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Taxonomy of tridax (Compositae)

Tridax is a Mexican, Central American, and South American genus with its greatest concentration of species in Mexico. One weedy species, T. procumbens, has been widely introduced in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This genus is a member of the tribe Heliantheae, subtribe Galinsoginae. Hoffmann (1894), De Candolle (1836), Bentham (1873, p. 446), and Bcntham and Hooker (1876) have included Galinsoga, Calea, Balduina, Marshallia, Blepharipappus, Dubautia, Raillardia, and Bebbia (the latter 2 only by Hoffmann) with Tridax in Galinsoginae. A modern conspectus of Galinsoginae would exclude some of the genera placed in that subtribe by earlier workers. Carlquist (1959) excludes, on the basis of anatomical evidence, Blepharipappus, Dubautia, and Raillardia, assigning them to the subtribe Madinae. Rock (1957) and Turner et al. (1961) point out a closer relationship of Balduina (including Actinospermum) to genera now included in the tribe Helenieae. Cronquist (1955, p. 496) notes that Marshallia is probably anomolous in Galinsoginae, and suggests a closer relationship with Vernonieae or Eupatorieae. Of the remaining genera, Galinsoga is probably most closely related to Tridax. Species of Tridax having a pappus of ciliate or fimbriate scales and glabrous or puberulent achenes have been confused with Galinsoga. However, Galinsoga can be readily distinguished from Tridax by several features, briefly enumerated as follows: