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Glass transition of partially crystallized gelatin-water mixtures studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy.

The glass transition of partially crystallized gelatin-water mixtures was investigated for gelatin concentrations of 40 and 20 wt. % by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) in wide frequency (10 mHz-50 GHz) and temperature (113-298 K) ranges. Three dielectric relaxation processes were clearly observed. The origin of each relaxation process was the same as that observed for partially crystallized bovine serum albumin (BSA)-water mixtures [N. Shinyashiki et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 14448 (2009)]. The relaxation process at the highest frequency is originated from uncrystallized water (UCW) in the hydration shell of gelatin. Its relaxation time is almost the same as that of water in uncrystallized system; water in various binary aqueous mixtures and confined water in nanoscale region. The relaxation process at the intermediate frequency is originated from ice, and its relaxation time and strength were similar to those for the relaxation of pure ice, particularly above 240 K. The glass transition temperature Tg, is defined by BDS measurement as the temperature at which dielectric relaxation time τ, is 100-1000 s. The relaxation process at the lowest frequency, Tg is approximately 200 K, is originated from the cooperative motion of water and gelatin. This relaxation is strong and has a similar relaxation strength to that of hydrated BSA. At Tg for the relaxation process involving the cooperative motion of gelatin and water, the temperature dependence of the relaxation process of UCW crosses over from Vogel-Fulcher behavior to Arrhenius behavior with decreasing temperature. A characteristic property of the gelatin-water mixture is a change in the temperature dependence of the relaxation time of the relaxation processes of hydrated gelatin at approximately 260 K.