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Peptides and biocomplexes in anticancer therapy

Hippocrates (460 B.C.) first established the word carcinos from the Greek (which means crab) to point at what we now know as a tumour. This term referred to the morphology of the tumour Hippocrates saw, the irregular shape and the hanging blood vessels reminded him of crab claws and limbs. This animal symbol was preserved, and the term “cancer” was employed afterwards by Aurelius Cornelius Celsus (from the Latin “Canker”, which also means crab). The first cases of cancer were reported on papyrus by Egyptians (1600 B.C.). Joseph Claude Anthelme Récamier, a French gynaecologist was the first to coin the word “metastasis” in 1829 as being a spread cancer found in the bloodstream. Sixty years after, Stephen Paget strengthened knowledge by proposing the “seed and soil” theory stating that “the distribution of the secondary growth is not a matter of chance” but the cancer cell’s (the seed) ability to invade an organ (the soil) strongly depends on the properties of this organ [1] (reviewed in [2]). Without describing any molecular aspect, he however pointed out one of the most important features of metastases. These notions were deepened later by James Ewing, in 1928, in his “Treatise on tumours”. Nowadays, cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and has emerged to be the second one in developing countries [3]. The increasing population ageing and lifestyles imposed by the emerging consumption society like sedentary behaviour, inadequate nutrition, and smoking mainly account for this curse. In 2008, global cancer statistics estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancerassociated deaths. Lung cancer so far is the deadliest cancer in males representing 22.5% of cancer deaths, and the second deadliest cancer in females after breast cancer (13.7%). (Figure 1).