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Conclusion: From Secular Theology to the Enlightenment

This concluding chapter considers how the secular theologians of the seventeenth century gave way to a new generation of savants whose posture was often anti-theological, sometimes also anti-religious, occasionally even atheistic. It seems as though the secular theology of the seventeenth century was bound to dig its own grave, because it often stressed, however ambiguously, the self-sufficiency of the world and the autonomy of mankind. The chapter shows how belief in the open character systematic knowledge was already part of the intellectual profile of many seventeenth-century thinkers; the Enlightenment added to it, in a manner of speech, the demand for social action, for the deliberate preaching of knowledge as the only means for the amelioration of the human condition.