{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.019741320626276378, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.309012875536481, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Symbolic Aggregate Approximation Improves Gap Filling in High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data Processing.

Nontargeted mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used in life sciences and environmental chemistry to investigate large sets of samples. A major problem for larger-scale MS studies is data gaps or missing values in aligned data sets. The main causes for these data gaps are the absence of the compound from the sample, issues related to chromatography or mass spectrometry (for example, broad peaks, early eluting peaks, ion suppression, low ionization efficiency), and issues related to software (mainly limitations of peak detection algorithms). While those algorithms are heuristic by necessity and should be used with strict settings to minimize the number of false positive and negative peaks in a data set, gap filling may be used to reduce missing data in single samples remaining after peak detection. In this study, we present a new gap filling algorithm. The method is based on the symbolic aggregation approximation (SAX) algorithm that was developed for the evaluation and classification of time series in data mining studies. We adopted SAX for liquid chromatography high-resolution MS nontarget screening to support the detection of missing peaks in aligned mass spectral data sets. The SAX-based algorithm improves the detection efficiency considerably compared to existing gap filling methods including the Peak Finder algorithm provided in MZmine.