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Quantum effects in white holes

The influence of quantum effects (particle production near the singularity) on the external properties of a white hole is considered. It is shown that spontaneous particle production radically changes the properties of a white hole. In the big-bang model of the Universe, a white hole separates from the surrounding expanding matter of the Universe in the epoch t;:: r g I c, where r g is the gravitational radius measured by an external observer after the individualization of the white hole. Excluding extremely artificial choices of initial conditions, a white hole either blows up practically without delay at the epoch t "" rg Ie or never explodes at all. An appeal to the energy of explosions of white holes for an explanation of the energy production in astrophysical phenomena seems extremely unlikely.