{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.013134851138353765, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.969512195121951, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Changing paradigms in the treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma.

BACKGROUND
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are intra- and extra-adrenal neoplasms that are rarely malignant. The treatment of those that are malignant has remained a challenge because little was known about the molecular pathways involved in its malignant transformation. Recently, however, the genetic and molecular changes involved in malignant pheochromocytoma have come to be understood.


METHODS
The authors review the recent literature about the changing treatment options for malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.


RESULTS
Traditional treatments for malignant pheochromocytoma remain unsuccessful. With the advances made in genomics and proteomics, novel pathways in pheochromocytoma carcinogenesis are becoming the targets of new treatment strategies and show promising results.


CONCLUSIONS
Although several studies and clinical trials show great promise for improving the treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, the hope is that future collaborative efforts will allow for prospective clinical trials using an evidenced-based approach.