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Three-dimensional numerical study of the influence of the thorax positioning submitted to blast loading: Consequences on body trauma

ABSTRACT High speed dynamic loadings, such as blasts, as well as their consequences on the human body are physical problems which are not well understood. Indeed, this complex phenomenon is a multi-physics one, whose understanding is made more complex with the travelling of the generated blast wave, which interacts with an obstacle. When dealing with blast in interaction with the human body, studies of the literature attempt to investigate the damage that such a load could have on the body and the injuries that could occur. Mathematical modeling is a way to investigate these issues, first in avoiding difficulties of conducting experiments (costs, ethical problems), and secondly in bringing information that could be difficult to catch via experiments. In the military framework and the numerical simulation of the interaction of a blast wave with the human body, different configurations of modeling are proposed in order to investigate the influence of the positioning of the thorax when impacted by the blast wave. Similarity laws are used to optimize the calculation, which involves a biomechanical finite element model of the thorax previously developed and submitted to a blast wave which travels in an air field. The simulations were conducted based on referenced experiments of the literature, with different orientations of the human body, studying consequences on internal organs (lungs). Classical mechanical parameters were extracted from these simulations, and the severity of each configuration (orientation) was evaluated using referenced injury criteria of the literature. From each configuration, maximum pressure and pressure peak duration were calculated, and were compared to injury risk curves. Results show significant influence of the position of the thorax facing the blast wave. For a given explosive configuration, whereas the order of magnitude of the pressure peak is almost equivalent for each configuration, duration of the pressure peak is significantly higher for a frontal impact than for side impacts, providing important information concerning lung injuries occurrence and survival risk. This study can provide specific orientation on critical zone of the thorax to protect, when designing protecting device.