{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02877697841726619, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006640841173215274, 'mean_word_length': 6.440329218106996, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Serotonin N‐acetyltransferase activity in chicken retina: In vivo effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, forskolin, and drugs affecting dopamine receptors

Abstract: A role of D2‐dopaminergic neurotransmission in the regulation of melatonin biosynthesis in retina was studied in vivo in chickens. The nighttime rise in serotonin N‐acetyltransferase (NAT)—the penultimate and key regulatory melatonin‐synthesizing enzyme—was potently inhibited by both acute light exposure and agonists of dopamine D2‐receptor (quinpirole, bromocriptine, and apomorphine). Spiroperidol, a selective dopamine D2‐receptor blocker, increased the enzyme activity in light‐exposed chickens, but had no effect in animals kept in darkness. Inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, aminophylline, and 3‐isobutyl‐l‐methylxanthine given peripherally, along with a direct adenylate cyclase activator forskolin injected directly into the eye, mimicked the action of darkness, and markedly enhanced the retinal NAT activity when administered to animals maintained in an illuminated environment. Dopamine D2‐receptor agonists had no effect on aminophylline‐stimulated enzyme activity, whereas spiroperidol enhanced it. Forskolin‐driven NAT activity was suppressed by quinpirole. Spiroperidol and aminophylline given alone at different times of day under light conditions stimulated NAT activity, and their effects were mainly additive when given in combination. SCH 23390, a selective D1‐dopamine receptor antagonist, did not affect the rise in NAT activity of chicken retina produced by either darkness or by aminophylline. The results provide further evidence that dopamine, acting via D2‐receptors, mediates the inhibitory effects of light on the cyclic AMP‐dependent dark‐evoked induction of NAT activity in chicken retina.