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Uncertainty and Utopia

The utopian ideal was badly tarnished by the century just past. The experience of tyrannical social orders based on communist and fascist ideologies undermined the idea of using technically directed planning to alleviate social ills. The most revealing result of this disenchantment with utopias is that dystopian visions, from their early origins in Eugene Zamyatin and Aldous Huxley, have become the most common speculations about future societies. Looking Backward is replaced by 1984; Things to Come by Blade Runner. It might appear that the utopian ideal has reached the end of the line. The bad experience with attempts to create real world utopias, however, is not as great a threat as it seems. New utopian visions, not dependent on socialist ideas, have no lack of proponents. Green utopias based on alternative, environmentally friendly technologies, right anarchist utopias portraying unbridled capitalism as the solution, cybertech invocations of the unifying and liberating effects of information technologies, and feminist redirections of social values now occupy the  eld once held by Edward Bellamy and Lord Haldane. These new attempts to map out a benign future reveal utopianism’s resilience in Western society. But classical or modern, stodgy or punk, this entire rhetorical enterprise is threatened by a subtler problem than the disasters of the twentieth century: a failure to account for uncertainty.