{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0314540059347181, 'fraction_numerical': 0.032640949554896145, 'mean_word_length': 4.546052631578948, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effect of Copperoxide Nanoadditives on the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine

In this paper, the performance and emission characteristics of a C.I. Engine are studied using a fuel additive in a biodiesel blend. Biodiesel used for the present work is pongamia pinnata and fuel additive used is Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO). The concentration of CuO nanoparticles used are 10mg/l, 30mg/l and 50mg/l. The property sudy of the fuel samples show that there is increase in the Fire point, Viscosity, Density and Calorific Value. The fuel samples are then tested in a diesel engine test rig at various loads. It is observed that that performance and emission characteristics can be increased with increase in concentration of CuO nanoparticle in B20 blend. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by 2.75% for B20+50mg/l CuO when compared to B20 blend without nanoparticles. Among all the blends, we note that B20+50 mg/l CuO reduces BSFC by 4.85% compared to B20 blend. It is noted that addition of nanoparticles to biodiesel decreases the NOx emissions. At maximum load, B20+50 mg/l CuO shows 2.63% less NOx when compared to the B20 blend. When compared with B20 sample, all other blends have slightly higher HC emissions at different loads. The CO emissions for all blends are slightly decreasing at same load. B20+50mg/l CuO blend has lower CO emission compared to other blends. Smoke emission is all most 20% less in B20+50mg/l CuO as compared to B20 blend. Smoke can be reduced with increase in the concentration of CuO nanoparticle in B20 blend. Hence B20+50mg/l CuO gives better performance and emission characteristics among the three blends tested.