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Ensuring the future of the oceans

Our oceans, which cover more than two-thirds of the Earth’s surface and sustain 80 per cent of all known living organisms, were once thought to be an inexhaustible resource that would forever provide sustenance, support economic development, and serve as the primary food source for our growing populations. These expansive and mysterious bodies of water were considered too vast and the biological resources too plentiful to be depleted or to be impacted by the behaviour and needs of the human race. However, over the past several decades an awareness of the precarious condition of our Earth’s resources, particularly our oceans, has grown as we have learned more about this unique physical and biological environment which serves as a habitat for fish, birds and mammals, and has a direct impact on climate and thus human existence. The driving force behind this increased understanding is the ability of scientists and researchers to understand and communicate the intricate and complex phenomena that encompass the geography of the areas known as our oceans. Additionally, media coverage of the development of greenhouse gases, temperature and climatic changes such as alterations in storm tracks and hurricanes, coral bleaching, the melting and formation of Artic and Ant­ arctic sea ice, airborne pollution and contamination of the oceans though various incidents such as oil spills has led to greater public awareness of the importance and vulnerability of our oceans. Since 1985, even greater attention has been focused on the health of our oceans as these factors began to affect economic development and the physical well-being of our population. During this time significant advances in understanding ocean circulation emerged – demonstrating, for the first time, that a global conveyor belt links the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans together. Numerical ocean and climate simulations demonstrate that this system of ocean currents is in a delicate balance and, if disturbed, could cause dramatic global climate changes. The swiftness with which these changes could occur is revealed by studies