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Recurrent Macular Hole: Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment

Idiopathic macular hole is a full-thickness defect of the retina which is caused by the tangential vitreomacular traction. Its prevalence is 8.7 per 100,000 people. Pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, gas tamponade, and face-down head positioning have a high success rate for primary hole closure. Improvements in small incision vitrectomy techniques reduce cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane formation, and also reopening of macular hole. Bilaterality, high myopia, intraoperative retinal breaks are well-known risk factors for recurrence. In this article, we reviewed the causes, risk factors, and current treatments of recurrent macular holes.