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Zoonoses: Designing a Research Programme to Bridge Multisectoral Barriers

For millions of years, humans obtained meat by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants, only moving to domesticate animals and cultivate plants within the last 11,000 years (see, for example, Diamond, 1997). Over the intervening millennia, different types of livestock production systems evolved as human demand for livestock products changed from use of local resources to provide home consumption to a global market that encompasses trade in livestock feed, as well as in live animals and the main products of meat and milk. This growth in livestock trade reflects a very distinctive dietary transition, which is associated with rising incomes. It involves an increase in the consumption of sugars, fats and animal products at the expense of cereals and vegetables (Guyomard et al, 2013). The rate of increase in incomes is much faster in countries currently in transition (such as China and India) than it was during the transition in Europe and the USA; hence Popkin (2006) noted that the dietary transition was happening in 20 years in emerging countries, while in the now ‘developed’ countries it had taken more than a century. There has consequently been a very rapid increase in demand for animal products, particularly in Asia, which in turn has led to an increase in production, from one animal in someone’s backyard through to commercial production on a large scale. The speed of this change in livestock production greatly increases the risk of zoonoses (diseases that are transmitted between humans and livestock, including both domestic livestock and wildlife), unless carefully managed. Management requires knowledge – hence the challenges of designing a research programme to provide knowledge that is robust enough to be useful in a rapidly changing environment.