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The Greek Appositives: Toward a Linguistically Adequate Definition of Caesura and Bridge

No fully satisfactory definition of the linguistic requirements of caesura and bridge has yet been formulated in Greek metrics. In particular, insufficient attention has been paid to the crucial cases of seemingly contradictory behavior where the same language sequence can stand both at a bridge and at the caesura, the evidence for which is especially rich in the trimeter. Such cases commonly involve a special class of words that, on the grounds of both syntax and phonology, are recognized as distinct from full words in countless languages. This class most frequently involves short grammar forms, such as articles, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbials, interrogatives, pronouns, and numerals, although it may include other forms and exclude some of those mentioned. In Greek, the traditional name for members of this class is "appositives." A characteristic property of many appositives, in Greek as in other languages, is their liability to special word-order rules' which make them prepositive or postpositive to full words or to other appositives. Appositives may also display special phonological cohesiveness with the full word to which they are attached (head word), in terms of both the accentuation2 and other phonological phenomena.3 Besides metrical evidence that appositives are permitted at bridges and avoided at caesurae, such diverse indications as word order, accentuation, liability to crasis and to the assimilation of final consonants (as indicated by spellings in inscriptions and papyri),4 and word punctuation in inscriptions attest appositive status in Greek,