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Monumental Architecture, Settlement Landscape, and Climate Change at El Infiernito, Colombia

The ancient Muisca in the Valley of Leiva of the Eastern Andean Cordillera were monument buildings strongly influenced by climate change. Research at El Infiernito, the Stonehenge of Colombia, examined socio-environmental contexts related to the impacts of drought, flooding, and erosion vital to the development of past chiefdom societies. Chiefly elites responded to adverse water-related conditions by engineering a hydraulic landscape but also modified their built environment employing stone architecture and stone monuments that embodied religious and celestial cosmology. Investigations at a rare stone building and the discovery of nearby human burials begin to show evidence for a chiefly compound at El Infiernito. Reconnaissance nearby also located new irrigation works and astronomical-related monuments that appears to correspond to a quintuple planetary grouping visible in 710 AD. These data show that elites employed both tangible and intangible responses to overcome limitations posed by the natural and cultural environments.