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Prostate cancer screening trials: fending off critics to recruit men.

In recent decades, more effective treatments have boosted survival rates and reduced mortality for childhood leukemia, the most common cancer in children. But the cause of most cases remains a mystery. Now, scientists are unearthing clues through both molecular detective work and large epidemiological studies, that in the next few years, should produce research results that will more clearly implicate some suspects and exculpate others. Once the causes are better understood, better treatments and even prevention may be possible. One basic question is when does childhood leukemia begin? Children destined to get the disease may encounter risk factors during postnatal life, at or near birth, in utero, or even as gametes before conception. Scientists have logically assumed that cases diagnosed in the youngest children must originate before birth, but there has been little direct evidence until recently.