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C-Reactive Protein with Procalcitonin as a Marker of Occult Bacterial Infection in Fever Without a Focus

Introduction: Fever without a focus constitutes a major problem in children in the age group of three months to 36 months. Majority have viral infections but around 1.6 2% can have occult serious bacterial infection which needs early identification and treatment. The study was done to evaluate combination of CRP with Procalcitonin (PCT) as a marker of SBI in children (Three months to 36 months) with fever without focus in comparison with only PCT or CRP done separately. Methods: In this hospital based explorative study, 31 children between three months to 36 months of age with fever without any localising signs were enrolled. Relevant investigations were done to diagnose or rule out serious bacterial infection. Cut off of > 10 mg/dl for CRP and > 0.5 ng/ml for PCT was considered. Appropriate statistical analysis was done. Results: Among 31 recruited cases, 14 had occult serious bacterial infection with urinary tract infection being the most common cause. The combination PCT with CRP had sensitivity of 78.5%, specificity of 100%, and positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 85%. Diagnostic accuracy was 90.32% which did not have any statistically significant difference compared to PCT alone but significant compared to CRP alone. Conclusions: Combining CRP with procalcitonin did not have any added advantage over procalcitonin alone but combination of CRP and PCT and PCT alone is useful in detecting occult serious bacterial infections in children with fever without focus compared to CRP alone.


INTRODUCTION
Fever without localising signs constitutes a major problem in children in the age group between three months to 36 months. Majority of these children have viral infections. Studies done previously [1][2][3] have shown that about 1.6 -3.0% of these children have occult bacterial infections which may progress to serious bacterial infections (urinary tract infections, meningitis, pneumonia, etc.) in 5 -10%. Clinical data alone may be unreliable in distinguishing between patients with occult bacteraemia from those without occult bacterial infections. Thus, it is important to identify the children with occult bacterial infections early and treat them with the antibiotics there by preventing further complications and development of serious bacterial infections.
An effective and accurate biochemical marker is needed to diagnose occult bacterial infection. Paucity of specific markers of occult serious bacterial infection result in delaying treatment with antibiotics or over treating those without occult bacterial infections with antibiotics. Unnecessary use of antibiotics may lead to antibiotic resistance. Thus, specific biomarker is needed with increased sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy to differentiate between those who are having occult bacterial infections from those not having occult bacterial infection.
C Reactive Protein (CRP) and Procalcitonin (PCT) have been identified as the markers for diagnosing bacterial infections. In this study attempt is made to evaluate combination of CRP with PCT as a marker of occult bacterial infection, in children (Three months -36 months) with fever without focus in comparison with CRP and PCT alone.

METHODS
This was a hospital based explorative study conducted in a tertiary care hospital over a period of one and half years. Sample size was calculated, using the prevalence rate of occult bacterial infections in fever without focus as 2% based on previous studies. [1][2][3] Any child between the age group of three months to 36 months, presenting with fever (Axillary temperature > 39°C) without any localising signs and had undergone i m m u n i s a t i o n w i t h c o n j u g a t e v a c c i n e s (Pneumococcal and H influenza vaccines) were included in the study. Children who have received prior antibiotics, children with fever attributable to v a c c i n a t i o n , c h i l d r e n w h o a r e immunocompromised (chronic liver and kidney disease etc.) and children with fever without focus with toxic look were excluded. Toxic features included lethargy, signs of poor perfusion, marked hypoventilation, hyperventilation or cyanosis. Lethargy was defined as level of consciousness characterised by poor or absent eye contact or as failure of child to recognise the parents or to interact with persons or objects in the environment.
An informed written consent was obtained from parents. A detailed history, including immunisation status was recorded along with complete clinical examination in a proforma. Provisional diagnosis was made by the treating paediatrician subsequently confirmed or revised after investigations. All children recruited were subjected to the following investigations: CBC, PCT, CRP, blood culture, urine RE/ME, urine culture, chest X ray, lumbar puncture with CSF analysis, dengue serology was performed as and when the clinical situation mandated it. Occult bacterial infection was defined as bacteraemia, meningitis, pneumonia, or urinary tract infection in which focal signs were not evident on clinical examination. CRP analysis was done using quantitative test latex enhanced immunoturbidimetry using ready to use reagents. The test has the sensitivity with lower of 1 mg/dl. Using this method cut off is taken 10 mg/dl. PCT was measured using Elecsys BRAHMS -PCT kit which was based on sandwich principle, duration of assay was 18 min. Measuring range 0.02 -100 ng/ml with cut off value of 0.5 ng/ml. The statistical analysis was done using statistical software SPSS (version 21.0). The results of Procalcitonin, CRP and CRP with Procalcitonin were analysed using Pearson's chi square method in term of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive and negative likelihood ratios. The diagnostic accuracy of all the parameters was then compared and interpreted with reference to clinical data.

CRP with Procalcitonin in Occult Bacterial Infection; Hiremethn PM et al.
A comparison of diagnostic accuracy of these markers was made by AUROCC by calculating area under the curve. Difference in the accuracy was determined by comparing confidence intervals of their accuracies. If the confidence intervals did not overlap, then the difference was considered to be significant. The estimation analysis with confidence intervals was used to compare the accuracy. Institutional Ethical Committee approval was taken

RESULTS
Among the total 31 cases, 16 were between three months to 12 months of age and 15 were between 13 months and 36 months of age. Nineteen were males and 12 females. Following the investigation results, they were divided into two groups, one with occult bacterial infection and the other without occult bacterial infection. Children with occult bacterial infection received treatment as per standard hospital protocol.
Total 14 had serious bacterial infection (SBI) ( Table I) with 13 children having UTI and one had pyogenic meningitis. Among 17 cases of non SBI, two were positive for dengue fever, one had rickettsial infection (scrub typhus) and in 14, etiology could not be identified and were discharged with a diagnosis of viral fever.
The sensitivity and specificity of PCT alone was 92.8% and 88.2% within 95% confidence interval respectively. The positive predictive value was 86.67% and the negative predictive value was 93.7%. The diagnostic accuracy of CRP in detecting bacterial infection was 90.3%. The sensitivity of CRP in detecting bacterial infection was 78.5% with the cut off limit is 10 mg/dl and specificity was 64.7%. Positive predictive value was 64.7% and the negative predictive value was 78.5%. The diagnostic accuracy of CRP in detecting bacterial infection was 70.9%.
The combination of PCT with CRP had sensitivity of 78.5% (95% CI, 52.4 -92.43%) and specificity of 100% (95% CI, 81.5 -100%), positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 74.1 -100%) and negative predictive value of 85% (95% CI, 63.9 -94.7%). There was no statistically significant difference between these values when compared to procalcitonin alone. Diagnostic accuracy was  (TABLE 2) PCT has the greater AUC (0.975) as compared to CRP (0.506). From the ROC curve, with cut off of PCT at 2.9 ng/ml, sensitivity was 92.86% and specificity was 100% and with cut off for CRP at 9 mg/dl, sensitivity was 85.7% and specificity was 64.7%. Combination of both CRP and PCT had sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 100%. (Figure 1). Addition of CRP with PCT had no added advantage over procalcitonin alone in detecting occult bacterial infection but CRP alone was inferior compared to combination of PCT and CRP in detecting occult bacterial infection.

DISCUSSION
Fever without localising signs in children in the age group of three months to 36 months is common presenting complaint encountered by the paediatrician. Most have viral infections but a minor proportion of these children have occult bacterial infection. Thus, it becomes important to identify these children and treat them with the antibiotics at the earliest to prevent further complications, and to prevent growth resistant organisms and unnecessary financial burden. Hence in order to find those children with occult bacterial infection a best biomarker is needed with higher sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy.
In our study sample, when investigations were done, 45% had SBI in the form of UTI. We had only one case of pyogenic meningitis diagnosed by CSF analysis but no microorganism was isolated. UTI is the most common SBI in this age group in concordance with other studies. 4 There were no infections related to organisms covered by vaccination. SBI prevalence in previous studies was shown to range between 11% and 29%. 4 The prevalence of SBI is more in our study as only children hospitalised were included in the study.
Various studies have been conducted evaluating PCT and CRP alone as a marker of occult bacterial infection. We found that PCT has good predictive value for detecting bacterial infection. As per the Pearson chi square test, this is statistically significant with P < 0.0001. The results obtained were similar to the results concluded by Simon et al 5 and the meta-analysis by Yo et al 6 which showed a similar significance of P < 0.05. This meta analysis included 11 studies that studied the diagnostic value of either PCT alone or in comparison with other markers, like CRP or leukocyte count. Overall sensitivity and specificity of PCT was 0.83 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.91) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.85), for CRP, it was 0.74 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.82) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.81), and 0.58 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.67) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.77) for leukocyte count respectively. The conclusion was PCT is a better marker than leukocyte count and CRP for detecting SBI among children with fever without source. 6 The sensitivity of PCT in detecting bacterial infections at a cut off of > 0.5 ng/ml comes to 92.86% and the specificity is 88.24%, similar to Andreola et al. 7 In their prospective, observational study among 408 children, it was concluded that both PCT and CRP were valuable markers in predicting SBI in children with fever without Our study has significant findings but it is also limited by the fact that it has been conducted among a very small sample size in a single centre.
Our findings need to be corroborated further with larger, multi centric studies in the future.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, addition of CRP with PCT had no added advantage over PCT alone in detecting occult SBI but CRP alone was inferior compared to combination of PCT and CRP in detecting SBI. Hence, in a poor resource setting, PCT alone can be considered to detect SBI in children between three to 36 months of age, with fever without focus.