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Optimization in freeze-drying.

The author assumes that success in freeze-drying must be judged in economic terms. Following a summary of the reasons given for adopting freeze-drying, and an historical outline to explain the changing emphasis in the performance requirements of equipment, desirable features in design and operation are reviewed as the basis for a charter for plant manufacturers and an aid to comparison between different types of plant. Ways of appraising value for money are examined and a novel method is proposed for maximizing throughput by optimising the conditions in the freeze-dryer.