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CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF PERICALLIS × HYBRID 'JESTER PURE BLUE'

Pericallis × hybrida ‘Jester Pure Blue’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg and 2.0 SO4-S, plus M concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18 mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10× higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented. INTRODUCTION Commonly grown for use as a potted plant, cineraria (Asteraceae family) is a floriculture crop that is reported to have a light to moderate fertilization requirement. Aimone (1986) recommended a fertilizer regime of 100 mg·L N and K applied as a constant liquid fertilization or 200 mg·L 20-20-20 used with every other watering. Dole and Wilkins (2005) recommended fertilization rates of 100 mg·L as a constant liquid fertilization or a slightly lower weekly rate of 150 mg·L N. Few nutritional problems are reported (Dole and Wilkins, 2005). Boron deficiency leads to stunted growth and disfigured, mottled leaves. High pH induces iron deficiency which appears on the upper leaves as interveinal chlorosis. Over fertilization can result in excess growth that makes the plants dry out faster than smaller plants (Aimone, 1986). High levels of ammonium nitrogen can lead to rolled leaves and silvery-green foliage (Nau, 1984). The lack of information provides a disadvantage to growers that need to make an on-site diagnosis when nutritional disorders occur. The objectives of this study were to provide visual and tissue diagnostic values for cineraria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single ‘Jester Purple Blue’ cineraria plugs (3.4×3.4×5.1 cm cell size) were transplanted into 13.74 cm diameter (1.29 L) plastic pots containing acid washed silicasand [Millersville #2 (0.8 to 1.2 mm diameter) from Southern Products and Silica Co., Hoffman, NC] on 24 October 2008. This experiment was conducted in a glass greenhouse in Raleigh, NC at 35°N latitude. Plants were grown at 23°C day and 18°C night temperatures. An automated, recirculating irrigation system was constructed out of 10.2-cm diameter PVC pipe (Charlotte Plastics, Charlotte, NC). The system consisted of 24 separate irrigation lines (each 1.82 m long). Each line contained 8 openings (12.7 cm diameter) that held the 8 pots for the elemental treatment. Control plants were grown with Proc. IS on Growing Media and Composting