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A Study in Classification: Style and Visual Perception

The authors explore the process by which people determine that one object is similar to, or different from, another, and investigate how the process might affect our understanding of archaeological classification. Exploratory Data Analysis [Tukey] was conducted on measurements from 159 conical fired pots excavated at al-Hiba in Iraq. Although frequency distributions of single parameters did not show clear and consistent categories, certain correlated parameters showed a clear bimodal frequency distribution into two basic shapes which matched the traditional archaeological subdivision into “cups” and “bowls.” Stylistic subdivisions perceived by undergraduate students (91, from Brooklyn College and New York University), when asked to sort profile drawings of pots (73) into perceived divisions and then group divisions into styles, agreed with the bimodal objective division. Exploratory Data Analysis can identify objective stylistic grouping of archaeological artifacts. Other findings of the authors during the conduct of this research include: (1) shape, independent of size, divides these pots into cups or bowls; (2) uniformity of surface and core colors indicates no basic differences in clays, kilns, or firing temperature and durations for nearly 1,000 years; (3) there is little inter-observer consistency in the division of the two major categories of perceived styles, but gender clearly affects the number of observed subdivisions. The study concludes with a look at statistical analyses of style in other objects and works of art and briefly explores some of the benefits that might accrue from the continued study of visual perception and art.