{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.027653880463871544, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.678571428571429, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Thermodynamical Proof of Transport Phenomena Kinetic Equations

Historically, kinetic equations for transport phenomena such as Fourier's law for heat conduction, Fick's law for mass diffusion, Ohm's law for steady electric current, Darcy's law for porous media, and Newton's law for viscous fluids, were formulated independently of thermodynamics. In this work, fundamental irreversibility of transport phenomena is analyzed, using entropy principle and criterion of internal irreversibility of a process in a thermodynamic system with uniform temperature. As a result of the thermodynamic analyses, Fourier's law, Fick's law, Ohm's law, Darcy's law and Newton's law are formulated purely deductively. It is proven that they are corollaries of the First and Second Laws of thermodynamics, and the local thermodynamic equilibrium principle. Kinetic equations obtained by the thermodynamic method do not depend on any models of the process and experimental data. Because of this, they promise to be the most general, and their analyses can bring clearer understanding of principal physical features of transport phenomena.