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Achievements and Challenges in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Cytogenetically Unfavorable Acute Leukemias (Literature Review)

Literature review provides the analysis of treatment results of implementing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in patients with cytogenetically unfavorable acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemias including monosomal, complex, and hyperdiploid karyotypes, t(3;3)/inv(3), t(v;11)(v;q23), t(4;11)(q21;q23), t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocations, 17p abnormalities, and some other disorders. The major disadvantage of allo-HSCT seems to be linked to a strong chromosome-damaging eff ect of cytostatic drugs used in conditioning regimens which in turn is associated with additional chromosome abnormalities occurring in tumors, increasing genomic instability, and tumor progression. On the other hand, one of the advantages of allo-HSCT can consist in its specifi c “graft versus leukemia” (GVL) effect whose degree has not yet been adequately studied. To minimize the risks of allo-HSCT in above mentioned patients it appears appropriate to apply new treatment approaches based on de-escalation of chromosomeand whole-genome-damaging eff ects and also to introduce recent methods of active stimulation and qualitative assessment of GVL eff ect into clinical practice.