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The epidemiological characteristics of the primary health care based COVID-19 swabbed persons in Qatar, March- October 2020

Background: In March 2020, Qatar started reporting increased numbers of COVID-19 positive cases. National preventive measures were put in place and testing plan has been developed to respond to the pandemic with the primary health care as the main provider. The study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 at the primary health care level in Qatar and to examine the factors associated with the positivity rate. Method: Retrospective data analysis for all the cases screened for COVID-19 at the primary health care level in Qatar between the 11th of March and 31st of October 2020. The study analyzed the demographic characteristics of the tested persons and non-communicable disease burden, positivity rate by month, nationality, and age-group, factors associated with the positivity rate. Results: Between the 11th of March and the 31st of October 2020, 285,352 persons were tested for SARS-CoV-2, with a median age (IQR) of 32 (22-43) years. 59.9% were from the Middle East and North Africa region and 29.6% originally from Asia. Overall, among them, 11.2% had diabetes mellitus and 11.4% had hypertension. The epidemiological curve showed a steep increase in positivity rate from March till June 2020 at the highest rate of 21.4% in June 2020. The highest positivity rate was observed among Asian males at 20.3%. The positivity rates were almost the same among the tested persons for SARS-CoV-2 in the main three age-groups (0-18, 19-39, 40-59) at 13%, 14.5%, and 14.0%, respectively. In a multi regression model, being a male was associated with a higher risk (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.18). Persons originally from Asia were at higher risk than those originally from the Middle East and North Africa (OR 1.5; 95% CI 147 to 1.54). COVID-19 infection was higher among those presenting with clinical symptoms than those asymptomatic (OR. 4.16; 95% CI 4.05 to 4.28). Conclusion: The epidemic predominantly affected younger ages and males namely coming from Asia. At the primary health care level, COVID-19 infection rate was higher among those who presented with clinical symptoms. The scale-up of the testing at the primary health care level helped in detecting more cases and was reflected in a steady increase in the positivity rate to be flattened afterward.