{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02168566957299352, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010731052984574111, 'mean_word_length': 5.179558011049724, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
THE PHENOMENON OF HISTORICAL MEMORY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GENESIS OF HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY

Introduction In the second half of the twentieth – early twenty first centuries, after the events of the Second World War and the tragedies connected with it, a rethinking of the role of historical science takes place. Awareness of the danger of using history as a tool of aggressive political propaganda led to the development of new directions in historical science – social and cultural history. It was during this period that the theory of memory (memoria studies) branched out as an independent direction of social and humanitarian research. 1980 became the symbolic borderline, which France, England and Brazil independently declared the year of heritage. The concept of heritage is firmly included in the lexicon of politicians, journalists, and cultural figures. In the 1980s and 1990s, a wave of commemorations – solemn celebrations of memorable dates – swept around the world: the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution, the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America, the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of the countries of Northern and Eastern Europe (including Ukraine, part of the then USSR). A separate “heritage industry” – the infrastructure of memorial tourism – is gradually being created. Many new museums and memorial complexes are opening at the sites of former battles or archaeological sites. Museumification and commercialization of the past are taking place on an unprecedented scale. “Public history” and “Historical preservation” appear in the curricula of history departments, especially in those universities that focus on the local labor market. At the same time, the interest of ordinary people in the history of their family, profession, city, and region is growing. Amateur historians are allowed into the reading rooms of the archives, and history turns into “mass activity” (Samuel, 1994 : 25). Historical literature is becoming an increasingly popular form of mass reading, and historical films about the past are having a box office success. Interest in heritage cannot but be linked to the revival of interest in religions, both traditional and new. Religious fundamentalism, mixing with political, is becoming an important factor in the domestic and foreign policy of many countries. Also a new factor was the rise of nationalism, which was perceived as a piquant, “nostalgic” peculiarity of specific regions such as Brittany or Catalonia in the 1970s, and became an influential political trend in many countries already in the 1990s. National and religious affiliations are beginning to be perceived with renewed vigor as an important factor of “identity” along with social status. The new relevance of the problem of nationalism leads to a revival of interest in it in social theory. In the 1980s, along with the main works on the history of memory, there are classic works on nationalism by Ernst Gellner (1991), Eric Hobsbawm, Benedict Anderson and others. The past also invades politics. In 1980, German The article analyzes the phenomenon of historical memory and approaches to its study in contemporary scientific discourse. It is stated that its emergence is associated with methodological transformations in the historical science of the last two centuries. Initially, in the course of theoretical research, historical memory was understood as a way of reconstructing the past, when an ethnos or a separate social group builds an image of the past to please the present. As a result of the crisis of traditional historiography, caused by the postmodern criticism of metanarratives, a re-actualization of historical memory occurs. In practice, this occurs in the form of mass commemorations, museumification of common and individual historical heritage, and the creation of an infrastructure for memorial tourism. Historical memory reveals its capabilities to form person’s identity and life guidelines, rooted in the fundamental and universal function of human memory. An important feature of the contemporary research situation is that the rise of historical memory occurs in a crisis of the idea of objectivity and faith in the future. The current stage in the development of historical consciousness gives a new characteristic associated with the general nature of changes concerning various layers and forms of memory, as well as with the collapse of world history and structural changes in historical representations.