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Derivation of Specific Neural Populations From Pluripotent Cells for Understanding and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury

Due to the nature of the biological response to traumatic spinal cord injury, there are very limited therapeutic options available to patients. Recent advances in cell transplantation have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of transplanting supportive cell types following spinal cord injury. In particular, pluripotent stem cell derived neural cells are of interest for future investigation. Use of pluripotent stem cells as the source allows many cell types to be produced from a population that can be expanded in vitro. In this review, we will discuss the signaling pathways that have been used to differentiate spinal neural phenotypes from pluripotent stem cells. Additionally, we will highlight methods that have been developed to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to specific neural fates. Further refinement and elaboration of these techniques might aid in elucidating the multitude of neuronal subtypes endogenous to the spinal cord, as well as produce further therapeutic options for spinal cord injury recovery. Developmental Dynamics 248:78–87, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.