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In this month’s Bulletin

A four-year water and sanitation extension programme in selected villages of northern Pakistan combined engineering measures with education. In the fourth year of the programme, a case–control study of children aged up to six years found that children not living in programme villages had a 33% higher odds ratio for having diarrhoea. Factors taken into account were that boys had 25% lower odds of having diarrhoea than girls, and that the odds of diarrhoea go down by 2.6% for every year the mother is older, and 1.4% for every month the child is older. The engineering components of the programme included water supply, quality, drainage and sanitation. The education components included disease transmission, latrine use, hygiene, food safety, and operation and maintenance of water sources.