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CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND CHEMOSYSTEMATICS OF THE DUFOUR'S GLAND SECRETIONS OF THE LACTONE‐PRODUCING BEES (HYMENOPTERA: COLLETIDAE, HALICTIDAE, AND OXAEIDAE)

Chemical characters should play a decisive role in modern systematics, but have often failed for a lack of proper analytical methods. This study documents the evolution and possible function(s) of the Dufour's gland secretions in bees of the families Colletidae, Halictidae and Oxaeidae. Phylogenies can be reconstructed using cladistics, a method elucidated by Hennig (Eng. trans. 1966), that has been further tested, refined, and developed by numerous systematists (see Wiley, 1981). The methodology has been primarily applied to morphological characters. Many cladistic biochemical studies are limited to data from catabolic enzymes (e.g., Mickevich and Johnson, 1976), despite our voluminous knowledge of plant defensive chemicals, pigments, insect and mammalian pheromones, and plant, insect, and bird waxes. Most taxonomic studies using these lipids (microchemicals) are either intuitive or phenetic (examples in Bisby et al., 1980).