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Effect of masticatory cycles on postprandial appetite and subsequent food intake in seniors

Seniors are a population at the increased risk of inadequate food intake. It is not clear how appetite and postprandial metabolism are influenced in this age group by change in the number of masticatory cycles during ingestion. In a randomized cross‐over study, 15 senior males consumed a fixed amount pizza meal, by chewing each portion 15 or 40 times before swallowing. Appetite questionnaires and plasma samples were collected at regular intervals over three hours following meal consumption. An ad libitum meal was provided three hours later and the amount eaten measured. Compared to 15 chews, making 40 chews per portion resulted in lower hunger (P<0.001), lower preoccupation with food (P<0.001) and lower desire to eat (P<0.001). Higher levels of plasma glucose, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide were found immediately following the 40 chews (P<0.05), but they became significantly lower later (P<0.05). No effect on cholecystokinin and ghrelin was found. There was a trend toward significant reduction in food intake at the subsequent meal following the 15 chews condition (P=0.066). The results suggest that increasing the number of chews promotes postprandial satiety in senior males but also paradoxically promotes food intake at the subsequent meal. The impaired control of food intake in seniors and different glycemic responses under different chewing conditions may partly explain for the results.