{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03639893229798592, 'fraction_numerical': 0.017520019412763894, 'mean_word_length': 4.6797133406835725, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 9, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 1, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Influence of skeletal muscle volume loss during lenvatinib treatment on prognosis in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study in Tohoku, Japan

Sarcopenia is associated with poor prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the association of skeletal muscle volume (SMV) and its change in HCC patients taking lenvatinib. In 130 HCC patients, psoas mass index (PMI) was calculated as the left–right sum of the major × minor axis of psoas muscle at the third lumbar vertebra, divided by height squared. Patients were classified into two groups (low and normal PMI) based on indices of < 6.0 cm2/m2 for man and < 3.4 cm2/m2 for women. Change in PMI per month during the lenvatinib administration period (ΔPMI/m) was calculated; and patients were classified into two groups (severe and mild atrophy) based on the ΔPMI/m rate, as ≥ 1% or < 1%, respectively. There was no significant difference in Overall survival (OS) between the low and normal PMI groups at the start of lenvatinib administration. OS was significantly lower in the severe atrophy group than in the mild atrophy group (median; 15.2 vs. 25.6 months, P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association of severe atrophy with OS (hazard ratio 1.927, P = 0.031). Progressive loss of SMV is a strong predictor of poor prognosis in HCC patients taking lenvatinib.


Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. 1 Until 2019, the clinical guidelines of the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH) 2 speci ed therapy with molecular targeting agents (MTAs),including sorafenib (SOR) 3 , regorafenib 4 , lenvatinib (LEN) 5 and ramucirumab 6 , as the standard treatmentfor patients with unresectable HCC (u-HCC)and vascular invasion or extrahepatic metastasis.In 2020, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy including the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab 7 was approved in Japanas the rst-line treatment for unresectable HCC. 8 However, MTAs are still used as the second-line treatment and remain important because of the convenience of the administration method.
Skeletal muscle volume (SMV) loss is animportantfactorof sarcopenia that is associated with liver disease. Hanai et al reported that SMV decreased by 2.2% per year in patients with liver cirrhosis, and the rate of decrease increased in parallel with the severity of cirrhosis. 9 Sarcopenia has a negative impact on mortality in patients withchronic liver disease (CLD) 10 and u-HCC treated with SOR 11,12 and LEN. 13,14 Several studies have reported that decline of SMV during the treatment period is a criticalfactor in patients with HCC treated with SOR or LEN. 12,15 However, these reports estimated change in SMVonly over a short period from the start of LEN.
We have previously reported that change in the skeletal muscle index (SMI) was a risk factor in the patients with HCC patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization. 16 In that study, we used the psoas muscle index (PMI) as a simpler method for determining SMI, calculated as the vertical × horizontal diameter of the psoas muscle at the third lumbar vertebra (L3) on computed tomography (CT), divided by height squared. 17 The present study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of SMVloss in patients with u-HCCby examining changes in PMI at the start of LEN administration (PMI-Pre), at the time of the rst judgement of therapeutic effect (PMI-1st), and at the end of LEN administration (PMI-Post).
Extrahepatic metastasis was to lymph nodes (n = 12), lung (n = 19, bone (n = 7), adrenal glands (n = 7), and carcinomatous peritonitis (n = 6). One-hundred-thirteen patients (85.6%) had received other treatment prior to administration of LEN. The breakdown of treatment was as follows: surgery (n = 26), local treatment (n = 13), hepatic intra-arterial therapy (n = 70), radiation therapy (n = 2), and other Page 4/16 treatment (n = 2). The median administration period was 7.7 months (range, 0.3-32.7 months). Ninety-seven patients (73.5%) discontinued LEN, most commonly due to progressive disease (PD) (n = 44). Fifty-two patients (39.4%) died during the follow-up period.   Characteristics of the severe and mild atrophy groups during the administration period Table 4 shows the comparison of characteristics between the mild and severe atrophy groups during the administration period. The observation period was signi cantly shorter in the severe atrophy group than in the mild atrophy group (median; 8.7 months vs. 13.8 months, P < 0.001). The Pre values of body mass index (BMI, P = 0.034) and choline-esterase (ChE; P = 0.014) were lower in the severe atrophy group than in the mild atrophy group. In contrast, the Post values of liver function reserve including Child-Pugh and ALBI score, albumin, and ChE were signi cantly worse in the severe atrophy group than in the mild atrophy group. (ΔPMI/m rate: rate of change in PMI per month during administration of LEN) † Calculated using the available data.
The LEN dose was reduced in fewer patients in the severe atrophy group compared with the mild atrophy group (P = 0.035). Fewer patients in the severe atrophy group received other treatments after discontinuing LEN compared with those in the mild atrophy group (P = 0.001). There was no signi cant difference in other HCC-related factors such as TNM stage and tumor markers between the groups.

Adverse events
An adverse event (AEs), regardless of grade, was experienced by 125 patients (94.7%), and severe AEs (grade 3 or worse) occurred in 37 patients (28.9%). There was no signi cant difference in any AEs, regardless of grade, between the low and normal PMI groups (Table   S1). There was a signi cant difference in severe hypertension between the severe and mild atrophy groups (Table S2). There was no signi cant difference in the rate of severe AEs between the low and normal PMI groups (29.0% vs. 28.9%, P = 0.978) or between the severe and mild muscle atrophy groups (23.1% vs. 32.8%, P = 0.175). There was no signi cant difference in BMI between patients with and without severe AEs (P = 0.918).
There was no difference in PMI-Pre or ΔPMI/m rate between patients who discontinued due to adverse events or progressive disease (P = 0.54 and P = 0.19, respectively).

Discussion
In this study, we assessed change in SMV in patients with HCC who were treated with LEN. We found that SMV decreased during the administration period and that change in SMV mass during the administration period was signi cantly associated with poor prognosis in these patients.
Sarcopenia is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cirrhosis or HCC, independent of liver function reserve. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Patients with HCC receive various treatments, along with assessment of both TNM stage and liver function reserve. In terms of treatment of HCC, sarcopenia is associated with a negative impact in HCC patients who undergo curative treatments such as hepatectomy and radiofrequency ablation. 18 Most of these previous studies assessed SMV prior to initiation of treatment. Other non-curative treatment is often continued or repeated until response failure or intolerance to treatment occurs. The results of the present study suggest that because SMV can change during non-curative treatment (Fig. 1), the impact of SMV may be less at the start of non-curative treatment compared with its impact during curative treatment. Several studies have reported no signi cant association between sorafenib and hepatic intra-arterial therapy with SMV loss at baseline or OS, but identi ed change in SMV during these treatments as a signi cant prognostic factor for OS. 15,16 In contrast, Imai et al reported an association of SMV loss with poor prognosis, both at baseline and during treatment. 12 These ndings imply that change in SMV during treatment may be a useful predictor of prognosis in patients with HCC receiving non-curative treatment, including LEN.
Several studies have identi ed change in SMV during treatment as an impact factor in HCC patients with treated with MTAs. 12,15 However, these reports did not consider the impact of long-term change in SMV. In the present study, the median administration period of LEN was 7.7 months, and the impact of long-term change in SMV over at least 6 months was investigated in more than half of the enrolled patients.
In patients with HCC, SMV is affected by both liver function reserve and tumor-related factors in addition to age or sex. 19 In fact, in the present study, median PMI-Pre, PMI-1st, and PMI-Post were 5.63, 5.62, and 4.97 cm 2 /m 2 , respectively, and SMV had decreased signi cantly between Pre and Post. Furthermore, there was no signi cant difference in ΔPMI/m between the low and normal PMI groups. Similarly, Uchikawa et al reported a signi cant decrease in SMV during administration of MTAs, with or without muscle volume loss at baseline. 20 In the present study, liver function reserve was worse and ChE and albumin levels were lower in the severe atrophy group than in the mild atrophy group (Table 4). These results suggest that maintaining nutritional status and hepatic reserve prevents SMV loss. Takada et al reported that branch-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were useful for maintaining the serum albumin level, which helped to avoid early discontinuance of sorafenib therapy. 21 Another study reported that in HCC patients treated with LEN, there was signi cant correlation between the plasma acyl carnitine-to-free carnitine ratio and change in the Brief Fatigue Inventory score, and mentioned that LEN affected carnitine insu ciency and fatigue. 22 Accordingly, we should consider the early introduction of nutrition therapy, including BCAAs and levocarnitine, in HCC patients treated with MTAs.
In this study, non-mALBI 1 or 2a at the start of LEN was a signi cant risk factor for OS (Table 3). Furthermore, the median ALBI score at baseline was -2.48 (mALBI grade 2a) in patients with mild atrophy and -2.31 (mALBI grade 2b) in those with severe atrophy (Table 4).
Hiraoka et al reported that mALBI grade 1 or 2a were better prognostic factors in LEN treatment 23 , and similar results were obtained in this study. The above ndings suggest that a decrease in hepatic reserve leads to a rapid decrease in SMV, leading to a worsening of prognosis.
In the present patients with hypertension, severe AEs (grade 3 or worse) occurred more frequently in those in the mild than those in the severe atrophy group (Table S2), despite no signi cant difference in any grade of hypertension between the two groups. It is possible that blood pressure control was originally worse in more of the patients in the mild atrophy group compared with the severe atrophy group. There was no signi cant difference in any of the other AEs that affect patients' nutritional status such as diarrhea, anorexia, or body weight loss between either of the low and normal PMI groups or the severe and mild atrophy groups. Uojima et al have reported low SMV as a risk factor associated with severe AEs in patients treated with LEN, and that SMV was more important than body weight in those patients. 14 In the present study, the initial dose of LEN was reduced as appropriate at the discretion of each researcher, and accordingly, AEs were unlikely to occur. However, doses of LEN were less reduced in patients in the severe atrophy group compared with those in the mild atrophy group. This result suggests that continued administration of excessive amounts of LEN may result in decreased hepatic reserve and SMV. A reduction in the dose of LEN should be considered in treatment of patients with SMV loss, even if AEs are mild. Furthermore, Hiraoka et al reported that the AE of appetite loss was more frequent in patients with lower BMI when a set dose was used and suggested that there might be a risk of LEN overdose in these patients even with a set dose. 24 In the present study, lower BMI was not a risk factor for OS (Table 3) and there was no signi cant difference in BMI in terms of the severity of AEs. However, BMI was lower in the present patients with severe atrophy than in those with mild atrophy (Table 4). Furthermore, the Pre values of ChE were lower in the severe atrophy group than in the mild atrophy group. These results suggest that patients with low BMI or poor nutritional status may be at risk of overdose, even with standard doses of LEN.
In the present study, we calculated SMV according to the simple method speci ed in the JSH guidelines for sarcopenia in liver disease. 17 The JSH guidelines de ne SMI as the cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle at the level of L3 divided by height squared on CT. 17 However, there is a demand for a simple screening method for sarcopenia that is more suitable for use in clinical practice, such as that described in the present study. In recent years, various researchers have proposed screening methods for sarcopenia using arm circumference, calf circumference, and body mass index. [25][26][27] These simple methods are useful for evaluating changes in SMV during the treatment period for HCC and CLD.
The present study had several limitations in addition to its retrospective design and small sample size. First, as markers of muscular strength such as hand grip strength and walking speed were not evaluated, a diagnosis of sarcopenia was impossible according to the JSH guidelines. Second, we measured PMI by manual tracing on the CT images, which could have introduced errors due to inconsistency among the researchers. Third, we evaluated nutritional status only with respect to albumin, sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism and ChE. Sano et al have reported a signi cant association of BCAA levels with sarcopenia, and a signi cant correlation of Δleucine with ΔSMI (R = 0.256, P < 0.001). 28 Okubo et al have reported that sarcopenia was diagnosed signi cantly more frequently in patients with vitamin D de ciency compared with those without vitamin D de ciency. 29 In addition, we did not evaluate liver brosis by hyaluronic acid, Mac-2 binding protein glycosylated isomer, or elastography (e.g., transient elastography, magnetic resonance). To prevent sarcopenia and thus improve prognosis in HCC patients treated with LEN, prospective large-scale and interventional studies are needed to overcome the above-mentioned limitations.
In conclusion, progressive loss of SMV was associated with OS in patients with HCC during administration of LEN. Prevention of SMV loss, including nutrition therapy, is essential for improving prognosis in HCC patients treated with LEN.

Patients
We retrospectively analyzed 171 patients with advanced u-HCC who were treated with LEN between April 2018 and July 2020 at one of the following hospitals in Japan: Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Iwate Medical University Hospital, Tohoku University Hospital, Yamagata University Hospital, Akita University Hospital, Hirosaki University Hospital, and National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center. Patients who had received other treatments such as surgery, local therapy, hepatic intra-arterial therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy including sorafenib before the start of LEN administration were included in the study. Excluded were 39 patients in whom a large amount of data were missing at the start of LEN, or in whom SMI could not be measured because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed instead of CT. In total, 132 patients were enrolled in the study. All enrolled patients had been treated only with LEN from the start of LEN administration (Pre) to the end of LEN administration (Post). If a patient's liver function was good enough to permit administration of other treatments (MTAs, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, or radiation therapy) at Post, these treatments were added to the regimen. The study protocol conformed to the ethics guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and opt-out consent was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fukushima Medical University (No. 2019-233). The need to obtain informed consent from the participants was waived by the Ethics Committee of Fukushima Medical University due to the retrospective nature of the study.

Evaluation of HCC
The diagnosis of HCC was performed by CT or MRI. TNM stage was determined according to the Japanese criteria. 30 The size and number of HCCs were evaluated using the Up-to-7 criteria. 31 Therapeutic effect of LEN was assessed by CT at 1-3 months after the start of administration of LEN according to the Modi ed Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST). 32 Afterwards, patients were followed up by CT every 3 months.

Assessment of liver function reserve
Liver function reserve was evaluated by the Child-Pugh classi cation 33 , ALBI score, and mALBI grade. 34,35 Treatment All patients received 4 mg/8 mg/12 mg LEN once daily based on their body weight and liver function reserve. The initial dose of LEN was reduced as appropriate, at the discretion of each researcher. When any grade 3 or worse severe AEs or any unacceptable grade 2 AEs occurred, the dose of LEN was reduced or withdrawn until symptoms subsided, according to the guidelines provided by the manufacturer. AEs were assessed according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. The administration period (months) was de ned as the period between the times of the start and end of LEN administration. If any of the following criteria were met, the administration of LEN was discontinued: (i) development of any unacceptable or serious AEs, (ii) progressive disease (PD) of the tumor as de ned by mRECIST, (iii) worsening liver function reserve, or (iv) request by the patient to discontinue LEN.
Evaluation of change in skeletal muscle volume and characteristics The JSH guidelines for sarcopenia in liver disease recommend evaluation by SMI as the total muscle volume of four limbs measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) divided by height squared. 17 A simpler method for determining SMI is by PMI, calculated as the left-right sum of the vertical × horizontal diameter of the psoas muscle at the level of L3 on CT, divided by height squared 16 , which is indirectly correlated with SMI obtained using BIA. 17 Thus, we used PMI in the present study. We measured PMI on CT images obtained at the start of LEN administration (PMI-Pre), at the time of the rst judgement of therapeutic effect (PMI-1st ), and at the end of LEN administration (PMI-Post). Patients were classi ed into two groups based on the cut-off values speci ed by JSH guidelines for sarcopenia in liver disease: low PMI group (PMI <6.0 cm 2 /m 2 for men and <3.4 cm 2 /m 2 for women) and normal PMI group (PMI ≥6.0 cm 2 /m 2 for men and ≥3.4 cm 2 /m 2 for women). 17 As an index of progressive muscle atrophy, we calculated ΔPMI/m with the following formula: (PMI-Pre -PMI-Post)/administration period. 16 The rate of decrease in PMI per month (ΔPMI/m rate; ΔPMI*100/PMI-Pre) was also calculated. Patients were classi ed into two groups (severe and mild atrophy groups) according to ΔPMI/m of ≥1% or <1%, respectively.
Characteristics including age, liver function reserve, stage, laboratory ndings and prognosis including OS (months), MST, and survival rate were evaluated.

Statistical analysis
Continuous variables are expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR). Statistical analyses were performed using the χ 2 test, Fisher's exact test, the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, or Wilcoxon signed rank test, as appropriate. OS was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to determine the risk factors for OS. In the case of missing values, statistical analysis was performed with the available data. All P-values were two-tailed, and Pvalues <0.05 were considered statistically signi cant. Statistical analyses were performed using Easy R (http://www.jichi.ac.jp/saitamasct/SaitamaHP. les/statmed.html). 36 Figure 1 Transition of change in psoas muscle index (PMI) before (pre), during (1 st ), and after (post) administration of lenvatinib.

Declarations Figures
There was a signi cant decrease in PMI at each successive measurement during the study period.

Figure 2
Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival in the low and normal PMI groups (A) and in the severe and mild atrophy groups (B).

Supplementary Files
This is a list of supplementary les associated with this preprint. Click to download. TableSupplement.pdf