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Radiation angle and heat transferred to a bird.

bird's total silhouette area, rather than the incident angle of radiation on plumage (6). If "postural adjustment" refers to featherpostures [discussed in (1) in relation to conductivity], then the experiment performed in no way mimics the actual situation. Birds do raise and lower feathers 'during heat stress (7), but such effects entail changes in convective heat loss (8) that were not accounted for by Lustick et al. (1) where the angle of the entire plumage patch rather than individual feathers was varied. In short, the data demonstrate neither a change in reflectivity of feathers nor a relative change in properties of white and gtay feathers with incidence angle. The data show only that, as the incidence angle decreases, the heat transferred to beneath the skin decreases approximately according to the expected cosine function of silhouette area regardless of feather color. JACK P. HAILMAN Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706