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How Graphical Innovations Assisted Edgar Anderson's Discoveries in Evolutionary Biology

Edgar Anderson (1897-1969) was a fascinating figure in 20thcentury evolutionary biology. A few of his notable accomplishments include his views on hybridization as an evolutionary mechanism, his contributions to the emerging fieldofbiosystematics (adisciplinary cross ofgenetics and taxonomy),and his pioneeringwork into the originsof maize and other domesticated plants. An important aspect of Anderson's independent approach to scientific problems was his innovative use of mathematics and graphical techniques. While Anderson is perhaps best known among statisticians as the source of the Iris data for which R. A. Fisher developed his linear discriminant function, others know him through his sabbatical work with Sewall Wright and John Tukey. Anderson spent time honing his mathematical skills with Sewall Wright at the Universityof Chicago, and after leavingthe directorship of the Missouri Botanical Garden, he spent a sabbatical with John Tukey at Princeton. Tukey dedicated his Exploratory Data Analysis toAnderson, in part, in memoriam, as one "from whom the author learned much that could not have been learned elsewhere." It is Anderson's contribution to graphical methods for exploratory data analysis that is the topic of this article. In his 1952 book Plants, Man and Life, Anderson explained the graphical techniques he developed to .highlight the range of variation in plant populations such as irises, spiderworts, and com. Because Anderson's work at that time involved the avocado, the chapter explaining his graphical techniques was titled "How to Measure an Avocado." This paper will chronologically recount the graphical techniques Anderson developed that led to his important discoveries in evolutionary biology.