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Genetic disruption of G proteins, Gi2α or Goα, does not abolish inotropic and chronotropic effects of stimulating muscarinic cholinoceptors in atrium

Background and purpose:  Classically, stimulation of muscarinic cholinoceptors exerts negative inotropic and chronotropic effects in the atrium of mammalian hearts. These effects are crucial to the vagal regulation of the heart beat. This effect is assumed to be mediated via GTP binding (G) proteins, because they can be abolished by Pertussis toxin. However, it is unknown which G proteins are involved.