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Appraisal of HIV/AIDS Information and Usefulness among Senior Secondary School Students in Zaria Town, Kaduna State, Nigeria

A study to appraise HIV/AIDS information and its usefulness among senior secondary students in Zaria town, Kaduna State of Nigeria was undertaken. Senior secondary school students in Nigeria are mostly teenagers and are more often than not interested in sexual relationships. The adolescents at this period may want to test sex without much consideration of the end result of engaging in such actions. It may be noticed that HIV/AIDS is one of the greatest challenges to sustainable economic, socio-cultural and political development of any civilization. It is acknowledged fact that the adolescents of today are leaders of tomorrow; therefore, for a meaningful sustainable development to be attained in any society, young people are required to live healthy lives. Therefore, social survey research was adopted for this research work. A sample of 240 students, across 8 selected senior secondary schools in Zaria town was used as the population sample. The questionnaires were coded and analyzed using the SPSS software. The data collected was then subjected to simple descriptive statistical analysis. The study revealed that majority of the respondents had knowledge of HIV/AIDS, but are reluctant to submit themselves to HIV/AIDS test. Most of the respondents are aware of the various mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS as well agreed that use of condom as a mode of prevention. It was also noted that the students' sources of information and their effectiveness were through posters and pamphlets. The study concluded by recommending that the government and other stakeholders should technically strategize on HIV/AIDS campaign initiative in secondary schools. HIV/AIDS policy should be initiated and implemented for sustainable development. As a matter of policy, all secondary schools in the state should have a functional HIV/AIDS club.


Introduction
AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome resulting from infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that invades and cripples the immune system as well as exposing the infected person to live threatening opportunist infections. The population of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) globally has leveled off at 37 million. Nigeria as the most populous nation in Africa continent remains one of the most burdened nations with about 3.6 million people living with the epidemic. By inference Nigeria has the largest second burden of HIV infection in the world; it contributed 9% of the People Living with HIV, 10% of new infections and 14% of HIV related death in the world. In addition, the worst affected group are young people aged 15-24 years and female [1,2].
In a related development, it is revealed that the leading route of HIV/AIDS transmission in Nigeria has been through heterosexual activities, the risk of transmission of HIV is largely determined by sex outside stable relationship, mother to child, then men who have sex with men and people who inject drugs. However, the virus called HIV can be transmitted from one person infected to another person through sexual intercourse as well as sharing of unsterilized sharp instruments or tools such as blades, knives, syringes among others which had once been used by the infected person or people [3,4]. Thus, it can be inferred that it is of immense importance to create necessary awareness among the Nigerian population to be acquainted with all the routes of transmitting HIV, although it is widely asserted that heterosexual activities are the major route of transmitting the epidemic, however, it is equally of enormous importance to make the information available to the Nigerian masses that there are other means or routes of transmitting HIV apart from heterosexual activities, men who have sex with men and people who inject drugs. The other means of transmitting the epidemic are sharing of unsterilized sharp objects or instruments such as syringes, clippers, knives, blades among others used by infected person or persons, accepting an unscreened blood transfusion. In addition, it is worth noting that these mentioned sharp objects are commonly used in daily activities in the young people in Nigeria.
Moreover, in spite of the various campaign strategies that have been put in place by both governmental and non-governmental organizations to curb the spread of HIV/AIDS, however, HIV/AIDS has rendered many children to become orphans, many of the children born with HIV infection. They further assert that HIV/AIDS is killing the most productive people in the population, widening the level of development between developed and underdeveloped nations of the world [5]. Therefore, it is expected to create essential responsiveness on the mode of transmitting HIV/AIDS to the young people. However, in efforts to create information about the danger of HIV/AIDS among youth in the society, the senior secondary school students are part of the young people that are expected to be included.
Similarly, it is put forward that HIV testing is the number one step in awareness campaigns in order to reveal the status of that person and to know the next line of action either infected or not infected [6]. In the same way, it was posit that people who are diagnosed with AIDS may get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infection which is caused by microbes and such make unhealthy people sick but if diagnosed early it can help in the treatment and kind of lifestyle of the infected person [5].
Therefore, since senior secondary school students in their youthful age are mostly involved in sexual relationships. The teens at this moment may want to experience sex without serious reflection on the extent of engaging in such actions. It is pertinent to note that HIV/AIDS is one of the greatest challenges to sustainable economic, socio-cultural and political development of the human race. It is known fact that the teens in the present day are leaders of tomorrow; for this reason, in order to attain a meaningful sustainable development in Nigeria, young people are expected to live healthy lives. Thus, it is essential to provide them with sufficient amount of information which will help them protect themselves from the spread of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the society. Consequently, this research work intends to appraise HIV/AIDS information and usefulness among senior secondary students in Zaria town, Kaduna State of Nigeria.

Statement of the Research Problem
Since the first discovery of HIV/AIDS epidemic in 1981, the infection has reached epidemic proportion in the world that has turned to short and long terms developmental issues globally. There is no any nation in the world that is not hit by the burden of HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is a common saying that Heath is Wealth, meaning health is central to sustainable development. The above assertion confirms the view of the world leaders of coming up with ideas on how to reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV malaria and other diseases as one of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) refers to eight goals for development adopted by the world leaders at the United Nations to address problems affecting the world, such as poverty, women empowerment, education, health, environmental degradation and child mortality with the aim of bringing development through improving people's social and economic conditions, more especially in the world's poorest nations [7,8]. However, it is worth noting that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has developed to what is now called Sustainable Development Goals with seventeen goals. The third goal of the Sustainable Development Goals focused on the Good Health and Wellbeing, which the fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS fall under this goal. However, despite many programmes organized by various stakeholders in order to inform people on the danger of HIV/AIDS in the society, the rate of the infection of the epidemic is still on the high side. In a related development, HIV/AIDS has become a public health threat that deserves urgent attention since it is unfinished business.
In addition, it is affirmed in HIV/AIDS-related matters have a serious effect on human capital development triggering unbearable illness and death in people during their crucial years of life and has distressed families and societies. The epidemic has increased poverty, promoted ill-health, retarded development and diminished a person's ability to support, work and provide for his or her family and women and children are at a high risk of infection [9,10]. Therefore, it worth noting that information is believed to be power; it increases the level of confidence in all human endeavours as well as the process of making an informed decision. HIV/AIDS information is the most effective weapon accessible in the management and prevention of HIV/AIDS in the society [11]. In a related development, HIV/AIDS information is indispensable for human development in any society, therefore current HIV/AIDS information and education should be pursued with all seriousness since every individual either infected or not infected with epidemic desires information about HIV/AIDS to survive [12][13][14][15][16].
It is therefore pertinent to note that HIV/AIDS is a threatening epidemic in Nigeria and the entire universe; it has no cure for now. More people are infected or affected by HIV/AIDS daily which has severe economic, social and political consequences in the nation in achieving sustainable development. Hence, it is imperative to furnish senior secondary school students in Zaria town, Kaduna State in particular and that of Nigeria in general with ample amount of information which will help them 148 Appraisal of HIV/AIDS Information and Usefulness among Senior Secondary School Students in Zaria Town, Kaduna State, Nigeria protect themselves from the spread of HIV/AIDS pandemic in the society.

Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study intends to assess HIV/AIDS information and usefulness among senior secondary students in Zaria town, Kaduna State of Nigeria. While the specific objectives of the study examined if the senior secondary school students in Zaria town, Kaduna State have information about HIV/AIDS, find out the sources of information that are available to the students, determine the usefulness of these sources and make recommendations to obtain useful information regarding HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework adopted for this study is Functionalist perspective. HIV/AIDS is a social phenomenon that has been growing at a rapid rate since when it was discovered in the 1980s. From the functionalist perspective, young people are not the only ones who need to be educated about HIV/AIDS. Patients who are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS also rely on education regarding treatment options, expenses, symptoms, and so forth. On the other hand, people who are not HIV-positive should also be getting educated and practicing prevention measures. Having a blood screening at yearly physicals might also cut down on the rapid spread of AIDS. Annual testing could also be controversial because some people might argue that getting tested yearly is not necessarily advantageous. Sometimes the HIV virus doesn't show up in blood until years later and people can be carriers; spreading the disease unknowingly. According to the functionalist, these measures of strengthening the health care system would show great progress in slowing the rapid spread of AIDS. According to the structural-functionalist perspective, health care is a social institution that functions to maintain the well-being of societal members and, consequently, of the social system as a whole [17].
The functionalist views the rapid spread of AIDS as major dysfunction in our society and they build their solutions to this social problem at the macro level. In order to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS in the society, everyone including secondary school students is expected to be tested for HIV/AIDS regularly and inform children (secondary school students) and adults about the potential dangers of unprotected sex and HIV/AIDS. The functionalist solution works best to solve the problem of the rapid spread of AIDS because it makes people aware of the issue and pushes society to work toward a common goal. Since HIV/AIDS is a major universal problem that involves many social institutions, the functionalist perspective has the best solution as it works at the macro level and strives to strengthen weakened social institutions; like the government, family, schools, and healthcare.
The education of young people is essentially significant in reducing the spread of HIV/ AIDS because HIV/AIDS education is cost-efficient and "an effective social vaccine against the further spread of the epidemic called HIV/AIDS. The risk of HIV/AIDS infection is more than halved for young people, particularly girls, who stay in school and complete a basic education [17]. However, education plays a significant function in reducing the further spread of HIV/AIDS, but regular testing could also prove more successful, when people are tested for HIV/AIDS regularly, it would assist reducing the spread of AIDS [18].
By inference, functionalist perspective is suitable for this research, by stressing the need to make available vital information through education to masses which the secondary school students are part the danger of HIV/AIDS epidemic to the society in order to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria. Therefore, it is vital to provide senior secondary school students in Zaria town, Kaduna State in particular and that of Nigeria in general with sufficient amount of information can assist them to make an informed decision on how to protect them from the spread of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the society.

Methodology
The methodology adopted for this research work was the social survey technique. A random sample of 240 students, across 8 selected senior secondary schools in Zaria town, Kaduna State was used as the population sample. Purposive stratified sampling technique was adopted by the researcher. The eight senior secondary schools in Zaria used were: Barewa College, AL-Huda Huda College, Government Science Secondary School, Kufena, Federal Government Girls' College, Government Girls Secondary School (Senior), Government Secondary School, Jama'a, Government Commercial College and Government Secondary School, Bomo respectively while 30 students were randomly selected from the selected schools and 30 questionnaires were purposively distributed and administered to the respondents within each of the selected schools for this research work through the aid of some teachers as volunteers. The questionnaires were coded and analyzed using the SPSS software. The data collected for this study was then subjected to simple descriptive statistical analysis.

Data Presentation
In this section, the data on Assessment of HIV/AIDS Information and Effectiveness among senior secondary school students in Zaria town, Kaduna State, Nigeria are presented in the tables below. The respondents' responses are summarized and interpreted as follows:       Table 4 revealed that majority of the respondents feared stigmatization as their major reason of not willing to know their HIV/AIDS status, while 17% feared of being positive, 10% were feared of death and 07% preferred not to know their HIV/AIDS status. 01% of the respondents did not respond. Meaning there is needed to provide the students with ample information on the danger of HIV/AIDS-related stigma on prevention and management of HIV/AIDS in the society.  Table 5 illustrates that most of the respondents were having information that HIV can be transmitted from one infected person to another through sexual intercourse and sharing of unsterilized instruments like blades, knives, and syringes which had once been used by infected person and especially those sharp objects injure the infected person while 11% of the respondents is not having the information. 02% of the respondents did not respond to the question.  Table 6 shows that majority of the respondents agreed on abstaining from pre and extramarital affairs as mode of preventing HIV/AIDS while 22% of them agreed on use of condom, 14 of respondents agreed on not sharing sharp objects and 09% believed in isolation of HIV/AIDS victims from other which is another form of stigmatization. 01 of the respondent failed to respond.  Table 7 revealed that majority of the respondents was of the view that radio/television as the most common source, since listening and watching radio and television is a common thing in Northern Nigeria. 18% of the respondents attributed their source to religious gatherings, 16% to posters/pamphlets, 11% to the internet, 05% to friends/classmates 04% to newspapers/magazines. Then, 03% failed to respond.  Table 8 demonstrates that most of the respondents often receive HIV/AIDS information from these sources while 18% of the respondents indicated that they rarely get HIV/AIDS information from these sources.  Table 9 above revealed that majority of the respondents were of the view that radio and television are the most effective sources of getting HIV/AIDS information while 19% were of the view that it is religious gatherings, 12% posters/pamphlets, 08% newspapers/magazines, 07% internet and 05% friends/classmate. 01% of the respondents did not respond to the questions.

Discussion
This study revealed that that majority of the students in senior secondary school in Zaria town, Kaduna State have information and familiar with HIV/AID knowledge through frequent HIV/AIDS information available in their schools confirming the work Ilo et.al (11) that HIV/AIDS information is the most effective weapon accessible in the management and prevention of HIV/AIDS in the society. Despite the level of awareness of HIV/AIDS Information among the students, majority of them were not having information about their HIV/AIDS status and feared stigmatization as their major reason of not willing to know their HIV/AIDS status, this corroborates the scholarly works that stigmatization of PLWHA has harshly hindered the fight to effectively combat HIV/AIDS epidemic because stigma remains one of the main reasons why many people are afraid to see a physician in order to find out their HIV/AIDS status or seek medical attention or treatment in the case of being infected with HIV/AIDS. In addition, most of the respondents were aware that HIV can be transmitted from one infected person to another through sexual intercourse and sharing of unsterilized instruments like blades, knives, and syringes which had once been used by infected person when it injure the infected person and equally majority of the respondents agreed on abstaining from pre and extramarital affairs as mode of preventing HIV/AIDS [10,[19][20][21][22][23]. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents were of the view that radio/television are the most common and effective sources of getting HIV/AIDS information since listening and watching radio and television is a common practice among the people of Northern Nigeria. This corroborates that HIV/AIDS information is indispensable for human development in any society, therefore current HIV/AIDS information and education should be pursued with all seriousness since every individual, either infected or not infected with epidemic desires information about HIV/AIDS to survive [12][13][14][15][16][17].

Conclusions
HIV/AIDS information and efficient handling of it is a shared responsibility that is not limited to health sector alone but all stakeholders in the society. HIV/AID is a global tragedy with victims all around the globe. Therefore, sufficient information concerning the danger poses by this epidemic can lead to effectual management and control of the deadly disease which can lead to positive impact on the socio-economic and political sustainability of the universe. For this reason, sufficient information, resourcefulness, synergy, and teamwork from all stakeholders may be required to mitigate the further spread and management of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the society, especially among the younger people which the senior secondary school students who form the larger part of the population in order to achieve sustainable development necessary for the progress of humanity.

Recommendations
Based on the findings of this research work, it is recommended that the government and other stakeholders should technically strategize on HIV/AIDS campaign initiative in secondary schools. HIV/AIDS policy should be initiated and implemented for sustainable development. As a matter of policy, all secondary schools in the State and Nigeria should have a functional HIV/AIDS club. In addition, school libraries should be fully equipped with information materials on HIV/AIDS that can easily be accessible by the students. Involvement of secondary school teachers in educating students on the danger of HIV/AIDS as well as including it as part of the national curriculum may help in preventing the further spread and management of the epidemic in Nigeria.