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Multi-Objective Decision-Making for Transactive Interactions in Vehicle-to-Building Systems

With a fast-growing market, Electric Vehicles (EVs) will require high availability of charging options. In public and commercial buildings, the charging of EVs presents a high potential to ensure the much-needed flexibility to improve the matching between local photovoltaic generation and demand through the implementation of Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) and Building-to-Vehicle strategies. However, in public and commercial buildings, the EVs do not typically belong to the building, being required the establishment of financial transactions between the owners of the EVs and the building. This work proposes a framework to ensure transactive interactions in V2B systems by aligning electricity and parking values. Additionally, to use such flexibility potential, buildings must incentivize the engagement of EV users and therefore, a multi-objective formulation is proposed to simultaneously ensure the minimization of costs from the building and EV user perspectives. Such optimization requirements are implemented with a bi-level model to optimize the tariffs and the charging/discharging schedule. Several scenarios were simulated showcasing the reduction of costs for EV users and buildings, and the increase of matching between local renewable generation and demand. The achieved results also show the impact of the flexibility associated with the number of EVs and the variability of parking requirements.