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Small-cell lung cancer: where are we now and what can we expect for the future?

Neuroendocrine tumors account for approximately 20% of lung cancers; and almost 15% of lung cancers are small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), previously known as oat cell cancer [1]. SCLC is an aggressive form of lung cancer with distinct clinical and biologic characteristics. In 2012, an estimated 33,900 new cases of SCLC occurred in the USA and nearly all cases of SCLC are attributable to cigarette smoking [2]. SCLC was beginning to be added to some lists of ‘curable cancers’ 25 years ago. We had devised a unique staging system, established the effectiveness of several chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy, and even discovered the CNS sanctuary that requires a distinct treatment approach [2]. A quarter of a century later, patients with this disease still do not have a significantly better outlook [2]. In this article, we address the scientific advances that have been made in defining the biology of SCLC and that have increased our ability to manage this cancer through personalized therapy. Standard of care for SCLC Compared with non-SCLC (NSCLC), SCLC