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The Division Breakthroughs

All of us learn to do arithmetic in grade school. The algorithms for addition and subtraction take some time to master, and the multiplication algorithm is even more complicated. Eventually students learn the division algorithm; most students find it to be complicated, time-consuming, and tedious. Is there a better way to divide? For most practical purposes, the correct way to answer this question is to consider the time-complexity of division; what is the fastest division algorithm? That is not the subject of this article. I am not aware of any recent breakthrough on this question; any good textbook on design and analysis of algorithms will tell you about the current state of the art on that front. Complexity theory gives us an equally-valid way to ask about the complexity of division: