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Transient models integrating photovoltaic, electron-tunneling, and thermoelectric mechanisms

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic cells that harness renewable solar energy have been combined with either electron tunnels or thermoelectric modules to work as efficient hybrid devices. In the present numerical analysis, we integrated a photovoltaic cell, an electron tunnel, and a thermoelectric module into a three-component conjugate assembly, and further studied the characteristics of this assembly in transient states. Mechanisms including (a) thermalization obeying Fermi–Dirac distribution in the cathode; (b) electron transport confined to tunnels; (c) irreversible exchange of electron fluxes between two electrodes; (d) Seebeck effects; (e) Joule heating; (f) transient heat conduction in the thermoelectric module; and (g) convective cooling over the bottom of the assembly are all intricately coupled. The set of highly nonlinear algebraic equations resulting from energy balances over five nodes are iteratively solved using the modified Newton–Raphson method jointly with under-relaxation. Thermal efficiencies of the proposed three-module combined assembly surpass those of two-unit hybrid models previously reported in the literature.