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Development and implementation of volumetric compression relaxation testing of skeletal muscle

Computational models of human body— such as the Toyota THUMS model— are frequently used in the automobile safety industry. Such models rely on accurate material properties for body tissues. However, the compressive behavior of skeletal muscle is not fully understood yet, particularly regarding the differences in muscle response to various in vivo loading conditions. It is likely that in vivo muscle experiences a variation between confined and unconfined volumetric boundary conditions, but nearly all previous studies investigating passively compressed tissue have focused on muscle in unconfined compression (UC) or fully confined compression (CC). One study has investigated muscle under anisotropic semi-confined compression (SC). However, the apparatus used by Bol et al. (2016) does not allow testing the effect of interstitial fluid properties on the mechanics of skeletal muscles. Thus, we have developed novel instrumentation that can help to investigate the effects of volumetric boundary conditions (SC and CC) on stress relaxation of skeletal muscles. We also present a viscoelastic model that shows how relaxation behavior differs from boundary conditions.