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Functional reflectance spectroscopy of skin

In this paper we present some of the challenges of studying the spectroscopy of human skin in vivo. The emphasis is in the study of the chromophores that contribute to the clinical appearance of human skin. Information about the chromophores that are of clinical relevance is obtained by spectroscopic studies in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such information may be obtained by reflectance spectroscopy or photoacoustic spectroscopy. The challenges that have to be overcome in order to understand the interaction of visible light with skin include the physical state of the chromophores in a strongly scattering medium. A further complication comes from the fact that the chromophores exist in special compartments within the organ and in these compartments they are in high concentrations. The dermis is a strongly scattering medium (optically thick) that is responsible not only for the remitted intensity, it may also alter the color appearance of the organ. The Beer-Lambert law for absorption holds only for dilute solutions and in tissue we almost always have high concentrations. A number of attempts have been made in the past to study and to quantify the chromophores of human skin in the visible through modeling. These have included a number of models such as the Kubelka Munk approach, the diffusion approximation, or the Monte Carlo calculations. All of these make a number of simplifying assumptions which invariably include the deletion of all appendages from the skin.