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Ethology, Technology, and the Social Sciences

Ethology is a word that surely means somewhat different things to members of different disciplines; however, this does not imply that the boundaries of the discipline are indistinct. Ethology's traditions are animal, naturalist, scientific, and European. For the greater part of this century, in this country, ethology has existed as a small and hardly noticed discipline; however, signs indicate that ethology and human ethology are beginning to be more widely recognized. In a Lorentzian sense, ethology is the study of whole organisms in their natural habitats with a view toward understanding their adaptations from an evolutionary, biological perspective. Whatever differences in definition, an ethological approach raises questions about proximate causation, ontogenetic patterns of development, phylogenetic patterns of development, and biological or evolutionary functions of behaviors (Charlesworth, 1978; EiblEibesfeldt, 1979; Tinbergen, 1963; Zabel and Zabel, 1982). 31