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The occupation of Iraq: winning the war, losing the peace

institutions grappling with global issues like mass extinction, climate change and sustainable development that have any capacity to deal with the practicalities. And the UN can only operate by consensus of its member states – which is why it ducks the underlying issue of unceasing growth in the human population and its wants. The book traces the emergence of scientific and, eventually, public concern about how society can manage the resources of the planet to meet people’s needs and aspirations. Progress has been halting. A lack of finite strategy has led to stumbles and tumbles. Since the Johannesburg World Summit in 2002, targeting has become the approach of choice but we have seen that unless goals and targets are set with precision, unless there is a measure by which success or failure can be judged, and unless there is accountability at every tier of authority and decision, there is no real progress. Targeting is a time-consuming and frustrating process and what makes resolution even more difficult is that the processes described requires big changes to be made in the way we exploit resources, meet our energy demands, and how we produce and consume. The complexity and interlocking of earth systems, the squaring of the circle implied by sustainable development, wicked problems that we cannot find a way around, all demand better decision-making. In her Foreword, the Hon. Margaret Austin writes that acceptance of the problem, complex or not, is the first step – but only by relentless perseverance along with international collaboration can our society maintain itself on our small planet. She might have added: political will, sound judgement at the national and international level, and real accountability – that will not materialise until the management of earth systems is taken out of the environment box and recognised as an overriding social, economic, and human imperative. Our authors sketch out ‘ideas on the way to solutions’: not just acceptance of complexity but harnessing complexity, the increasing availability of information in spite of the huge and growing disparity in access to data, capacity building in all its dimensions and through all segments of society and key institutions, collaboration through mutually reinforcing networks dealing with the whole system as opposed to piecemeal action, new financial mechanisms, and the need for a paradigm shift from today’s systems of governance to a new geography of governance – earth system governance or global governance as a rallying point for smart coalitions and to generate political momentum for urgent global reform. And the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has stated that we have 12 years to make radical changes.