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Electron Magnetic Moment and Atomic Magnetism

The original stimulus for recent precise measurements of atomic electronic magnetic moments or gj values was the interest in the spin magnetic moment of the electron. The discovery of the Lamb shift and the disagreement of the measured value of the hyperfine structure splitting in hydrogen with the value computed from the Fermi formula led to the suggestion that the spin magnetic moment of the electron is larger than 1 Bohr magneton. Comparisons of experimentally determined gj values in different atoms in states involving both orbital and spin electronic magnetic moments proved the existence of an anomalous magnetic moment of the electron about 0 . 1 % larger than the Bohr magneton. The anomalous spin magnetic moment of the electron arises from virtual radiative processes involving photons and electron-positron pairs. On the basis of modern quantum electrodynamics its value has been computed to order a (a = fine structure constant), and hence to an accuracy of about 1 part in a million. The most accurate experimental determination is obtained from a comparison of the g j value of hydrogen in its ground state with the orbital g value, gi, of the free electron, and has an uncertainty of about 10 parts in a million. Atomic gj values of many multielectron atoms have been measured to an accuracy of about 1 part in a million and the theory of atomic magnetism has been extended to order a to include the relativistic as well as the virtual radiative contributions to atomic magnetism. Particularly for the case of helium a strong confirmation of the theory of