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Paleo-Indian Settlement Pattern in the Hudson and Delaware River Drainages. Leonard Eisenberg. Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology, No. 4. Rindge, N.H.: Department of Anthropology, Franklin Pierce College, 1978. viii + 159 pp., appendix, index, plates.

distribution has permitted a reconstruction of the sequence of events that occurred at the time of the ship's wrecking. Only a small portion of the wrecksite had as yet been excavated when Muckelroy wrote his book. Statistical analysis of the distribution of various categories of artifacts was at that time inconclusive but nevertheless indicated that a detailed mapping of the site would probably significantly assist in distinguishing between items of ship's cargo and personal trade goods and possessions. Subsequent work on the site has tended to bear this out. Muckelroy's discussion of the application of statistical techniques to the analysis of discontinuous sites is unfortunately marred by compression so extreme that even those with statistical training will find it often difficult to follow. One hopes that this defect will not unduly detract from Muckelroy's primary thesis that statistical techniques can provide valuable tools for wreck-site analysis when judiciously applied. What can be learned about a ship through wrecksite analysis is the subject of Chapter 6. There are, says Muckelroy, three main aspects of a ship about which the archaeological data may contribute evidence: the ship as a machine, the ship as an element in a military or economic system, and the ship as a closed community. Generally speaking, it is primarily portions of the hull below the waterline that remain on a wreck site; little of the upper works or rigging normally survives. However, it is a hull's bottom part that is the most informative concerning overall design and construction. Written sources and ship representations are particularly informative about a ship's appearance above the waterline, are often only partially informative concerning overall design, and normally give few construction details. Thus the archaeological data and other sources of information usually combine in a satisfying complementary way. It is difficult to ascertain the role of a particular ship within a military or economic system on the basis of wreck analysis alone without supporting documentary evidence. Where pertinent documentation is available, a comparison of what a ship was actually carrying with what it should have been carrying often makes an important contribution to naval or economic history. This has proven true, for example, in the case of some Spanish Armada and Dutch East Indiamen shipwrecks. Wrecks often yield considerable information concerning shipboard life: crew size and organization, class distinctions, cooking and eating facilities, diet, clothing, religious observances, pastimes, etc. The full potential of this area of enquiry has not yet been realized, despite the fact that very little information of this nature is otherwise available for most periods. Interestingly, the standard of shipboard life that has emerged from the study of wrecks ranging in date from classical to early modern times is frequently higher than had been expected. Chapter 7 considers what can be learned about nautical technology, naval warfare and maritime trade, and shipboard societies in past maritime cultures through comparative studies of archaeological data from a number of related sites. Ships are the most complex machines produced by most preindustrial societies. The study of ship construction and handling in such societies yields evidence concerning the limits of their technical and organizational abilities and is, therefore, of considerable value. The primary source of evidence is archaeological, since documentary sources tend to be scanty, unreliable, oriented toward the uncommon, and obscure. Experimental archaeology has become an important tool for evaluating data, particularly through the building of full-scale ship and boat replicas. Warship finds of medieval or earlier date very rarely occur; progress in this area will be painfully slow, although long-run prospects are particularly exciting. Archaeological research into maritime trade should become increasingly fruitful as evidence from maritime archaeology becomes more and more integrated with traditional archaeological studies of trade and trade networks. The various stages in a complete investigation of a maritime archaeological site and some important practical implications are summarized in a brief final chapter. The maritime archaeologist, Muckelroy notes, must have the various academic and administrative skills required of any competent archaeologist, but several other skills as well. Muckelroy concludes by expressing the hope that the challenges and rewards peculiar to maritime archaeology will serve to attract many more people with the required skills as the true scope and potential of the field become better understood. Errors in this wide-ranging book are remarkably rare; a few are perhaps worth noting: the cargoes of the Mahdia and Antikythera wrecks do not represent loot acquired through the victories of Sulla in 86 B.C. (p. 12); the reassembly of frame elements from the Grand Congloue hull shown by figure 3.2 is incorrect; the Kyrenia ship was not double-planked and lead sheathing on Greco-Roman hulls was primarily a caulking device (p. 65); the Halsnoy boat dates to circa A.D. 200, not 350 B.C. (p. 85); iron anchors were in use in the Mediterranean at least several centuries earlier than implied (p. 149); the hull members of the Kyrenia ship did not require reshaping prior to reassembly (p. 183); the preliminary line drawings of the seventh-century Yassi Ada ship shown by figure 5.12 were done by J. Richard Steffy. This is an important book written by a highly respected British maritime archaeologist. The reviewer recommends it to anyone who wishes to acquire an up-to-date, comprehensive view of the discipline, its strengths and weaknesses. Maritime archaeology is young and needs criticism. Regrettably, most criticism to date has been totally uninformed.