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French Universities at a Crossroads Between Crisis and Radical Reform: Toward a New Academic Regime?

While universities are one of the oldest public institutions in Europe, the universal principles they originally claimed in the Middle Ages have since faced tremendous social and political changes (Anderson 2004). The Reformation and Counter-Reformation created a classic humanism based on a body of knowledge inherited from Aristotle and medieval scholasticism and anticipated the world of letters which transcended national and religious frontiers. Universities, then, became corporations under the supervision of the church and the state; they had a high degree of autonomy and the privilege of delivering degrees to open access to regulated occupations. In Germany, the principle cuius regio, eius religio enabled each sovereign to impose a state religion, while the British monarchy ensured that Oxford and Cambridge universities strictly complied with Anglican orthodoxy. Catholic universities