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The therapeutic potential of hematopoietic stem cells in bone regeneration.

The repair process of bone fractures is a complex biological mechanism requiring the recruitment and in situ functionality of stem/stromal cells from the bone marrow (BM). While BM mesenchymal stem/stromal cells have been widely explored in multiple bone tissue engineering applications, the use of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has been poorly explored in this context. A reasonable explanation is the fact that the role of HSCs and their combined effect with other elements of the hematopoietic niches in the bone healing process is still elusive. Therefore, in this review we intend to highlight the influence of HSCs in the bone repair process, mainly through the promotion of osteogenesis and angiogenesis at the bone injury site. For that, we briefly describe the main biological characteristics of HSCs, as well as their hematopoietic niches, while reviewing the biomimetic engineered BM niche models. Moreover, we also highlighted the role of HSCs in translational in vivo transplantation or implantation as promoters of bone tissue repair.