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Regulatory cell populations in the intestinal mucosa

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the fields of intestinal T-regulatory cell (Treg) and tolerogenic dendritic cell subsets. Under homeostatic conditions, CD4+ Tregs and tolerogenic dendritic cells function to maintain mucosal tolerance. Loss of immune homeostasis is the primary cause of intestinal abnormalities, including inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, an improved understanding of cellular mechanisms promoting tolerance will be critical for the development of more efficacious therapies to treat chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent findings Significant progress has been made in the past year in the study of mucosal Treg and dendritic cell populations. In particular, efforts have focused on the migration and differentiation of these cells in the intestinal mucosa, the functional consequences of cross-talk with the intestinal microbiome, mechanisms by which tolerogenic dendritic cells take up antigen, and regulation of retinoic acid synthesis. Summary Recent studies examining tolerogenic cell populations of the intestinal mucosa highlight the progress in understanding the function, regulation, and cross-talk of Treg and dendritic cell populations, and their interactions with the gut microbiota. Scientific advances in these areas will undoubtedly lead to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for intestinal abnormalities such as inflammatory bowel disease.