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Genitourinary vascularized composite allotransplantation: a review of penile transplantation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has developed over the past 20 years, resulting in promising new reconstructive prospects for extensive soft tissue defects. More than 200 VCA's have been performed worldwide, including five genitourinary (GU)VCA's and here we review the most recent literature in this field.


RECENT FINDINGS
Developments in GUVCA are continuously evolving to improve patient outcomes and suggest ethical equivalency to solid organ transplant. Recent treatment options have focused on preventing GUVCA complications by acknowledging the immunogenic tissue composition of the penis to treat rejection episodes and implementing stem cell transplant to recognized the GUVCA as self. Utilizing modern, postoperative, treatments can minimize complications and although the ethical dilemma remains, the morality of performing a GUVCA has diminished. The ethical focus relic's on standardization of patient safety.


SUMMARY
GUVCA has become an established reconstructive surgical option. The prospect of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA's) future insinuates systemization between multidisciplinary VCA programs and the United Network for Organ Sharing in efforts to endorse ethical standardization. Over the last five years, the unprecedented outcomes have shown purpose to GUVCA that initiates an obligation to help those with severe genitourinary tissue defects. Progress in immunobiology continues to evolve optimal immunosuppression drug regimens and tolerance induction protocols, highlighting potential new immunologic pathways for graft acceptance.