{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0323461171011328, 'fraction_numerical': 0.028115190391701926, 'mean_word_length': 4.6257197696737045, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 9, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Comparison of catching efficiency of two Indonesian traditional traps, Ayunan and Tamba

113-118. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v2i2.2014.30 Abstract The catching efficiency of traditional traps: Ayunan and Tamba were tested in Sungai Batang River, South Kalimantan of Indonesia. Trials consisted of 320-trap hauls/type using 1-day submersion time of 24 hr. The baited traps sampling accounted for 82 specimens assigned to 5 species of 5 families. There was a large variability in number of catch between prawns and fish species collected (T=2.318, P <0.05). The prawns catch was represented by only the species Macrobrachium rossenbergii with total of 53 and 1,015 g weight. The prawns weight of Tamba was significantly higher than that of Ayunan (T=3.453, P <0.01).The fish catch composed of Mystus gulio 79%, Osteochilus hasselti 10%, Hypostomus plecostomus 7%, and Macrognathus aculeatus 3%, with total weight ranged from 35 to 560 g. A clear difference was found in catching efficiency. Comparative fishing trials showed that Tamba collected specimens were 1.8 times higher than Ayunan (T=2.223, P <0.05). Catch per unit effort for Tamba ranged from 58.13 to 80.00, and for Ayunan ranged from 5.31 to 7.19. The gear modifications and various treatments (e.g. bait odor, light) are necessary to be taken to increase their


INTRODUCTION
In some areas of Indonesia, local wisdom in fisheries management system such as Awig-awig in West Nusa Tenggara, Sasi in Maluku, Mane'e in North Sulawesi and Panglima Laot in Aceh, has long been maintained, legitimated by law and popularized from time to time. The ways of catching the fish in certain areas are also controlled by these systems in order to protect and prevent environmental damage and biodiversity loss.
Also, the natives in South Kalimantan Province still maintain the local wisdom in catching fish hereditarily. They create various types of fishing gears that are uniquely and eco-friendly using bamboo, wood, rattan, etc. Much attention has been given by some researchers to explore the habitat characteristics, type of aquatic species, and fishing activities in South Kalimantan (Prasetyo et al. 2005, Rupawan 2007, Ansyari et al. 2008, Yunita 2010, Ahmadi 2012, Ahmadi and Rizani 2013.
Fishing is one of the primary sources of livelihood in the Sungai Batang Village of South Kalimantan. Fishing activities in the river are done not only by local people but also by outsiders, and are open throughout the year regardless of seasonal periods. The result of these activities is that some types of fish are becoming harder to find and the size of fish is becoming smaller resulting a decline in the number of catch. These situations are further exacerbated with the use of electric and potassium that is considered threatens life of fish and other aquatic species, since they are often operated close to the spawning areas and nursery grounds. The local government through Fisheries Service of Banjar District kept promoting and socializing responsible fishing programs and help in a range of activities such as fishing workshops, surveys, fisheries extension, and other relevant events. At the same time, the Faculty of Fishery, Lambung Mangkurat University, South Kalimantan also pays great attention to improve traditional fishing methods to be more eco-friendly through gear modification, skills of gear placement and fish behavioral assessment.
Ayunan (rectangular trap) and Tamba (stage trap) are two traditional baited traps commonly used in South Kalimantan including Sungai Batang village to harvest the giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rossenbergii, De Man 1879) from the rivers. Prior to this study, Ayunan and Tamba were considered less effective in practical. Either prawns or fish that already entered the Ayunan easily went out of the trap as it has open mouth and exit door on the top. Similar was found in the Tamba that only caught small shrimps due to the narrow entrance and placed in vertical position. For this reason, we modified Ayunan by attaching a trammel net inside the trap as well as Tamba with gear placement to increase their relative efficiencies.

Study site:
The field experiments were carried out from 26 August to 12 September 2008 at Sungai Batang Village about 7 km from Martapura City or 45 km from Banjarmasin City, South Kalimantan Province of Indonesia (Figure 1), 03°35'305'' South 114°81'561'' East (under the equatorial line) determined by the Nokia Lumia 2200 GPS (Nokia Co.Jp. Japan). Aquatic plants such as Eichornia crassipes and Ipomoea aquatica were abundantly found in this river. The depth of river reached 8-10 m and has strong enough current at the bottom. The width of river was about 50 m and water condition was turbid. The surface water temperature ranged from 28 to 30°C throughout the trials.

Typical trap and experimental design: Ten
Ayunan and ten Tamba were tested simultaneously in the river. The objective of this experiment was to compare the catching efficiency of Ayunan and Tamba. Ayunan (rectangular trap) was framed with beam of wood (2x3 cm) and covered with bamboo chip and rattan in a rectangularshape: 46 cm long, 38 cm high and 38 cm wide. The size of entrance was 38 cm wide and 38 cm high. A small trap door on the top allowed for putting and removal of the snail (Achanita sp.) bait ( Figure 2A). Trammel net were placed at the back of the gear, in front of the bait. Trammel net consisted of an inner panel of 25.4 mm stretched mesh between two 76.2 mm stretched mesh panels. Prawns/fishes swam through the larger mesh and encounter the smaller mesh where they become entangled in temporary "pocket" in the net. The size of Ayunan was similar to that of Tamba used in this study. In addition, Ayunan are originally adopted from Pemangkih Village of Hulu Sungai Tengah District, South Kalimantan Province.
Tamba (stage trap) was made of bamboo in a heartshape: 38 cm long, 46 cm wide and 38 cm high with the gap between bamboo chip 1.5 cm and 5 cm wide opening of the entrance slit. A small trap door on the left or right side allowed for removal of the catches ( Figure 2B). The snail (Achanita sp.) was used as bait and placed inside the trap. For its operation, Tamba was placed horizontally and moored at the two poles are planted in the bottom and tied with the rope 2 m long to prevent the trap lost. Such installation allowed for prawns easily get in the Tamba and prevented them to escape.
Both Ayunan and Tamba were set randomly in the Sungai Batang riverbank using a boat began afternoon at 4 pm, and traps were retrieved the next day at 4 pm. On each sampling date, each trap was lowered to the river bottom at 4-5 m depth and was separated from the others by approximately 3 m, which was considered sufficient to the river circumstances. Each trap in the groups was used repeatedly over 16 day operations. The trials consisted of 320-trap hauls/gear type using 1-day submersion time of 24 h. The baited traps were standardized to a catch per unit effort (CPUE) of total catch (g) per 16-daytrip. After retrieval, the catches were counted, identified for species, and measured for weight. For additional information, the trap cost per unit was about US$ 2.5.

Statistical analysis:
The experimentation design used in this study was a randomized block design (RBD). The data that analyzed were the number of catches and the amount of catch weight of Ayunan and Tamba. Data were analyzed by testing the normality by the Lilliefors test (Nasoetion and Barizi 1980). Since the data obtained from some groups did not meet the assumptions of normality, we proceeded to a non-parametric analysis of the Mann-Whitney test (Conover 1980). The Mann-Whitney test was used to establish whether or not significant difference occurred between the catches of Ayunan and Tamba or between the numbers of prawn and fish collected. All statistical analyses were considered significant at 5% (P<0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A total of 82 specimens assigned to 5 species of 5 families were collected throughout the study periods as shown in Table 1. There was a large variability in number of catch between prawn and fish species collected (The Mann-Whitney test, T=2.318, P<0.05). The prawn catch was represented by only the species M. rossenbergii with total of 53 and 1,015 g weight. It was consisted of 18 (85 g) caught by Ayunan and 35 (930 g) by Tamba respectively. Hence, the prawns weight of Tamba was significantly higher than that of Ayunan (T=3.453, P<0.01). The fish catch composed of Mystus gulio (Hamilton 1822) 79%, Osteochilus hasselti (Valenciennes 1842) 10%, Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) 7%, and Macrognathus aculeatus (Block 1786) 3%, with total weight ranged from 35 to 560 g. There were no significant differences in the fish catch between Ayunan and Tamba (T=1.548, P>0.05). However, the fish weight of Tamba was significantly higher than that of Ayunan (T=1.737, P<0.05). The comparative fishing trials showed that Tamba collected specimen were 1.8 times higher than Ayunan (The Mann-Whitney test, T=2.223, P<0.05). In regard to total weight of catches, Tamba were also significantly higher than Ayunan at the most (T=3.832, P<0.01). CPUE for Tamba was ranged from 58.13 to 80.00 and for Ayunan was ranged from 5.31 to 7.19 (Table 2). On the other word, Tamba clearly outperformed Ayunan when considering both number and weight of catches, which was the Tamba catch almost two times larger than Ayunan. This because Tamba has the narrow entrance resulting in the catches was difficult to get out. While the addition of trammel nets inside Ayunan was found to be ineffective in increasing the number of catch. The mesh size of trammel nets used was quite small to entangle the larger species, the only small ones caught ( Table 2). The open mouth of Ayunan may also allow the species easily escaped from the trap with or without contact with the trammel net. Hence, the results were still unsatisfactory. Prior to this study, Nina (2005) from Lambung Mangkurat University, South Kalimantan examined the catching efficiency of Tamba by installing rumpon (fish aggregation device) i.e. coconut leaves around the trap, and had some success in catching M. rossenbergii. The constraint faced during the study was unpredictable weather that may influence to the catch rates of both traps. Table 2 clearly shows that Ayunan with empty catch occurred on almost the half of sampling periods. At that time, the river water was subsided and the animals likely moved to the deeper water. The highest catch obtained was on the 12 th and 14 th days coinciding with the rise of a river after the rain coming. For Tamba the highest catch occurred on the 3 rd day where water conditions were extremely turbid and may force the animals out for searching the food.
Tamba and Tempirai (stage trap) were basically similar in the shape, but different in their operation. Tamba were placed horizontally with two stakes where prawns as the main target, while Tempirai were set in an upright position with a stake where fish most commonly targeted. The placement of Tamba demonstrated in this study was recognized best practice for catching M. rossenbergii because it follows the motion of prawn's body. Such trap placement was also reported by other study (Erma 2003). In practical, Ayunan operated in Sungai Batang River of Banjar District (4-5 m deep for 24 h) was deeper with longer soaking time than Ayunan that deployed in Pamangkih River of Hulu Sungai Tengah District (1 m deep for 12 h) reported by Saragih (2005). Unfortunately, the catch rates obtained were beyond the expectation. The placement of our trap was considering that species target has been rarely found in the shallow water as the impact of irresponsible fishing (the use of electric and potassium). Moreover, none of Ayunan used was associated with rumpon; the only bait treatment was applied.
By considering the results of trapping experiments and technical problems being faced, we made recommendations for improving the existing trapping gears, such as installing a hinjap (one-way valve) made of elastic rattan on the mouth of Ayunan, selecting which mesh sizes and twine thickness of trammel nets are the most effective for catching prawns to be installed inside Ayunan, putting the slackness mesh on the floor of Ayunan allows prawns entangled over the net while they follow the bait odor trail. The capture mechanism is similar to the baited nets for the Kona crab Ranina ranina in Hawaii Sea (Onizuka 1972), the trap nets 'Sangbaw' for the red frog crab R. ranina in Central Tawi-Tawi, Philippines (Tahil 1983), the lift nets 'Tangkul' for mud crab Scylla sp. in Indonesia (Cholik and Hanafi 1992), the tangle nets for crawfish Palinurus elephas in off the coast of Cornwall (Hepper 1977) and for spanner crabs R. ranina in Australia (Sumpton et al. 1995), the lift nets for the blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus in Japan (Vazquez Archdale et al. 2010) or the crab lift nets 'Banda' for the mud crab Scylla sp. in India (Mohapatra et al. 2011). The use of 'mince teabag' baits containing local ingredients is also a promising option. A 'teabag' baiting method has been effective in the cod longline fishery (Anon 2005) and crab pot fishery such as the Green crab Carcinus maenas (Behrens Yamada et al. 2006), Japanese shore swimming crab Charybdis japonica, and the blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus (Vazquez Archdale et al. 2008). Lastly, the use of underwater lamps inside the Ayunan and Tamba may provide a great challenge for us (Ahmadi 2012and 2014, Ahmadi and Rizani 2013 since there are no reports on the phototactic response in M. Rossenbergii and its application in this region, so far. By doing these suggestions, it meant that more detailed data will be needed to analyze the factors leading to this variation, and the results are still open for discussion. In other hand, with some level modifications to fit local conditions, management interventions for prawns' fisheries may be replicated in different regions.

CONCLUSION
The results of trapping experiments in Sungai Batang River demonstrated that Tamba were more effective in catching species than Ayunan. Comparative fishing trials showed that Tamba collected specimens were 1.8 times higher than Ayunan. CPUE for Tamba was ranged from 58.13 to 80.00, and for Ayunan was ranged from 5.31 to 7.19. The addition of trammel nets inside the Ayunan was found to be ineffective in increasing the number of catch at the most. Therefore, gear modifications and various treatments are necessary to be taken to increase their relative catching efficiency.