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Eros and Culture: Gender Theory in Simmel, Tönnies and Weber

When the “founding fathers” of German sociology set about to create a theory of cultural modernity, they treated gender as crucially important. At the same time, their work reflected the contemporary tendency to articulate the cultural crisis of the age as a gender problem. German sociology, which understood itself mostly as a Kulturwissenschaft, and the bourgeois women's movement mutually influenced each other. In fact, there were close personal contacts between male sociologists and leading figures in the women's movement. In the period before WWI, two gender issues in particular were much discussed in both circles: the gender-specific character of all social conditions and all “objective culture,” and the significance of eroticism and sexual love in relation to marriage and culture-at-large.