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Intercalation mechanisms and time dependencies of work parameters of electrochromic layers

This paper describes some essential properties of all-solid-state transmissive electrochromic devices based on a combination of polyaniline (PANI) and tungsten trioxide (WO3) layers on ITO sandwiching a proton conducting polymeric layer. The single electrochromic layers were prepared by electrochemical deposition onto ITO/glass electrodes. Proton conducting polymeric electrolytes were prepared by mixing protonic acids with (poly)vinyl alcohol. The fabricated all solid-state electrochromic devices exhibit electrochromic response times with color contrasts of about 50% in the range between 0.1 and 1 s, depending on the thickness of the single electrochromic layers, on the cell voltage, on the ion conductivity of the polymeric layer and on the electronic conductivity of the ITO layers. The observed color can be changed from transparent clear yellow to deep blue by applied voltages in the range between 0.5 - 2 V. The response time of the single investigated electrochromic layers is governed by the rate of proton transport within the layers. The response times of single PANI/ITO/glass half cells in acid aqueous electrolytes show assymetric characteristics and can be less than 0.2 s.