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Counter-Conduct: The Architecture of Fools in the City of Nowa Huta

During Communism in the second half of the 20th century the “analytical space” of Polish cities was dominated by the architectural intent of creating a new type of human: homo-sovieticus. Any distancing from the prescribed mode of behaviour that would create this entity could be subject to the authorities’ intervention. In spite of this, places for counter-conduct against the prescribed manner of behaviour were produced. This article is based on Michel Foucault's theories on “heterotopias” and “analytical 'spaces”. The article will engage with these to explore conduct and counter-conduct in spatial terms in the environment of Soviet reality in Poland, concentrating on the city of Nowa Huta. The article explores the way in which the principle of creating fluid and irregulated heterotopias worked in the framework of a regimented and structured architectural language of the Soviet influence. It investigates the political and architectural situation of the Eastern bloc in the 20th century and Nowa Huta in particular as an example of typical Soviet urban planning. It also analyses examples of ways that Polish people (in particular those who lived in Nowa Huta) engaged in counter-conduct. This analysis focuses on an architectural example that fostered countering the conduct of the regime: the church of the Lord's Ark.