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Joint Algorithm for Multi-Hop Localization and Time Synchronization in Underwater Sensors Networks Using Single Anchor

In this study, an effort to synchronize and localize the underwater sensors simultaneously in a multi-hop environment is considered. Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) has limited range and connectivity due to propagation delay and limited bandwidth. By using a multi-hop environment, we can extend the range and enhancing the network connectivity for providing more accurate localization and synchronization technique. We have established a connection between sensors point to point directed links and then analytically construct the model for the synchronization as a function of range, delay, and timestamps. Secondly, we have formulated the unconstrained optimization problem for localization by using a gradient technique. The proposed research scheme first synchronizes and then localizes the unknown nodes with known depth by using the single anchor node in a multi-hop scenario. According to the literature survey, this joint effort has never been addressed before; both localization and time synchronization for multi-hop scenarios are addressed separately. The proposed algorithm will also calculate the propagation delay that will be generated during message propagation for both localization and time synchronization. The numerical results are compared with some well-known techniques in terms of the number of nodes, localization error, synchronization error, total processing time up to four hops. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms in terms of localization and synchronization accuracy, but since this work has never been done before therefore, we compare our results with the techniques that had separately address this problem having some constraints.