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ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOUR OUT OF DOORS

SUMMARY This paper consists of deductions from observations made out of doors on the interactions between mother and infant with a view to ascertaining the distances he maintained when he was at liberty in a familiar environment. Thus, attachment behaviour, the infant's tendency to maintain proximity to its mother, hypothesized in Bowlby's (1958) account of the child's tie to its mother to be at its strongest during the period 18 to 30 months, came under observation in testing circumstances. It was found that infants whose ages were estimated to range from just walking to 2 . 5 y e a r s kept within sight or sound of the mother without 'their having to be recalled. Since cases in which prolonged feeding and other care-taking behaviour which cause a mother and infant to remain together had been excluded from the sample, the social basis of the bond which kept the child within a safe distance could be affirmed. Subjects did not know that they were under scrutiny; observation periods therefore yielded samples of spontaneous behaviour. For instance, conspicuous gestures of communication occur every now and then, and from them mild states of arousal can be inferred. Since Darwin's time, it has been known that the expression of emotion provides a means of communication both for animals and for men; modern ethologists describe in detail the signals and gestures that unite a pair in lasting bonds. This paper isolates some of the communications that occur in a natural setting, thus preparing for the study of attachment in terms of factors that identify a mother–infant pair.