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Historical and Contemporary Maternal Population Structuring in the Endangered Hastings River Mouse (Pseudomys oralis)

The Hastings River mouse (Pseudomys oralis) is a small, endangered Australian conilurine rodent. Only about 200 specimens of this rodent have ever been caught, and little is known about its biology. At present, populations of this species appear to be severely fragmented. We used temperature‐gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing to investigate maternal population structuring in this species and to determine if the pattern of fragmentation is the consequence of anthropogenic influences. Based on a 345 bp section of the mitochondrial control region, all sample localities were found to be genetically distinct, with only 1 haplotype out of 11 found present in more than one sample locale. Phylogenetic reconstructions from sequence data clustered haplotypes into two distinct clades, demonstrating that contemporary population structure in the Hastings River mouse has a historical component. The discovery that populations of the Hastings River mouse are not only currently genetically isolated but have been separated for long periods of evolutionary time has clear management ramifications for the conservation of this species. In particular, each population should now be treated as demographically independent and administered as a separate management unit.