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Cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: Efferent and afferent connections

The ascending projections of cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (TLD) were investigated in the rat by using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) anterograde tracing techniques. Two ascending pathways were identified after iontophoretic injections of PHA‐L into the TLD. A long projection system courses through the dorsomedial tegmentum, caudal diencephalon, medial forebrain bundle, and diagonal band. Different branches of this system innervate the midbrain (superior colliculus, interstitial magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure, and anterior pretectal nucleus), the diencephalon (lateral habenular nucleus, parafascicular, anteroventral, anterodorsal, mediodorsal, and intralaminar thalamic nuclei), and the telencephalon (lateral septum and medial prefrontal cortex). The second system is shorter and more diffuse and innervates the median raphe, interpeduncular, and lateral mammillary nuclei. Retrograde tracing with WGA‐HRP, combined with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, revealed that most of the TLD projections to the tectum, pretectum, thalamus, lateral septum, and medial prefrontal cortex are cholinergic.