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Comparative Analysis of the Russian Adverb чрезвычайно and the Chinese Adverb 非常 in the Meaning of ‘extremely’

. The research is devoted to an actual topic — a comparative description of adverbs of degree and measure in the Russian and Chinese languages. The object of the comparative analysis of this study is the adverbs of degree and measure of the Russian and Chinese languages чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The subject of the study is the similarities and differences in the field of pragmatics and semantic compatibility of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The purpose of this work is to reveal semantic and pragmatic properties of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The article involves the following methods: descriptive method, observation method, comparative analysis method, example confirmation method. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that in a comparative study of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] in the strong meaning ‘extremely’ in Russian and Chinese has not been previously carried out. Based on the analysis of theoretical provisions and linguistic material derived from the National Corpus of the Russian Language and Chinese fiction, as well as explanatory dictionaries of Russian and Chinese, we can conclude that despite the coincidence of the semantics of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’ their usage varies. To avoid mistakes, it is necessary to take into account the similarities and differences in the field of semantic compatibility and pragmatics of these adverbs. The study can be useful in teaching Russian as a foreign language and theory and practice of translation from Chinese into Russian and vice versa.


Introduction
A comparative study of adverbs in Russian and Chinese has been carried out in a number of linguistic works. Interest in considering an adverb in a comparative aspect is associated with a number of reasons, primarily with the fact that in the field of adverbalization there are several similar features of the two languages under consideration. Thus, for example, in Russian and Chinese, adverbs are described as belonging to the class of derived or non-derived units. Derived adverbs in both compared languages are mainly formed from adjectives and nouns -a suffixal way for this group in both languages.
It is known that the Chinese language differs from the Russian language in a number of grammatical features at the level of morphology and at the level of syntax. The Chinese language is characterized by the economy of grammatical means, which is manifested in various aspects of the grammatical structure of the Chinese language. This is also seen on the example of adverbs in the works of Russian and Chinese scientists. L.V. Adamchuk conducted a study of the classification of adverbs of degree and measure, which shows the principles of singling out an adverb as a part of speech according to the syntactic criterion, describes the similarities of the functioning of adverbs in the Chinese language in comparison with the Russian language and considers grammatical characteristics of adverbs [1]. Zhao Meng's research shows that adverbialization in Chinese is characterized by a tendency for forms that perform the functions of modifiers in a sentence to acquire adverbial meanings, which are subsequently assigned to them due to regular use in speech. Gradually, they pass the stage of isolation from the original part of speech, undergo significant grammatical and semantic changes, and thus turn into adverbs [2]. He Ping conducted a semantic description of adverbs of degree and measure in Russian using the example of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely', очень [ochen'] 'very' and весьма [ves'ma] 'notably' and pointed out that in most cases they can be replaced in a sentence with each other, however, there are differences between them in terms of semantics: очень [ochen'] 'very' gives an objective assessment and чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' and весьма [ves'ma] 'notably' give very subjective assessment [3]. Jia Xiaoxu compared the definition and classification principles of degree and measure adverbs in two languages, in which he divided them into quantitative, comparative and subjective. Comparing adverbs of degree and measure in Chinese and Russian, Jia Xiaoxu found that there is not much difference in meaning between them and noted that adverbs of degree and measure in Chinese can be combined with nouns, which is not possible in Russian [4]. Zhang Yuehong describes the dialects of the Chinese language from the point of view of the theory of Moscow Semantic School and explores the semantic scope of Chinese dialects. The semantic scope, according to the author of the work, is a generalized concept of octant as applied to predicates in a broad sense, which include some valences in their semantic structure. The semantic sphere of a lexeme, according to a certain valence, is a fragment of the meaning of a sentence that fills this valency [5].
Thus, today a grammatical theory of adverbs is being created, in which a comparative description of adverbs of degree and measure in Russian and Chinese is relevant. An accurate understanding of the semantics of the adverb is important for interpreting the meaning of the entire sentence as a whole and for describing the semantic relationship between the adverb and the central predicate of the sentence.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were the works of the following Russian and Chinese linguists: L.V. Adamchuk [1]

Definition and classification of adverbs of degree and measure in Russian and Chinese
Adverbs of degree and measure play an important communicative role in expressing modifier meanings, the degree of expressiveness of the action; they obviously increase the information capacity of the narrative without significantly expanding the volume of the message. When studying adverbs of degree and measure in Russian and Chinese, it is necessary to first consider their definition and classification.
Adverbs of degree and measure mainly express the intensity of the manifestation of a feature and usually define an adjective or an adverb, therefore they belong to the category of qualitative adverbs, for example:  [8].
As for the definition of adverbs of degree and measure in Chinese, Li Quan believes that adverbs of degree and measure indicate the degree of manifestation of a feature and define only qualitative adjectives, verbs denoting a mental state, or verb-object constructions. Despite the fact that the classifications of adverbs of degree and measure in Chinese and Russian languages differ, they can be roughly divided into three categories: adverbs of low, medium and high degree. In this work, the main attention is paid to the most used adverbs of the high degree of Russian and Chinese languages чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' [13. P. 37]. The paper introduces a comparative analysis of their similarities and differences in terms of semantic compatibility and pragmatics.

Comparison of the semantic compatibility of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fe  icha ng] 'extremely'
In New dictionary of Russian language by T.F. Efremova чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' means the manifestation of the highest degree of a feature [14]. In the Xinghua Chinese dictionary, the adverb 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' is also interpreted as an indication of a strong, high degree of manifestation of something [25. P. 126]. It can be considered that the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' have many similarities, the differences are observed in the semantic compatibility of these adverbs (see Table 1) [10. P. 83-87; 15. P. 215-220].

Differences in styles.
The stylistic features of adverbs are reflected in the frequency of their use in oral and written forms. Table 2
The adverb 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' can be used both as a modifier and as a complement [20].
In modern Chinese, 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' is used as a modifier and combined with adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and nouns. This adverb can be repeated in a sentence to give expressiveness to the statement and enhance the meaning [21].

Conclusion
A comparative study of the adverbs of degree and measure чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' from the point of view of semantic compatibility and pragmatics showed that, although the lexical meaning of these adverbs in dictionaries is the same, they have differences in use.
Semantic compatibility of чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' are practically the same: both adverbs can be used with quality adjectives, adverbs, modal verbs and verbs of mental state, they cannot be used with state adjectives and action adverbs. However, in Chinese there is a tendency to combine 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' with nouns, which is impossible in Russian.
Чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' can be seen in both spoken and written language. The adverb чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] is most common in journalistic style -in newspapers and magazines, and 非 常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' -in literary texts. Both adverbs are met in narrative sentences with a pronounced emotional coloring. The difference is that 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' can be used in exclamatory sentences, and чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] -in imperatives and in sentences with comparidon. From the point of view of syntactic functions, the adverb 非常 [fēicháng] 'extremely' in sentences can act as a modifier and object, while чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] 'extremely' performs only the functions of a modifier. Their use in negative sentences is the same.
Thus, in order to avoid mistakes in the use of these adverbs, it is necessary to know and take into account the differences between them, since they are not equivalent.