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Lost Sex 1 The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis 2

22 23 There is a general consensus among biologists that species are real and important units of 24 biological diversity, and understanding the mechanisms of speciation is a hot research 25 topic (Coyne and Orr 2004). Nearly all of that work is focused on species and speciation 26 in animals and plants that reproduce sexually. But it is also critically important to 27 understand species and their origins in asexual organisms such as parthenogenetic 28 animals and plants. A substantial part of the earth's biological diversity consists of 29 organisms that reproduce only asexually so far as we know, or reproduce sexually very 30 rarely or with extreme inbreeding so that they are effectively asexual or clonal. Asexual 31 organisms include not only the parthenogenetic animals and plants that are the subject of 32 this book, but also many fungi; some green algae, including the large and ancient genus 33 Chlorella; and many other eukaryotic protists, including possibly all of the members of 34 one of the five major groups of eukaryotes, the Excavates. In addition to eukaryotes, 35 many bacteria are largely asexual, although levels of homologous recombination vary and 36 may be high enough to confer evolutionary advantages of sex in many groups (Cohan 37 2004; Ochman, Lerat et al. 2005). Many asexual eukaryotes and prokaryotes are 38