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Inferences About Contextually Defined Categories

The categories referred to in textual descriptions are often defined by their context {Roth & Shoben, 1983). The results of experiments in this article suggest that inferences about the most typical exemplars of such categories are encoded to a high degree during reading. Subjects were presented with sentences that included contextual definitions of categories but did not mention any exemplars of the categories. When the most typical exemplars were presented for later recognition, subjects had difficulty (relative to a control) in correctly responding that the exemplar had not been explicitly presented. But when less typical exemplars were presented for recognition, subjects had no difficulty in rejecting them. The results for the less typical exemplars suggest that inferences about contextually defined categories are not made up of the defining and characteristic features of the categories because the less typical exemplars would match such inferences. Instead, the results suggest that the content of the inference is made up of information relating properties of the most typical exemplar to textual information.