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The “Mysterious” Origin of Brown Dwarfs

Hundreds of brown dwarfs (BDs) have been discovered in the last few years in stellar clusters and among field stars. BDs are almost as numerous as hydrogen-burning stars, and so a theory of star formation should also explain their origin. The "mystery" of the origin of BDs is that their mass is 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the average Jeans mass in star-forming clouds, and yet they are so common. In this work we investigate the possibility that gravitationally unstable protostellar cores of BD mass are formed directly by the process of turbulent fragmentation. Supersonic turbulence in molecular clouds generates a complex density field with a very large density contrast. As a result, a fraction of BD mass cores formed by the turbulent flow are dense enough to be gravitationally unstable. We find that with density, temperature, and rms Mach number typical of cluster-forming regions, turbulent fragmentation can account for the observed BD abundance.