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An example of Upper Palaeolithic geometry

The Iron Age fields mainly occupy level benches formed on both sides of the Dale by the outcrop of the Great Scar Limestone, a rock that on weathering does not produce any great depth of soil that can be worked into a fertile tilth for agriculture, indeed, in general, no land on the limestone outcrop hereabouts seems to have been ploughed since the Iron Age. The agriculture practised in Wharfedale as represented by these Iron Age fields, must of necessity have been entirely different from that of today, when due allowance is made for the changing regime of the weather. How great are the environmental changes may be judged from the fact that there are areas where, as Raistrick showed (Raistrick and Chapman, 1929, 172), prehistoric field-boundaries of Grassington type extend across bare limestone pavement on which no soil at all remains. Elsewhere the field-boundaries have themselves been so denuded that the earth used in their construction has vanished, leaving only lines of boulders to mark '929). the course. Further north, massive beds like the Great Scar Limestone are, in the Pennines, much less frequent in the geological succession, and this may be the reason why large tracts of prehistoric fields comparable with Grassington, have not been observed in the Pennines north of Stainmore (Raistrick, 1968, 61). Upper Wharfedale is one of the most rewarding areas in northern England for studying the remains of such early agriculture. A careful vertical photographic survey of the whole area would undoubtedly reveal a greater extent of these ancient field systems than is known at present, and would be fully justified by the interest and unusual degree of presewation of the earthworks. J. K . ST J O S E P H