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Web Browser Fingerprinting Using Only Cascading Style Sheets

Many commercial Websites employ Web browser fingerprinting to track visitors using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) headers, JavaScript, and other methods. Although a user can disable JavaScript or utilize a prevention tool to avoid being tracked, countermeasures against Web browser fingerprinting using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) have not been established. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method of fingerprinting that employs only CSS and discuss the effectiveness of our method.