{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.018604651162790697, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.329411764705882, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A numerical study on permanent seismic deformation of dry sand slopes

The serviceability of slopes after earthquakes becomes a design concern when footings are founded near the slope crest. The previous studies focused on the sliding block model and numerical analysis of particular slopes or landslides to account for the permanent post-earthquake deformation. In this paper, the post-earthquake deformation of dry sand slopes is calculated by numerical analysis utilizing the finite element method. An artificial earthquake time history is used as the source of the seismic excitation. Different slope heights, surface surcharges, and peak accelerations are investigated. The seismic waves' propagation through the soil mass is also investigated. The results are presented in the form of equations and charts that enable the design engineer to estimate the permanent seismic deformation of dry sand slopes, based on the slope height, the external surcharge, and peak crest acceleration (PCA). In addition, the safe setback distance for footings near slopes is recommended.