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Manly Missions: Jews, Christians, and American Religious Masculinity, 1900-1920

In 1912, the Protestant missionary journal Our Hope sought an explanation for the origin and meaning of Jewish “nervous disorders.” Like other american periodicals of the Progressive Era, it suggested that hysteria and neurasthenia constituted a significant issue for many americans, and Jews in particular. But this journal did not, like others, posit a neo-freudian explanation about repression. Nor did it offer a Lamarckian explanation of the inherited effects of persecution. Instead, as the organ of the largest american mission to the Jews, Our Hope provided theological reasons for the presence of “nervousness” in Jewish bodies. Even though the widespread diagnosis of nervous disorders had only begun after George Beard’s 1881 American Nervousness, the journal saw the “divine prediction” of these ailments in Deuteronomy 28:64–67.1 according to arno Gaebelein, longtime editor of Our Hope and later contributor to The Fundamentals pamphlet series, Deuteronomy explained that Jews should expect “a trembling heart, and failing of eyes and sorrow of mind” and “fear day and night.”2 he then provided a contemporary exegesis for the verses: “This prediction has found its fulfillment, as well as many others, among the Jews for many generations. a leading Jewish specialist on nervous diseases declares that Jews are more subject to diseases of the nervous system than the other races among whom they dwell. hysteria and neurasthenia appear to be the most frequent.”3 Using a complex definition of Jewishness