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The Development of National Bibliography in Brazil

The Portuguese government forbad any printing in its American colonies, and any Brazilian wishing to get into print had to secure publication in Portugal. Ninety-one such authors who did so are listed in Diogo Barbosa Machado's Biblioteca lusitana of 1941-1759. It so happens that the first volume of that work was produced by a printer, Antonio Isidoro da Fonseca, who actually went to Rio de Janeiro and did some printing there in 1747. His press only functioned a few months, however: the total extant output is some three small pamphlets and a broadsheet. As soon as news of his activities reached the Lisbon authorities he was ordered home. The possibility of other colonial presses, in particular at Recife and at the Jesuit College in Rio, has been speculated upon since last century, but no actual publications have ever come to light. By one of history's little ironies, the printing press was finally brought to Brazil by the Portuguese government itself, when forced into exile there by Napoleon's invasion of 1807. They also brought with them the National Library, including Barbosa Machado's own collection, bequeathed to King Jose I, which had formed the basis of his bibliography. The Biblioteca lusitana was largely superseded by the Dicionario bibliografico portugues, begun by Inocencio Francisco da Silva in 1858 and eventually completed twenty-two volumes later by Pedro W. de Brito Aranha, in 1923. For the colonial period there is now also the excellent Bibliografia brasileira do periodo colonial: catalogo comentado das obras dos autores nascidos no Brasil e publicadas antes do 1808 (Säo Paulo, 1969); its author, Rubens Borba Alves de Moraes is also responsible, with William Berrien, for Brazil's only comprehensive subject bibliography, the Manual bibliografico de estudos brasileiros (Rio, 1949). Inocencio's example inspired a Diccionario bibliographico brazileiro by Augusto Victorina Alves do Sacramento Blake. This was a magnificent oneman effort, extending to seven volumens, but Blake's research was hampered