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Prospects of Production of Hydrogen Fuel from Natural Resources

Introduction: Water, wind and sunlight are abundantly available in mother earth. In one hour, more amount of energy strikes the earth than all the energy consumed in our planet in a year. Photovoltaic (PV) are the most successful technologies that are in vogue using solar energy. It has been estimated [1] that in PV sector, about 380 GW of energy will be produced in 2030 compared to only 1.7 GW in 2005. Utilization of these natural resources for the production of ‘hydrogen’-the future fuel is the main focus of discussion in the paper. Hydrogen can be used with a high efficiency as a high quality energy carrier having practically no emission and can be produced using a variety of starting materials, both renewable and non-renewable sources. At present, two basic technologies are considered for its production viz., (a) reformation of natural gas and (b) electrolysis of water. In 2004, about 50 million tons of hydrogen, equivalent to about 170 million tons of petroleum are produced in the world [2]. The production of hydrogen from different sources is stated below in Table 1: Hydrogen possesses extremely high flammlablity property over a wide range of temperature and concentration. Moreover, it has a high combustion efficiency which is a property of a good fuel. The diffusion coefficient of hydrogen is 0.61 cm/ sec and it diffuses through air much more rapidly compared to other gaseous fuels and quick dispersion rate qualifies for safe operation. On weight basis, the energy content per kilogram of hydrogen is 140.4 MJ compared to that of gasoline 48.6 MJ. It is about 3 times more in hydrogen, but on volume basis the situation is reversed, 31150 MJ/m for gasoline and 8491 MJ/m for hydrogen resulting storage problem when hydrogen is used as a fuel. Hydrogen will burn in air in 4.0 75% concentration whereas this concentration range is 1.0 7.6% in case of gasoline. In internal combustion engine, flammability