{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03978879879313596, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03205732604186309, 'mean_word_length': 4.589723320158103, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Coleoptera of the Penza region, Russia based on fermental crown trap

Ruchin AB, Egorov LV, Polumordvinov OA. 2021. Coleoptera of the Penza region, Russia based on fermental crown trap). Biodiversitas 22: 1946-1960. There are the results of processing the material of the 2019-2020 studies on Coleoptera from the Penza region, Russia. The surveys were carried out using fermental crown traps in various habitats on the territory of 18 districts of the region. In total, 18 traps were installed in 2019 and 96 traps – in 2020. During the research, 5,577 specimens were collected and recorded. Ninety-seven species from 19 families were found, of which 43 species are new to the Penza region. The most diverse families are Cerambycidae (24 species) and Elateridae (11 species). Species from the families Nitidulidae (3281 specimens), Scarabaeidae (1497 specimens), and Cerambycidae (453 specimens) predominated in the traps. A list of species is given, indicating references and information on biology. New data is given for 4 species included in the Red Data Book of the region (Protaetia fieberi, Protaetia speciosissima, Gnorimus variabilis, Purpuricenus globulicollis).


INTRODUCTION
At the beginning of the XXI century, the conservation of biological diversity is considered one of the main global challenges of humanity and as the most important condition for the stability of ecological systems (Robin 2011;Grubert 2018). Biodiversity supports society in ecological, economic, cultural and spiritual fields. Despite the fact that biodiversity has a significant impact on the daily life and development of society, the world faces permanent irretrievable losses of individual species and entire ecosystems. Species and ecosystems, as well as the threats they face, vary across and within geographic regions (Myers et al. 2000;Hooper et al. 2005;Huang et al. 2018;Ahissa et al. 2020;de Lima et al. 2020;Feng et al. 2020;King et al. 2021). It is important to maintain a high level of diversity for many reasons, including the fact that the natural world brings to human life. Therefore, in recent years, nature conservation and biodiversity conservation have been viewed as the same issue (Mathews 2016;Uwalaka et al. 2018;Kestemont 2019;Mellard et al. 2019;Cicort-Lucaciu 2020;Kroll et al. 2020;Wang et al. 2020).
Coleoptera fauna inventory and regional faunal reports are conducted in many regions of Russia in order to preserve biodiversity (Storozhenko et al. 2002;Budaev et al. 2019;Prokin et al. 2019;Rozhnov et al. 2019;Bondarenko et al. 2020;Egorov et al. 2020a;Sergeev 2020;Zemoglyadchuk et al. 2020). A significant part of the research is devoted to the study and conservation of rare and unique Coleoptera species, the loss of which can lead to a decrease in ecosystem biodiversity (Frolov 2013; Bardiani et al. 2017;Redolfi De Zan et al. 2017;Polevoi et al. 2018;Ruchin and Egorov 2018a,b,c;Tomaszewska et al. 2018;Ruchin and Khapugin 2019;Dedyukhin 2020).
The Penza region is located on the Russian Plain and occupies the middle and western part of the Volga Upland. Coleoptera of this region is studied intensively and in recent years a number of interesting studies have been published (Levkovich and Levkovich 2006;Pronina 2010; Bashinsky and Osipov 2019; Danilevsky et al. 2019;Ruchin et al. 2019c). However, all of them are based on standard methods of studying Coleoptera fauna, while special methods provide additional and sometimes unexpected data (Dodds 2014;Rukavina et al. 2018;Barros et al. 2020;Philips et al. 2020;Touroult and Witté 2020). This publication examines the Coleoptera biodiversity of the Penza region, which was studied in 2019-2020 using fermental crown traps.

Study area
The Penza region is located at the junction of forest, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones. The terrain is a hilly plain. The central and eastern part of it is occupied by the western slope of the Volga upland, and the western partby the Oka-Don lowland. The highest and most hilly surface is located in Zasurye, in the bend of Sura. Sursk-Moksha hill is situated in the Northern areas in the West region, the Oka-Don plain is in the South (150-180 m a.s.l.). The region length from East to West is 190 km (from 42°40' to 47°E), and 110 km from North to South (53°20' to 52°20'N). The terrain is elevated, slightly hilly, with deep flowing wide ancient river valleys, with many ravines and gullies. Heights of less than 100 m a.s.l. are located in the Vysha River valley in the northwest of the region. In terms of hydrology, the region is divided into two basins of approximately equal areas: the Don Basin (the Khoper River and the Vorona River), and the Volga Basin (the Sura, Kadada, and Moksha Rivers). The watershed of the basins runs along the Kerensky-Chembar upland. The climate is temperate continental, strongly influenced by the Atlantic. The lowest temperatures were recorded on the plains in January (-43 to -45°C) and the highest ones in July (38-39°C).
There is a diverse natural vegetation cover in the southwestern part of the Volga Upland, which is determined by the location of the territory at the junction of forest and steppe vegetation zones. The forest cover of the region is approximately 21.4%. Meadow (northern) steppes and broad-leaved forests are the zonal vegetation types of the research region. The border of the forest -steppe transition coincides with the border of the replacement of some geological deposits by others. Small north-western part of the region is a transition zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests. The southwestern part of the region should be attributed to the zone of steppes (Kuritsyn and Mardensky 1991).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The material was collected in 2019-2020 by the first author in 18 districts of the Penza region, with the use of fermental crown traps (Figure 1). Two versions of traps were used in the crowns of trees. In the first case, the trap was a 5-liter plastic container with a window cut out on one side at a distance of 10 cm from the bottom . Fermented beer with the addition of sugarcontaining components (honey, jam and sugar) was used as bait. In 2020, a different type of bait trap was additionally used (Jalas 1960). There was a mixture of white, red wine and beer with added sugar as an attractive substrate. As a fixative, 96% ethyl alcohol was added. The traps were installed in the tree crowns at a height of 7 to 10 m from the surface. The exposure (duration of installation) of the traps ranged from 7 to 15 days. Table 1 shows the geographical characteristics of each research site, with the dates of the trap installation and the coordinates of the area. During the collection, a total of 5,577 Coleoptera specimens were collected and recorded. The studied material is stored in the collection of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve (Pushta village). Leonid Egorov identified Coleoptera. The system of Coleoptera, the volume and nomenclature of most taxa are accepted mainly according to the "Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera" (Löbl and Smetana 2007, 2011Löbl 2015, 2016;Danilevsky 2020;Iwan and Löbl 2020). Data on the occurrence of species and species diversity were analyzed. To compare the occurrence of species, the number of species sightings was determined in relation to the total number of trap exposures. When specifying the biology of the species, we used our own data and observations in nature.

Results
A total of 97 species from 20 families have been recorded. Unfortunately, the Coleoptera biodiversity of the Penza region is still very poorly studied. Scattered data (Dyukin 1912;Dmitriev 1926;Anufriev et al. 1999;Bokhovko and Stoiko 2002;Levkovich and Levkovich 2006;Polumordvinov and Glebov 2010;Pronina 2010;Lebyazhinskaya 2012;Dobrolyubova 2013) suggests that more than 1,000 species are currently known. However, this species diversity is very small and according to our objective data, the beetle fauna should number at least 3000 species. This conclusion can be made if we compare the state of the fauna of the regions bordering the Penza region. For example, in the Republic of Mordovia, about 3,300 species of Coleoptera are already known Egorov 2018b, 2019a,b;Ruchin et al. 2018Kazantsev et al. 2019;Alekseev and Ruchin 2020;Egorov et al. 2020b;Zemoglyadchuk et al. 2020). In our research, the use of crown traps allowed us to detect 43 new species for the Penza region at once. This indicates a poor knowledge of the beetle fauna of the region and the use of new research methods in this case is very effective.
The most diverse families are Cerambycidae (24 species) and Elateridae (11 species) (Fig. 2). Most of the families were represented in our collections by single species. Species from the families Nitidulidae (3,281 specimens), Scarabaeidae (1,497 specimens), and Cerambycidae (453 specimens) predominated in the traps. The remaining families in the collections are represented by less than a hundred specimens, and some by single individuals (Fig. 3). Below, there is a list of Coleoptera species found using fermental crown traps. The list for each species contains references to literature data from the territory of the Penza region (if there is a reliable indication), the place of collection of the material, indicating the number of localities and the number of collected or recorded specimens ("Material"), original data on the biology of the species. The names of the new species for the fauna of the Penza region are marked with a single asterisk (*). In the "Material" section, the locale number is indicated (see Table 1), while the number of instances found is indicated in parentheses.
Material: 11 (1). Biology. In the region, it is a common species, found in mixed and deciduous forests. It falls into the crown traps accidently.
Biology. An active predator. Main habitats: deciduous and mixed forests, pine forests with birch undergrowth. It is a common species. It is often found on the leaves of shrubs and undergrowth of trees, on forest roads.
Biology. A necrobiont. It is noted that beetles feed on Diptera larvae located on carrion. We caught them in crown traps. A single species appeares during collecting insects at night on UV light. This species is also attracted by insects that have died in traps.
*Nicrophorus sepultor (Charpentier, 1825) Material: 42 (1). Biology. It was caught simultaneously with the previous three species in one trap on the edge of a deciduous forest that turns into a meadow biotope.
Material: 82 (1). Biology. One of the most common species of the family. It is often found in many biotopes. It rarely appears in crown traps.
Oiceoptoma thoracicum (Linnaeus, 1758) Literature data: Levkovich and Levkovich (2006). Material: 67 (1). Biology. One of the most common species of the family. It is often found on the soil in many biotopes.
Biology. It is found in mixed and deciduous forests, pine forests. The species is related to the nests of Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758, where its larvae feed on Diptera larvae in the fragments of the nests (Salnitska and Solodovnikov 2019).
Material: 64 (2); 83 (1). Biology. A rare species. It is confined to deciduous forests, where it adheres to areas with Quercus robur, and is also found in pine forests. They fly from the beginning of June to the end of July, larvae are found in the rotten wood of oak and other deciduous trees, pine.
Biology. This is a local species, confined to broadleaved and mixed forests, sometimes found in floodplains of deciduous forests. Imagos are active from the end of May to August.
Biology. It is found in deciduous and mixed forests, in parks, forest protection strips and other biotopes. Larval development takes place in the hollows of dead deciduous trees for three years. In beer traps, this is the most common species.
Biology. It is common for deciduous and mixed forests, oak forests, and floodplains. This is a local species. Beetles usually fly in May-August. Larvae are found in decaying trunks of oak.
Biology. The species is confined to broad-leaved and deciduous forests with oak, and is found in floodplains of rivers. Beetles feed on the woody sap of oak and willow trees. Imagos are caught from the end of May to the beginning of September.

Family BUPRESTIDAE Leach, 1815
Anthaxia quadripunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) Literature data: Levkovich and Levkovich (2006). Material: 13 (1). Biology. It is common for pine and mixed forests, complex forests. This is a local and common species. It flies in late May-July. The larvae develop in dead trunks of pine trees.

Dicerca alni (Fischer von Waldheim, 1824)
Literature data: Levkovich and Levkovich (2006). Material: 67 (1). Biology. It is common in floodplain forests and blackwoods. The species is not uncommon but is local. It flies in June and July. Larvae are found in dead trunks of alder.
Biology. This is one of the main species of agricultural pests in the region. It lives on sandy loam soils.
Biology. This is one of the main pests of agriculture in the region, it lives on forest edges and in gullies. It is often found on flowering plants. It is found in many forest ecosystems.
Biology. This is one of the main pests of agriculture in the region, it lives on podzolic soils. It is often found in clearings, edges of various forests.

*Cantharis nigricans
Biology. This is one of the most frequently encountered species of this family. It lives in a wide variety of biotopes of open and closed landscapes. It is rarely found in crown traps. It is confined to herbaceous plants.

*Cantharis pellucida (Fabricius, 1792)
Material: 87 (1). Biology. This is a common type for edges, clearings in forests, parks, and gardens. It is rarely found in crown traps. It is confined to herbaceous plants.

*Rhagonycha nigriventris (Motschulsky, 1860)
Material: 43 (1). Biology. This is a common species. It is found in mixed and deciduous forests, pine forests and spruce forests with pine and birch. It is rarely found in crown traps. It is confined to herbaceous plants.

Family MELYRIDAE Leach, 1815
Cordylepherus viridis (Fabricius, 1787) Literature data: Anufriev et al. (1999). Material: 86 (1). Biology. This is a common species. It is found in mixed and deciduous forests. It is rarely found in crown traps. Biology. This is a common species. It is found in mixed and deciduous forests. (Linnaeus, 1758) Literature data: Levkovich and Levkovich (2006).

Material: 102 (1).
Biology. This is a common species. It is found in mixed and deciduous forests.
Biology. This is a common species, which, with a larger number, was found in oak and aspen forests. It is quite common in pine forests and mixed forests. The peak population was observed in early June (Ruchin et al. 2021).
Biology. This is a North American dispersing species (Keszthelyi 2012). It is currently known from many regions of Russia (Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2019). It is often found on rotting fruit, on carrion and in manure, in corn, on sapbearing trees (Price and Young 2006). In the Republic of Mordovia, this species is regularly caught in natural ecosystems, in forests of various types (Ruchin et al. 2021).
Biology. This is a common species, regularly found in deciduous and mixed forests (Ruchin et al. 2021).
Material: 111 (1). Biology. It was caught in the spring on the edge of a deciduous forest. It accidentally falls into the crown traps.
Material: 65 (1); 86 (1). Biology. his is one of the most common and numerous species. It flies in late May-July. Beetles feed on flowering plants in meadows, edges and forest clearings. It is rarely caught in crown traps, as it is usually found on the grass.

Chrysanthia viridissima
Material: 57 (1). Biology. It is found at the edge of a clearing in a mixed forest.
Material: 1 (7); 14 (1); 19 (1); 32 (1); 61 (2); 76 (1). Biology. It is a local species of old-growth moist deciduous forest of the region. Beetles fly in June-August, they are found on flowering herbaceous plants. Larvae develop in the basal part of the trunks of different types of willows, they do not settle in withered trees.
Biology. It inhabits deciduous and mixed forests, clearings, and edges. Beetles fly in June and July. Thy are found on flowering plants of Umbelliferae.
Biology. The species lives in deciduous, mixed and floodplain forests. It flies in June-July. The larvae develop in the rotten wood of deciduous trees, for example, they were found in the fallen rotten trunk of a hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth.).
Lepturalia nigripes (De Geer, 1775) Literature data: Dyukin (1912 Biology. It is found in mixed and deciduous forests, in pine forests with an admixture of birch (Ruchin and Egorov 2018b). In studies region, it was found in deciduous forests.
Biology. It inhabits deciduous and mixed forests. It is rarely found on flowering plants, but it is often lured into crown traps. The larvae develop in the wood of Salix sp. and other deciduous trees.
Biology. It is a rather secretive species, its distribution is confined to old aspen forests, and it inhabits poplar stands in localities (Ruchin and Egorov 2018b). It is possible to study the distribution of this species well with the help of crown traps.
Biology. It inhabits oak forests and mixed forests. Beetles fly in the evening in May-June. The species is local, often found, the larvae develop in the dead oak wood.
Material: 60 (2). Biology. The species was recorded on the edges of deciduous and mixed forests bordering willows in floodplains. It is very rare and local in the region, active from the end of May to the end of July. The larvae develop in the branches of deciduous trees. The use of crown traps with beer gives good results for studying the distribution and abundance of this species.
Biology. Previously, it was considered a rather rare and local species, known from the floodplain oaks and willows of the Sura River. New data from crown traps show a wider distribution of the species in the region. Beetles are found from May to July. The larvae develop in the trunks and branches of dying deciduous trees.

Discussion
The most diverse families were Cerambycidae (24 species) and Elateridae (11 species) (Figure 2). Most of the families were represented in our collections by single species. Species from the families Nitidulidae (3,281 specimens), Scarabaeidae (1,497 specimens), and Cerambycidae (453 specimens) predominated in the traps. The remaining families were represented by less than a hundred specimens, and someby single individuals only (Figure 3).
In total, 43 of the 97 species found are new to the Penza region. Mainly, these are common species for mixed and deciduous forests and are rarely melted in other ways. Three species (Glischrochilus quadrisignatus, Trogoderma glabrum, and Trichoferus campestris) are alien.
Due to the fact that the fauna of Coleoptera in the Penza region is not sufficiently studied, many of the most common species have not yet been reliably found. It is known that fermental crown traps are often a good additional tool for collecting information about rare and little-known species (their abundance and distribution in the study area). For example, among the species included in the Red Data Book of Penza Region (2019), 4 species were found -Protaetia fieberi, Protaetia speciosissima, Gnorimus variabilis, Purpuricenus globulicollis. The first two species are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (List of Objects of the Animal World Listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation 2020). In the Red Data Book of Penza Region (2019), 6 localities of Protaetia fieberi are indicated for the region, and we have made new notes concerning 48 habitats. There are also 11 localities of Protaetia speciosissima, while our research has proven the existence of this species in another 20 habitats.
The biodiversity of Coleoptera from crown traps differs from those caught in other ways (Barber traps, hand-picking, window traps, and others). Our trapping method allowed us to identify at once a significant number of species that are not often found in nature or lead a secretive lifestyle. Previously, such traps were recommended for use in the study of rare insect species . Different trapping methods, when used correctly, can be an effective tool, for example, in monitoring biodiversity and studying rare insect species that are difficult to detect in other ways. In conclusion, the biodiversity of Coleoptera that fall into crown traps is significant. Using crown traps, 5,577 beetle specimens were collected and recorded in 2019-2020. 97 species from 19 families were found, of which 43 species are new to the Penza region. The most diverse families are Cerambycidae (24 species) and Elateridae (11 species). Numerically, species from the families Nitidulidae, Scarabaeidae, and Cerambycidae predominated in the catches. The traps used are well established for studying the diversity of species included in the Red Book of the region (Protaetia fieberi, Protaetia speciosissima, Gnorimus variabilis, Purpuricenus globulicollis). We recommend the use of crown traps with beer and wine for ecological studies of the Coleoptera fauna. This method can be used to study seasonal, biotopic features of the fauna.