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Reflections on Chinese Traditional Ideas of Nature

In traditional Christian theology, an individual must fight with his fate and struggle for atonement in order to return to the embrace of God. He places his faith in the value of life on God, on a spiritual joy beyond the world, which might be attained by suffering from great physical and mental torment. The concept of original sin, which has been challenged since the Renaissance, once dominated the West and still influences Western ideas and actions today, despite an intervening age of scientific rationality. It is, perhaps, why Jesus on the bloody cross has been so worshipped. Compared with Western culture, a Chinese philosopher characterized Chinese culture as optimistic.' Indeed, it is hard to find the elevated religious spirit of the West in Chinese culture. Confucius begins his Analects with an expression of joy in living: "How happy to learn something and to review it all the time! How happy to be visited by friends from a distance!" This enthusiasm permeates his philosophy. "Work energetically and forget eating, be happy and forget sadness, don't even realize that old age is coming to me! .. . Have vegetables to eat and water to drink, crook my arm as a pillow to sleep, what joy!" In questioning his students, Confucius taught the necessity of appreciating this world: "How can you understand death without knowing life? How can you serve the spirit before serving man?"2