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Noninvasive Prediction of Renal Stone Surface Irregularities by Numerical Analysis of the Color Doppler Twinkling Artifact: An Ex Vivo Study

The physical structures of renal stones are highly correlated with their breakability. Noninvasive estimation of stone roughness will be beneficial for management. The intensity of the twinkling artifact appearing at the site of renal stones on Doppler ultrasound imaging is also influenced by the stone's roughness level. This article proposes a quantitative method for roughness prediction of ex vivo renal stones based on a twinkling analysis of their color Doppler images.