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Can serum mannose-binding lectin levels aid with the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis?

The innate immune system is our first line of defense against infections. Pattern recognition molecules, such as Toll-like receptors, ficolins, pentraxins (e.g., C-reactive protein), and collectins (e.g., mannose-binding lectin [MBL]), are among the most important players of innate immunity [1–3]. These molecules detect general patterns of structures common to a variety of infectious microorganisms, such as lipopolysaccharide (gram-negative bacteria), lipoteichoic acid (gram-positive bacteria), glycans (bacteria), mannans, and b-glucans (fungi); they are also collectively known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Because this general recognition pattern was probably not ideal to discriminate self from infectious nonself and/or for a wider range of infections, the immune response had to be adapted to have a more specific recognition process [3, 4], which culminated in the development of the adaptive immune system (e.g., B lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, T cells) 90 million years after the surge of the in-