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The Discourses of Friendship and the Structural Imagination of Shakespeare's Theater: Montaigne, "Twelfth Night", De Gournay

Laurie in Shakespearean Shannon begins Contexts her fine , study, with the subtitled statement Figures that of "in Friendship any history of friendship, the early modern period commands particular attention."1 Such attention is especially marked because on the subject of the friend, the period recovers and invigorates the classical, philosophical discourses on friendship exemplified by Aristotle and Cicero. But it also subjects those discourses to the pressure of the modern in a series of political and more broadly ideological developments that Jacques Derrida reveals in the word "perhaps."2 In his critique of the masculinist tradition of "fraternity" that lies at the center of traditional friendship discourses, Derrida repeatedly asks why the "sister" is given no place in the exclusive "brotherhood" of friends. In Shannon's view, women were systematically excluded from the very possibility of friendship by a historically specific obsession with "poeticized likeness" in which the "repeated privileging of (erotic and non-erotic) same-sex bonds over (presumptively erotic) heterosexual relations marks a gaping distance between early modern 'homonormative' affects and contemporary heterosexual normativity."3 The gaps between these two kinds of normativity have raised two critical issues, especially as they concern the double, but asymmetrical, disjunction of friendship from erotic desire4 and the "scandal" of female friendship, especially in lesbian relationships, in the early modern period.5 None of the recent work