{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.029735292030374, 'fraction_numerical': 0.021574054360939607, 'mean_word_length': 4.96360558611934, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 3, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Basic Life Support Awareness in Pakistan: Still in Embryonic Phase

Objectives: To gauge/evaluate the knowledge and skill of BLS trained and untrained teaching faculty members at postgraduate tertiary care training institute Materials and Methods: A prevalidated questionnaire comprising of 44 questions was distributed among teaching faculty of three big tertiary care, post-graduate institutes. The questions were focused on evaluating the knowledge and awareness of the participants. Total number of the participants was 345 Statistical Analysis: Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS (version 23.0). Results: The mean knowledge score related to basic life support was 4.57±1.81 out of total 12 points and the mean score for level of awareness regarding BLS was 34.5 %. Moreover, only 28.15% were aware of the current AHA guidelines Conclusion: The low level of knowledge and awareness regarding BLS in the health care workers depicts that regular BLS hands-onworkshops should be conducted and should be a part of mandatory training.


I. INTRODUCTION
One of the leading cause of deaths in modern world is cardiac arrest. It is vital to ensure that health care workers at all levels of their professional development should develop adequate knowledge and skill to deliver necessary life saving measures in case of life-threatening situations. Health care providers must be competent to perform adequately in a critical situation and update their basic life support (BLS) training in timely manner. In USA BLS courses has been part of training of health care team since 1966 however, in developing countries it is not a part of mandatory training. Importance of comprehensive and up to date BLS training is even an essential requirement for laypersons according to American heart Association (AHA) chain of survival considering the fact health professionals proficiency and competency on BLS cannot be overlooked [1].
Term BLS encompasses all the techniques to sustain circulation, patient airway and breathing and to prevent cardiac arrest until advanced life support services are activated. BLS includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) that combines the skill of applying chest compressions and mouth to mouth breathing also involves the use of automated external defibrillator (AED) [2]. Patient survival highly depends upon how prompt and efficient BLS provider response was further reinforcing the need for compulsory BLS training courses. European Resuscitation Council (ERC) provide systematic and clear guidelines on BLS training as a mandatory requirement for all [3].
However, there is unmet need to strengthen BLS training in clinical and basic sciences teachers involved in training of medical and dental undergraduate students of developing countries like Pakistan. International recommendations for CPR in adults are to ensure safety, activation of emergency services secure airway then start performing 5 to 6 cm deep chest compressions at the rate of 100 to 120 per minute permitting adequate chest recoil in between compressions minute [4]. After 30 chest compressions two rescue breaths should be given till the time AED arrives its switched on and rescuer must follow the instructions. There are recommendations to change rescuer every 2 minutes if situation permits so [5]. All members of dental team should be familiar with their responsibilities during an emergency to minimize human factors during an emergency UK resuscitation council recommends importance of team effort, situational awareness, leadership, and decision making can result in coordinated effort. In rare cases there is risk of rib or sternal fracture but benefits of CPR far outweigh the risks [6]. Latest international guidelines signify the utmost importance coordination between emergency medical dispatcher, performing of bystander CPR and timely deployment of AED which is not possible without adequate training of every team member [7]. Ideal situation would be to train as many people as possible with least resources and time one or more educational intervention like the use of virtual training devices and web-based learning can be considered to reach out to as many people as possible importance of hands-on skill can never be overlooked in BLS training programs [8].
Rationale of our study to check the knowledge and skill of BLS in teaching faculty at postgraduate tertiary care training institute many international publications are there on the topic but there is paucity of local data on the topic. Hence this survey was conducted to evaluate knowledge and perception regarding BLS and CPR among BLS trained and untrained faculty members.

II. METHODOLOGY
The Study will be conducted in Foundation University College of Dentistry after approval of Ethical Committee over a period of 04 months from April 2021 to July 2021.
As per American Heart association 84% is considered passing criteria for Basic Life Support workshop [10]. The minimum sample size required for this prospective crosssectional analytical study was 345, calculated by using formula (n = [deff × np(1-p)]/ [(d2/z21-α/2 × (n-1)+p × (1p)]-open epi calculator), with 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error where the hypothesized frequency of appropriate awareness for Basic Life Support at among dental teaching faculty was considered to be (5.6%+/-5) as reported by [9].
The questionnaire comprised a total of 44 questions across four categories that included socio-demographic characteristics, medical emergencies encountered in the tertiary care teaching hospital, knowledge of BLS as well as attitudes and perceptions relating to BLS and emergency care. The section relating to knowledge of BLS comprised 12 multiple choice questions, with a score of 6 and above being considered as a good knowledge score. Informed consent was obtained once participants had been given the opportunity to read through the study information sheet and agreed to participate in the study. Confidentiality was always maintained.
The aspects on which they were tested were about the abbreviation of BLS, AED and EMS, sequential steps in basic life support, assessment, and resuscitation techniques with regard to airway, breathing, circulation in unresponsive victims of different age groups, techniques regarding removal of foreign body obstruction, recognition of early signs of stroke and acute coronary syndrome. A specially designed Performa was used to assess the awareness on basic life support. This was followed by qualitative interview with the focus group of 20 participants which was conducted to establish a conceptual equivalence and content validity of the present questionnaire. The difficulties encountered during the pilot study were overcome during the main study. Those who participated in the pilot study were excluded from the main study.
Data was entered and analyzed by using data management software IBM SPSS (version 23.0). The descriptive statistics of continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation, while categorical data frequencies and percentages were used. Categorical grouped data was analyzed by Chisquare test. A p-value of ≤0.05 was statistically significant.

III. RESULTS
A total of 345 faculty members participated in this study. Most of the responders were females 265 (76.8%), while 80 (23.2%) were males. The mean age of the study group was 28.84±6.04 years with an age-range of 21 to 51 years. There were 141 (40.9%) consultants, 86 (24.9%) demonstrators and 118 (34.2%) house officers. Out of 345, 145 (42.0%) responders were trained for Basic Life Support. Table I summarizes the demographic characteristics of the responders. About 192 (55.7%) responders reported to have witnessed injury (e.g., cuts, broken limbs, bleeding, etc.), 217 (62.9%) loss of consciousness, 79 (22.9%) choking, 183 (53.0%) breathing difficulty, 114 (33.0%) allergic reaction and 138 (40.0%) convulsions during dentistry practice as depicted in Fig. 1.  The mean knowledge score related to basic life support was 4.57±1.81 out of total 12 points, where 119 (34.5%) responders were found to have satisfactory knowledge score of ≥6 points. Table II gives percentage of responders who managed to correctly answer the knowledge-based questions of basic life support. In terms of attitude towards life support training, it was reported that majority of the participants 330 (95.7%) were interested in receiving CPR training, whereas 176 (51.0%) reported to have received CPR training at least once. Irrespective of training, 144 (41.7%) responders reported to provide emergency care to at least once. Attitude parameters regarding basic life support training are summarized in Table III for further details.   A significantly greater number of responders who were trained in CPR, managed to secure a score of ≥6 points in knowledge questionnaire (63.9% vs 36.1%, p=0.01).
Similarly, those already trained in CPR were significantly more likely to have provided emergency care to anyone before (71.5% vs 28.5%, p<0.001) and were more confident in dealing with medical emergency situations (72.9% vs 27.1%, p<0.001). Comparison of barriers and willingness in performing CPR among trained and untrained responders is shown in Table IV. Significantly a greater number of untrained responders reported fear of something going wrong (p<0.001) and presence of blood/vomit to be one of the barriers in performing CPR. Similarly, untrained responders were less likely to show willingness in performing CPR to a child.

IV. DISCUSSION
In our study we found that although it was conducted within health professional on 42 %were trained for BLS, which unfortunately was not an optimistic situation. The level of awareness regarding BLS was quite disappointing as the mean score was quite low and only 34.5 % of the responders had a satisfactory knowledge score. This unsatisfactory awareness level has been observed in a few other local studies as well [10]. Similar results were also shown in a survey conducted on dental students in KSA who had an inadequate level of knowledge of BLS [11].
In another study conducted in North Kerala India, a region with a high literacy rate, it was found to have a better result than others with a mean score of 44%, but still not very satisfactory [12]. In a study conducted in a developed country like France surprisingly not very encouraging results were reported. More than 75% of the medical students in their final years, did not have adequate knowledge about BLS [13]. All these observations do not point towards a very promising scenario as we expect the health professional, whether medical, dental, or paramedics to have an adequate know how and expertise to perform CPR [14]. In our study it was found that those trained in CPR had a good basic knowledge, this was also documented in another study done in Rawalpindi, Pakistan [15]. Thus, emphasizing the point that these CPR courses have a positive impact on the knowledge of the responders and make them better care providers in case of emergency. BLS training needs to be continuously revised and re assessed which will help in achieving a cognitive level necessary for sufficient, high quality BLS [16]. Studies have shown that refresher courses should be conducted with 6 months gap, not only to stay updated with the latest guidelines but also to help retain the knowledge [17]. As CPR is a psychomotor skill the correct implementation of all steps cannot be overlooked, and that is only possible with regular practice of the steps according to the recommended guidelines [18]. The emergency management protocols are undergoing continuous revision and the new AHA guidelines are being emphasized in new ongoing CPR training programme but a very few only 28.15% were aware of the current AHA guidelines in our study. This was seen in another study done in Saudi where 27.6% were aware of the recent guidelines. similar results were reflected in a study done by Saquib et al. where only 10% of responders knew about the new sequence [19].
The use of AED along with high quality CPR may double the survival rate in patients with cardiac arrest hence emphasizing the need of adequate ability in operating an AED [20]. Many of the participants in our study (63.5%) had an ample knowledge of operating an AED, but if we compare it to another study done in USA an extremely high percentage of participants (85%) had an adequate knowledge and skill regarding the use of AED [21]. An encouraging statistic in our study was that majority of the participants (95.7%) were interested in receiving CPR training and most of them (92.2%) thought that CPR should be mandatory. Such promising attitude towards making this training mandatory was seen in other studies as well [12]. Though contradictory results were observed in another research where lack of interest was seen in BLS training, the reasons being quite coercive like tough training schedules, inadequate resources, limited number of BLS programs and unfortunately the lack of interest in learning of resuscitation procedures [10]. Nevertheless, the importance of BLS cannot be overemphasized, as good knowledge and skill will help achieving better survival rates [22].

V. LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This was a questionnaire-based study which tests the knowledge of the participant that cannot be exactly verified and moreover the psychomotor skill of the responder cannot be assessed. As already discussed, the time lapse since the BLS training also affects the knowledge and skill. Future studies are required which can assess basically the skill of the responders in a particular setting, and which could be further validated by a pre-training and post-training test for assessment of knowledge and skill. Furthermore, these tests can be repeated after a period of four or six months to measure the retention of knowledge and skill. The aim of this study and any future studies is to apply the knowledge of BLS into development of prompt and effective skills which will help in refining lifesaving services being provided in Pakistan.