{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.030496802754549926, 'fraction_numerical': 0.014756517461878997, 'mean_word_length': 5.277777777777778, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Intravenous, Perioperatively Administered Lidocaine Regulates Serum Pain Modulators' Concentrations in Children Undergoing Spinal Surgery.

OBJECTIVES
We analyzed the influence of perioperative, intravenous (i.v.) lidocaine infusion as a part of multimodal anesthesia on concentrations of selected pain modulators.


DESIGN
An observational study.


SETTING
University Children's Hospital in Cracow, Poland, from May 2015 to May 2018.


SUBJECTS
Forty-four children undergoing extensive spinal surgery, divided into two groups after surgery: the study group (N = 23), anesthetized generally with lidocaine as a co-analgesic, and the control group (N = 22), anesthetized generally without lidocaine.


METHODS
We assessed proinflammatory mediators like neuron growth factor (NGF), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and FOS protein before, immediately after, six hours and 12-15 hours after surgery. We evaluated pain intensity at corresponding time points using a 10-point numerical/graphical scale.


RESULTS
We observed that children in the lidocaine group had reduced pain intensity in the resting state and during movement until six hours after surgery when compared with controls. We found lower NGF concentrations in the lidocaine group vs controls only at six hours after surgery. Mean HMGB1 concentrations during the postoperative period in the study group were relatively stable, whereas we observed significant increases at six hours after surgery and a slight decrease at 12-15 hours after surgery in the control group. IL-6 concentrations at six hours were lower in lidocaine patients when compared with controls. We noted a negative correlation between HMGB1, NGF, Il-6, and lidocaine concentrations after surgery. We did not find any differences in FOS protein concentrations between the groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that intraoperative and postoperative i.v. lidocaine administration as a part of multimodal anesthesia may reduce inflammatory-dependent postoperative pain intensity.