{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.036394176931690926, 'fraction_numerical': 0.027435610302351622, 'mean_word_length': 5.204861111111111, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effects of diltiazem retard on ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate variability in patients with essential hypertension

Background Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists increase heart rate due to reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system, although these effects are less obvious for long‐acting agents. Objective To study the effects of diltiazem retard, a long‐acting nondihydropyridine calcium antagonist, on 24 h blood pressure, heart rate and autonomic nerve activity in patients with essential hypertension. Design Randomized crossover design. Methods Thirteen patients [five men and eight women, aged 64 ± 2 years (mean ± SEM)] were administered placebo or diltiazem retard (100‐200 mg once daily) for 4 weeks each. Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate, and electrocardiography were carried out at the end of each period using a multibiomedical recorder (TM‐2425). Autonomic nerve activity was evaluated by power spectral analysis of variability of heart rate using the high‐frequency component as an index of parasympathetic nerve activity and the ratio of the low‐frequency component and the high‐frequency component as an index of sympathovagal balance. Results Treatment with diltiazem retard significantly decreased 24 h average blood pressure and heart rate by 11.6 ± 3.6/5.7 ± 1.8 mmHg and 5.0 ± 1.1 beats/min, respectively. The changes in daytime and night‐time values were comparable. Diltiazem retard also significantly decreased daytime and 24 h low:high‐frequency‐component ratio (2.0 ± 0.2 versus 1.7 ± 0.2 and 1.8 ± 0.2 versus 1.6 ± 0.2, respectively). Conclusions These results indicate that diltiazem retard is effective as a once‐daily antihypertensive agent and has favorable effects on heart rate and the autonomic nervous system.