI SETIYONO KEPRIBADIAN TOKOH WILLEM DALAM NOVEL DASAMUKA KARYA JUNAEDI SETIYONO

Literary work in the form of drama or prose is seen as a psychological phenomenon that displays aspects of psychology (structure of personality) through the characters of the story. This study aims to describe Willem's personality structure in the form of id, ego, and superego. This descriptive qualitative research used content analysis to study the novel Dasamuka. The approach used in this study is the literary psychology proposed by Sigmund Freud. The validity of the data in this study was obtained using triangulation methods. Data analysis technique employed in this study is interactive analysis technique. The findings of this study are that Willem's id is dominated by the instinct of death and avoidance of discomfort; Willem’s ego is shown by strong efforts and decisions in realizing their desires and duties; and Willem’s superego is seen in the understanding of the moral or rules in society, the emergence of humanity, and feelings of guilt or sin.

and obstruct the complete fulfillment of the pulse which is the result of parents' education and identification. Superego refers to the morality within the personality. Superego is similar to the conscience that recognizes the good and bad value. Based on the statements proposed by those experts, the conclusion can be drawn that superego exists mostly in the human's subconscious mind and the rest is in the human's conscious mind. Superego is as what the conscience works which is by recognizing the good and bad value. The working principle of superego is by internalizing the moral teachings from the parents or other important figures with the encountered problems.
In accordance with the object of the current research, the novel Dasamuka by Junaedi Setiyono won the novel writing competition held by Jakarta Arts Council in 2012. The novel features Willem as the figure that could not accept the fact that he failed to get married as his fiancee preferred marrying his stepfather. The feeling of not accepting the fact makes Willem hated his stepfather and his ex-fiancee. The incident also drove Willem to accept Mr. Leyden's offer to dig up the information about bronjong or branjang in the area of Ngayogyakarta Sultanate. Willem is the Scotman from England who was not willing to die in his home country. He was content to stay in Ngayogyakarta Sultanate and wished to die there. The problems encountered by Willem caused the psychological conflict within the figure. It leads to the study of Willem's personality in facing the challenges in his life which are reflected in the balance and interaction from his id, ego, and superego.
Personality is the characteristic of individual's trait and behavior that uniquely refers to the person himself. Personality encompasses the behavior, way of thinking, feeling, impulse, effort, action, response towards the opportunities and pressures, way of interacting to other people in the daily basis (Young, 2011:19-20). Meanwhile, Nevid (2017: 907) adapts Freud's idea regarding the personality encompassing three mental entities: id, ego, and superego. Balance and interaction among those three personality elements determine the individual's behavior and ability to encounter the challenges in life. Furthermore, the behavior and ability of the character (Willem) in encountering the challenges in life need to be discussed to grasp the depiction of balance and interaction from id, ego, and superego within the character.
This research is relevant to the research carried out by İsaoğlu (2015:499-511) discussing the effect of id, ego, and superego within the personality of the main character in the novel entitled The Scarlet Letter. The main character is overwhelmed by the childhood and past memories. The similarity of the current research with the research conducted by İsaoğlu is that both novels employ Freud's psychoanalytic theory to study the personality of the main character. Nevertheless, the contrast of İsaoğlu's research with this research is that the current research focuses on Willem's personality viewed from id, ego, and superego aspect, while İsaoğlu's research focuses on discussing the subconscious of the main character in the novel entitled the Scarlet Letter. The novelty in this research is in the description of the character's personality in encountering the challenges in the foreign country which has different language and culture viewed from the personality structure (id, ego, and superego) using Sigmund Freud's theory. The problem statement proposed in this study is how Willem's personality in the novel Dasamuka by Junaedi Setiyono is viewed from the id, ego, and superego aspect.

B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research employed the descriptive qualitative study. Semi (2012. 30-31) states that the data in qualitative research with descriptive approach are in the form of words or pictures not in numerical data. The data in this research are the document in the form of words from the novel Dasamuka by Junaedi Setiyono. The approach used in this research is psychological literary proposed by Sigmund Freud. The data source in this research was the novel entitled Dasamuka by Junaedi Setiyono from the publisher of Elmatera in June 2014 (first publishing). The novel consists of viii + 284 pages. The research model employed in this study was content analysis. The data collection used in this research was archival record. Archival record proposed by Yin (in Sutopo, 2006:81) is known as the way to obtain various things based on the needs and goals of the research. The data validity in this research was done using method triangulation. The data analysis employed in this research is the interactive data analysis. The interactive data analysis stated by Miles and Huberman is adapted by Sutopo (2006:119) in which it is perceived as the researcher's way to analyze the data by involving three analysis components (data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification) in which the data collection process was done while collecting the data.

C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The personality structure of id in the character of Willem in the novel Dasamuka is shown by 11 representative data. Willem's psychological aspect of ego is shown by 10 representative data. Meanwhile, Willem's psychological aspect of superego is shown by 4 representative data. Based on the data obtained, the discussion is as follows.

Id
The form of the first personality structure that is described is id. Id contains the basic animal impulse or human instinctive impulse involving hunger, thirst, excretion, sex, and aggression. Id drives the human to act for ensuring that the human's biological needs are fulfilled. Id is the only psychic structure existed when the human was born and id follows the pleasure principle as mentioned by Freud. Pleasure principle refers to the demand to the immediate satisfaction without concerning on regulations or social habit (Nevid, 2017:907-908). Willem's id personality structure is clearly explained below.
The psychic form of Willem's id appeared for the first time in the second rendezvous with Mr. Leyden. He wanted to join the expedition offered by Mr. Leyden in the following year. It is observed in the excerpt below.
Willem's desire to take part in the expedition and Mr. Leyden's offer were on the increase. The desire also changed from one month to one year which is caused by Willem's inability to accept the fact that his fiancee preferred marrying his stepfather to him. As a result, Willem took part in the expedition to the East which means it headed to Indonesia and he got the area in Java.
The psychic aspect of the second id appeared within Willem in the form of the wish to die in Java Island. The wish to die emerged due to Willem's hatred and anger to Aoife and Jerermias. Those problems are observed in the following excerpt.
After knowing the great story about the Javanese people called Raden Rangga, Willem has the strong desire to immediately master Javanese language. It can be observed in the following excerpt.
Willem's id in the form of passionate desire to master and communicate using Javanese language kept increasing. Willem asked Den Wahyana to be his language teacher as well as his translator. The mastery of Javanese language supported Willem in the expedition to dig up the information about bronjong and branjang.
Willem's hatred of Jeremias Michiels encouraged him to have the wish to die in Java Island. He did not want to look broken before his father.
Death instinct is relevant to the character of id stated by Bertens (2016:32) in which is the basic psychological element where the areas of eros and thanatos have the power.
Another psychological id aspect appeared within Willem is in the form of the desire to avoid the problems in order to cover up the incident in the palace. It can be observed in the following excerpt.
Based on the aforementioned excerpt, it can be concluded that the character of Willem has the desire to cover up the robbery incident in the palace done by Pieter and England troops on the behalf of General Governor. Willem avoided telling the incident since he wanted to avoid the discomfort of the occurrence that was experienced.
The character of Willem has the amazement that encourages him to imitate Mr Crawfurd. It then becomes one of the id forms from the character of Willem.
Willem intended to imitate Mr Crawfurd who fluently communicated using Javanese language with Javanese people from various social levels. Willem's desire is realized by learning Javanese language from Den Wahyana.
Willem then met Semi, a Javanese lady whom he had a crush on. Semi came in Willem's life and made him really passionate. He was willing to come to Bagelen only to see Semi's face which then he wanted to make that Javanese lady to be his own. It can be seen in the excerpt below.
Mataku sekarang lebih tertarik untuk mencari sosok yang menyemangatiku jauh-jauh datang ke Bagelen ini: perempuan Jawa bernama Semi. Ah ya, ini jelas pikiran kotor. Bukankah dia sudah bersuami? (Setiyono, 2014:113-114) The desire to own something, in this case is Semi, is the form of Willem's id. By only seeing Semi, Willem was encouraged. Willem sought the comfort based on the pleasure principle though he knew that Semi has a husband.
Willem' psychological id aspect which is observed is his desire to use his gun to kill other people. It can be seen in he following excerpt.
Willem's instinct to murder emerged when he was attacked by Ki Poleng at the time when he visited Kiai Ngali's Islamic boarding. The desires to kill and to defend are the forms of Willem's id. In that case, the death instinct and life instinct emerged simultaneously within himself.
One of Willem's reasons to enter Java Island is to accomplish the duty from Mr. Leyden. Nevertheless, he felt uncertain of the duty given by Mr. Leyden. He was hesitant about describing bronjong or branjang. He then intended to describe both of them based on Daisy's suggestion. The desire to dig up the information about branjang and bronjong is one of the psychological id aspects emerged within himself as what is stated in the following excerpt.
The desire to seek out the information about bronjong or branjang is the desire repressed by Willem's duty which was given by Mr. Leyden. Other than the duty from Mr. Leyden, Willem indeed has high curiosity.
Willem felt that he had no fixed reason to keep being involved in Rara Ireng's problem. He doubted himself. He felt that he had the desire to commit suicide so that he wanted to involve in Rara Ireng's affair. It can be seen in the excerpt below.
Willem's death instinct remained emerging. He was involved in Rara Ireng's escape of Sultan Jarot. It proves that Willem has no worries about the risks to fight against Sultan Jarot including the worst possibility which is died.
The life in Java Island was no longer peaceful. England has left their colonial land and Willem has accomplished his duty from Mr. Leyden. All of those things urged him to come back to Edinburgh. It can be observed in the excerpt below.
Based on the aforementioned excerpt, it can be concluded that Willem's id is to be immediately back to his homeland with Daisy and Mr. Thomson. It is caused by Willem who thought that Indonesia was no longer safe. Willem's id is in line with pleasure principle which is avoiding the discomfort.
Based on the explanation, the psychological id aspects experienced by Willem are the desire to join expedition, desire to die in Java Island, desire to master Javanese language expeditiously, desire to die, desire to stay out from problems, desire to imitate other people, desire to own a married lady, desire to murder, in the form of curiosity about branjang or bronjong, desire to commit suicide, and desire to come back to Edinburgh. Overall, the forms of Willem's id are dominated by the death instinct and the attitude to stay out from discomfort.

Ego
The form of the second personality structure that which is discussed is ego. Bertens (2016:33) who adapted Freud's idea states that ego is formed by the difference of id caused by the human who is in contact with another side of the world. Ego is entirely dominated by the reality principle as it can be observed from the objective way of thinking based on the social demand that is reasonable and is expressed through language. Willem's personality structure of ego is described in detail as in the following.
Willem's ego is reflected by his decision to take part in the expedition. Initially, Willem intended to take part in Mr. Leyden's expedition in the following year. After one month has passed, he changed his mind and decided to join the expedition in the same year. It is represented in the excerpt below.
Based on the excerpt, it can be agreed that Willem's decision to take part in the expedition offered by Mr. Leyden is reasonable. Willem's reason is that he was left by his fiancee.
After knowing that Mr. Leyden died in Batavia, Willem decided to remain staying in Java Island. He did not want to go back to his homeland and meet the people who betrayed him.  (Setiyono, 2014:8). In the end, Willem decided to meet his uncle in Rejawinangun. This decision is the initial step to continue accomplishing the duty given by Mr. Leyden.
Willem is the academician of Edinburgh University. He remains having the intention to continue his research about bronjong and branjang. His effort to seek out the information about bronjong and branjang was begun by learning Javanese language from Den Wahyana. He decided to learn Javanese language as instructed by Mr. Leyden.
Willem asked for help to Mr. Crawfurd to recommend and connect him with the one who was willing to teach him Javanese language. It is the precise step to support his mission in entering Java Island. Moreover, he was also demanded to learn Javanese language as he lived in Java Island.
Willem's psychological ego aspect is reflected in his decision to cover up the incident occurred in the palace. It is stated in the excerpt below.
Based on the aforementioned excerpt, it can be concluded that he made the decision not to tell the secret regarding Pieter who had no humanity when robbing the palace. He preferred keeping the secret by himself.
Willem's psychological ego aspect is reflected in his decision not to use the gun to murder other people. It can be observed in the following excerpt.
Willem used his logic not to murder other people whom he fought against since he knew that he was spied out by someone else. It is considered that using the gun has too many risks as it has two possibilities whether he was wounded or killed.
Willem asked the help of Den Wahyana to take him to Branjang even though he had no idea about branjang whether it is event, thing, or people.
"Aku bisa mengantar Tuan ke Branjang sekarang." "Baik ayolah, kataku buru-buru. Kututup rapat-rapat bekas kegusaranku diganggu mimpi mengerikan (Setiyono, 2014: 130 Willem's decisions to meet Branjang and keep seeking out about branjang and bronjong are driven by his curiosity that was increasingly rising. Willem was also willing to be back and forth to dig up those two things as his responsibility to Mr. Leyden for the duty.
Willem decided to follow Mr. Crawfurd's suggestion to join the residency. It was done to protect his security as well as those having the power within his research or having the kinship with him.
Based on the excerpt, it can be stated that Willem's ego wanted to keep being affiliated with the residency as he sought the protection ans security. The security in the politic, physical, family, and financial aspect.
Willem helped Dasamuka to abduct Rara Ireng (Dasamuka's wife). The decision was made by proposing conditions to Dasamuka.
Based on the excerpt, it can be considered that Willem's decision to help Danar/Dasamuka is done without expecting in return. However, the actual reason is to shift Dasamuka's sorrow.
Willem was involved in the plan to murder Sultan Jarot. His official residence became the center to work on the strategies for Dasamuka, Ngusman, and Semi. Willem made the decision not too being fully involved in Dasamuka's problems.
Although Willem has decided not too be fully involved in Dasamuka's problems, he kept reminding Dasamuka to rethink or to revoke his intention to murder Sultan as it has the high risk. The worst thing that might occur if the plan is failed was that they would become the fugitives.
Willem decided to drew his new life by marrying Daisy. He wanted to give the joy and get the joy in return. It is observed in the following excerpt.
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that Willem's ego is dominant. He had the efforts and strong decisions in realizing his desire and duty. The aspects of psychological ego experienced by Willem are the decision to take part in the expedition in the same year, decision to stay in Java, decision to learn Javanese language, the act of covering up the actual incident, decision not to murder other people, decision to seek out about branjang and bronjong, decision to help the others, decision to join the residency, decision to help Dasamuka, decision not to get fully involved in Dasamuka's plan, and decision to start over the new life.

Superego
The form of the third personality structure which is described is superego. Superego, according to Freud which is adapted by Bertens (2016:33-34), is the basic moral of conscience. Superego is formed through the internalization from the external prohibitions or commands (preceptors, particularly the parents). It then is maintained to make it emanates from within. The activities of superego are declared in the conflict with the feeling of ego such as guilt and regret. Willem's superego personality structure is clearly explained as follows.
Willem's aspect of psychological superego is reflected by his helping hands to Semi when she was attacked by British soldiers in the robbery incident in Yogyakarta palace. Willem shown his humanity by rescuing Semi. He stopped the immoral actions.
Willem's high humanity is seen from his voluntary action to rescue Semi from Pieter. Willem's rescue is not based on the consideration whether Semi came from the mutual state. The most important things for him were setting Semi free from Pieter's immoral actions.
The form of Willem's superego towards the immoral action also emerged when Daisy would be raped by Pieter. It can be observed in the following excerpt.
Based on the above-mentioned excerpt, it can be stated that Willem's superego declares that those immoral actions are inappropriate. Thus, Willem helped Daisy from the rape by fighting against Pieter. Willem was guilty since he came too late and to witness inappropriate actions. Willem's humanity remained rising as he hated the crime against woman. It is in line with Freud's idea adapted by Bertens (2016:33-34) which states that superego is the moral basic of conscience. Superego is formed by the internalization of prohibitions and commands coming externally (preceptors, particularly the parents). All of those things are maintained so that it emanates from within. The activities of superego are declared in the conflict with the feeling of ego such as guilt and regret.
Willem's superego reappeared when he gave the rescue to Semi's father. Willem intended to stop the fight between human and tiger, bronjong's punishment.
Willem found that bronjong punishment is inhumanity actions. After the incident, he wrote the article about bronjong which was sent to Edinburg Club and London Times. Willem made bronjong punishment as the inhumanity action was abolished.
Willem also knew that being with one's wife is inappropriate. Therefore, Willem got Daisy come to his rendezvous with Semi.  (Setiyono, 2014:212).
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that Willem has good moral standard which is proven by his superego. The aspects of psychological superego experienced by Willem are the action which is based on the moral in society, the guilt for not helping Daisy, the emergence of humanity, and the guilt of having crush on the married woman.
This research is in line with the research carried out by Hilmi, Winarni, and Rohmadi (2017: 25-30), which are both studying the psychological aspects (personality structure) of characters in the form of id, ego, and superego in a novel. The psychological aspects of the character's id in the novel entitled Guru Dane are in the form of awe, pride, sexual needs, desire to realize the dreams, curiosity, food needs, longing, desire to join Netherlands trade, desire to meet Guru Dane, desire to be free from problems, love, and care. The character's ego in the novel entitled Guru Dane is in the form of the attitude to fulfill the awe, decision to fulfill sexual needs, decision to realize the dreams and ambition, decision to pay attention to the interlocutor, decision of self-concious, decision to meet the demands, decision to accept the request, the action of sneaking in the house, the action of overhearing, decision to be quiet, decision to eat, the action of meeting the character of Lehok, action of seeking out, decision to deliver message, decision to catch and arrest the traitors, action of stepping onto the body of Ketut Kolang, action of hugging Made Sudase, decision to seek for help, the action of glancing out to Sumar's body, decision to intentionally witness the fight, decision to escape, decision to flirt with Made Sudase, decision to meet and give the information to Guru Dane. The character's superego in the novel Guru Dane is the regret of guilty and sinful.
Meanwhile, the difference also existed between the research conducted by Hilmi, Winarni, and Rohmadi and the current research in which this research focuses on studying the psychological aspects (personality structure) of the main character (Willem) in the novel Dasamuka. Willem's id in the novel Dasamuka is reflected in the desire to take part in the expedition, desire to die in Java Island, desire to master Javanese language expeditiously, desire to die, desire to stay out of the problems, desire to imitate other people, desire to own the married woman, instinct to murder, curiosity of branjang and bronjong, desire to commit suicide, and desire to go back to Edinburgh. Willem's ego is in the form of the decision to take part in the expedition in the same year, decision to stay in Java, decision to learn Javanese language, decision to cover up what actually happened, decision not to murder other people, decision to seek out about branjang and bronjong, decision to help other people, decision to join in residency, decision to help Dasamuka, decision not to get fully involved in Dasamuka's plan, and the decision to start over the new life. Willem's psychological superego aspects are the understanding of the moral and rules in the society, the emergence of humanity, and the feeling of guilty and sinful.
Several correlations among id, ego and superego within the character of Willem are elaborated in this section. Willem's desire to stay out of the problems (id) caused by Pieter when robbing the palace is greater, so Willem's ego decides to cover up that inhuman incident. However, Willem's superego in disagreeing the coercion and immoral action is appropriate, so Willem could help Semi from Pieter's reach. On the other hand, Willem's id which is in the form of the desire to marry Javanese lady was defeated by the Willem's superego that being with the married woman is inappropriate based on the norms existed in the society. As a result, Willem's ego decided to make the way out by marrying Daisy.
In contrast, the desire to seek out about bronjong or branjang (id) as the object of the Willem's research was high, so Willem decided to learn Javanese language to enhance the research given by Mr. Leyden. Moroever, Willem's superego justified that bronjong punishment is inhumant as it involves the human to fight against tiger. Thus, Willem helped Semi's father from that inhuman punishment. Willem also wrote down the article about bronjong punishment and sent it to Edinburgh Club and London Times. As a result, an agreement was made between the England governor and Ngayogyakarta Sultanate regarding the abolishment of the punishment.

D. CONCLUSION
The character of Willem in Dasamuka novel is depicted entirely encompassing the id, ego,and superego which are reflected by his behavior. The psychological aspect of id is the human's basic characteristics in their consience since they were born and is based on the pleasure principle without recognizing the reality. Those are reflected by Willem as the character in the novel Dasamuka by Juanedi Setiyono.the psychological aspect of id emerged within the character are the desire to take part in the expedition, desire to die in Java Island, desire to master javanese language expeditiously, desire to die, desire to stay out of the problems, desire to imitate other people, desire to own the married woman, desire to murder, curiosity about branjang or bronjong, desire to commit suicide, and desire to go back to Edinburgh. Overall, Willem's id is dominated by death instinct and the attitude of avoiding the discomfort.
The pschological aspect of ego is the human's psychological aspect that has the principle towards the reality in life, for instance, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision making. Willem's ego is very dominant. He has the strong efforts and decisions in realizing his desires and duty. The psychological aspect of ego experienced by Willem is in the form of the decision to take part in the expedition in the same year, decision to stay in Java, decision to learn Javanese language, the action of covering up the actual incident, decision not o murder other people, decision to dig up the informationabout branjang and bronjong, decision to help other people, decision to join in residency, decision to help Dasamuka, decision not to get fully involved in Dasamuka's plan, and the decision to start over his life.
The psychological aspect of superego is the human's conscience in distinguishing the good and the bad as well as the right and the wrong in community life. Willem's psychological aspects of superego are the understanding of the moral and the regulations in the society, the emergence of humanity, and the feeling of guilt and sinful.