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Phospholipase D Transduces Force to TREK-1 Channels in a Biological Membrane

The transduction of force into a biological signal is critical to all living organisms. Recently, disruption of ordered lipids has emerged as an ‘atypical’ force sensor in biological membranes; however, disruption has yet to link with canonical channel mechanosensation. Here we show that forceinduced disruption and lipid mixing activates TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK-1), and that this activation is dependent on phospholipase D2 (PLD2). PLD2 transduces the force into a chemical signal phosphatidic acid (PA) that is then sensed by TREK-1 with a latency of <3 ms. TREK-1 then produces a mechanically induced change in membrane potential. Hence, in a biological membrane, we show the ordered lipid is the force sensor, PLD2 is a chemical transducer, and the ‘mechanosensitive’ ion channel TREK-1 is a downstream effector of mechanical transduction. Confirming this central role for PA singling in force transduction, genetic deletion of PLD decreases mechanosensitivity and pain thresholds in D. melanogaster.