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Phylogenetic Analysis of a Human Isolate from the 2000 Israel West Nile virus Epidemic

Specimens from a patient of the 2000 Israel West Nile virus epidemic were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Products corresponding to E, NS3, and NS5 sequences were amplified from cerebellar but not from cortical samples. Phylogenetic analyses indicated a closer relationship of this isolate to 1996 Romanian and 1999 Russian than to 1998-99 Israeli or 1999 New York isolates.

migrations, are also believed to be instrumental in the geographic spread of WNV (3)(4)(5)14). The virus is only occasionally transmitted to humans or other mammals. Viremia in mammals is low level; thus, mammals are considered to be dead-end hosts.

The Study
From July through November 2000, a WNV epidemic occurred in central and northern Israel. More than 430 people were diagnosed with WNV infection; 29 of these patients had fatal encephalitis. We report phylogenetic analysis of WNV sequences isolated from the brain of an encephalitis patient from the 2000 Israel epidemic.
A 72-year-old woman with a history of recurrent meningioma of the sphenoidal ridge, dementia, and depression was hospitalized because of fever and general deterioration of 5 days' duration. On admission, the patient was responsive only to painful stimuli and had generalized muscle stiffness and limb tremors. Clinical and laboratory values were consistent with viral encephalitis; thus, the patient was initially treated with intravenous acyclovir for presumptive herpes simplex encephalitis. When polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed no evidence of herpes simplex virus infection, and WNV antibodies were detected in serum and CSF, acyclovir was discontinued and ribavirin was initiated at an oral dosage of 2.4 g per day. The patient's clinical status continued to deteriorate with aspiration pneumonia and intermittent generalized seizures. Intravenous immunoglobulin was added (35 g/d for 2 days) without improvement. Approximately one month after onset of illness, the patient died of respiratory failure.
Postmortem examination of the brain showed multiple meningiomas, generalized atrophy, and surgical resection of the right parietal lobe. Histology was remarkable for neurofibrillary plaques consistent with Alzheimer's disease, and scattered microglial nodules and perivascular lymphocytic inflammation in the medulla, pons, and midbrain were consistent with viral encephalitis.
Signal of cerebellar amplification products in ethidium bromide-stained gels was reduced in comparison with similar studies performed with brain materials from four patients of the 1999 New York City outbreak (data not shown; New York patients were 75 years to 80 years of age, 3 male, 1 female, who died of severe WNV encephalitis during the 1999 outbreak [16]). The 5´-nuclease real-time RT-PCR analysis (17) indicated a relative virus load of 140 copies/200 ng RNA in the Israeli sample, compared with a range of 20 to 7000 copies/200 ng RNA in specimens analyzed from the New York City outbreak (Table). However, since the virus load of the sample from Israel was within the range of virus loads observed with the New York samples, this result for a single Israeli sample may not indicate a strain difference. Quantitative analysis was restricted to the NS5 target because no signal was obtained with primer/probe set prNS3 (fwd, 5´-GCa CTG AGA GGA CTG CCc AT; probe, 5´-6FAM-TAc CAG ACA TCc GCA GTG cCC AGA-T-TAMRA; rev, 5´-TGg GTG AGG GTa GCA TGa CA), because of point mutations in WNV-ISR2000 sequence that prevented efficient hybridization with the primer and probe oligonucleotides (fwd -2 mismatches, probe -3 mismatches, rev -3 mismatches; given above in lower case). Sensitivity was not substantially reduced in assays with primer/probe set prNS5, which had one mismatch in the 3′-terminal sequence of the probe oligonucleotide (Table).
Sequence analysis of the cloned NS3 and NS5 gene fragments indicated similarity to completely sequenced Romanian and Russian WNV isolates WNV-RO97-50-1996 and WNV-RUS-VLG4-1999, respectively; thus, to facilitate detailed phylogenetic analysis, E gene sequence from the Israel human brain sample was amplified. An E gene sequence of 1,509 nucleotides (GenBank accession number AF394217) was amplified from total RNA by using GeneChoice UNIPOL polymerase (PGC Scientific, Gaithersburg, MD) and primers EDL/E-U1006 (5´-GGA GTG TCT GGA GCA ACA TGG GT) or EDL/E-U1476 (5´-TCC TGC GGC GCC TTC AT) and EDL/E-L2244 (5´-CCC CTC CAA CTG ATC CAA AGT CC) or EDL/E-L2538 (5´-TCC ATC CAA GCC TCC ACA TCA), respectively. Sequence analysis of this fragment confirmed data from NS3 and NS5 sequence analyses, indicating a closer relationship of WNV-ISR-hISR2000 sequence to Romanian and Russian isolates than to the 1997/98/99 Israeli and the WNV-NY1999 isolates (Figure).
The extent to which this WNV genotype contributed to human disease in the 2000 epidemic remains to be determined. WNV-ISR-hISR2000 may have been carried into Israel by migrating birds from reservoirs in southeastern Europe or reservoirs in northeastern Africa, where a highly related virus was isolated in 1998 (WNV-KEN-KN3829-1998) (18). The 2000 Israel isolates in birds (and pigs, strains ISR-00GooMaS and ISR-00PigC) were different from the previous Israeli isolates (1997/98/99; strains ISR-97Goo1, ISR-98Goo1, ISR-IS98St1, ISR-99Goo, and ISR-99Gull [Figure]), but similar to the human isolate. Nonetheless, precedent exists for implicating more than one genotypic variant in a WNV outbreak.  Figure]) (19). Indeed, even more divergent genotypes were identified during the 1996-97 WNV outbreak in Romania (WNV-RO97-50-1996 similar to WNV-ISR-hISR2000, genotype lineage I subtype 2b; WNV-RO96-1030-1996 and WNV-ROM96(0334)-1996, belonging to a different subtype, subtype 1 [Figure]) (20). The fact that no such divergence of genotypes of WNV isolates was observed during the 1999 New York epidemic (Figure) was interpreted as being compatible with a single, new introduction of this virus to the Western Hemisphere. While this manuscript was under review, another group reported WNV sequences from four patients of the 2000 Israel outbreak: two isolates most closely related to WNV-R097-50-1996 and two identical to the WNV-NY1999 isolates (21). Analysis of additional isolates from the Israel 2000 and other outbreaks, including isolates obtained in 2000, 2001, and subsequent years in the USA, will be required to establish the extent to which avian migration and viral mutation contribute to the epidemiology of WNV-related disease.
This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NS-29425).
Dr. Briese is associate director of the Emerging Diseases Laboratory and assistant professor at the University of California, Irvine. In summer 2002, he will join the faculty in the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University as an associate professor of Epidemiology.