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Air-Filled Parallel-Plate Cylindrical Modified Luneberg Lens Antenna for Multiple-Beam Scanning at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

This paper presents a novel design of cylindrical modified Luneberg lens antenna at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies in which no dielectric is needed as lens material. The cylindrical modified Luneberg lens consists of two air-filled, almost-parallel plates whose spacing continuously varies with the radius to simulate the general Luneberg's Law. A planar antipodal linearly-tapered slot antenna (ALTSA) is placed between the parallel plates at the focal position of the lens as a feed antenna. A combined ray-optics/diffraction method and CST-MWS are used to analyze and design this lens antenna. Measured results of a fabricated cylindrical modified Luneberg lens with a diameter of 100 mm show good agreement with theoretical predictions. At the design frequency of 30 GHz, the measured 3-dB E- and H-plane beamwidths are 8.6° and 68°, respectively. The first sidelobe level in the E-plane is -20 dB, and the cross-polarization is -28 dB below peak. The measured aperture efficiency is 68% at 30 GHz, and varies between 50% and 71% over the tested frequency band of 29-32 GHz. Due to its rotational symmetry, this lens can be used to launch multiple beams by implementing an arc array of planar ALTSA elements at the periphery of the lens. A 21-element antenna array with a -3-D dB beam crossover and a scan angle of 180° is demonstrated. The measured overall scan coverage is up to ±80° with gain drop less than -3 dB.