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Phytochemical screening of Sterculia foetida seed extract for anti-oxidant, anti-microbial activity, and detection of apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decrease, and nuclear fragmentation in human osteosarcoma cells

ABSTRACT Sterculia foetida seeds are rich in various secondary metabolites such as fatty acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, and possess multidisciplinary anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity pharmacological activities. The present study described the phytochemical compounds along with, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and first time in vitro anti-osteosarcoma effects from these seeds. The seeds were collected, authenticated, dried, ground into crude powder, and the secondary metabolites extracted with ethanol. Further, gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out to determine the presence of SFE phytochemical compounds. Anti-microbial activity was confirmed against selected bacterial strains by agar well diffusion and anti-oxidant activity was investigated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity was analyzed by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and nuclear fragmentation assay. The results showed that SFE contained 35 active phytochemical and the secondary metabolites, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins, which demonstrated significant anti-microbial and anti-oxidant potential. The results for SFE anti-cancerous activity on MG-63 osteosarcoma cells were reduced cell viability, generated excessive ROS, induced nuclear fragmentation and decreased MMP in a concentration-dependent manner. It was concluded that SFE had potent anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancerous activity on the MG-63 cells. However, further studies are needed to validate SFE efficacy for prevention and management of osteosarcoma.