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The Library in the Information Ecosystem of Open Science

The results of an analysis of trends in the development of the information ecosystem of open science based on the study of the global document flow, open access resources, and scientific data repositories, as well as initiatives in the field of open science, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, are presented. The directions of activity of libraries in these conditions are determined.


INTRODUCTION
Initiatives supporting the development of open science, the availability of data for the entire scientific community, as well as the transparency and reproducibility of research results, are gaining increasing recognition in the world, leading to significant changes in the infrastructure of scientific communications, the principles and methods of conducting scientific work, the recording and promoting of their results, as well as suggesting new solutions to problems related to improving the quality, support, and dissemination of

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF OPEN SCIENCE
Open science initiatives are promoted by various science foundations, national research councils, and government agencies (e.g., European Commission, Center for Open Science, FORCE11, and the Wellcome trust), as well as numerous university and national communities, major publishers and consortia; they have an impact on the formation of the ecosystem of science. UNESCO prepared a roadmap for the development of Recommendations [1], in which it is planned to establish standards aimed at forming a coherent vision of Open Science. FAIR Principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and re-usable) 1 and international initiatives in the field of open science are implemented in the recommendations of the publishing houses of scientific journals on providing access to primary data, on the openness of peer review, and in the requirements of scientific foundations on the openness of data as a prerequisite for obtaining international and national grants. Among these requirements is open access to published materials [2].
The number of organizations and projects that fund research is growing, as is the number of articles. In the process of searching for organizations funding scientific research, whose results were presented in the public domain in 2016-2020 and are reflected in the Scopus database, we have identified a list of the most common ones (Table 1), among which the scientific foundations of China, Japan, the United States, the European Union, and the United Kingdom prevail.
Depending on the subject area, the list of funding organizations changes. Thus, in the field of social and human sciences, the most common funding organizations are the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, European Commission, National Science Foundation, National Natural Science Foundation of China, UK Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020 Framework Program, Economic and Social Research Council, and, in the field of natural and technical sciences, such specialized organizations as the U.S. Department of Energy, Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
The emergence of open access (OA) initiatives is transforming the traditional scientific communication environment and is driving an increase in the number of open access journals and research articles. According to some reports [3], the share of OA in scientific literature is already estimated at 27% (approximately 19 million articles in total) and is growing mainly due to the golden and hybrid versions of the OA model, while it is noted that open access articles are cited 18% more than articles are on average; this effect is mainly provided by the green and hybrid variants of OA.
Our bibliometric analysis in the field of Social Sciences, including subject areas such as Arts and Humanities (ARTS); business, management, and accounting (BUSI); Decision Science (DECI); Economics, Econometrics, and Finance (ECON); Psychology (PSYC); Social Sciences (SOCI), indicates a further increase in the flow of open access publications. At the time of collecting the information, the total volume of open access publications reflected in the Scopus database for 2012-2020 was 1184815 documents; their share in the total document flow in this branch of knowledge in 2020 exceeded 30% (Fig. 1).
The proliferation of open science initiatives is also shown by the emergence of an increasing number of open access resources: full-text and factual (Open DOAR, ScienceOpen, CORE, PubMed Central, arXiv, BioMed Central, DOAJ, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Bentham Open, PLOS, Hindawi, Springer Open, Science Direct, NISCAIR, DOAB, CyberLeninka, Socionet archive, a number of In early 2019, the global registry for research data warehouses (re3data.org) submitted 2250 repositories (1869 industry-specific and 563, institutional), of which humanities and social sciences equaled 689 per year, life sciences, 1207; natural sciences, 1110; technical sciences, 339; etc. In 2021, the number of repositories increased to 3108 (2113, industry-specific; 701, institutional; and 294, other). As the analysis shows, most of the data in the storages reflects scientific and statistical information, standard documents prepared in MS Office, images, etc. The leader in the number of such data warehouses is the United States (Table 2), 1119 (in 2019-1035). The number of international storage facilities has increased over 2 years, Russia is in 21st place in this rating; the number of storage facilities in which Russian research data are presented is 22 (this was unchanged compared to 2019).
In the re3data.org registry, research data are presented for almost all scientific disciplines. However, repositories with data on life sciences (biology, medicine, agriculture, etc.) equaled 1473; natural sciences (chemistry, physics, mathematics, earth sciences, geo-physics and geodesy, computer science, electrical engineering, etc.), 1349; humanities and social sciences, including the humanities in general, history, economics, linguistics, etc., 951. The distribution of repositories by the most developing subject areas is presented in Table 3. In 2021, data on COVID-19 appeared in 68 repositories (in the subject areas of clinical trials, biochemistry, epidemiology, etc.).
The critical importance of international scientific cooperation, free access to scientific data, research results, educational resources, and research facilities   [4], which was signed by many publishing houses, libraries, and universities in order to counteract the spread of inaccurate information on the topic of the new coronavirus infection, as well as to facilitate the prompt provision of the scientific community and society as a whole with up-to-date information and materials about it.
In 2020, several initiative projects of publishers and scientific organizations were created for the prompt publication of works related to COVID-19, with a prerequisite for the availability of data [5][6][7]. Publishers are committed to facilitating the exchange of information reflected in COVID-19 documents in accordance with FAIR principles, working with FAIRsharing, Research Data Alliance and Force11 through the joint RDA/Force11 FAIR sharing working group (for example, providing recommendations for relevant repositories and using appropriate data standards and metadata), and aim to ensure the openness of all peerreviewed scientific publications related to the coronavirus outbreak, as well as the availability of raw data through preprint services or platforms that make articles open before peer review. These initiatives facilitate the rapid exchange of interim and final research results related to COVID-19, as well as the protocols and standards used for data collection, with a significant impact on the science information ecosystem.
The open science movement in its various forms is changing the information ecosystem itself of open science in terms of differences in disciplines and branches of knowledge, regional specifics and prevalence, expanding the range of formats, types of publications, data, and results. Open access resources are reflected in the information systems of publishing houses, vendors, news agencies, scientific and educational institutions, and libraries. Open access to information is of great importance for the formation of a knowledge space, in the construction of which the main role belongs to publishing houses, libraries, and educational institutions [8].
In the context of the development of a modern information ecosystem associated with the ideas of open access, traditional social institutions and mechanisms are being modified, the market of information resources and services is changing, and new rules, conditions, and prospects for the development of the scientific field of activity are being set. "The information society as a multidimensional, complex contradictory phenomenon generated by new high-tech technologies, a new type of communication, new opportunities, requires a thorough revision of the political activists, as a way to reduce the superprofits of capitalists; and activists from developing countries, as a way to prepare doctoral dissertations in these countries [10]. It should be noted that these issues continue to be relevant, considering the increase in the interest of researchers in the topic as evidenced by the results of issuing documents to the Scopus database.
Open access issues continue to be discussed in the library community. In the period from 2012 to 2021, the number of publications reflected in the Scopus database almost tripled (Fig. 2). Analysis of the species structure of the stream on the topic "Libraries and Open Access" (a total of 2018 documents based on the search results in the Scopus database from 2012 to 2020) revealed the following distribution of the share of publications by type of publication: articles, 1534; reviews, 150; conference proceedings, 144; and chapters from books, 106. Articles of serial publications occupy a significant place in the species structure of the document flow. An analysis of the repertoire of professional journals reflecting open access topics in libraries is presented in Table 4: more than 11 journals published 20 articles on the topic, the leader was the magazine Library Philosophy and Practice.
The main problems of the articles are connected with the study of the problems of development of business models of access to open content [17,18] and legal issues governing the open science movement; organization of user service; indexing in databases and publishing systems; distribution, search and access; payment for articles [19]; generation and use of open access repositories [20]; research data management and the role of librarians as collaborators and digital curators [21,22] [23]. Over the years, the relationship between open science and research libraries has grown significantly. Academic librarianship has evolved into a distinct area with its own set of goals and commitments in the academic community [23,24] developed by mechanisms that allow universities and scientific organizations to work more efficiently in the area of production and exchange knowledge, data, thereby promoting institutional research [25][26][27], service delivery from teaching individual information literacy to data mining [27], "embedding" librarians in the research process and joint research [27][28][29], participation in the creation and maintenance institutional repositories [30,31], conducting altmetric studies [32,33], creation of alternative editions (loading research results into repositories [20]), etc.
Content analysis of publications on the problem allowed us to conclude that open access as a new model for the dissemination of scientific information affects the change in the role of academic libraries in the information support of science and allows us to determine promising directions for their development [34]. For libraries, both key functions of open access systems are important: as a means of disseminating and delivering information (in this case, it is the formation of repositories on the basis of university libraries) and as a provider of information for readers and users of the library (in this case, it is help in navigating and providing library readers with open access journals, as well as materials from repositories) [8,10]. In libraries, "new" specialists appear: the data steward, data manager, metadata manager, research data management librarian, data curator, archivist/digital data scientist, content curator, co-investigator, collaborator, digital/information intermediary, digital curator, knowledge engineer, subject librarian, etc.
Below are just a few of the new specializations for librarians in research libraries, indicating that the open science that librarians are influencing allows them to at the same time demonstrate new and more important roles, given the appropriate competencies. Basic librarian skills in finding, collecting, organizing, evaluating, and disseminating information have a major impact on the creation, development, and management of digital content and open access resources.  However, in the context of the development of open science, the competence of librarians is significantly expanding [35], new tasks and requirements for their knowledge and skills appear [36,37]. For example, when working in an institutional repository, knowledge of software, project planning and management, collection definitions, metadata guides, presentation analysis, and author training are essential [38].

THE OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS OF LIBRARY ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF OPEN SCIENCE
In the cycle of production, exchange, and dissemination of information and knowledge libraries play an important role as they navigate information resources, conduct consultations, search for information, training, subject support, resource management, and monitoring. Librarians have the ability to recommend existing services or create their own services for managing research data that provide seamless access to data and platforms that support open science and cover the entire cycle from searching to storage in repositories, management (registration, access and efficient use of computing services, services for annotation, and data discovery based on metadata), analysis (sets of computing tools and applications for various fields of knowledge, for example, DARIAH Science Gateway in Arts and Humanities or WeNMR Package for Structural Biology), exchange, and reuse in different scientific fields.
Librarians already offer guidance, training and services in the following areas: providing information at all stages of the research life cycle, opportunities and requirements for financing scientific foundations and publishing houses, bibliography and data manage-ment, creation and use of metadata, definition of open research methods and tools for analysis, data exchange, publication of results, data citation, licensing and other intellectual property issues, preparation of data for deposition and long-term storage, etc.
Library specialists give advice on types of open access, which are differentiated depending on their availability and cost: Libre OA (read and reuse articles), Gratis OA (read only articles), Gold OA (journals with direct OA), Green OA (journals with self-archiving permission), Hybrid OA (OA after payment of an article processing fee), Delayed OA (OA after the time of embargo), academic social networks (online communities), and Black OA (illegal pirate sites) [39,40].
Librarians can contribute to the acquisition of skills and knowledge in such subject areas as options for publishing materials in the open access, use of open licenses (for example, CC0 or CC-BY), sharing preprints (for example, in OSF, arXiv, or bioRxiv), shared codes (for example, on GitHub with a GNU/MIT license), data exchange (for example, in Dryad, Zenodo), altmetric assessment methods, etc. Open science seminars, workshops, conferences, and continuing education programs organized by a library will help to raise awareness of open science concepts, terms, models for promoting research results, funding agency policies and principles of data sharing, tools

CONCLUSIONS
The open science movement in its various forms is reshaping the information ecosystem and represents a promising direction for libraries, which have always played an important role in the cycle of production, exchange, and dissemination of information and knowledge. The growing number of open access resources, open science initiatives, and projects is driving a significant change in the way libraries work, creating electronic resources based on open access publications and data, providing guidance on access to information and data, managing subscription budgets and generating updated reporting on resource use, development of services to support the entire research life cycle, and subject-oriented training of scientists and specialists.