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Zero particulate and toxic gas emissions at the wharf by commercial hybrid-electric powered vessels

Abstract Exhaust from conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs) burning diesel or biofuels is discussed in relation to emissions at the wharf and the associated human health effects. This paper will for the first time discuss the absolute advantage of commercial hybrid electric vessels over conventional ICE burning diesel or biofuels. That is, commercial hybrid vessels, either in “series” or “parallel” configurations, that included the option of use of renewable energy enable zero particulate and toxic gas emissions at the wharf.