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STUDIES IN WARNING COLORATION AND MIMICRY. VII. EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF A BATESIAN‐MÜLLERIAN SPECTRUM: A MODEL FOR MÜLLERIAN MIMICRY

Over one hundred years ago, Bates (1862) proposed that palatable prey should gain an advantage if they resembled and were mistaken for less palatable prey by predators. Seventeen years later, Muller (1889) proposed that a mutual advantage accrued to aposematic prey that converged in pattern to reduce predator error. Several recent workers (Huheey, 1961; Brower and Brower, 1964; Brower et al., 1970; Pough et al., 1973) have discussed the idea, first suggested by Dixey (1908) and clarified by Darlington (1938) and Fisher (1958), that there is no sharp dividing line between classical Batesian mimicry in which an innocuous mimic resembles a noxious model, and Miillerian mimicry in which two or more noxious models resemble each other. All cases in which two models, M1 and M2, do not have identical noxiousness will lie on a spectrum between the two limiting extremes of classical Batesian mimicry (noxiousness of M2 = 0) and classical Miillerian mimicry (noxiousness of M2 = noxiousness of M1). There has been some discussion of the evolution of Batesian and Miillerian mimicry in terms of this spectrum, but little of a quantitative nature has been attempted. Although the idea of a continuity of possibilities from Batesian mimicry at one extreme to Miillerian mimicry at the other is not a radical concept, surprisingly it does lead to several seeming contradictions. There are a number of tenets of mimicry theory that have been developed over the years (Carpenter, 1937; Sheppard, 1958; Wickler, 1968). In quite a large number of cases, the tenets for Batesian mimicry are diametrically opposed to those for Millerian mimicry (see Fisher (1958, p. 166) for, a concise and vivid description). The existence of a Batesian-Miullerian spectrum suggests that the supposed differences between the two be re-examined. Since the development of a mathematical model to describe Batesian mimicry (Huheey, 1964) has led to considerable work and interesting conclusions (Brower et al., 1970; Pough et al., 1973; Estabrook and Jesperson, 1975; Huheey, in ms.; Bobisud and Potratz, 1976; S. Arnold, Univ. of Chicago, pers. comm.), a similar study of Miillerian mimicry should prove useful.