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Further characterization of the three-choice morphine, cyclazocine and saline discrimination paradigm: opioids with agonist and antagonist properties.

Rats were trained in a three-choice morphine (3.0 mg/kg), cyclazocine (0.3 mg/kg) and saline discrimination using a discrete-trials avoidance procedure. Behavior was considered to be under stimulus control when an animal reliably completed at least 18 trials of a 20-trial session on the correct lever after s.c. administration of either morphine, cyclazocine or saline. In tests of stimulus generalization, levorphanol produced a dose-related increase in trials completed on the morphine choice lever, whereas its optical enantiomer, dextrorphan, produced predominantly cyclazocine-appropriate responding, indicating that stimulus control of behavior was stereoselective. Ethylketocyclazocine, ketocyclazocine, levallorphan and SKF 10,047 engendered stimulus control of behavior that was unambiguously cyclazocine-like. In contrast, three other opioids with mixed agonist and antagonist properties occasioned responding on both the morphine- and cyclazocine-appropriate choice levers consistent with the mixture of morphine- and cyclazocine-like activity exhibited by these drugs in other procedures in animals and man. The stimulus effects of phencyclidine, a nonopioid compound, were not clearly interpretable within the present experimental context. This three-choice discrimination paradigm provides an approach for studying concurrently the morphine- and cyclazocine-like discriminative stimulus effects of opioids with multiple components of action and may lead to a more precise characterization of the stimulus properties of mixed-acting opioids than has been possible with conventional two-choice discrimination paradigms alone.