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The Effect of Phenylalanine Exposure on Cell Migration

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism that results when the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) cannot be catabolized to tyrosine due to a mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme. The inability to regulate Phe levels in individuals with PKU leads to mental retardation, seizures and other symptoms that can be avoided with early detection and a Phe‐restricted diet. When PKU mothers do not adhere to a Phe‐restricted diet during pregnancy, Phe can become teratogenic to the fetus and result in a condition known as Maternal PKU. Maternal PKU is characterized by multiple congenital defects, including cardiovascular malformations (CVM) such as coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defects and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. However, the mechanisms responsible for Phe‐induced CVMs are poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that cardiac neural crest cells are important in formation of the outflow tract (OFT) and aortic arch arteries (AAA). Cell migration of the neural crest cells is a central process in the development of the heart.