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Ultrafine Ti4+ doped α-Fe2O3 nanorod array photoanodes with high charge separation efficiency for solar water splitting

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a promising photoanode material for solar water splitting due to its suitable band gap, earth-abundance, excellent stability and non-toxicity. However, a short hole diffusion length limits its performance. A nanorod array structure can shorten hole transfer distance to photoelectrode/electrolyte interface and decrease recombination of photo-generated carriers. However, average diameters of all previously reported nanorods are over 50 nm, thus being too thick for holes to transfer to the interface. It is still a big challenge to prepare a Fe2O3 nanorod array photoelectrode with finer diameter. In this study, we prepare an ultrafine α-Fe2O3 nanorod array film with average diameter about 25 nm by calcining γ-FeOOH for the first time. The ultrafine nanorod array photoanode indicates much higher carrier separation efficiency and performance than a conventional nanorod array film.