{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0351288056206089, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01639344262295082, 'mean_word_length': 5.163461538461538, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
High-Throughput Turbo Decoder With Parallel Architecture for LTE Wireless Communication Standards

This work focuses on the VLSI design aspect of high- speed maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability decoders which are intrinsic building-blocks of parallel turbo decoders. For the logarithmic-Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (LBCJR) algorithm used in MAP decoders, we have presented an ungrouped backward recursion technique for the computation of backward state metrics. Unlike the conventional decoder architectures, MAP decoder based on this technique can be extensively pipelined and retimed to achieve higher clock frequency. Additionally, the state metric normalization technique employed in the design of an add-compare-select-unit (ACSU) has reduced critical path delay of our decoder architecture. We have designed and implemented turbo decoders with 8 and 64 parallel MAP decoders in 90 nm CMOS technology. VLSI implementation of an 8 × parallel turbo-decoder has achieved a maximum throughput of 439 Mbps with 0.11 nJ/bit/iteration energy-efficiency. Similarly, 64 × parallel turbo-decoder has achieved a maximum throughput of 3.3 Gbps with an energy-efficiency of 0.079 nJ/bit/iteration. These high-throughput decoders meet peak data-rates of 3GPP-LTE and LTE-Advanced standards.