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Primary Education in India: Current Status and Future Challenges

Education can act as a powerful tool for reducing poverty and unemployment, improving health and nutritional standards, and achieving a sustained human development-led growth1. Within the purview of overall education, primary education is recognized as a basic human right, vital both to the development of individuals and societies2. In India, since independence, more importance has been given to higher education. According to the Indian Constitution, education has been a state subject and, therefore, for many years, provision for education in the Union Budget has been minimal. Within the overall amount allocated for education, spending on primary education has been much lower as compared to higher and technical education. However, around the seventies, importance attached to primary education started to increase. This got reflected in constitutional reforms, policy initiatives, and allocation of funds in the Union Budget. In 1976, education was put under the ‘Concurrent List’ of the Constitution, denoting joint respon-