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Women and language in Israel

Although the female revolution in sociolinguistics is, historically speaking, a very recent phenomenon, much interesting literature has already been produced on the mutual effects of language and sex (e.g., Kramer et al. 1978; Key 1975; Lakoff 1975; Miller and Swift 1977;Thorne and Henley 1975). The subject, however, is far from exhausted for, as Ervin-Tripp has pointed out (1978), there is no lack of possible research issues in which sex asymmetries and language can be studied in relation to, and in the context of, other social 'contrasts', such as age or rank. Characteristically, the sociolinguistic 'revolution' to which I refer began in the United States, the forerunner of the feminist movement, and most subsequent research in the field has been confined to it. Admittedly, studies exist tracing language behavior to woman's status in Britain (Trudgill 1972), Malagasy (Keenan 1975), Japan (Motoko 1976), and other countries, but examples such as these, particularly in the developing world, are rare. The fact that no academic article has yet appeared relating linguistic structure to sex characteristics in Israel is both a reflection of the status of women in that country and an indicator of the relative immaturity of sociolinguistic studies in Israel in general. Sociolinguistics in Israel has tended to concentrate on a few well-defined topics, such as the revival of Hebrew (Fellman 1974; Sivan 1980) and the 'plasticity' (my expression) of the Hebrew language (Rabin 1967); language planning (Hofman 1974a, b; Fellman and Fishman 1977); or the issues of language maintenance and language shift (Hofman and Fisherman 1971; Weil 1977). These and other trends are reviewed in a useful survey of sociolinguistic research in Israel, which, by way of conclusion, notes the striking lack of an ethnography of communication for Hebrew which would study 'situated uses of Hebrew to convey not merely referential but social meanings as well' (Cooper and Danet 1980: 20). Among the topics which the authors consider worthy of further research is the relationship between language and gender.