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The Essential Trace Element Copper in Human Physiology and Pathology

Copper is one of the essential trace elements in human. It plays an indispensable role in a variety of physiological activities, including electron transport, mitochondrial functions, and the activity of many enzymes. Either deficiency or excess of copper can cause serious or even fatal harm. Therefore, the uptake, intracellular distribution and metabolism of copper are strictly regulated. Disruption of the homeostasis of copper can lead to anemia, Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease, and seriously affects the brain functions. Recent researches reveal that copper is also associated with the tumor growth and the immune system. This article reviews the biological functions of copper, the function of copper proteins, and the transport and storage mechanisms of copper, and also summarizes the relationship between copper and diseases.