{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.028747433264887063, 'fraction_numerical': 0.021560574948665298, 'mean_word_length': 5.4144736842105265, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effect of Cr2O3 Additives on Microstructure and Electrical Properties of Nd-Modified PbTiO3 Ceramics

Chromium addition has been investigated extensively in lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-type ceramics but seldom mentioned in lead titanate (PT)-type ceramics. In this study, the effect of Cr2O3 additives (0-0.6 wt%) on the microstructure and electrical properties of Pb0.88Nd0.08(Ti0.98Mn0.02)O3 (PNT) ceramics is discussed. The chromium ions enter into the lattice structure of PNT ceramics within the doping range, and from the measurements of the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity, it is believed that the chromium ion substitutes for the Ti site with a lower valence state. Results indicate that the chromium ion functions as a grain growth promoter to accelerate densification in the microstructure and acts as a hardener which favors the higher mechanical quality factor, lower dielectric loss and lower electrical resistivity in electrical properties.