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5. Microbiology and Immunology

Viral upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is believed to induce acute otitis media (AOM) by generation of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which leads to eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction and increased adherence and colonization of bacteria in the nasopharynx. Investigators have continued to verify and further explore these mechanisms. In viral respiratory infections, several studies have shown correlations between concentrations of acute-phase cytokines and chemokines in respiratory secretions and concentrations of virus in the nasopharynx, white blood cell counts, and severity of the disease. 1-4 The findings suggested that these substances may play an important role in the development of the complications of viral URI.