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The right hand palsy of Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519): new insights on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of his death

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was born out of wedlock to a Florentine legal notary, Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, and a peasant, Caterina. He was an Italian Renaissance polymath artist and inventor whose talents included architecture, music, anatomy, engineering, sculpture, geometry and painting. Scholars have called him the archetype of ‘Renaissance man’ and a universal genius. One of the most intriguing and still controversial debates for art historians has been his handedness. Analyses of the shading and hatching in drawings attributed to da Vinci show that the shading and hatching slopes from upper left to lower right, leaving few doubts about his left-handedness. However, a review of all historical biographical documents about da Vinci and his works concluded that he used his right hand when creating work other than drawing and writing. Although the numerous documents in mirror-writing with his left hand confirmed that he was likely more skilled in using his left hand than the common right-handed artists, it is claimed that he never painted using his left hand. Several historical sources have suggested that da Vinci sustained a right hemiparesis in the last years of his life. Some authors suppose that this was due to a stroke that has been related to his vegetarian diet, whereas other scholars suggest the possibility of Dupuytren’s disease. During a visit to da Vinci in 1517, the personal assistant of the Cardinal Luigi d’Aragona, Antonio de Beatis, wrote a detailed note in his diary. After Leonardo showed three masterpieces to his guests, de Beatis recorded: