{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.029438543247344462, 'fraction_numerical': 0.017450682852807285, 'mean_word_length': 4.9431920649233545, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 20, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 18, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Correlation of tympanic membrane perforations with hearing loss

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Tympanic membrane perforations are common cause of hearing loss. This study was designed to analyze the relation between tympanic membrane perforation and hearing loss.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> In this prospective study, patients with dry tympanic membrane perforations of safe type were included. The patients were divided into groups in according to size, site and duration of perforation.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> 49 patients with 70 dry tympanic membrane perforations were studied. Data was analyzed statistically using paired t-test. Hearing loss increased as the size of perforation increased. Posterior quadrant perforations were associated with more hearing loss as compared to anterior quadrant perforations. Also duration of disease was in linear relation with mean hearing loss.</p><strong>Conclusions:</strong>The degree of conductive hearing loss as a result of tympanic membrane perforation would be expected with the size, site and duration of perforation.<p> </p>


INTRODUCTION
Tympanic membrane separates middle ear from the external ear, measuring 9-10 mm vertically and 8-9 mm horizontally. It transmits sound in middle ear. 1 Apart from conduction of sound waves across the middle ear, the tympanic membrane, also sub-serves a protective function to the middle ear cleft and round window niche. 2 Chronic otitis media (COM) has been defined as a longstanding inflammatory condition of the middle ear and mastoid associated with or without a perforation of the tympanic membrane. 3 COM with a perforation often is accompanied by a past and present history of intermittent otorrhea and conductive hearing loss. Since the prehistoric times, chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) has played a key role in causing the middle ear disease and is considered as the main cause for hearing loss in most of the developing countries. 4,5 Tympanic membrane (TM) perforation reduces the total ratio of surface area, allowing the sound waves to directly pass through the middle ear. It is a highly prevalent condition and an important cause of preventable hearing loss. 6 Perforated eardrum results in conductive hearing loss, and this range is reported not to exceed 50 dB. [7][8][9] The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between tympanic membrane perforation and hearing loss.

Study duration:
This study was done in patients attending ENT OPD in SKIMS Medical college and hospital, Bemina from September 2018 to February 2019.

Study design:
A prospective study design was made and sample size was set at 70 perforated ears in 49 patients of safe CSOM.

Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were patients of both gender aged >15 years and <50 years; patients having bilateral or unilateral CSOM of safe type; no history of ear discharge for at least 6 weeks.

Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria were patients <15 years were excluded due to possible difficulty in testing, patients >50 years were excluded because of presence of presbycusis, patients having mixed type of hearing loss, ossicular chain fixation or disruption, patients with unsafe type of CSOM.

Data collection
A thorough history was taken in each case and patients underwent detailed ENT examination. The type, degree and frequency of hearing loss were determined by PTA (pure tone audiometry). Average AC threshold was calculated at 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz.
Depending upon the area of perforation of tympanic membrane, patients were divided into 3 groups.
Depending upon the site of perforation of tympanic membrane, patients were divided into 3 groups. Depending upon the duration of disease, patients were divided into 3 groups.
The association of degree of hearing loss was matched with the characteristics of perforation and result thus obtained was evaluated.

Statistical analysis:
The results of our study were analysed on SPSS Software using paired t test.

RESULTS
A total of 49 patients with unilateral or bilateral CSOM (total perforated tympanic membranes=70) were included in the study. Maximum patients were in age group of 20 to 30. In our study number of males were 29 and females were 21 with M:F ratio of 1.38:1. Bilateral CSOM was seen in 21 patients, left CSOM in 19 patients and right CSOM in 9 patients. Otorrhea was the presenting complaint in 100% patients followed by impaired hearing. On comparing the mean hearing loss of group I, group II and group III, difference was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Thus there is significant increase in mean hearing loss from small perforation to medium perforation and most in the large perforation. On comparing the mean hearing loss of group A, group B and group C, difference was found to be statistically significant with p<0.001. Thus we concluded that there is significant increase in mean hearing loss from anterior perforation to posterior perforation. From the above result, we observed that mean hearing loss increased significantly as the duration of disease increased.

DISCUSSION
The study included 49 patients, 21 patients had involvement of both ears so total number of ears involved in this study were 70.

Demographic profile
In this study, most common affected age group was 20-30 years. The possible reason could be that this group is socially more active and is more health conscious. This finding is in accordance with Deepak et al and Prasansuk et al. 10,11 The number of males in the study group was higher than the number of females (M:F=1.38:1). Rafique et al in their study found M:F ratio of 1.25:1. Kurian also reported higher incidence of disease in males. The most common symptom was ear discharge (on and off) from the diseased ear which is consistent with study of Kumar et al. 13,14 Size of perforation

Duration of disease
In our study, hearing loss increased as the duration of disease increased. On comparing hearing loss in all the three groups, it was observed that average hearing loss increased significantly as the duration of disease increased. Our observation regarding the duration of disease is similar to Pannu et al. 15

CONCLUSION
Tympanic membrane perforation causes hearing loss ranging from mild to moderate. From our study, we concluded that the hearing loss increased with size of perforation and with posterior location of tympanic membrane perforation. A thorough knowledge of all these results would allow us to clinically predict the hearing loss based on size and site of perforation.