{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04120267260579064, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0066815144766146995, 'mean_word_length': 4.815533980582524, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The role of ion content and cell volume in insulin action.

Control of potassium homeostasis by insulin After the discovery of insulin and the recognition of its role in the control of blood glucose concentration, one of its first biological effects to be identified was the control of K+ homeostasis [ 11. Administration of insulin in vivo causes rapid lowering of plasma [K+], and insulin deficiency results in depletion of intracellular K+ and an increase in plasma [K+] [Z]. Pioneering studies by Zierler and colleagues [ 3,4] demonstrated stimulation by insulin of K + uptake by muscle in vivo and in vitro and later work by DeFronzo and colleagues [ 51 charaterized the effects of insulin on the uptake of K+ by splanchnic tissues. During an insulin infusion under euglycaemic conditions, splanchnic tissues account for -70% of the initial decline in plasma [K+]. As the plasma [K+] declines, however, splanchnic uptake of K+ decreases whereas extrahepatic uptake is sustained. The decline in splanchnic uptake of K+ can be prevented by simultaneous infusion of K + to maintain normal K + levels, suggesting that insulin-stimulated uptake of K + by splanchnic tissues (mainly liver) is more sensitive to a decline in extracellular [K+] than uptake of K + by muscle [5]. It was hypothesized in early studies that uptake of K + was intimately related to glucose metabolism and glycogen deposition, such that accumulation of K + occurs in a constant molar ratio to the glucosyl units of glycogen deposited. This was described as the glycogen/K+ pump hypothesis [6,7]. However, from measurements of arterial-venous differences of K + , oxygen, glucose and lactate within the human forearm during an insulin infusion, Zierler and coworkers [ 3 ] estimated that, contrary to the glycogen/K+ -pump