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Interactions Among the Aphid Diuraphis noxia , the Entomopathogenic Fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and the Coccinellid Hippodamia convergens

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith is under development as a mycoinsecticide for control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov. Interactions with other natural enemies within the agro-ecosystem, such as the coccinellid Hippodamia convergens Guerin, require evaluation before its potential can be realized. In laboratory bioassays H. convergens adults were sprayed with suspensions of P. fumosoroseus conidia at different concentrations (including potential field rates) and mortality assessed. Although a proportion of coccinellids succumbed to infection (the greatest proportion was 22% when the ladybirds had suffered stress) it is unlikely that they would be at risk from infection as a direct result of a spray application unless there were prolonged periods of high humidity or the coccinellids were stressed. When provided with uninfected or P. fumosoroseus -infected D. noxia cadavers as prey, coccinellids consumed more uninfected aphids. The predators never consumed aphid cadavers from which the fungus was erupting or sporulating. Hippodamia convergens is, therefore, unlikely to be a significant intraguild predator of P. fumosoroseus . Predators contaminated with conidia of P. fumosoroseus using different methods (sprayed coccinellids, coccinellids foraging on sprayed aphids, and those foraging in the presence of sporulating D. noxia cadavers) were able to transfer conidia to healthy D. noxia populations and initiate infection in a proportion of those aphids. The proportion of aphids becoming infected was greatest when the coccinellids became contaminated when foraging amongst sporulating cadavers. Some coccinellids also succumbed to infection under these conditions.