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The Law of Decentralization and Its Impact on Construction Projects

Decentralization is a democratic practice in which the Government allows ministries, governorates and districts to delegate their powers within the law. This is done in two parts: the first is the decentralization of the operational budget and the second the decentralization of the investment budget. This study aims to draw up a strategy and plan for decentralization in the governorates after the transfer of powers from the ministries. The researcher seeks to discover the success or failure of applying this idea and the importance of modern construction projects in the study of decentralization in these ministries in selected governorates. Transfer of powers This research is very important through the selection and timing, and is important in that this study is the first to target the impact of decentralization on the performance of construction projects. Despite the existence of previous studies and research on administrative decentralization, it did not address the impact of decentralization and its role in the process of implementation and completion of projects. The research methodology was divided into two parts, theoretical work and fieldwork. The researcher concluded that there is a need for decentralization in particularly in the governorates far from the central government. However, these conditions are subject to limitations and restrictions. They can only be applied after studying the presence of human cadres and providing expertise that deals with post-transfer jobs. The absence of Iraqi government legislation in this area and even if we assume there are laws, they have not been applied so far about the system of decentralization in Iraq in its entirety.


Introduction
Over the past years, there has been increasing interest in the issue of decentralization with its political and administrative dimensions economic and financial. This concern was part of the trend towards expanding the participation of citizens and their role in the governance process, reducing the role of the State in production and direct management of its institutions, and giving the private sector and civil society institutions a greater role in the development process [1]. World Bank on World Development under many addresses such as decentralization and rethinking, making the country closer to people and transition to localization [2,3] there has also been interest in decentralization in the adoption of many countries in the world such as the Russian Federation and countries Eastern Europe, Qatar, and Bahrain that have taken a more or less decentralized approach to Decentralization at present, characterized by a view of decentralization. Economists have seen it They were influenced by neo-liberal ideas as a means of transferring power from the central state.
Advocates of political pluralism as a means of giving interest groups a space of freedom and the ability to organize and compete. The leaders of some dictatorships in Asian countries Africa is a democracy rather than a democracy at the national level and a safe way to gain more Legitimacy and support from units at lower levels, while Democratic politicians in developing countries saw them as a way to make the government more responsive to needs and priorities Local [4]. The purpose of this study is to develop a strategy and plan for decentralization in the provinces to transfer powers from the ministries and to address the large shortcomings in the performance of the work of the provincial councils and apply this idea correctly helps maintain provincial councils and gives them the freedom to provide services and enable them to complete projects and increase levels of construction and reconstruction. The current study consists of two parts: Part I includes a theoretical study and Part II includes fieldwork. The field part of the research will conduct the field survey through preliminary interviews, questionnaires, interviewing experts, and building the proposed system for obtaining actual data on decentralization. The questionnaire was used as a means of gathering information and measuring the acceptability of decentralization in government institutions. The questionnaires were distributed to 100 persons. Eleven of the questionnaires were excluded due to technical errors and the adoption of 89 questionnaires. Analysis of the statistics by the statistical program,

Research Justification
The problem that seeks to address this message is to find solutions to obstacles that oppose the implementation of decentralization in Iraq, specifically, which is concerned with the financing and management of construction projects and the Iraqi government has not succeeded in decentralizing the required level and there is overlap in the roles between political and administrative decentralization and there is a sign of problems constrained by clear completion of projects during the implementation phase. The idea of decentralization in Iraqi institutions. Moreover, most of the research and studies on decentralization did not mention the importance of decentralization in the management of construction projects and that their application would address many of the project problems. To deal with decentralization in a good way, it is necessary to know the problem or obstacle to its application. The study aims to achieve several objectives, the most important of which are the following: -• Assess the contribution of local management systems to improving community conditions. in the provinces to take their place and provide services directly to citizens. • To know the extent of convergence between the systems of local administration in the provinces and how to build a system does not Centralized among them. • Review the new concepts of administrative decentralization that enhance the capacity of the units, in line with technological progress and management values of partnership and transparency and accountability. • Increasing the disclosure of the reality of administrative decentralization systems in ministries. The study will conduct a comparative analysis between the decentralized ministries and the work of their projects. the study is also trying to provide a futuristic vision for the decentralized systems of other ministries, through organizational structures, and building a model in local administration compatible with environmental factors and conditions facing local administration in all ministries.

Types or Forms of Decentralization
Three types of decentralization can be distinguished as mine [5].

Decentralization Policy
Political decentralization aims to give more elected authorities or elected representatives making decisions. [6] It assumes that decisions made through broad participation will be better and more connected to the diverse interests of society than those that are carried out by the Government The electoral system also allows citizens to know better about their representative's Politicians. Collins also allows elected members and employees to know better about the needs and desires of their constituencies [7,8].

Administrative Decentralization
Administrative decentralization refers to the distribution of administrative obligations between the central government (authority) in the capital, and the local bodies or autonomous bodies that have an independent legal personality exercising their jurisdiction under the supervision and control of the authority [9]. Decision-making to administrative bodies is not the work of the central authority, and these independent bodies must not follow the central authority as a general asset, but are subject to some sort of prevention and supervision by the central authority through the so-called administrative trusteeship [10]. The standard between administrative centralization and administrative decentralization is the unity or multiplicity of administrative authority. If there is one administrative authority, there will be a centralized system, but if the administrative powers are very diverse, there are decentralized authorities with a juristic personality and independence in exercising their powers under the supervision of the central authority [9,11].

Financial Decentralization
Financial responsibility is an essential element of decentralization, if local governments and private organizations are implemented Decentralized functions effectively, Perhaps the most significant criticism of the decentralized system is that its application in the administrative environment results in the phenomenon of wasting public expenditures. Recognition of local bodies and public utilities of all kinds will be followed by financial independence [12]. Contrary to a centralized system that is characterized by economy of expenditure by reducing the number of disbursements who are the representatives of the central authority as the independence of the region legally as well as the independence of the facility requires the recognition of financial autonomy from the state as previously stated, which ultimately transfers the authority to order disbursement a high degree pyramid to many other levels, such as (the state, municipality, institution) [13]. It is supposed to result from the multiplicity of the two-drainage negative phenomenon is the exaggeration or excessive exchange of public expenditures [14]. However, this phenomenon can be mitigated by triggering observation tools, whether exercised by the trusteeship authority or the proficient bodies of a financial nature [15].

Sample survey
The purpose of it to verify the extent of the sample members' understanding of the articles and instructions of the scale they have according to the time taken to answer and identify the difficulties facing the respondent, the survey sample is randomly selected, which represented by distributing 30 forms to some ministries.

Sample Statistical Analysis
The sample of the statistical analysis was randomly selected in classes form with an equal distribution of 50 forms distributed according to the three governorates (Diwaniya, Najaf, Babel). This number is appropriate to represent the society study and the personal information of persons and experts is represented in the questionnaire by Gender, age, academic achievement, show Figs. 1 to 3. The ministry and governorate, department name-mail, mobile number, and position.

Analysis of The Variables of Questionnaire
The first question in Table 1 shows the existence of experience in the field of decentralization, whether or not in the selected staff. The answers have come most with the availability of experience and the answers to the second question have come with the experience that the department or section has for the rules to execute and implement the decentralization in Iraq, the remaining questions also have come with the large answer and most questionable for the questions third, fourth and fifth were assuring the experience in the field of decentralization, the sixth question also assured that its application is complex, but it reduces the routine, so the table included the balanced arithmetic averages (x ̅) the standard deviations (Si) , and the Coefficients of variation (C.V) on the level of the research sample.
It is clear from the results of Table 1 that there is a rise in the general weighted arithmetic mean of the dimension (decentralization and administrative authorization), since reached (1.2), which means the prevalence of the knowledge and the idea of decentralization relatively to the level of the surveyed with a standard deviation of (0.33) and Coefficient of variation of (0.28%) expressed significant dispersion in the sample answers of the included in the research. As a result, the general weighted arithmetic mean of the experience in the decentralization field is greater than the satisfactory mean of (2). This means that after the (idea of decentralization) is clear specifically for a sample of respondents according to their point of view, and this because of visibility of the study sample individuals about the importance of adoption (decentralization in the Governorates). • To reduce the dominance of ministries and raise the level of efficiency of decisions taken where they are closer to reality. • Create a flexible administrative and financial environment in the provinces and departments.
• Ease of conducting administrative procedures and the speed of execution of the work without the need for lengthy communications and restricted by the previous routine. • Decentralization implementation will encourage the execution of projects that serve the need of the governorate as local administration is more aware of its projects and their needs that touch the lives of the citizen. • Speed in the achievement of projects and provide services to citizens directly where there is freedom in the distribution of funds according to need and priority. • Determine the aspects of exchange without reference to finance through the preparation of the local budget. • Ease of achievement of transactions that serve the citizen.
• Simplifying contractual procedures for projects. • Elimination of time waste between the governorates and the center, especially those far from them. • Allow ministries to take their basic role and practice their basic works, for example, the Ministry of Education is concerned with matters of teaching and curriculum instead of building schools and educational institutions.

Conclusions
In its practical side, the research reached a set of conclusions on which a set of conclusions were based, as follows: The research leads to the failure to prove the first main hypothesis and its subsidiary hypotheses, i.e., there is no significant statistical relationship between the dimensions of decentralization and the exclusion of construction projects, which proves that it did not adopt the dimensions of decentralization in the studied construction projects and attention to its basic dimensions, Construction workers to adopt these dimensions in the future. Also, it proved that there is a significant effect of the indicators of decentralization in the indicators of construction projects, reflecting the state of compatibility between them is that decisions are rational as long as the construction projects studied the dimensions of decentralization in the work of art.