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Modeling of Protective Relays for Transient Stability Analysis

This paper proposes a model for protective relays in dynamic simulations. The model consists of three layers: measurement, decision-making and actuator. This eyes-brain-muscle structure models the construction of a real-world relay and therefore allows easy involvement of accurate dynamics, such as measurement noise, communication latency between the layers and arc extinction in actuator. The paper provides a case study based on the WSCC 9-bus system with overcurrent and under/over-voltage protections on the 230 kV sub-system. The case study illustrates the dynamic behavior of the protective relays modeled by the proposed method and provides the examples for relay reliability tests.