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Ecosystem Services for Environmental Sustainability

Many of the most valuable contributions of ecosystems to human wellbeing are ecosystem services and are generally underrepresented in assessments. Indirect and direct factors including biophysical dynamics like soil properties, changing climatic conditions, plant functional structures, and anthropogenic activities like changes in land use and land degradation reduce ecosystem services. It is challenging and important to identify these factors and also to estimate their relative contributions to the degradation of ecosystem services. The chapter is an attempt to identify all these important factors and also suggest ways to enhance ecosystem services. Furthermore, incorporation of local knowledge would enable quantifying ecosystem services at a greater spatial resolution and also help in identifying chief factors influencing ecosystem service delivery. Furthermore, a long-term program needs to be established for gathering data towards streamlining ecosystem services wherein involvement of stakeholders is necessary for designing payments for these programs.