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A Multiple-Level Theory of Leadership: The Impact of Culture as a Moderator

In an effort to present a multiple level theory of leadership, we suggest a set of conditions that may moderate the acceptance of a leader's behavioral patterns. By considering leadership theories at multiple levels of analysis and by conceptualizing culture at a higher level of analysis, we suggest that it depends on culture whether subordinates accept a leader's behavioral pattern. We consider the following patterns: a leader (1) displays a consistent style through the use of consideration and initiating structure, (2) differentiates between in- and out-groups of subordinates via delegation, or (3) interacts with subordinates on a one-to-one or dyadic basis via providing a sense of self-worth. We also discuss the implications of this approach and suggest directions for future research.