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Depression in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional study in the national center for respiratory diseases in Indonesia.

Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, including Indonesia. It can cause comorbidities such as osteoporosis, heart failure, diabetes, and depression. Depression is a common.


Objective
The purpose of this study is to reveal the prevalence of depression in stable COPD patients in Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta and its associated factors.


Methods
This is a cross-sectional study in which stable COPD patients who visited COPD Outpatient Clinic in Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were asked for a history of disease, physical examination, lung function test and underwent Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Version (MINI) ICD 10.


Results
One hundred and forty-one patients were enrolled in this study. Prevalence of depression was 19.1%. Subjects with moderate-high COPD assessment test (CAT) score ≥ 10 have 14 times higher risk of having depression (p<0.001) compared to subjects with mild CAT score (< 10). There was a statistically significant association between symptoms-based COPD group (p<0.001), smoking status (p<0.007) and Brinkmann index (p<0.026) with depression. We found no statistically significant
 association between risk-based COPD group (p=0.799) and airflow limitation (p>1.000) with depression.


Conclusion
The prevalence of depression in stable COPD patients in Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta was 19.1%. 
 There was a statistically significant association between symptoms-based COPD group, smoking status, and Brinkmann index with depression in stable COPD patients.