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Eros and Allegory: Medieval Exegesis of the Song of Songs. By Denys Turner. Cistercian Studies Series. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, 1995. 471 pp. $49.95 cloth; $29.95 paper.

these consider other matters too. Thus the sixth article orders somewhat disparate phenomena under the heading of Innocent's view of the ascetical life; the seventh looks at the dilemma the Cistercians of Burgundy presented Innocent; and the eighth nicely constructs the world of Fulk of Toulouse. The ninth article, on the Cistercians in Romania, develops a recurrent theme, that Innocent's goal was healing human divisions, whether caused by heresy, infidelity, or schism. The tenth article, which breaks the book's thematic unity, considers the leadership of the Second Crusade. (On p. 2 part of at least one sentence has been dropped.) The eleventh article helpfully analyzes Innocent's orchestration of the Fourth Lateran Council. The essays on pastoral care begin with a very useful overview of papal attitudes toward deviants from Alexander III through Innocent III. Here as elsewhere the argument is that the church sought reform rather than merely repression. In four bibliographically detailed articles on the poverty movements, the Humiliati and Waldensians, religious women, and the mendicants, Bolton lays special emphasis on Innocent's intention to keep those accused of heresy within the church. She is well aware of the evolution of scholarship on such subjects as the social origins of the Humiliati. The sixteenth article vividly conveys the life of religious women in Rome. Then, in an especially interesting study, Bolton measures Innocent's concern for ordinary Christians by analyzing his encouragement of the use of visual images, among other things as "propaganda" to end the longstanding rivalry between the Lateran and Vatican basilicas. The eighteenth essay studies Innocent's attitude toward and practice of social welfare. Bolton is not the first to suggest that the satires on the venality of the papacy and criticisms of Innocent himself so common at this time—and to the present—are the work of partial observers, against whom she concludes: "Innocent's approach to welfare may be appreciated as a most successful spiritual activity in a political office" (p. 144). The final article turns specifically to Innocent's care for abandoned children. Some (not all) misprints have been corrected, and an index added.