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Effectiveness of Flexible Ureterorenoscopy Versus Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Renal Calculi of 5–15 mm: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Primary flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) are treatment options in patients with renal calculi of 5–15 mm. Objective To compare effectiveness, complication rates, and pain scores between primary URS and SWL. Design, setting, and participants Between 2011 and 2016, patients with renal calculi between 5 and 15 mm were randomized to undergo either primary URS or SWL. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Stone-free rate and size of residual fragments assessed by computed tomography after 3 mo, complications, and pain scores were evaluated. Results and limitations The study was prematurely closed after randomizing 44 patients due to poor accrual. The 3-mo stone-free rate and mean residual stone size were, respectively, 61% and 1.8 mm after URS and 48% and 2.4 mm after SWL. Early post-treatment pain scores were significantly higher after URS than after SWL on day 1 (3.3 vs 1.6, p =  0.02) and day 7 (5.2 vs 3.4, p =  0.04), but were no longer detectable after 3 wk and 3 mo, respectively. One Clavien-Dindo grade II complication was observed after URS (5%) and SWL (4%), while one (4%) grade IIIb complication was observed after SWL. Conclusions URS appears to be associated with higher early post-treatment discomfort, which could be associated with routine postoperative stenting. Owing to premature closure of this trial, the power was insufficient to formally compare URS and SWL; however, the present data might be informative to counsel patients about treatment outcomes and allow future meta-analyses. Patient summary This study was ended prematurely, but it contributes data about efficacy and side effects of different treatment options in patients with renal calculi.


Introduction
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS) are the most common treatment options for kidney stones <15 mm. Following the introduction of SWL in the 1980s [1], it quickly became the gold standard for the treatment of kidney stones [2,3]. In the 1990s, URS emerged as an alternative treatment option that had the advantages of direct visualization, disintegration, and extraction of kidney calculi [4][5][6]. Technical advances in URS in the last decade have resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of the treatment such that URS has become the new standard treatment in many centers. However, comparative evidence showing the superiority of URS over SWL is scarce.

Patients and methods
This randomized controlled single-center study was performed in a tertiary care academic center. Patients with newly diagnosed kidney stones appropriate for SWL and URS treatment, as assessed by abdominal computed tomography (CT), were invited to participate in the trial. The inclusion criteria were single or multiple kidney stones with a stone size >5 mm. The exclusion criteria were any stone size >15 mm, age <18 or >99 yr, pregnancy, current breast feeding, anticoagulation, ipsilateral ureterolithiasis, aneurysm of the aorta or renal artery, inability to position the patient on the SWL Irrigation was performed using a pressure-controlled combined irriga- The results for the continuous normally distributed variables were expressed as mean AE standard deviation, and differences in patient characteristics between the two groups were compared using Student unpaired t tests. Continuous non-normally distributed variables were presented as median and interquartile ranges, and were analyzed using a

Results
In total, 44 of 165 (27%) eligible patients agreed to participate in the present study. Twenty-one patients (48%) were randomly selected to undergo SWL and 23 Patient summary: This study was ended prematurely, but it contributes data about efficacy and side effects of different treatment options in patients with renal calculi.
(52%) to undergo URS ( Supplementary Fig. 1). After randomization of 44 patients over 4.5 yr, the study was terminated due to poor accrual. The baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two treatment groups (Table 1). Both treatment groups were comparable in terms of age (SWL: median 47 yr vs URS: 50 yr), gender distribution (24% vs 30%, female), and stone size (7.6 vs 8.1 mm). All patients were treated as allocated and followed as planned.
In patients treated by URS, successful primary ureteral access was achieved in 20 patients (87%), and the mean operating time was 79 AE 33 min. Three patients (13%) underwent URS after ureteric stent insertion. One URS procedure (4%) had to be discontinued due to impaired vision caused by bleeding but without the need for transfusion. Further, in four patients (17%), extravasation of the contrast medium was detectable on intraoperative fluoroscopy. All patients were treated successfully with prolonged stent placement.
In all patients treated by SWL, successful disintegration was reported after a median of 3000 (range 2500-4000) shock waves and a median procedure time of 50 AE 8 min. None of the patients who underwent SWL required intraoperative insertion of a ureteric stent.
Early post-treatment pain scores on day 1 were significantly higher after URS (3.3 AE 2.43 vs 1.6 AE 2.01, mean change score 95% confidence interval [CI] -3.24 to -0.322, p = 0.02). Pain scores on day 7 were significantly higher after URS than after SWL (5.2 vs 3.4, p = 0.04). No significant difference in pain scores between URS and SWL was detectable after 3 wk (1.5 vs 1.8, p = 0.754) and 12 wk (0.8 vs 0.5, p = 0.686), respectively. A return to work after 1 wk was observed in 11 of 15 patients (73%) after SWL and in nine of 18 patients (50%) after URS. A return to work after 3 wk was observed in 86% of patients after SWL and in 94% after URS.
The complications included one postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI; grade II complication) in each group (Table 2). Further, one patient (4%) was diagnosed with painful ureteral obstruction after passing fragments following SWL and subsequently underwent transurethral stent insertion (grade IIIb complication). Three months after surgery, 61% of patients in the URS and 48% in the SWL group were stone free (p = 0.55). The mean size of the stones in patients with residual stones was smaller after URS (1.83 vs 2.38 mm, p = 0.53).

Discussion
In the present study, a nonsignificant trend for a higher stone-free rate in patients with kidney stones between  To date, the efficacy of URS compared with SWL has been evaluated in a small number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and several cohort studies. Five recent RCTs and two recent meta-analyses point to the superiority of URS over SWL in patients with lower pole kidney stones [4][5][6][8][9][10][11]. However, research supporting this treatment for nonlower pole kidney stones is limited. To date, only two RCTs have included non-lower pole stones. The first study, similar to ours, failed to accrue the needed sample size and was terminated prematurely [12]. The second, which included obese patients only, found that URS showed a significantly higher stone-free rate than SWL (90% vs 68%) in a sample size of 46 patients [13]. The small number of patients and patient selection limit the generalizability of these studies. These published reports are in line with the results of the present randomized study, which suggests that URS has a higher stone-free rate in lower and nonlower pole stone studies, although data remain scarce for non-lower pole stones.
In addition, several retrospective cohort studies have suggested the superiority of URS over SWL. However, these studies are limited by their nonrandomized study designs [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Further, most of these retrospective cohort studies were small, with a mean number of 162 patients, and statistical methods to control for confounders were not applied. Our group recently published the largest propensity score matched retrospective cohort study, with stonefree rates of 84% for URS and 71% for SWL [22]. These numbers are more optimistic than the results of the present randomized study. This discrepancy is most likely due to the stringent outcome assessment by CT employed in the present randomized study.
The most common complications following SWL and URS are UTIs. In the present cohort, 4% of all SWL and URS patients were diagnosed with a UTI, which is comparable with other SWL or URS series reporting UTI incidences between 0.5% and 2.5% [23][24][25] or between 6.4% and 7.7% [22,26,27], respectively. This highlights the importance of preoperative urine cultures, which should optimally be performed several days ahead of either procedure. While for SWL, European Association of Urology guidelines recommend prescribing perioperative antibiotics in patients with infected stones or bacteriuria only, it is recommended that perioperative antibiotics be given to every patient before URS [28]. However, choosing the right antibiotic and identifying the patients at risk of postoperative UTIs is challenging due to the poor correlation between cultures from voided urine and stone cultures [29].
The main complications of URS are ureteral injury or bleeding. In the present study, four (17%) minor ureteral injuries with extravasation of contrast medium were observed; however, all patients were managed successfully with prolonged stent insertion. This surprisingly high number could be due to the residents' limited experience and the high proportion of patients undergoing URS without prestenting, as prestenting followed by secondary URS has been associated with a lower complication rate [30]. Although a recent study reported that URS can safely be performed in patients with anticoagulation [31], one procedure had to be aborted due to bleeding leading to impaired vision.
The complications of SWL in the present study included ureteral obstruction requiring stenting in one patient and an asymptomatic perirenal hematoma in another patient. Ureteral obstructions due to passing stones represent a known complication in around 4-8% of all patients undergoing SWL for kidney stones [22,32,33]. In our cohort, no patient developed symptomatic renal bleeding after SWL. This represents a dreaded complication but is reported only in <1% after SWL [34,35].
Despite the limited sample size, a significant difference in postoperative pain in favor of SWL was observed in the present study. This could be caused by the procedure itself but also by the ureteral stenting, which is performed routinely after URS but not after SWL. Postoperative stenting has been shown to decrease postoperative reinterventions from 13% to 2% only in men undergoing URS for ureteral; however, the impact of stenting in men with kidney stones needs to be clarified in further studies [36]. A side effect of ureteral stents is postoperative morbidity, and the need for routine postoperative stenting is questioned by many, but a recent Cochrane Review highlighted the low level of evidence [37]. Given the results of this review, future randomized trials comparing SWL and URS should include an URS arm without postoperative stenting.
The major limitation of this trial is the limited sample size due to trial closure arising from poor accrual. Therefore, the insignificant results could be due to lack of power rather than missing differences. Trial closure due to insufficient accrual is a known problem in surgical trials, and the main barriers to recruitment are often patient and clinician perceptions and preferences [38].

Conclusions
Although the present study did not recruit the planned sample size, it adds evidence to the debate that URS could be a better treatment option in untreated kidney stones up to 15 mm in size. However, URS did not achieve a perfect stone-free rate, and the invasive nature of URS can lead to significant injury of the urogenital tract. Therefore, healthcare providers should carefully explain to patients that a certain percentage of patients who undergo URS may require more than one procedure. Similarly, patients should be counseled on the limited stone-free rate of SWL and the potential of ureteral obstruction due to passing stones, leading to flank pain and the need for stent insertion. Further, perirenal hematoma can occur, although most cases remain asymptomatic. Symptomatic hematoma or prolonged bleeding represents a rare occurrence following SWL. Although definite final conclusions can be drawn, we believe that the outcomes of patients enrolled in this trial could be used for future meta-analyses.