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Changes in the Employment Status of People With and Without Disabilities in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective Using data from the monthly Current Population Survey, this paper provides monthly employment and unemployment statistics for people with and without disabilities in the United States before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic to date (January 2021). Design Cross-sectional analysis of the Current Population Survey. Setting The United States. Participants People with and without disabilities ages 16-64 years. Intervention N/A Main Outcome Measures Percentage employed, percentage unemployed, percentage not in labor force, percentage on temporary layoff, percentage looking for work. Results Estimates show that, like workers without disabilities, workers with disabilities experienced increases in unemployment at the beginning of the pandemic but continued to remain engaged in the labor force. Our analysis finds that employment rates dropped from 74.8% to 63.2% for those without disabilities and from 31.1% to 26.4% for those with disabilities between February 2020 and April 2020 but gradually improved in the succeeding months. Conclusions As the pandemic continued, the percentage of unemployed people with and without disabilities on temporary layoff decreased and those looking for work increased.

Ó 2021 The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
On January 21, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed the first case of coronavirus disease 2019  in the United States. 1 In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a guidance on ensuring hand hygiene, avoiding large gatherings, and practicing social distancing. In March, April, and May, 42 states and territories issued mandatory stay-at-home orders, which resulted in a significant increase in unemployment across the country. 2 Analyzing employment trends during the pandemic is important not only to understand the economic effect of the pandemic on persons with disabilities but also for providing information that employment service providers, social insurance programs, and income support programs can use to better serve this population in the months and years to come.
The employment-to-population ratio of people with disabilities is historically lower than that of their counterparts without disabilities. 3 The employment effects of the Great Recession of 2007-2009 were deeper and longer lasting for people with disabilities. [4][5][6] In February 2020, the employment to population ratio of working age people with disabilities was 31% and for civilians without disabilities was 75%. 7 At that time, there was some optimism but concern about the pandemic. "The labor market's continuing strength should be reassuring for workers with disabilities. The consecutive gains over the last 3 months in the employment-to-population ratio is positive news for people with disabilities. However, there's great uncertainty regarding the COVID-19 epidemic, and its potential to disrupt labor markets," according to John O'Neill, PhD. 7(p1) The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment participation rates became evident with the release of April 2020 unemployment data, with employment to  population ratios dropping to 26% for people with disabilities and to 63% for people without disabilities. 8 As the pandemic relents and the economy adjusts and recovers, there is concern that the employment of people with disabilities will take longer to recover than for people without disabilities, like it did the Great Recession. This article examines monthly trends in employment status (ie, employed, unemployed, not in the labor force) and unemployment status (ie, temporary layoff, job seeking) of people with and without disabilities to get a sense of how people with disabilities are faring.

Methods Data
Estimates are derived from the monthly public use microdata files of the Current Population Survey (CPS). Because of the nature of the study and the publicly available deidentified data, institutional review board approval was not required and the need for informed consent was waived.
The CPS is the source of the official monthly unemployment rate of the United States (US) and is conducted by the US Census Bureau on behalf of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are collected from a nationally representative, multistage stratified random sample of approximately 60,000 households, with responses from all household members 15 years and older. 9 To be consistent with publicly released Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data, our sample is restricted to civilians aged 16-64 years not living in group quarters (such as small group homes).

Measures
Consistent with BLS practices, disability status is identified using a sequence of 6 disability-related questions regarding hearing, vision, cognitive, ambulatory, self-care, and independent living difficulty. A person is coded as having a disability if they have any of these 6 difficulties. 9 Employment status is coded by the BLS using a series of over 40 questions and has 3 general categories: employed, unemployed, and not in the labor force. A person is employed if they had a paid job in the survey reference week (the week containing the 12th day of the month). A person is considered unemployed if they are on temporary layoff or actively looking for work in the last 4 weeks. If not employed nor unemployed, a person is considered not in the labor force. 9 Persons are considered unemployed if they are on temporary layoff or actively looking for work. They are considered to be on temporary layoff if they were terminated but are expecting to be recalled. They are considered looking for work if they are not on temporary layoff and are actively looking for work in the last 4 weeks. If not employed nor unemployed, a person is considered not in the labor force. 9

Analytical approach
Percentage distributions across employment statuses (employed, unemployed, not in labor force) are estimated by disability status and for each month from February 2020 and January 2021. Percentage distributions across unemployment statuses (on temporary layoff, looking for work) are also estimated by disability status and for each month in the same period. To examine changes over time, difference-in-percentages tests were performed with February 2020 as the reference month. To adjust for the CPS complex sample design, sample weights were used to adjust estimated percentages and standard errors, and generalized variance function parameters, provided by the BLS, were also used to further adjust the standard errors. 9 Results Table 1 provides the estimated percentage distributions across employment statuses by month and disability status. From February 2020 to April 2020, the percentage employed dropped from 31.1% to 26.4% for people with disabilities (a relative reduction of 15.1%) and from 74.8% to 63.2% for people without disabilities (a relative reduction of 15.5%). The percentage unemployed rose from 3.0% to 6.5% for persons with disabilities and from 2.9% to 10.5% for people without disabilities. An increase in the percentage not in the labor force was not detected for people with disabilities, while for people without disabilities an increase from 22.3% to 26.3% was detected. In the succeeding months, percentage employed generally increased, while the percentage unemployed decreased for both people with and without disabilities but are yet to recover to their February 2020 proportions (see table 1). Table 2 provides the estimated percentage distributions of unemployment statuses by month and disability status. From February 2020 to April 2020, the percentage on temporary layoff increased from 9.1% to 72.9% for unemployed people with disabilities and from 17.1% to 79.2% for unemployed people without disabilities. The percentage actively looking for work decreased from 90.9% to 27.1% for unemployed persons with disabilities and from 82.9% to 21.0% for unemployed people without disabilities. In the succeeding months, the percentage on temporary layoff decreased, while the percentage looking for work increased for both unemployed people with and without disabilities but have yet to recover to their February 2020 proportions (see table 2).

Discussion
The initial effect of the pandemic and corresponding restrictions to economic activities had a devastating effect on the employment status of people with and without disabilities. Both groups experienced a dramatic increase in unemployment, dominated by temporary layoffs. As unemployment declined in subsequent months, there was a shift in the proportion of unemployed persons to actively looking for work. This may reflect people on temporary layoff returning to their jobs and/or transitioning to permanent layoff (ie, termination)-for people without disabilities this may also reflect people returning to the labor force by actively looking for work.
Although we found a statistically significant change in the percentage not in the labor force for people without Although not definitive evidence, this is suggestive of people with disabilities staying engaged in the labor force during the pandemic. This maybe because workers with disabilities are more likely than those without disabilities both to work primarily from home and to do any work at home. 10 Additional analysis on the industry and occupation of the working age population is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the effect of COVID-19 on the employment status of people with and without disabilities.

Study limitations
When the CPS asks about employment status, a person that was employed but absent from work in the reference week is asked whether the absence was because of vacation, illness, bad weather, job training, childcare problems, or other reasons. 9 In April 2020, the number reporting other reasons increased well beyond prior months. The BLS suspects that in the early months of the pandemic (April-June) some respondents who were classified as absent from work for other reasons may have been misclassified and that the percentage on temporary layoff (and thus the percentage unemployed) may be underestimated. 11 Skip patterns in the CPS survey instrument do not allow for the identification of people engaged in multiple employment-related activities, such as (1) employed people who are also looking for work or (2) unemployed people on temporary layoff who are also looking for work. A further limitation is that time trends independent from the pandemic are not considered in the analysis.

Conclusions
Consistently tracking employment changes for persons with disabilities as the economy reacts to COVID-19 will be important in the coming months and perhaps years. Trends in the monthly employment status of people with and without disabilities appears to be improving since the spring of 2020. Whether the economic effects of COVID-19 persist for workers with disabilities points to a need for continued surveillance of these data points because the findings have implications for persons with disabilities as well as for the programs and policies that support people with disabilities and their families.