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Methods and Limitations of Augmenting Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Applications.

SIGNIFICANCE
Given their capacity for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation and immunomodulatory potential, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising modality of clinical therapy for both regenerative medicine and immune diseases. Here we review the key approaches and popular methods utilized to boost potency and modify functions of MSCs for clinical purposes as well as their associated limitations.


RECENT ADVANCES
Several major domains of cell modification strategies are currently employed by investigators to overcome these deficits and augment the therapeutic potential of MSCs. Priming MSCs with soluble factors or pharmacologic agents as well as manipulating oxygen availability in culture have been demonstrated to be effective biochemical methods to augment MSC potential. Distinct genetic and epigenetic methods have emerged in recent years to modify the genetic expression of target proteins and factors to modify MSCs capacity for differentiation, migration, and proliferation. Physical methods utilizing three-dimensional (3D) culture methods and alternative cell delivery systems and scaffolds can be used to recapitulate the native MSC niche and augment their engraftment and viability for in vivo models.


CRITICAL ISSUES
Unmodified MSCs have demonstrated only modest benefits in many preclinical and clinical studies due to issues with cell engraftment, viability, heterogeneity, and immunocompatibility between donor and recipient. Furthermore, unmodified MSCs can have low inherent therapeutic potential for which intensive research over the past few decades has been dedicated to improving cell functionality and potency.