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Volunteers, Voluntary Associations, and Development: an Introduction

ALTHOUGH NOT WIDELY recognized because so seldom studied, there are a wide variety of voluntary associations and, more recently, volunteer programs in developing countries around the world. Some types may have been borrowed and adapted as forms and structures from other nations and cultures, often as a direct result of colonialism (see Gray, 1976; Lenkersdorf, 1976), but the associations and programs in lesser developed countries (LDCs) nonetheless have become parts of these nations’ sociocultural systems. And in nearly every instance if not in all, there are unique indigenous voluntary associations in LDCs. Examples of the nature, variety, growth, change, functions, activities, and relations with other societal institutions of LDC voluntary associations can be found in such sources as Anderson (1964), Apte (1974), Banton (1957), Cheng (1950), Clement (1956), Douglas (1972), Drake (1972), Gray (1976), Hamer (1967), Keeny (1973), Kerri (1974), Kirby (1973), Kulp (1953), Lenkersdorf (1976), Little (1965), Manning (1973), Meillassoux (1968), Pederson (1973), Ross (1976), Smith (1974), and Worsley (1968). For instance, Douglas (1972) found over 10,000 registered voluntary associations existed in Malaysia in 1969, including religious, social, youth, sports, benevolent (mutual benefit and service), guild, farmers, cultural, political, Chinese ancestry ethnic, and general associations. Drake (1972) estimated the existence of over 600 voluntary associations in the late 1960s in a Colombian city of about 250,000 population, including professional, civic and service, business and economic, social and recreational, educational and cultural, cooperative and community development, and political associations