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A two‐step human culture system replicates intestinal monocyte maturation cascade: Conversion of tissue‐like inflammatory monocytes into macrophages

Monocyte maturation program into macrophages (MΦ) is well defined in murine gut under homeostatic or inflammatory conditions. Obviously, in vivo tracking of monocytes in inflamed tissues remains difficult in humans. Furthermore, in vitro models fall short in generating the surrogates of transient extravasated tissue inflammatory monocytes. Here, we aimed to unravel environmental cues that replicated the human monocyte “waterfall” process in vitro by first, generating tissue‐like inflammatory monocytes, which were then shifted toward MΦ. Purified CD14+CD16− monocytes, cultured with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), IFN‐γ and IL23, differentiated into CD14+CD163− cells that displayed a monocyte‐like morphology. In vitro generated inflammatory CD14+CD163− (inflammatory monocyte‐like cells) cells promoted IL‐1β‐dependent memory Th17 and Th17/Th1 responses, like the CD14+CD163− mo‐like cells that accumulate in inflamed colon of Crohn's disease patients. Next, in vitro generated inflammatory monocyte‐like cells converted to functional CD163+ MΦ following exposure to TGF‐β and IL10. Gene set enrichment analysis further revealed a shared molecular signature between converted CD163+ MΦ and MΦ detected in various inflamed nonlymphoid and lymphoid diseased tissues. Our findings propose a two‐step in vitro culture that recapitulates human monocyte maturation cascade in inflamed tissue. Manipulation of this process might open therapeutic avenues for chronic inflammatory disorders.