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The Impact of Capital Structure and Institutional Environment on Bank Competition: A Cross-Country Analysis

ABSTRACT Using cross-country data for 1999–2019, we investigate how bank capital structure and institutional environment affect bank competition. Banks with a higher Tier 1 ratio have greater market power, and lowering activity restrictions and bank entry requirements enhances competition. Banking systems with greater capital stringency and official supervisory power tend to be more competitive. During financial crises, higher Tier 2 capital corresponds with greater market power. Foreign banks’ market power is sensitive to Tier 2 capital.