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Visual behavior during engagement with tangible and virtual representations of archaeological artifacts

In this paper, we present results from a study of users' visual behavior while engaging with tangible and virtual representations of archaeological artifacts. We replicated and extended a recent study that introduced an augmented reality system implemented using HoloLens, for engaging with the artifacts. Our study goes beyond the original study to estimate the distribution of users' visual attention for both tangible and virtual representations of the artifacts. Our study confirmed the results of the original study in various aspects. Specifically, participants in both studies confirmed the immersive nature of the HoloLens condition and showed similar learning outcomes in terms of post-task open questions. Additionally, our findings indicate that users allocate their visual attention in similar ways when interacting with virtual and tangible learning material, in terms of total gaze duration, gaze on object duration, and object fixation duration.