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Topical delivery of PD‐1 inhibitors with laser‐assisted passive diffusion and active intradermal injection: Investigation of cutaneous pharmacokinetics and biodistribution patterns

Current cancer immunotherapeutic treatment with PD‐1 inhibitors is administered systemically. However, a local treatment strategy may be advantageous as it could provide targeted drug delivery as well as attenuate side effects seen with systemic treatments. For keratinocyte cancers, where surgical excision is not always applicable, an alternate local treatment approach would be beneficial. This study aims to examine cutaneous pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the PD‐1 inhibitor nivolumab, locally delivered either by ablative fractional laser (AFL)‐assisted passive diffusion or active intradermal injection, in vivo.