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Cultural deformations and reformulations: a case study of Disney's Mulan in English and Chinese

Abstract The article first introduces the 1998 Disney production of the animated film, Mulan, and suggests that the film is based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan, especially on The Mulan Ballad. It discusses the cultural adaptations in the production of the film through various methods, such as additions, omissions, specifications, generalisations, explicitations, and so on. It focuses on the Chinese translation of the film, examining the cultural restorations and reformulations in the target text on the linguistic level by means of various domesticating and foreignising methods. Finally, it discusses and explores the bidirectional transfer between American and Chinese cultures, holding that there are intracultural and intercultural transfers, and that the establishment of a cultural repertoire is, in some sense, dependent on cultural borrowings and rewritings which will give rise to cultural deformations and reformulations.