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Vacuum fluctuations and nuclear quantum optics in strong laser pulses

Different physical processes using strong laser fields with intensities likely available in the near future are studied. We focus on the possibility of probing experimentally the nonlinear properties of the quantum vacuum that arise due to the existence of the so-called "quantum vacuum fluctuations", as predicted by quantum electrodynamics (QED). In particular, we consider the laser-assisted photon-photon scattering process and the diffractive effects arising during the interaction between an x-ray probe and a strong, focused optical standing wave. Also, the enhancement of vacuum polarization effects due to the presence of a cold relativistic plasma is pointed out. Finally, direct nuclear excitation by an intense, high-frequency laser field is studied.