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Sustainable landscapes in a world of change: tropical forests, land use and implementation of REDD+: Part II

Management to address current concerns about sustaining tropical forests. In the Foreword to the first part of this two-part Mini Focus issue of Carbon Management, we described the importance of the role of tropical forests in the Earth system and how tropical landscapes have changed greatly in recent decades, because of increasing demand for land to support agriculture and timber production, fuelwood, and other pressures of population and human economics [1]. Over the past two decades, global forests removed from the atmosphere about one-third of the carbon emitted globally from the burning of fossil fuels, including more than 1.0 Pg C yr from intact tropical forests (those forests not affected significantly by land-use changes or harvesting) [2]. Understanding the causes of the forest carbon sink is necessary to both manage forests for their carbon value and project the future contribution of forests to the carbon cycle, which may be affected by many factors such as drought, natural disturbances and land-use changes. One of the most difficult challenges for monitoring changes in forest carbon and attributing those changes to specific human activities is to separate out the effects of natural disturbances such as climate variability and wildfire, and atmospheric effects such as vegetation response to increasing CO 2 concentration, so that the true magnitude of the response to changes in land management is revealed [3]. The IPCC task force on national GHG inventories has not yet been able to provide technical guidance on approaches to separate out the effects of different factors that can be widely deployed in tropical countries, because of the technical challenges. In 2003, the IPCC reported that “The scientific community cannot currently provide a practicable methodology that would factor out direct human-induced effects from indirect human-induced and natural effects for any broad range of LULUCF [land use, land-use change and forestry] activities and circumstances” [4]. Therefore, the IPCC adopted the ‘managed land proxy’, which simply partitions the land base within a country into regions that are primarily influenced by human factors and areas that are primarily influenced by natural factors, and allows countries to report only on carbon stocks that occur on managed lands. The IPCC revisited the use of the managed land proxy in 2009 to determine if enough scientific progress Sustainable landscapes in a world of change: tropical forests, land use and implementation of REDD+: Part II Foreword