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Coupled counterrotating polariton condensates in optically defined annular potentials

Significance Collections of bosons can condense into superfluids, but only at extremely low temperatures and in complicated experimental setups. By creating new types of bosons that are coupled mixtures of optical and electronic states, condensates can be created on a semiconductor chip and potentially up to room temperature. One of the most useful implementations of macroscopic condensates involves forming rings, which exhibit new phenomena because the quantum wavefunctions must join up in phase; these are used for some of the most sensitive magnetometer and accelerometer devices known. We show experimentally how patterns of light shone on semiconductor chips can directly produce ring condensates of unusual stability, which can be precisely controlled by optical means. Polariton condensates are macroscopic quantum states formed by half-matter half-light quasiparticles, thus connecting the phenomena of atomic Bose–Einstein condensation, superfluidity, and photon lasing. Here we report the spontaneous formation of such condensates in programmable potential landscapes generated by two concentric circles of light. The imposed geometry supports the emergence of annular states that extend up to 100 μm, yet are fully coherent and exhibit a spatial structure that remains stable for minutes at a time. These states exhibit a petal-like intensity distribution arising due to the interaction of two superfluids counterpropagating in the circular waveguide defined by the optical potential. In stark contrast to annular modes in conventional lasing systems, the resulting standing wave patterns exhibit only minimal overlap with the pump laser itself. We theoretically describe the system using a complex Ginzburg–Landau equation, which indicates why the condensate wants to rotate. Experimentally, we demonstrate the ability to precisely control the structure of the petal condensates both by carefully modifying the excitation geometry as well as perturbing the system on ultrafast timescales to reveal unexpected superfluid dynamics.