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Reflection on Basic View of Public Infrastructure for Infrastructure Asset Management in Indonesia

ABSTRAK Infrastructure Asset Management is essential. In Indonesia nowadays, they, who enter and take a role in Infrastructure Asset Management is either an engineer or an economist. Both the engineer and the economist tend to see the infrastructure in infrastructure engineering way and the economy of infrastructure. A Basic View of Public Infrastructure for Infrastructure Asset Management in Indonesia needs to be formulated. The Public Infrastructure is viewed through several different following basic concepts: Infrastructure System, Infrastructure Function, Infrastructure SupplyDemand, Infrastructure Capacity, Infrastructure Operation, Infrastructure Deterioration, Infrastructure Maintenance, Infrastructure Life Cycle, Infrastructure Economics, Infrastructure Performance, Infrastructure Taxonomy.


INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, during the last ten years, the Public Treasury Asset Management is becoming essential. An Indonesian Code on State Treasury was established in 2014, well known as Indonesian Law Number 1 the Year 2004 about State Treasury (UU 1/04). This Code was soon followed by its derivative, the Government Regulation on State-Owned Asset Management. This Government Regulation established twice, well known as Government Regulation Number 6 the Year 2006 and followed by its betterment version the Government Regulation Number 27 the Year 2014. These Code and Regulations stipulated that the Ministry of Finance function as the leading sector. The Asset Management of State and Regional Public Infrastructure covered by this Code and Government Regulation (UU 1/04; PP 6/06; PP 27/14).
In Indonesia, most Public Infrastructures are under the Public Works and Transportation sectors. In the three Governmental Sectors: Finance, Public Works and Transport, the Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM) domain is generally entered by Engineers and Economists. They usually know well about Infrastructure Engineering and Economic Development, Management, and Accounting. Meanwhile, Infrastructure Management knowledge is different from Infrastructure Engineering the Engineer know well, and also very different from Economic Development, Management and Accounting normally the Economist know well . So a Basic View of Public Infrastructure for Infrastructure Asset Management needs to be formulated. This paper present an attempt to formulate the Basic View of Public Infrastructure for Infrastructure Asset Management in Indonesia.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research was conducted by following these steps: background statement, research objective statement, research method, literature review, concept development, and finalized by conclusions.
Concept Development is started by understanding the context in which the formulated object is located. Based on this context, the basic view of infrastructure is formulated. The formulation is continued by particular derivative formulation needed, and mainly related notion needs to be expressed.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM) is defined as slightly lexically in a different way across several various references. In the case of Indonesian Public Infrastructure, three different definition expressions will be taken as references. Those are from an Indonesian IAM Journal : Jurnal Manajemen Aset Infrastruktur & Fasilitas (JMAIF), from an Indonesian Code : Government of Indonesia Regulation Numero 27 Tahun 2014 about State/Region Owned Asset Management (PP 27/14), and from an International Standard: ISO 55000 -Asset management: overview, principles, and terminology (ISO 5500). The three are presented below.
1. Indonesian IAM Journal : JMAIF In JMAIF, Infrastructure Asset Management is defined as a program and knowledge to manage the infrastructure through its life cycle to be able to function sustainably well, economically, efficiently, effectively and in conformity with sustainable principle (green principle : social, economic, environmental) ).

Indonesian Government Regulation: PP 27/14
Government Regulation Number 27 the Year 2014, Article 3 stipulates that The management of State and Regional Owned Treasury (SaROT) is executed based on functionality principal, legal certainty, transparency, efficiency, accountability, and value certainty. The management of the SaROT consists of necessity and procurement budgeting planning, acquisition, utilization, safekeeping and maintenance, valuation, hand-over, liquidation, disposal, administration, and coaching surveillance and control (PP 27/14). Public Infrastructure is part of SaROT.

International Standard: ISO 55000 series
The ISO 55000 series look at Asset Management from the Asset Managing Organization. The Asset Management need to consider: the nature and purpose of the organization, its operating context, its financial constraints, and regulatory requirements, and the needs and expectation of organization and stakeholder. Asset Management translates the organization's objective into asset-related decisions, plans, and activities, using a risk-based approach (ISO 55000; ISO 55001; ISO 55002).
Other IAM definition can be found in several papers which can be downloaded easily through Google (Halfway et al. 2005;Lee et al. 2010;Wikipedia 2018).

IAM Principle
Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM) is a program and knowledge to manage the infrastructure through its life cycle to be able to function sustainably well, economically, efficiently, effectively and in conformity with sustainable principle (green principle: social, economic, environmental)  It must also be noted that infrastructure management is not infrastructure engineering. These two concepts are inter-related each other, but different between the one to the other. Even though Infrastructure Management needs knowledge of Infrastructure Engineering to some extent, therefore the way, the Infrastructure Asset Manager sees the infrastructure is slightly different from the Engineer see the same object.
The Basic View of the Public Infrastructure can be seen more clearly through the understanding of IAM System. The IAM System is formulated below.

IAM System
IAM System is the System to Manage an Infrastructure. The IAM System consists of a set of Management Manual, Standard Operating Procedure, Management Activity Program, Organization, and Man Power, which are deliberately developed to manage an infrastructure to be able to function sustainably well, economically, efficiently and effectively and in conformity with the green sustainable principle.
Based on Infrastructure System Data Base, the IAM System consists of three fundamental actions: infrastructure evaluation, developing the strategic program plan, and developing and executing the annual program. This principle is presented in Figure 1 below.
Afterward, the notion of being defined is the Basic View of Infrastructure System for Infrastructure Asset Management. It can be noted that the Basic View must be developed on Infrastructure System thing.

Basic View of Infrastructure System for IAM
Basic View of Infrastructure System must be based on the fact that infrastructure is constructed because a particular region needs the infrastructure. So the infrastructure is built to serve the served area. In the served region, there are users of the infrastructure. Infrastructure is an integral part of a region. The infrastructure system consists of the infrastructure, the served region, and the users. The users can be of various forms. Diagram of the Infrastructure System is presented in Figure 2 below.
In serving the Served Region, the Infrastructure must be functional. Infrastructure has a particular function to be well executed for serving the Served Region. Thus, a concept of Infrastructure Function needs to be formulated.

Infrastructure Function
An infrastructure is an object who delivered a function to the area or region to which the role is designated. Infrastructure function is what for the infrastructure is built. This notion is a fundamental part of the IAM and the Basic View of Infrastructure. The function can consist of the primary function and the secondary function. The function has the attribute of a function. A function has loading and capacity. The attribute has an ideal level, either maximum or minimum. The function is performed based on physical condition and hierarchy.
Related to the Function, the Infrastructure Basic View can be presented diagrammatically in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3. Infrastructure Diagram
As an example, Road Infrastructure, its primary function is to flow traffic. This function must be executed with a particular quality attribute: safely, safety, comfort. The Road Function definition is presented in Table 1 below.

Infrastructure Supply-Demand
In executing its function, the Infrastructure undergoes a demand for utilization generated by its served area. The demand for usage must be able to be supported by the infrastructure capacity. The demand exists in a different form for different infrastructure. An infrastructure can experience more than a single form of demand for utilization.
Demand is generated directly by the Served Region Characteristics: mainly the land use, the population, and the economic level. Demand itself has its specific behavior across a different hour of the day, different day of the week, different season, a diverse group of users, and others. This principle is illustrated in Figure 4 below. Urban Electric Power Distribution Facilities endure a Demand for Electricity. This demand is generated by different land-use of the city. The residential area electrical demand rise during the night, while the office area the demand of electricity rise during working hour, while the industrial area generates peak hour demand during the working hour but with an intensity far beyond the office area and need a very high voltage. Example of different forms of Infrastructure Demand and Supply is presented in Table 2 below.

Infrastructure Operation
To be operated is the ultimate reason why the infrastructure is constructed. The infrastructure operation can be very simple or very complex. The infrastructure function performance depends on its operational quality, while this operational quality depends on its physical condition, thus its maintenance quality. Examples of Infrastructure operation is presented in Table 3 below.

Infrastructure Deterioration and Maintenance
Each infrastructure experience deterioration. Always being able to function well, the infrastructure must always be in good condition. Thus, Infrastructure Maintenance is something which has to be conducted well. Examples of Infrastructure Deteriorations are presented in Table 4 below.

Infrastructure Life Cycle
The Infrastructure Life Cycle is started from the Idea of Infrastructure Need, followed by Infrastructure Planning, Infrastructure Design, Infrastructure Construction. After the Infrastructure has been constructed, the Infrastructure then can be utilized, means operated and maintained. But, beforehand, the infrastructure needs to be certified and administrated.
During utilization, each time the infrastructure need to be evaluated for developing annual infrastructure program. At a certain condition, the infrastructure can be disposed, if the infrastructure is no longer needed to serve the Served Region.
The whole Infrastructure Life Cycle can be presented as a Diagram of Infrastructure Life Cycle in Figure 5 below.

Infrastructure Certification & Administration
Infrastructure must be certified and administrated. The Certification, principally, consists of technical and administrative certification. The technical certification is to confirm whether the infrastructure is in good condition to be operated. The administrative certification consists of land certification and other administrative certification. The Infrastructure Administration, among others, consists of infrastructure registration, usage definition, etc.

Infrastructure Economics
Infrastructure Economics knowledge is divided into three level, i.e., micro view, meso view, and macro perspective. The micro view observes the economics of a single infrastructure. It is about, for example, the economic and financial feasibility, optimizing the maintenance. The meso view sees the economics of infrastructure management based on different management organization. While the macro view observes the regions budget capacity for infrastructure versus the need for infrastructure, the role of infrastructure for regional economics.

Infrastructure Taxonomy
Some infrastructures have similar characteristics in terms of function, operation system, economic aspects. Apart from this, infrastructure can also be classified into different sectors. Thus Infrastructure Taxonomy needs to be developed, based on the infrastructure sector, infrastructure function typology, infrastructure structure, infrastructure operation system, etc.

CONCLUSIONS
The concept development of the Basic View of Public Infrastructure for Infrastructure Asset Management has been successfully finished. In principle the Basic View consists of several following Basic Concepts :  Infrastructure Taxonomy  Further curiosities still need to be answered. Those are developing a preliminary concept of infrastructure asset management system, developing a basic view of infrastructure in term of function, develop infrastructure taxonomy, infrastructure function typology, infrastructure economics, etc.