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Homosexual and Transgender Tendencies in Terms of Gender: A Rasch Perspective

Problems about homosexuality and transgender are still being discussed and researched by beginners and experts. Some studies of homosexuals suggest that we obtain a higher sensation of sexual pleasure with a homosexual partner than heterosexual couples. This research uses a quantitative approach with a comparative descriptive type. The research sample comprised 208 people, comprising 79 men and 129 women spread across 14 provinces in Indonesia. The analysis technique used is the Subtotal specification T-test with the Rasch stacking model, which is processed with the help of Winsteps. The data in this study are political data collected using an inventory of Homosexuality and Transgender Exposure (IHTE). The results of the different test analyze of male and female homosexual and transgender, tendencies show that there are differences in homosexual and transgender tendencies between men and women. We can use these findings as further studies related to homosexuality and transgender in Indonesia.


I. INTRODUCTION
Everyone has a gender identity and sexual orientation. It's just that deviations of sexual orientation often occur until this year. Among them are homosexuals and transgender people who now become joint tasks that must be solved. Various pros and cons occur related to the existence of homosexuals and transgender people. Some research on accepting homosexuality and transgender often shows that people with less education think more about homosexuality and transgender than people with higher education [1-7].
It categorizes homosexuals in the study of social problems in deviant behavior [8]. Homosexuality is sexual attraction towards the same sex [9, 10]. Homosexuality is not only limited to sexual contact between a person and other people of the same sex but also concerns individuals who have psychological, and social tendencies towards someone of the same sex [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Put, it interprets homosexuals as a strong tendency for a person's elitist appeal to the same sex [17]. Homosexuals comprise two groups, lesbian and gay. Although in some references, the term homosexual is more used for men who suffer from irregularities, while for women, I know it as lesbian [17,18]. As with homosexuals, it defines transgender as a condition or condition where there is a gap between a person's physical and psychological state, when someone feels that his physical condition is not under what they felt, with sexual identity [19,20]. Transgender problems involve morals and behaviors that are unnatural, because there is no normative third sex between men and women [21,22].
Homosexuals and transgender people do not get support from the surrounding environment [19,22]. As one study shows that when homosexuals are asked about their sexuality experiences, they admit that they do not have support and take social risks [23]. In a Gallup study conducted in 2003, 45% of respondents said we should not treat homosexuals the same as other people in the community; 37% think homosexuality should be criminalized; and 40% think homosexuals should not live in Romania [24].
Men, older individuals, who are less educated and more 'religious' seem to have negative attitudes toward homosexuals [25]. A study [24] It has shown that Romania is one of Europe's most intolerant countries towards homosexuals: 65.2% of participants in this study said that they did not want to have homosexual neighbors and 77% believed that homosexuality was not justified [24]. While related to transgender, a study revealed that the existence of transgender in Indonesia still gets a bad rating the community attaches that. The conventional view of society considers transgender is a perpetrator of sexual deviation [19, [26][27][28][29].
There are many factors related to homosexual behavior, including; psychological, parenting parents [30], sexual experiences in the form of sexual violence or sexual harassment in the past [31][32][33][34]. Some studies of homosexuals suggest that the sensation of sexual pleasure that is higher is got with homosexual partners than heterosexual couples. Other studies have shown that there are no significant differences related to sexual pleasure between homosexual couples and heterosexuality in women [35], only a temporary effect [36], so is the case with oral contraceptives [37,38].
The above findings are contrary to the findings of other studies. Homosexual behavior develops not by the sensation of pleasuring higher homosexual relations, but by unreasonable trauma and fear. In a study of 106 homosexual men and 100 heterosexual men, they found substantial evidence that homosexuality results from unrealistic fears of the opposite sex [39][40][41][42]. In another study, I found it that father-child and mother-child relationships influence the development of a child's homosexual behavior. The dynamic of fixation in a mother who is seductive, possessive, and dominating and a hostile, averse father, influences the development of homosexuality in children [43,44]. These reports not only identify fear of the opposite sex as part of the etiology of homosexuality but also cite it as a factor in the inability of individuals to accept adult responsibility as well as efforts to deal with competitive attitudes toward members of the same sex as other factors that trigger the development of homosexual behavior [42,[45][46][47].
Another evidence related to the causes of homosexuality is even more surprising to many parties. A study shows evidence that homosexual and heterosexual behavior in women is influenced by sex steroid hormones [38]. Other studies have shown evidence that genetic antagonistic sexual factors in maternal lines are a factor in male homosexuality [48]. However, it is unclear whether and how these genetic factors are expressed together to trigger homosexuality in men [48]. However, various other studies show genetic factors have a relationship with homosexuality [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. Differences in opinion and the findings of the study led to a big question, are there differences in homosexual and transgender tendencies between men and women? So in this study, we will examine differences in homosexual and transgender tendencies between men and women.

II. METHOD
This research uses a quantitative approach with a comparative descriptive type [58]. The research sample comprised 208 people, comprising 79 men and 129 women spread across 14 provinces in Indonesia. The sampling technique is done by a purposive random sampling technique. The analysis technique used is the Subtotal specification T-test with the Rasch stacking model, which is processed with the help of Winsteps. The data in this study are political data collected using the Inventory of Homosexuality and Transgender Exposure (IHTE) in the form of a Likert model scale with five alternative answers.

A. Measure
The instrument was arranged based on nine indicators such as sexual orientation, media exposure, exposure to social interaction, exposure to ideology, perceptions of homosexuality, perceptions of transgender, protection of religious values, protection of social values, and the role of counselors. Analysis of the validity and reliability of the instrument using the Rasch model [59][60][61]. More details are given in Fig. 1 below. In Fig. 1, the reliability of 0.81 shows that the consistency of the person in giving a good answer. The separation of person value shows a value of 2.07, and this shows two (2) groups of people: high and low. While the item reliability in Table 2, it can be seen that the item reliability score is 0.99, this shows that the quality of the items used in the measurement is very good and the interaction between person and item shows well as seen from Cronbach's alpha value (KR-20) is 0.77. Validity analysis uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of residuals using two parameters, first the total raw variance in observation (minimum 40%) and second the total raw unexplained variance (minimum 15%) [62]. Further information is presented in Figure 3 below.  Fig. 3 above, we can see that the total raw variance result is 76.9%, not much different from the expected value of 77.2%. This shows that the constructs on the items already represent to measure homosexuality and transgender, and the minimum unidimensional 40% requirement has been fulfilled [62]. While all unexplained variance results (1 st to 5th) are below 15%, which shows the level of independence of items in a good instrument. I meet; thus this condition states; further, it can be stated that 37 items used are valid.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Discussion of the results about the differences in homosexual and transgender tendencies of men and women. The results of the analysis of differences in male and female homosexual and transgender tendencies are presented in the following Fig. 4. In Figure 4 above, shows the value of homosexual and transgender tendencies in terms of gender (sig = 0.000), this states the p-value <0.05, which shows that there are differences in homosexual and transgender tendencies between men and women. The results of the Subtotal specification T-test show the results of the reliability of men (0.85) and women (0.74), meaning that the consistency of answers given by male subjects is better than that of women. However, when viewed from the mean measure, it can be seen that women have a mean value greater than (-0.26) than the mean value of men (-0.61). This means that women are more inclined to engage in homosexual and transgender behavior, or women are more influenced by negative conditions that plunge it into homosexual and transgender behavior. For more details, it shows images to see the difference between homosexual and transgender tendencies between men and women.  Figure 1 shows the ability of female homosexual and transgender tendencies is higher than men in providing answers to 37 items. The red line is higher than the blue line in answering 37 items available in the Inventory of Homosexuality and Transgender Exposure (IHTE).

IV. CONCLUSION
The findings of this study provide evidence that there are differences in homosexual and transgender tendencies between men and women. I know women to be more likely to engage in homosexual and transgender behavior than men. The findings of this study can be an initial reference for understanding homosexuals and transgender people in a gender perspective. We can also use the findings of this study as a basis for developing appropriate treatments for dealing with homosexuals and transgender people in Indonesia.