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The National Wildlife Refuge System and Resource Management in a Watershed Context

The National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) is a national network of 548 Refuges, 37 Wetland Management Districts, and nearly 7,000 Waterfowl Production Areas. The NWRS encompasses 97 million acres, with at least one National Wildlife Refuge in each state. The NWRS is unique among Federal land management agencies in that our core mission is the conservation of wildlife and wildlife habitat. Key management activities within the Refuge System include providing habitat for breeding and migratory waterfowl, preserving threatened and endangered species, and restoring and maintaining wildlife habitats. Essential to the continued success of these activities, and to the Refuge System mission as a whole, is the maintenance of reliable supplies of clean, fresh water. With the exception of some of our largest refuges, we generally share watersheds with other stakeholders and multiple land uses. Refuges operate within this larger landscape context and usually manage water supplies according to State laws. Protecting water supplies requires a dedicated effort to inventory sources and monitor water quantity and quality. A major challenge for the Refuge System is assessing our water resources nationwide: inventorying water rights and water sources, quantifying use, identifying threats, and evaluating water quality. Such data are particularly lacking for many of our refuges in the eastern States, where competition for water is increasing. Assessing water resource issues from a landscape/watershed perspective is especially important in the East, where State riparian water laws require sharing of available