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A data‐independent acquisition (DIA) assay library for quantitation of environmental effects on the kidney proteome of Oreochromis niloticus

Interactions of organisms with their environment are complex and environmental regulation at different levels of biological organization is often nonlinear. Therefore, the genotype to phenotype continuum requires study at multiple levels of organization. While studies of transcriptome regulation are now common for many species, quantitative studies of environmental effects on proteomes are needed. Here we report the generation of a data‐independent acquisition (DIA) assay library that enables simultaneous targeted proteomics of thousands of Oreochromis niloticus kidney proteins using a label‐ and gel‐free workflow that is well suited for ecologically relevant field samples. We demonstrate the usefulness of this DIA assay library by discerning environmental effects on the kidney proteome of O. niloticus. Moreover, we demonstrate that the DIA assay library approach generates data that are complimentary rather than redundant to transcriptomic data. Transcript and protein abundance differences in kidneys of tilapia acclimated to freshwater and brackish water (25 g/kg) were correlated for 2114 unique genes. A high degree of non‐linearity in salinity‐dependent regulation of transcriptomes and proteomes was revealed suggesting that the regulation of O. niloticus renal function by environmental salinity relies heavily on post‐transcriptional mechanisms. The application of functional enrichment analyses using STRING and KEGG to DIA assay data sets is demonstrated by identifying myo‐inositol metabolism, antioxidant and xenobiotic functions, and signalling mechanisms as key elements controlled by salinity in tilapia kidneys. The DIA assay library resource presented here can be adopted for other tissues and other organisms to study proteome dynamics during changing ecological contexts.