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“A Particularly Agitated Topic”: Aquinas and the Franciscans on the Subject of Theology in the Mid-Thirteenth Century

VES CONGAR, delineating the different parts of the understanding of theology in the Golden Age of Scholasticism in his History of Theology, comments that the subject of theology was “a particularly agitated topic,” and indicates no fewer than seven opinions proffered by the tradition and maintained by the masters of the medieval schools. The significance of the topic may be opaque to readers untrained in the demands of Aristotelian scientia, and even those readers at home with Scholastic theology may be bemused to hear discussions of such a topic called “particularly agitated.” There is an historical reason for this: by the early fourteenth century the Franciscans, following Duns Scotus, were voicing an agreement with the Dominicans—whether following Albertus Magnus or Thomas Aquinas—that the subject of theology is God. This became the common inherited position of the tradition. Any other definition seems to be an historical