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Benjamin Franklin Bache and the Philadelphia

which a sexual metonymy of tit and bum, penis and orgasm separated physical gratification from emotional feelings. Sex between boys in some cases undoubtedly healed that separation" (p. 178). This then is a collection that some will find a sad chronicle of detachment and alienation as well as of constraints leading to lifelong frustration. After "a trail of broken relationships, including divorce," Lewis concluded that powerful public men-including those who helped produce the Cold War and pollute the planet-were largely the products of an environment that showed them how to "split head from heart, the personal from the public, to deny the feminine within and thus half their humanity" (p. 187). Nevertheless, these are tales well told. The sharp and clear illustrations are apposite, and the index above average in quality. The cover illustration, a watercolor by John Sell Cotman titled The Toy Ship, shows a youngster of indeterminate sex being offered a boat by a swarthy man, and thus encapsulates the idea advanced by all the contributors that masculinity is created by social forces and is a subject that begs for extensive investigation by historians. Assertions provides an excellent insight into the prospective dismantling of long-standing but myopic views of British history.