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Can We Source the Origin of the Feral Tankwa Goat of South Africa?

Tankwa goats are feral animals initially identified from the Tankwa Karoo National Park in the Northern Cape, South Africa that is reported to be well adapted to their harsh environment. We assessed the genetic diversity of these goats by sequencing the hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial control region (mtDNA HVI D-loop). We additionally clarified genetic origin of the Tankwa goats relative to international breeds. A total of 40 blood samples were collected between 2012 and 2016 from individual unrelated Tankwa goats. Genomic DNA was extracted and the amplified mtDNA D-loop region was used for phylogenetic analysis. A total of 12 haplotypes were identified. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity of Tankwa goat’s population was identified to be low compared to the global goat populations including South African goats, which may be an indication of higher inbreeding in this population. The results obtained from analysis of the mtDNA region in Tankwa goats identified a unique population constructed of two lineages (A 42.5% and B 57.5%).


Introduction
Goats (Capra hircus) were the first animals to be domesticated [1].
In South Africa, goat populations are of cultural, socio-economic and ecological importance. Goats are used as a protein source in low income farming communities; to trade for other goods and as an effective way of preventing bush encroachment in grassland areas [2]. The feral goats initially identified from the Tankwa Karoo National Park in the Northern Cape, South Africa, constitute a unique genetic resource [3]. Indications are that these Tankwa goats have been freeroaming in the park for more than 8 years. Two populations are currently being recognized, the one in the National Park estimated at just over a 100 individuals and the other at the Carnarvon Research Station with more than 300 individuals. The goats are reported to be well adapted to the harsh environment and have had little human intervention such as artificial selection. These goats are parasitetolerant, have good mothering abilities and seem to survive high predation pressures. Current efforts to declare the Tankwa goat as a landrace breed in South Africa by the National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, necessitated the need to investigate and compare the genetic origin and evolutionary relationship with other goat breeds.
The approach we used is based on the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis as this may provide evidence of the ancestry of domestic breeds dating back hundreds of generations. Several studies used the Hypervariable region (HVI) of the mtDNA Dloop region to assess phylogenetic relationships and maternal origin of different goat populations. According to the maternal origin, Naderi et al. [4,5] grouped populations around the world into six haplotypes (A, B, C, D, F & G). Our study aims to determine the genetic diversity in the hypervariable segment of the mtDNA control region (mtDNA HVI D-loop) and to clarify the genetic origin of the Tankwa Goat.

Samples
A total of 40 blood samples were collected between 2012 and 2016 from individual unrelated Tankwa goats at the Carnarvon Research Station. Samples were stored at -20ºC at the National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute (NZG, SANBI) Biobank until DNA extraction.

Genetic analysis
Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the GeneJet Genomic DNA Purification kit (Thermofisher Scientific, California, USA) following the manufacturers protocol. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplifications were conducted using the CAP-F and CAP-R primers as described by Luikart et al. [6]. Standard PCR protocol was used to PCR the samples and the standard protocol for the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Thermofisher Scientific, California, USA) was used to sequence the samples. The sequences were visualized using the 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Thermofisher Scientific, California, USA). Sequencing reactions were completed for both the forward and reverse direction. For further information on the PCR and sequencing conditions the authors can be contacted.

Statistical analysis
Sequences were aligned, inspected, trimmed and exported in FASTA format by using Geneious 6.0 software [7]. The DnaSP software 4.10 Journal of Phylogenetics & Evolutionary Biology [8] was used to generate a haplotype file, and to identify haplotypes occurring in more than one individual, to ensure that each unique haplotype occurs only once during phylogenetic analysis. The consolidated dataset was used for further analysis. The hierarchical distribution of total genetic diversity was determined using an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), as implemented in Arlequin. The population pairwise difference was determined using Arlequin. Seventeen sequences representative of lineages A-F [4] and wild bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus, EF989163 & EF989426); C. caucasica (AJ317875); C. sibirica (AJ317874); C. cylindricornis (AJ317870); C. nubiana (AJ317871) and C. falconeri (AJ317872 & AB110591) were downloaded from GenBank and added to our dataset as representative of the global domestic and wild goat diversity. The MEGA software 7 [9] was used to construct a Maximum Likelihood tree and to identify the relationships between the Tankwa population and the global goat diversity, with 1000 bootstrap replications. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. The genetic variation of the population was expressed as haplotype diversity (h), from DNA SP; and nucleotide diversity (π) [10], from Arlequin [11]. In addition, fifteen sequences representative of South African goat breeds (AJ317812-15; AJ317819-22; AJ317844; EF618351-56) [6,7] were downloaded from GenBank to compare with the Tankwa goats.

Results
The hypervariable segment (HVI) of the mtDNA control region of the Tankwa goat indicated a sequence length obtained after alignment by Geneious 8.0 software (excluding sites with gaps / missing data) of 455-bp. The alignment sequences were further used for analysis. The DNA SP software identified 12 haplotypes for the Tankwa goat. These haplotypes were deposited in the GenBank database (Accession numbers: MG602010-MG602021). The haplotype diversity and the average number of nucleotide differences (k) was 0.719 ± 0.056 and 11.299, respectively. The nucleotide diversity (π) among the Tankwa goats population was 0.024 ± 0.001. The HVI amplified fragment observed polymorphic with 30 variable sites over the 455-bp of the alignment. The variable sites position (two variants) recorded 5 sites at 3, 6, 131, 436 and 437. The parsimony informative sites position (two variants) recorded 23 sites at 12 Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA7. The analysis included the Tankwa goat sequences, the GenBank data of the global domestic goat lineages A-F and eight wild goats' references. The Maximum Likelihood method was used for the phylogenetic analysis based on the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model (HKY+G+I) as determined by running a modeltest in MEGA 7 [12]. The initial tree for the heuristic search was obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the Maximum Composite Likelihood (MCL) approach, and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The analysis involved 67 nucleotide sequences. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Tankwa goat grouped to the A and B lineages (Figure 1). Lineage A (GA_TK) was observed with 42.5% compared to 57.5% for lineage B (GB_TK).  AMOVA showed that the Tankwa goat lineage A and B included 6 haplotypes for each lineage. Haplotype 1 and haplotype 4 had the highest frequencies of 0.705 ± 0.113 (GA_TK) and 0.782 ± 0.087 (GB_TK) respectively. Ten haplotypes were identified in the SA goat populations with the highest frequencies observed in haplotype 1 (0.417 ± 0.148) and haplotype 4 (0.333 ± 0.333). Shared haplotypes were observed between GA_TK and GA_SA for haplotype 1 while the haplotype 4 was shared between GB_TK and GB_SA goats ( Table 1).

Discussion
Phylogenetic analysis and comparison with the global domestic goats lineages, indicates that the Tankwa goat falls within two lineages (A 42.5% and B 57.5%). A total of 12 haplotypes with 0.719±0.056 haplotype diversity were identified in the population. The recorded nucleotide diversity of the Tankwa goats population was π= 0.0017 in both lineages (Table 2) wherein the number of bases which are not identical ranged from 0 to 25 bases in the 455-bp of the amplified MTDNA D-loop. The obtained results revealed that the haplotype and nucleotide diversity of Tankwa goats population are low compared to previous studies of global goat populations [4,6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].
The genetic structure of the Tankwa goat population revealed that lineage B was of a higher frequency compared to lineage A with lineage B being less diverse (0.395 ± 0.127) compared to lineage A (0.515 ± 0.145). According to Naderi et al. [4,5] lineage A is the more common haplotype worldwide (more than 90%), comparing the diversity of Tankwa goat haplotype A to the global goat populations, the results illustrated that the Tankwa goats lineage A showed lower level of diversity (0.515 ± 0.145) compared to the global goat populations (0.999 ± 0.0001). The lineage B haplotype diversity in the Tankwa goat was low (0.395 ± 0.127) compared to the lineage B haplotypes diversity of Chinese goats (0.879 ± 0.019 to 0.961 ± 0.039) [16,20] and those from Laos, Mongolia and South Korea (0.815 ± 0.048 to 0.900 ± 0.019) [4].
The obtained results from comparative the genetic structure of the South African goat populations reported by Luikart et al. [6] and Naderi et al. [7] and the current study of Tankwa goats population investigated provided evidence that the South African goat populations showed higher haplotype and nucleotide diversity compared to the Tankwa goats population. The observed genetic distance of Lineage A between Tankwa goats and the South African goat populations was significant. The results suggested that Tankwa goats are isolated and may be more inbred in comparison to other South African goat breeds.
The global patterns of genomic diversity between wild Bezoar ibex and domestic Iranian and Moroccan goats have been studied by Alberto et al. [1]. They found that the Bezoar ibex showed lower nucleotide diversity than Iranian goats and higher inbreeding than Iranian and Moroccan goats. Their analysis reported that 30 regions in the genome have nucleotide diversity and haplotype clustering between wild and domestic groups. These regions included immunity (14 genes), productivity traits associated to milk composition (11 genes), meat (11 genes), and hair characteristics (4 genes), fertility (2 genes), and neural development, and the nervous system (5 genes). This valuable study indicated the domesticated goats are higher in genetic diversity due to several factors including selection and demographical reasons. The results obtained from Tankwa mtDNA region observed a unique goat's population constructed of two lineages of low haplotypes and nucleotide diversity which may suggest higher inbreeding.
In this study we investigated and compared the genetic origin and evolutionary relationship with other goat breeds. This study identified the genetic origin of the goats; however, these results should be confirmed with additional analysis such as genetic characterization of the population using nuclear DNA markers, Y-Chromosome markers or with the Illumina goat 50K SNP panel to determine further evolutionary relationships between these goats and other breeds [22].