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Changing Land Tenure System in China: Common Problem, Uncommon Solution 1

China has gone through three land reforms in the past forty years. In the early 1950s, there was a redistribution of land to peasants. In the mid-1950s, collectivization began, reaching its most extreme form during the Great Leap Forward, but continuing until the death of Mao. The third reform began in 1978, when China instituted the household responsibility system. Since then, China has been poised between its former fully collective system of property management and a full system of private property. Some of the decisions ahead are: Should the current system of purportedly equal land distribution be maintained as a means of providing equity and social insurance for the rural population? Should family-operated small farms be encouraged, or should larger landholdings (collective or private) be promoted in the interests of more efficient use of labour and investment in modern technology? Should individuals, explicitly including women, be permitted to inherit, own, buy, sell, lease and manage land in their own names, or should the collectives continue to own the land? Should there be a return to collective farming using their members' labour, or should collectives be able to operate with outside hired labour? My objective is to examine China's options in formulating land policy. Much of the debate that is going on inside and outside of China concerns the effects of different types of landholding for China's diverse goals. Such goals include equity and social welfare, increased productivity and standards of living, control of population growth, and preservation of the environment and land quality. These are problems that China's rural populations share with most of the developing world. Land tenure systems are also land management systems. There are in fact only a limited number of systems to choose from, and only a limited number of ways in which peasants will be able to organize themselves. These include systems of land tenure based on greater or lesser degrees of public and private rights. Systems based on public ownership include collective or cooperative structures which consolidate land and place it under the control