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Evolution of foreland structures: an example from the Sulaiman thrust lobe of Pakistan, southwest of the Himalayas

Abstract Three cross-sections based on integrated surface geology, borehole and seismic reflection data have been used to interpret the style and evolution of the evolving Sulaiman foreland. A 10 km thick stratigraphic section outcrops at the deformation front. Available evidence suggests detachment of nearly all the stratigraphic sections from the crystalline basement. The decollement is believed to be located along the brittle-ductile boundary at the base of the wedge in the Sulaiman lobe of gentler topography. Coherent stratigraphy and structural uplift of 4–8 km is interpreted to be a result of a passive-roof duplex style of deformation. The duplex sequence consists of competent Jurassic and older strata. It has a floor thrust (decollement) in Palaeozoic rocks and a roof thrust (passive-roof backthrust) in thick Cretaceous shales. The roof sequence preserved over several horses along length of the section shows hindward translation. The structural variation in cross-sections has led to the modification of an earlier interpretation that folding precedes duplexing. The present chronology of structures is the: (1) development of an incipient (c. 3.5 km half-wavelength) Uch fault-propagation fold at the tip of the decollement; (2) formation of a low amplitude, broad (c. 20 km half-wavelength) concentric detachment fold (Sul); (3) increase in amplitude of a detachment fold (Loti/Zin) to a critical level for development of ramp and duplex structures.