{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04548933843630399, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0306178239475123, 'mean_word_length': 4.600734843845683, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Combining Ability Studies for Yield and Yield Contributing Traits in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Garden pea (Pisum sativum L spp. hortense) is a legume crop belonging to the family Leguminosae having a chromosome number of 2n=14, which is originated in the Mediterranean region. It is one of the important vegetable having high percentage of protein (7.2 g / 100g), carbohydrate (15.8 g), vitamin-C (9 mg), phosphorus (139 mg), and minerals. The peas which is notably used in the tinned and frozen meals enterprise to deliver the necessary proteins for human nutrition. Moreover, pea contributes to enhancing the yield of succeeding crops in rotation with the aid of enhancing nitrogen content of the soil (Rowland et al., 1994).


Introduction
Garden pea (Pisum sativum L spp. hortense) is a legume crop belonging to the family Leguminosae having a chromosome number of 2n=14, which is originated in the Mediterranean region. It is one of the important vegetable having high percentage of protein (7.2 g / 100g), carbohydrate (15.8 g), vitamin-C (9 mg), phosphorus (139 mg), and minerals. The peas which is notably used in the tinned and frozen meals enterprise to deliver the necessary proteins for human nutrition. Moreover, pea contributes to enhancing the yield of succeeding crops in rotation with the aid of enhancing nitrogen content of the soil (Rowland et al., 1994).
Line × Tester analysis is one of the most powerful tool for predicting the general combining ability (GCA) of parents and selecting suitable parents and crosses with high specific combining ability (SCA) (Rashid et al., 2007). Line × Tester analysis provides information about combining ability effects of genotypes and also, knowledge regarding genetic mechanism controlling yield components. Information of general and specific combining abilities influencing yield and its components has become increasingly important to the plant breeders in order to select appropriate parents for developing hybrid cultivars.

Materials and Methods
The investigation was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences. Shivamogga during 2019-20. The experimental material consist of five lines viz., Arka Uttam, IIHR-48, IIHR-34, IIHR-41, Arka Tapas and three testers viz., Arka Ajith, Arka Sampoorna and Arka Priya along with their fifteen crosses along with one check Arka Pramodh. The parents, hybrids and check were randomized separately and sown using Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with two replications during 2019-20.Garden pea seeds were sown in each replication with 1.5m × 1.3 m plot size at 60cm × 15cm spacing.Observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants in each replication for different traits viz., Days taken for first picking, number of pods per plant, average pod weight (g), pod length (cm), average green seed weight (g), pod width (mm), pod yield (g/plant), pod yield (t/ha), number of seeds per pod, shelling percentage. The data were recorded individually on five randomly selected plants in each replication and their average value was computed.

Results and Discussion
The ANOVA of combining ability for various characters are presented in Table 1. The mean sum of squares for crosses was highly significant for all the characters. Whereas, variance due to the lines was highly significant for all the traits. Variance due to the testers was highly significant for character like average pod weight, pod width, pod yield per plant, pod yield per hectare, shelling percentage and remaining character were found to be non-significant.
The mean sum of squares for Line × Tester interaction was highly significant for all the character except for character days taken for first picking, average green seed weight. This indicates the presence of variability among the treatments. Contribution of the cross variance is higher from the female side than the male for combining ability. Similar findings were also reported by Ceyhan et al., (2008) in garden pea.
The variance of GCA for the parents, SCA for the hybrids and the ratio of the GCA to SCA were presented in table 2. Various character studied from the above investigation stated that out of ten characters studied most of them showed predominance of additive gene action where ratio of GCA to SCA variance greater than the unity similar results are also recorded by Shalaby (1974), Dalia et al., (2013), Sharma et al., (1999) in garden pea. The character number of seeds per pod (0.98) showed a predominance of non-additive gene action, these results are close agreement with the findings of Suman et al., (2017) in garden pea.

General and specific combining effects
The estimation of general and specific combining ability effects of the parents and hybrids involved in the present investigations are presented in the table 3 and 4 respectively.
For the trait days to first picking, Out of 5 female the highest negative significant effect was recorded in Arka Uttam (-9.63) and the positive significant effect was recorded in IIHR-34 (5.70).     (2004) and Kwaye et al., (2008) in garden pea.
Significant GCA effects for the trait number of pods per plant was observed by the parents Arka Tapas (1.46) followed by Arka Uttam (0.80). Among the testers Arka Sampoorna (0.45) showed significant positive GCA effect.
The extent of SCA in desirable direction was found in the cross IIHR-34 × Arka Ajith (0.58) and none of the hybrid showed significant positive SCA effect for this trait. The present results endured sheikh et al., (2015) in garden pea.
For the character Average pod weight line Arka Tapas (11.46) being highest followed by IIHR-34 (3.63) and in case of testers, Arka Priya (3.63) disclosed significant GCA effect and act as a good general combiner. The significant positive SCA effect was observed in the cross Arka Tapas × Arka Priya (4.03) followed by IIHR-48 × Arka Ajith and IIHR-34 × Arka Sampoorna (3.06) and act as a good specific combiner. These results are similar to the findings of Dalia et al., (2013) in garden pea.
The good general combiner among parents for the trait pod length in line Arka Tapas (1.42) and tester Arka Priya (0.49) has a high positive GCA effect and among the 15 hybrids studied the cross Arka Uttam × Arka Priya (1.12) followed by IIHR-34 × Arka Sampoorna (0.52) recorded a maximum significant SCA effect and act as a best general combiner. Similar findings were recorded by Nageshwar et al., (2018), Venkateswarlu and Singh (1982) in garden pea.
The line Arka Tapas (9.80) were designated as a good general combiner and exhibited positive general combining ability effect for the trait average green seed weight in desirable direction, in the other hand the maximum significant positive SCA effect was exhibited by the cross Arka Tapas × Arka Priya (2.40). These results are in close agreement with the findings of Hama-Amin (2019), Hasan et al., (2004) in garden pea.
The parental line Arka Tapas (1.00) followed by IIHR-41 (0.55) were the good general combiner and indicating the presence of the positive GCA effect in positive direction. At the same time hybrid IIHR-41 × Arka Ajith (0.49) found to be good specific combiner and showed significant positive SCA effect in desirable direction for the character pod width and indicating the role of the additive gene action, these results were in agreement with the findings of several workers to quote some of them are Shalaby (1974), Dalia et al., (2013) in garden pea.
Both Pod yield per plant and pod yield per hectare in the garden pea showed a significant positive GCA effect in desirable direction, out of the 8 parents studied the line Arka Tapas (36.00 and 2.68) exhibited a highest positive GCA effect, similarly out of 15 crosses cross Arka Tapas × Arka Priya (16.12 and 0.91) followed byIIHR-34 × Arka Ajith (3.42 and 0.41) displayed maximum significant SCA effect and act as a good specific combiner. Above results were agreement with the findings of Singh et al., (1994)and Sharma et al., (1999) , (1996), Singh and Singh (1978), Ceyhan et al., (2008) and Suman et al., (2017) in garden pea.
Among the parents, line Arka Tapas (7.28), Arka Uttam (1.94) and the tester Arka Ajith (2.90) considered as a good general combiner and showed high significant GCA effect for the trait shelling percentage, similarly the significant positive SCA effect was exhibited by the hybrids Arka Tapas × Arka Sampoorna and Arka Uttam × Arka Sampoorna (3.83) act as a best specific combiner, these findings are inconsonance with the reports of Brar et al., (2012) in garden pea.
From the above experiment it is concluded that among the parents the line Arka Tapas identified as a good general combiner for most of the character like Number of pods per plant, average pod weight (g), pod length (cm), average green seed weight (g), pod width (mm), pod yield (g/plant), pod yield (t/ha), number of seeds per pod, shelling percentage and the tester Arka Priya for the traits Average pod weight (g), pod length (cm), pod width (mm), pod yield (g/plant), pod yield (t/ha), number of seeds per pod.