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Low-Overhead Remote User Authentication Protocol for IoT Based on a Fuzzy Extractor and Feature Extraction

The Internet of things (IoT) is a system of smart technologies and services that mutually communicate data between users and devices or between devices via the Internet. Since data are shared between a remote user and various sensing devices over a network, it is essential to design a secure, lightweight and efficient remote user authentication protocol for the IoT environment. In the context of security and network privacy, mutual authentication is necessary for securely accessing the services of the IoT environment. However, the IoT faces substantial new challenges realizing mutual authentication due to IoT devices constraints. In this paper, we present a lightweight, robust and secure authentication protocol that satisfies constraints on IoT devices. The proposed protocol is based on level 3 feature extraction, fuzzy extraction of the user’s biometrics, one-way hash functions and XOR operations and includes (1) three-factor authentication (user password, biometrics and smart devices), (2) mutual authentication, (3) a session key, and (4) key freshness. Furthermore, we have used the Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic to prove the authentication of our proposed protocol. In addition, our proposed protocol does not require additional hardware or a resource-constrained cryptosystem, and for that reason; hence, it has the lowest computational cost on the IoT nodes (0.003_ms), the lowest total computational cost (0.071_ms), and the lowest communication cost (2784 bits) compared with other relevant works. Moreover, we have conducted an informal security analysis to prove its ability to withstand well-known malicious attacks, such as replay attacks, impersonation attacks, password change attacks, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, and denial of service (DOS) attacks.