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Factors influencing the effects of fungicide treatment on seedling emergence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Seeds of perennial ryegrass were sown by hand in micro-plots. Six treatment factors were applied, in all combinations, totalling thirty-two treatments. The factors were (a) firm vs light compaction of the seedbed, (b) 1 cm vs 2·5 cm sowing depth, (c) fertilizer applied to seedbed vs no fertilizer, (d) fungicides applied to the seed and seedbed vs no fungicide, (e) pesticide applied to seedbed vs no pesticide, and (f) soil kept moist after sowing vs soil kept dry after sowing. Overall, seedling emergence was increased by moist soil (18%), fungicides (16%) and by sowing at 1 cm depth (8%). In dry soil, fungicides increased emergence by 32% but had no effect in moist soil. 
 
 
 
In other experiments, micro-plots were sown at monthly intervals, from April to October. Seeds were either treated with benomyl + captan (3 g + 3 g a.i. (kg seed)−1) or not treated, and the plots were either covered to keep the soil dry, or uncovered. Seedling emergence on uncovered plots was increased significantly, by 16–28%, at the May, June, July and August sowings, when soil temperatures were at their highest and soil moisture contents at their lowest. On covered plots fungicides significantly increased emergence at the June sowing only, by 16%. The reasons for this anomaly are discussed.