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New types of fraud in the academic world by cyber criminals.

In recent years, the academic world has faced many challenges such as a move towards online open access publishing, and researchers have tried to accommodate them. However, this has also created problems. For example, Dadkhah et al. (2015a) covered unethical behaviours in the academic world, including plagiarism, article sale, forced joint authorship, conversion of a journal in to a ‘print machine’, and invitations to invalid conferences. I believe that the main reasons for the above mentioned challenges do not belong to the publishers alone; unethical behaviour of some researchers is also to blame and can be effective in creating such challenges (Christova-Bagdassarian 2014, Shashikiran 2014). Valuable insights regarding journal quality in relation to these challenges, specifically ‘predatory publishing’ have been provided by Beall (2010a,b). There is not much research on the types of cybercrime in the academic world but there are 31 papers in Google Scholar, six papers in Scopus, and a paper in PubMed investigating hijacked journals. However, these types of ‘scams’ are increasing and it is necessary to expose them. Most of these frauds are clearly unknown to many researchers. In this paper, I discuss new types of fraud in the academic world and present general guidelines for preventing them. Most of these frauds are complex and require knowledge about information security and thus many researchers cannot detect them.