{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.032328595970638765, 'fraction_numerical': 0.007027955645791035, 'mean_word_length': 5.494929006085193, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Aesthetic Facial Correction of Cleidocranial Dysplasia

We report two cases of cleidocranial dysplasia, which was managed without significant craniofacial osteotomy. A mother and daughter, both of normal intelligence, presented with central forehead depression, mid-face hypoplasia, and blepharoptosis. The fact that they have an identically deformed face implied a genetic basis. In both patients, radiologic evaluation revealed the underdeveloped maxilla, persistent fontanelle opening, and cleidal aplasia. Clinical findings and radiologic studies were consistent with the diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia. Both patients underwent forehead plasty via bicoronal approach, augmentation rhinoplasty using tip plasty, and epicanthoplasty. In addition, the mother underwent malar augmentation using Medpor implantation and reduction genioplasty. The patients did not experience any postoperative complication and remained satisfied with the operation at 6-year follow-up.


INTRODUCTION
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), also known as Marie and Sainton Disease, Scheuthauer Marie-Sainton Syndrome, and mutational dysostosis, is an autosomal dominant genetic bone disease involving the facial bones, the skull, and the collarbone. CCD is characterized by brachycephaly, hypertelorism, prominent orbital ridges, the inferior margin reduced to the small maxillae, and relative mandibular prognathism [1][2][3]. Patients with CCD can have several supernumerary teeth, with eruption lag or disorder of permanent teeth. The condition also affects the spine and appendicular skeleton by endochondral ossification. Cleidal hypoplasia or aplasia may lead to hyper-approximation of the shoulders [3]. We present aesthetic management of mother-daughter case of CCD (Table 1).

Aesthetic Facial Correction of Cleidocranial Dysplasia
We report two cases of cleidocranial dysplasia, which was managed without significant craniofacial osteotomy. A mother and daughter, both of normal intelligence, presented with central forehead depression, mid-face hypoplasia, and blepharoptosis. The fact that they have an identically deformed face implied a genetic basis. In both patients, radiologic evaluation revealed the underdeveloped maxilla, persistent fontanelle opening, and cleidal aplasia. Clinical findings and radiologic studies were consistent with the diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia. Both patients underwent forehead plasty via bicoronal approach, augmentation rhinoplasty using tip plasty, and epicanthoplasty. In addition, the mother underwent malar augmentation using Medpor implantation and reduction genioplasty. The patients did not experience any postoperative complication and remained satisfied with the operation at 6-year follow-up.

Keywords: Cleidocranial dysplasia / Inborn genetic diseases / Maxilla / Clavicle
So-Min Hwang, Beom Park, Min-Kyu Hwang, Min-Wook Kim, Jong-Seo Lee mobility of the shoulders, which is a symptom characteristic of CCD and results from cleidal aplasia or hypoplasia (Fig. 2). Chest X-ray was noticeable for the narrow thoracic cage with drooping ribs (Fig. 3). The patient also had short, thick fingers and nail hypoplasia. Examination of oral cavity revealed several deciduous teeth without any upper right permanent central incisor or lower permanent central incisor. The patient had moderate bilateral cross-bite and class III incisor relationship. Panoramic X-ray revealed a large number of unerupted permanent teeth, residual baby teeth, and several supernumerary impacted teeth (Fig. 4).
This patient underwent forehead plasty via bicoronal approach using bone cement (BonSource, Stryker Leibinger, Kalamazoo, MI, USA), augmentation rhinoplasty with tip plasty, and correction of blepharoptosis and epicanthoplasty (Fig. 5).     4. Panoramic X-ray of dentition in Case 1. The deciduous dentition is retained, and much of the permanent dentition remains unerupted.

Fig. 5.
The daughter patient at 6 months after operation. The patient underwent forehead plasty using bone cement, augmentation rhinoplasty with tip-plasty, alar reduction, correction of blepharoptosis, and epicanthoplasty.

Case 2
The second patient was Case 1 patient's mother. She was of small stature and average build. This case was less severe than Case 1.
Frontal bossing was observed in this case (Fig. 6). The panoramic X-ray showed impacted permanent teeth and absence of several permanent teeth (Fig. 7). This patient underwent forehead plasty via bicoronal approach using bone cement, malar and paranasal augmentation using Medpor implants (Stryker Leibinger), and reduction genioplasty (Fig. 8).   7. Panoramic X-ray of dentition in Case 2. Permanent dentition remains unerupted in the mother as well.

DISCUSSION
CCD is a hereditary congenital disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities such as prominent frontal and parietal bones, hypertelorism, underdeveloped maxilla and zygomatic bones, supernumerary unerupted teeth, or cleidal aplasia/hypoplasia [4]. The condition was first reported by Meckel in 1760 [5]. Human osteoblast-specific, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) genes, core binding factor A1 (CBFA1), AML3, and OSF2 have recently been identified as CCDcausing genes. Mutations in these genes are passed to offspring in the autosomal dominant pattern, but novel mutations represent 20% to 40% of all patients with CCD [6,7].
In most patients, CCD only affects membranous bones, but the condition has been reported to affect endochondral bones as well [6].
Mandibular deformities are reported to occurred in 95% of cases. In general, mandibular prognathism occurs due to the normally developed mandible and the underdeveloped premaxilla [8].
A simple procedure using epicanthoplasty could be performed for an aesthetic purpose in these cases with the orbits not being clearly asymmetric. The malar and paranasal areas were augmented using Medpor implants, which was effective in improving the overall projection of the midface. Reduction genioplasty was further helpful in treating the relative mandibular prognathism caused by midface retraction.
The literature on CCD has focused on the genetic aspect and on the We are willing to share our clinical experiences in the congenital characteristics of familial CCD. We also try to give aesthetically satisfactory effects through a relatively less invasive procedure than cranioplasties found in literature.