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Xenopus laevis insulin receptor substrate IRS‐1 is important for eye development

Extracellular signal transduction into cells through ligand‐activated receptor tyrosine kinases, such as insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) receptor (IGF‐1R) and insulin receptor (IR) is required for normal embryonic growth and development. The major mediators of IR and IGF‐1R are adaptor proteins of the insulin receptor substrate family, the best characterized member of which is IRS‐1. Insulin receptor substrate IRS‐1 has been shown to influence cell and body size and to interfere with differentiation. We have isolated IRS‐1 from Xenopus laevis embryos and analyzed for the first time its spatial and temporal expression pattern during embryogenesis. We found that Xenopus IRS‐1 is expressed maternally and constantly during embryogenesis. It is predominantly found in neural tissue at different stages. Furthermore, knock down of IRS‐1 in neural tissue by specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) resulted in abnormal eye formation accompanied by reduction of the eye‐specific marker genes Rx1 and Pax6 and a decreased cell proliferation. Developmental Dynamics 240:1705–1715, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.