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Antarctica: A Biography

natural histories. Narratives of specific voyages are used to illustrate the themes. While there is always a risk in taking selected case histories to illustrate broader patterns, Igler’s voyages generally serve his arguments well. While official state-sponsored voyages were better organised and directed, independent traders dominated the era in European terms. These were entrepreneurial, fiercely opposed to any restrictions on their right to trade, and heedless of the destructive power of their particular industries. As a consequence, their relationships with these littoral borderlands were fleeting, while their environmental and racial impact was severe.