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Intraoperative sonography in cranial neurosurgery: new possibilities and integration with neuronavigation. Review

In current review we represented new possibilities of intraoperative sonography introduced into clinical practice for the last 20 years. Contrast‑enhanced ultrasound and blood flow imaging (BFI) method are intended for assessment of cerebral hemodynamics. Elastosonography distinguishes tissues by differences of their density. Fusion of sonography with navigation is forwarded to brainshift reduction. Combination of ultrasound with endoscopy is effective in resection of intraventricular tumors and pituitary adenomas. Embedded three‑dimensional sonography is intended to facilitate interpretation of ultrasound results and tailoring craniotomy.