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The Agony of Reason : The Unsteady Bond Between Suffering and Human Rationality ∗

On the face of things, it would seem that suffering can have significant value for creatures like us. It is overwhelmingly plausible from the point of view of both naı̈ve reflection and broadly empirical investigation that sensory/psychological suffering is a necessary condition on a certain kind of fitness-preserving causal motivation, and one that assists and supports rational activity. On such a view, suffering is a primary source of “motivating reasons,” viz., practical reasons that guide a subject’s actions.1 Thus, when Lucy the distracted machinist strikes her thumb hard with a ball-peen hammer, or when Luke the graduate student is compelled to overcome his shyness to lead a seminar discussion, it is extremely