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Reliability of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are among the least expensive lasers available, and have been widely deployed for data communications and illumination applications. They have also proved to be one of the most reliable types of lasers, due to the lack of exposed facets, and the relatively small area of the chip that is vulnerable to defects. We discuss measures that have proven necessary to obtain good reliability, focusing especially on reliability qualification and analysis. We also briefly discuss failure analysis techniques and future VCSEL reliability challenges.