{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.013686911890504704, 'fraction_numerical': 0.003421727972626176, 'mean_word_length': 5.358695652173913, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Assessment of Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients With ESRD and Its Possible Role in Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are known to have an elevation of a variety of abnormal thrombotic and inflammatory markers associated with high cardiovascular mortality. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is also dysregulated in ESRD but not much is known about the serum levels of VEGF in patients with ESRD. Published reports suggest that elevated levels of VEGF may be protective to the kidney during periods of acute injury and may maintain local glomerular function. Impaired production of VEGF may lead to proteinuria, hypertension, and thrombotic microangiopathy. However, its role in chronic kidney disease or ESRD remains undefined. In our study, we analyzed blood samples of 52 patients with ESRD on stable hemodialysis regimen and measured predialysis serum levels of VEGF and compared these with blood samples obtained from 50 healthy volunteers in order to study differences between baseline levels of VEGF and also attempted to determine its role in ESRD-related cardiovascular mortality.