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Race, rail and society: roots of modern Kenya

analytical entry points here are myriad: gender, feminism, work, professionalism, education, economics and masculinity to name just a few. Banerjee skillfully teases out the complicated conversations surrounding imperial citizenship, some that are portable even today’s context. Indeed, it is not too far a distance from Balakistna, a nineteenth-century Indian labourer situated in the South African province of Natal, whose official testimonies complaining of abuse at the hands of his English employer fell on deaf government ears despite his status as a ‘free individual, with rights in courts of law as [a subject] of the Crown’ (p. 78) and the persistent hounding from right-wing reactionaries for President Barack Obama to prove his American citizenship via his official birth documents in 2011. One such example of this intricate unravelling is Banerjee’s reading of India Calling, the 1934 autobiographical memoir of Cornelia Sorabji, the first woman to study law at Oxford and the first female lawyer in India. Banerjee’s analysis reveals that despite her having gained access to structures such as Oxford University through her English connections, as well as the work of British suffragists who used the image of the suffering Indian woman to clear the path for their own professional ends, Sorabji found her attempts at professional legitimisation in India thwarted time and time again due to her sex. However, her decades of work as a legal representative of the hundreds of female residents of Muslim zenanas are expressed in her autobiography with a metropolitan British audience in mind in order to articulate and legitimise her identity as a professional imperial citizen, an articulation that deliberately removed her from the emergent nationalist discourse that relied heavily on the idealised image of a victimised yet nobly resilient Mother India. What, then, does an understanding of how colonial subjects asserted their identities as imperial citizens tell us about contemporary diaspora? Where the project of imperial citizenship ultimately failed, those who claim Indian citizenship carry with them India’s countless ideas of itself as a nation-state (thanks in no small part to many of the figures present in Banerjee’s research), and with new transnational spaces come new and shifting definitions of citizenship. This study provides for us a model of how to understand the various mutations and formulations of ‘citizenship’ and what it means to assert one’s belonging both home and abroad.