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Full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection in the maize populations Cimmyt and Piranão.

We estimated the genetic gains of the 12th cycle of reciprocal recurrent selection for maize traits of agronomic interest. We used 23 ISSR molecular markers in an attempt to maximize genetic variability among and within populations based on selection of S(1) progenies. To this end, 138 full-sib families were evaluated in a randomized block design in two environments (the municipalities of Campos dos Goytacazes and Itaocara, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), with replications within sets. Direct selection for grain yield was used for the selection of the families. To assess genetic diversity among and within populations, we examined plants produced from part of the S(1s) seeds from the parents that originated the 42 full-sib families that were selected from the agronomic traits. Direct selection for grain yield provided good gains for the traits evaluated, with estimated improvement of -0.87 days for days to flowering, 0.35 plants, 1.79 ears per plot, 0.58 g per 100-grain weight, 308.21 g ear weight per plot, and 261.83 kg/ha grain yield. Application of molecular markers at the stage of superior progeny selection led to increased genetic distance among populations, which is a very important factor for utilization of heterosis and providing greater longevity to the reciprocal recurrent selection program.