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Monitoring the Environment

One of the great challenges to humanity today is the endangerment of living nature by environmental pollution. This is wholly and completely connected to a range of human activities, aimed originally at improving the condition of human life, by making agricultural and industrial production less labor-intensive; using to the highest degree the possibilities for improved health and quality of life through technical development; and satisfying these ambitions on a worldwide basis. As a by-product of these endeavors, the natural environment is becoming polluted because of prodigal use of natural resources and the wastes from increased industrial and agricultural production. This contaminates the land, water, and air, with consequent damage, even devastation, to living nature. In spite of more efforts and measures aimed at decreasing the degree of environmental pollution, it cannot be eliminated completely. Indeed, in certain parts of the world it is inevitable that new sources of danger will appear in parallel with economic progress. Each branch of science has its particular role in protecting against environmental pollution. Biology has a special place because it deals with the living world, which is the suffering subject, the point of attack of environmental pollution. Living structures, microorganisms, plants, as well as human health, adaptability, tolerance, ability to reproduce, and genetic material, are all victims of environmental pollution. To estimate the biological danger, knowledge of the harmful effects of anthropogenic pollutants is necessary. To detect and filter out strongly toxic, poisonous substances is relatively simple, but it is the sublethal effects of damaging substances that represent an immense threat to natural systems. No rapid damage to life functions may ensue, but latent, perhaps slowly accumulating or chronic disturbances can occur. In revealing the effects of polluting substances, every living being and life function can be considered a potential bioindicator. They respond with well-observable, measurable reactions to low concentrations of pollutants, or to substances causing no acute damage but evoking sublethal, pernicious influences. Such reactions can entail 1) the depression or enhancement of metabolism, affecting growth and the storage of nutrients and energy;2) damage to the endocrine systems, affecting reproduction; 3) modification of the elementary and integrative neural processes, causing disturbances in the functioning of organs and in the behavior of the animal, having consequences for all life functions. Biological systems indicate environmental pollution not only by functional reactions. A number of organisms are able to accumulate pollutants into their bodies. This permits detecting, on the one hand, chronic continuous pollution, and on the other, temporary or episodic pollution. Because of their complexity, studying and applying bioindicators require an interdisciplinary approach and an international exchange of knowledge and experience. This was recognized by the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), which launched a program of researchand cooperation in 1982, named Biological Indication of the State of the Environment. The union consisted of six groups: microbiology, cellular biology and genetics, biochemistry and physiology, botany, zoology, and hydrobiology. The most important aim was to initiate coordination of scientists who deal with bio-indicators. International symposia publications, training, and an exchange of scientists and cooperation among laboratories have taken place (1). This