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Pediatric airway: What is new in approaches and treatments?

Perioperative morbidity and mortality are high among patients in the extremes of life undergoing anesthesia. Complications in children occur mainly as a result of airway management-related events such as difficult approach, laryngospasm, bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia, which may result in cardiac arrest, neurological deficit or death. Reports and new considerations that have changed clinical practice in pediatric airway management have emerged in recent years. This narrative literature review seeks to summarize and detail the findings on the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric anesthesia and to highlight those things that anesthetists need to be aware of, according to the scientific reports that have been changing practice in pediatric anesthesia. 
This review focuses on the identification of “new” and specific practices that have emerged over the past 10 years and have helped reduce complications associated with pediatric airway management. At least 9 practices grouped into 4 groups are described: assessment, approach techniques, devices, and algorithms. The same devices used in adults are essentially all available for the management of the pediatric airway, and anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality can be reduced through improved quality of care in pediatrics.