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Community dynamics of duckweed-associated bacteria upon inoculation of plant growth-promoting bacteria.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have recently been demonstrated as a promising agent to improve wastewater treatment and biomass production efficiency of duckweed hydrocultures. For their reliable use in aqueous environments, this study analyzed the plant colonization dynamics of PGPB and its ecological consequence on the entire duckweed-associated bacterial communities. A PGPB strain, Aquitalea magnusonii H3, was inoculated to duckweed at different cell densities or timings in the presence of three environmental bacterial communities. The results showed that strain H3 improved duckweed growth by 11.7-32.1% in five out of nine experiments. Quantitative-PCR and amplicon sequencing analyses showed that strain H3 successfully colonized duckweed after 1 and 3 d of inoculations in all cultivation tests. However, it significantly decreased in numbers after 7 d, and similar bacterial communities were observed on duckweed regardless of H3 inoculation. Predicted metagenome analysis suggested that genes related to bacterial chemotactic motility and surface attachment system are consistently enriched through community assembly on duckweed. Taken together, strain H3 dominantly colonized duckweed for a short period and improved duckweed growth. However, the inoculation of the PGPB did not have a lasting impact due to the strong resilience of natural duckweed microbiome.