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Inequity as Violence: Race, Health and Human Rights in the United States.

By every conventional index, the United States is the most violent society among industrialized nations. Consequently, violence and its effects have become a national preoccupation, the repetitive staple of the media, the subject of a broad spectrum of concern (ranging from sociological conferences to electoral politics), and a key factor in the ongoing American divisions of race and class. Yet paradoxically, in every venue from public discourse to congressional debate, our definitions and discussions of violence are strikingly restrictive, diverting attention from injuries more massive than those conventionally defined. With few exceptions, our concerns refer only to violence as the use of physical force by individuals to cause injuryand so we talk of guns and gangs, and domestic battering, rape and murder, militias and bombs. Of course these phenomena are serious and deserve our urgent attention. But there are other kinds of violence-actions and policies which, by intent or omission, result in predictable harm to the physical and mental health of large populations and, further, are a major stimulus to conventionally defined violence. There is, for example, what has been called constructive violence: to overcome or prevent resistance by threat or (more pertinently in the United States) by systematic deprivation. There is violence by failure to observe established restraints: in Mississippi at this moment, for example, a district attorney is seeking the death penalty for a 13-year-old child marginally involved in a car-jacking.