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International students and doctoral studies in transnational spaces

The phenomenon of international students from developing countries attending universities in developed countries for advanced research training and doctoral degrees in the social sciences is nothing new. During the colonial period, international students completed their PhDs from leading universities in Europe, such as Oxford, Cambridge and London in the UK and Sorbonne in France, as well as the elite research universities in the United States. Their studies were often a part of various colonial arrangements designed to develop a local elite that was sympathetic to the economic and political interests of the colonial powers. The talented students in the colonized countries benefited from various scholarship schemes, as well as a system of patronage that enabled the local ruling class to take advantage of these schemes. Many of the graduates returned home to assume significant leadership positions, often in support of colonial interests, while others stayed behind in the West.