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The Recruitment of Innate Immune Cells in Liver Diseases: Uncovering the Role of NK Cells and pDC in HCC and NASH

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver, with over half a million new cases diagnosed annually worldwide. The fatality of HCC is high despite administration of traditional chemotherapies. In recent years, immunotherapy has become a promising strategy to treat cancer, such as PD‐1/PDL‐1 immune checkpoint blockade. However, the interactions between immune cells and HCC and how immunotherapies work, in vivo, in HCC are still unclear. Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an extremely severe form of fatty liver disease and often associated with heavy infiltration of immune cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are critical in the innate immune response, and are known for their cytotoxic and interferon producing abilities in response to cancer cells and viral pathogens, respectively. To learn more about the role of innate immunity in liver diseases, we evaluated and characterized pDC and NK cells in HCC and NASH compared to their background hepatic tissue.