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Oculogryphus chenghoiyanae sp. n. (Coleoptera, Lampyridae): a new ototretine firefly from Hong Kong with descriptions of its bioluminescent behavior and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence in females

Abstract The first Oculogryphus species with associated males and female was found in Hong Kong and is described as new: O. chenghoiyanae sp. n. Adults of both sexes were collected live in the field and their bioluminescent behavior is reported for the first time in the genus. The captive males emit weak and continuous light from a pair of light spots on abdominal ventrite 6 or do so when disturbed. The larviform (highly paedomorphic) females can glow brightly from a pair of light-emitting organs on the abdomen. The females of Oculogryphus and Stenocladius are to date the only documented representatives of paedomorphism in ototretine fireflies. The finding is consistent with the evidence from male morphology and bioluminescent behavior, supporting the close relationship between the two genera. A key to the Oculogryphus species is provided. The Oculogryphus females can fluoresce with a blue-green light through the whole body under ultraviolet illumination, a phenomenon reported in the Lampyridae for the first time. The co-occurrence of bioluminescence and fluorescence is rare in terrestrial ecosystems, previously known only in some millipedes (Diplopoda). The fluorescence and bioluminescence abilities of Oculogryphus females are functionally independent: abdominal light-emitting organs producing bright yellowish green light while the body wall fluoresces with blue-green light. In contrast, fluorescence and bioluminescence in millipedes are biochemically linked, like in some jellyfish (Cnidaria: Medusozoa).


Introduction
The firefly subfamily Ototretinae is non-typical for having drilid-or cantharid-like appearance, with bioluminescent organs small or absent. It has gone through extensive modifications in familial assignment, ranked hierarchy, definition, and spectrum of included taxa through time, and become stabilized only recently (Olivier 1907, 1910, Wittmer 1944, McDermott 1964, 1966, Crowson 1972, Branham and Wenzel 2001, Geisthardt and Satô 2007, Jeng 2008, Janisova and Bocakova 2013. Several new genera and species, including Oculogryphus Jeng, Engel & Yang, were added over the last two decades (Kawashima 1999, 2007, Kawashima et al. 2005, Jeng et al. 2007, 2011, Brancucci and Geiser 2009, Bocakova and Janisova 2010, Janisova and Bocakova 2011, Jeng and Engel 2014, Bocakova et al. 2015, Bocakova and Bocak 2016. Currently there are approximately 100 documented species in 21 genera, distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental Asia with only a few species in the Nearctic realm and in New Guinea of Oceanian realm sensu Holt et al. (2013) (Janisova and Bocakova 2013). Many of the genera contain only few species, and some remain monotypic.
Several historical factors or practical limitations have hampered the progress of biodiversity and ecological studies in Ototretinae. The chaotic taxonomic history of the subfamily was addressed by Janisova and Bocakova (2013). A major practical obstacle to study ototretines is the paucity of both museum specimens and field observations. Little is known about the ecology of most ototretine members because of their crypsis in the field. In general, male ototretines are cryptic morphologically and ecologically. Some are diurnal but many more fly in twilight or night time with dim or no bioluminescence, making them difficult to observe or collect. The availability of female specimens is even more limited than of males. To date, females are known only from a few species in three out of the 21 ototretine genera (Janisova and Bocakova 2013, see discussion).
The genus Oculogryphus together with its type species, O. fulvus Jeng, 2007, was described from one male specimen from Vietnam. Two more species have been added to the genus, from Vietnam and China, each based on few male specimens (Jeng et al. 2011, Jeng andEngel 2014). Recently the junior author found an Oculogryphus species in Hong Kong and collected live adults of both sexes. The species is described as new, and the first account of a female is provided. Bioluminescent behavior for the genus, and of fluorescence by the females is also provided.

Materials and methods
Four specimens were collected alive by YV from Hong Kong in May, 2017. Female and male are associated by observation of a mating pair in the field. Behavioral observations were done both in the field and in captivity. Photos of bioluminescence were taken by a 100 mm-focal-length macro lens attached to a digital single-lens reflex camera, with exposure time from 0.25 to 60 seconds.
Methodology and morphological terminology follows Jeng et al. (2007). Measurements were made by depicting the contour of the target structure under a Nikon SMZ1500 microscope equipped with a camera lucida attached. The abbreviations BL, BW, EL, EW, PL, and PW are employed for "body length", "body width", "elytral length", "elytral width", "pronotal length", and "pronotal width", respectively. Body length is the distance between the anterior head margin and elytral apex; body width is the greatest distance across the elytra or twice the width of an elytron (BW = 2EW). The term "ventrite" is used for the visible abdominal sternite; T# and S# represent the true #th tergite or sternite of the abdomen, respectively; the last abdominal tergite is T8; "aedeagal sheath" is composed of a syntergite (T9 + 10) and sternite IX [S9 = ventrite 8 (V8)]. Measurement of the females was based on specimens fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. Hind wing, male genital segments, female heads, and front legs were removed from bodies for examination and illustrated under a Leica DM2500 light microscope. Venation follows Jeng and Engel (2014).
The holotype and a female paratype are deposited in the Insect Museum of Tai Lung Experimental Farm, Agricultural, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong, and the other pair of paratypes in the National Museum of Natural Science (NMNS), Taichung, Taiwan. Diagnosis. Males of the species may be recognized by the following combination of characters: body size small (5.1-5.2 mm long); coloration dark brown to black thorough dorsally or orange brown in pronotum, opaquely brown in abdominal V1-5 and middle part of V6, yellowish brown in V7-8; head partially exposed from pronotum, nearly as wide as pronotum; compound eyes strongly emarginate posteriorly and approximate ventrally; antennae 11-articled, filiform; mandibles short and strongly curved; pronotum with narrowly explanate lateral margins and close pronotal hypomeron; abdomen with eight abdominal ventrites (including exposed sternite of  aedeagal sheath); abdominal tergites not lobed; no recognizable photogenic organs externally when not glowing; male genitalia with median lobe strongly curved laterally; parameres short, with apices reaching apical half of median lobe; basal piece approximately as long as median lobe, roughly a U-shaped band.
Female (Figs 5-8). BL 7.8-8.4 mm, BW 1.4-1.6 mm. Ground coloration pale yellow, with flecked reddish brown markings on all thoracic tergites and abdominal tergites 1-4 th , most profound on anterior half of mesonotum; sides of cranium, mandibles and coxae brown, compound eyes and their surrounding areas black. Highly paedomorphic and weakly sclerotized. Body elongate, more or less cylindrical, gradually broadened from prothorax toward abdominal segment 4, subparallel sided in segments 4-7, slightly tapering in segment 8, then somewhat abruptly narrowed down toward apex (Fig. 5). Head (Fig. 6) transverse, more or less depressed dorsoventrally, inverted trapezoid in shape, with antennae and mouthparts similar to those of larvae. Epicranium more pigmented laterally than dorsally, epicranial and frontal sutures obscure. Compound eyes small, slightly produced laterally, facing forward rather, with 13 ommatidia. Antennae 3-segmented, with basal two antennomeres subequal in length and 3 rd shortest, with translucent sensory organs on apex of antennomere 3. Labrum transverse, weakly sclerotized; Mandibles strong, somewhat upward crossing curved,  pointed apically, without inner tooth. Maxillary stipes elongate, palpus 3-segmented. Labium with mentum and submentum combined as long as stipe, elongate and subparallel sided; prementum notched apically; labial palpus 2-segmented. Prothorax semi-elliptical dorsally, broader than long by 1.4 times; meso-and meta-thoracies subtrapezoid, twice broader than long, better pigmented dorsally than other areas. Legs (Fig. 7) with coxa longest, cone-shaped and better sclerotized; femur slightly longer than trochanter, tubular in shape; tibia short, nearly 1/2 femoral length and as long as wide; tarsus 2-segmented, basal segment short, 2/3 of tibial length, apical segment as long as femur, with two simple apical claws. Abdomen 10-segmented, weakly sclerotized both dorsally and ventrally, without clear sclerites as commonly seen in ototretine larvae; a pair of light organs located on lateral sides of 7 th segment, but unrecognizable if not glowing; sternite of segment 7 (S7) with a small transversely elliptical sclerite near central apex; S8 weakly roundly emarginate at apex; segment 9   and 10 small, visible in lateral aspect but barely seen in ventral aspect; segment 10 with ovipositor exposed, better sclerotized at sides (Fig. 8).
Variations. The holotype male is vivid bicolored (Fig. 1A), while the paratype male has a more or less uniformly dark brown dorsal coloration.

Remarks.
The new species is more similar to O. fulvus from Vietnam than other congeners based on male genitalia. Both species have their median lobes far surpassing apex of parameres by 1/2 length of median lobe, but only slightly surpassing apex of parameres in O. shuensis and O. bicolor. In comparison with O. fulvus, the new species has dark brown elytra whereas the former is brown throughout; its MP 3+4 of hind wings is vestigial but well-defined in O. fulvus; basal end of the aedeagal sheath is broadly rounded instead of tapering towards base in O. fulvus; the median lobe of O. chenghoiyanae is more slender than in O. fulvus in lateral aspect. This new species is also the smallest -males are only 5.1-5.2 mm long on relation to 6.7-7.1 mm for O. shuensis, 6.2-7.1 mm for O. bicolor and 6.0 mm for O. fulvus. In summary, O. chenghoiyanae differs from all other species by its small size, dark coloration, reduced MP 3+4 in hind wings, multiple male aedeagal features, and separated biogeographic distribution, thus there is strong evidence that this represents a new species.
Females of O. chenghoiyanae are, to date, the only representative in the genus. Their external morphology highly resembles Stenocladius females (c.f. Ohba et al 1997). Some minor differences like the orientation of eyes and number of ommatidia are observed. Owing to the conservative nature of paedomorphic characters and limited taxon sampling, it is currently hard to make a differential diagnosis between the two genera.
Etymology. The species is named after Momo Hoi-yan Cheng, in honor of her contribution on saving a life as well as infusing positive energy and love to our Society. She bravely and selflessly donated two-thirds of her liver to a dying women she had never met before in April, 2017, Hong Kong.
Phenology. Adults appear in May.
Ecology. This species known only from the type locality. The higher portion of its habitat is dense natural woodland and the lower portion is sparse, disturbed shrubland. The females were first recorded in 2014 May in the type locality. They were repeatedly seen in May of 2015 and 2016. They initially were mistaken for larvae until YV found a mating pair of the new species in 2017. Light emitting females could be found on exposed rocks, concrete surfaces, soil surfaces, dead leaves and on fallen branches. When disturbed by a beam of white light, the females slowly moved into soft soil or under litter. Bioluminescent behavior. A pair of oval light emitting organ is located at the lateral sides of the 7 th abdominal segment of the female adult. Females displayed light from 19:40 hours (approximately 45 minutes after sunset) to 20:40 hours in the field. Most were generally stationary, lying flat (not raising abdomen as in Rhagophthalmus) when glowing (Fig. 10). A mating pair of O. chenghoiyanae was found in the field at 20:10 hours, May 5 th , 2017. Glowing light from the female was visible from several meters but no light was observed from the male. Another male was found flying to a green betalight three days later, ca. 300 m away from the place where the mating pair was found. In captive condition, the males occasionally produced dim light from a pair of light spots on abdominal ventrite 6 spontaneously or did so when disturbed (Fig. 9). The light was barely visible by naked eyes only in a dark room or through long exposure photography. Light organs were otherwise not visible. UV-fluorescence. YV used a UVA LED torch (365-375 nm, min mW 15) to illuminate the female. The female was observed fluorescing brightly with blue-green light throughout the body (Fig. 11). Dead females in ethanol also showed a lesser amount of fluorescence when exposed to UV light (both 365-375 nm, min mW 15 and 395 nm, mW 5). Male specimens also produced a blue-green fluorescence, but only from their enlarged compound eyes.

Significance of the Oculogryphus female to the systematic classifications of Ototretinae
Before the present study, females were described for only three of 21 genera of Ototretinae (Stenocladius, Drilaster and Mimophaeopterus). The documented females, however, exhibit extreme difference at genus level both morphologically and ecologically: Stenocladius and Oculogryphus females are highly paedomorphic and are active only nocturnally, using bioluminescence and pheromones to attract mates (Kawashima 1999, Chen 2003, whereas Drilaster and Mimophaeopterus show only minor sexual dimorphism in antennae and abdominal ventrites, and are essentially diurnal, relying on chemical cues to search mates (Ohba 2004;Kawashima et al. 2005, Janisova and Bocakova 2013, Chen and Jeng 2014. Descriptions of newly found females for further taxa may improve our predictive ability and collecting techniques to find additional females in the future. For example, Oculogryphus and Stenocladius are so far the only documented examples with paedomorphic females in Ototretinae. This is consistent with the evidence from male morphology and bioluminescent behavior, supporting the close relationship of the two genera as Jeng et al. (2011) and Jeng and Engel (2014) argued. Lately we discovered another paedomorphic female from Ototretinae: a Brachypterodrilus species in the Philippines (JML, unpublished). According to the key by Janisova and Bocakova (2013), all three genera together with Baolacus and Falsophaeopterus belong to an ototretine subgroup whose lateroposterior angles of the pronotum are less prominent (see the key in Janisova and Bocakova (2013)). This subgroup is actually a clade, separated from the other clade composed of Drilaster and its allied genera, supported by our tentative molecular phylogeny (JML, unpublished). Baolacus and Falsophaeopterus may have paedomorphic females with high probability.

UV-fluorescence of Oculogryphus
Although UV-induced fluorescence is documented in many terrestrial arthropods (Lawrence 1954), very little has been reported in the fireflies. Metcalf (1943) isolated a red-fluorescent pigment named lampyrine from Photinus marginellus fireflies. Sannasi (1970) reported the cuticular-resilin-resulted UV-fluorescence from the compound eyes of the north American Photinus pyralis (L.). In this study, Oculogryphus females represent the first example of fireflies possessing UV-fluorescence in the cuticular regions of the body. They are also significant because of their co-occurrence of fluorescence and bioluminescence, a phenomenon so far only known in some marine animals but very rare in terrestrial or freshwater ecosystems (Matz et al. 2006, Oba et al. 2017, Marek and Moore 2015, Marek 2017. When bioluminescence accompanies fluorescence, the production of light is often biochemically linked whereby the fluorophore is the ultimate light emitter through energy transfer (Shimomura 2006, Marek 2017. Oculogryphus females, however, are not congruent with this general principle. Oculogryphus females glow to attract mates in the night. But is the UV-fluorescence functional? Possible adaptive functions of fluorescence include prey attraction, aposematism, camouflage, sexual signaling or species recognition, photo-protection, and shelter finding (Heiling et al. 2005, Andrews et al. 2007, Lim et al. 2007, Li et al. 2008, Gaffin et al. 2012, Guillermo-Ferreira et al. 2014, Marek and Moore 2015, Brandt and Masta 2017. Firefly males are likely to have ultraviolet vision (Martin et al. 2015, Sander andHall 2015). Oculogryphus species, however, are only active in the night when ultraviolet light is weak or totally absent, thus no UV-fluorescence by the females. In addition, the co-occurrence but physiologically independence of bioluminescence and fluorescence in Oculogryphus females makes many of the proposed adaptive functions difficult to apply. Aposematism and sexual signaling in dim light environment are worthy to be tested.
Alternatively, the fluorescence may play no ecological role but just exist as a byproduct of a pigment or other molecule (Wiesenborn 2011, Marshall andJohnsen 2017). For example, Wiesenborn (2011) observed UV-fluorescence in various degrees from many insects, and weakly sclerotized body parts usually showed stronger fluorescence without clear function. This seems a reasonable explanation for the Oculogryphus females. This could be a hypothesis to be tested in the future by comparing the relative strength of fluorescence among females with different paedomorphic degrees, and commonness of fluorescence between paedomorphic versus ordinary females of fireflies.