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The Conflict between China and Vietnam

China's attack on Vietnam, which began on 17 February and ended on 15 March with the withdrawal of all Chinese troops from Vietnam, has excited unusual debate. There is very little consensus about its causes and consequences. Even on the battlefield, where success or failure is at least quantifiable, there is no agreement on whether China or Vietnam won the day. This is partly explicable through want of accurate information with which to assess comparative losses, but more through a failure to agree on what objectives China set out to attain and at what costs. It may well be the case that in Chinese calculations the capture of provincial capitals and the casualties sustained in their capture were only incidental to China's purpose. In Australia, Vietnam's invasion of Kampuchea and China's attack on Vietnam have created a need for a fundamental reassessment of the strategic environment in which we live. The urgency of this need, felt as keenly now in other Southeast Asian capitals, owes much to our perception of communism, particularly of communism in Asia, and to the nature of, and reasons for, our involvement in the Vietnam War. Had we in the western alliance been less credulous of our own propaganda and more alive to the subtle differences between China and Vietnam, manifest even during the period of their closest wartime alliance, we might have been prepared for the rapid deterioration in relations between them over the past two years. Their recent actions have clearly demonstrated the conflicting interests and rival ambitions which divide two countries for long perceived by us simply as twin expressions of a monolithic communist threat advancing through Southeast Asia towards Australia.