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An assessment of alternatives for a national computerized criminal history system

Overview The United States already has a national criminal history system. It is partly manual and partly computerized, and includes criminal record and fingerprint card repositories maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) criminal identification file (known as Ident) and 49 State identification bureaus. The national system also includes the computerized criminal history (CCH) files in the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and in 27 States. Seven other States are in the process of implementing a computerized index. As of October 1981, Ident held about 6 million automated criminal history records, NCIC/ CCH held about 1 .9 million, and the 27 State CCH files collectively held about 11 .5 million records. For the interstate exchange of criminal history records, the national system uses the U .S. Mail, the NCIC communication network, and the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS). The many local and metropolitan criminal history record systems, either manual or automated, are also part of this national system. Thus, most of the building blocks for a national computerized criminal history record system are already in place. Technically, there are many ways that a national CCH system could be designed . At one end of the spectrum, criminal history records for all offenders could be stored in a central national repository. At the other end, a national repository could be limited to records of Federal offenders, with records of State offenders stored only in the respective State repositories . The emerging consensus among Federal and State criminal record repository and law enforcement officials favors the latter, with only Federal offender records and an index to State offenders (known as the Interstate Identification Index or "III") maintained at the national level along with a national fingerprint file on serious criminal offenders. Criminal history records are used at all levels of government, by all sectors of the criminal justice community, and increasingly by the non-criminal justice community as well. To the extent that a national CCH system provides information that is more complete, timely, and verifiable (based on positive identification) than is presently available, the system would improve the functioning of the criminal justice process. The most significant improvements are likely to be in the areas of criminal investigations, police booking and intake, pretrial release and bail decisions, and presentence investigation reports. For example, the impact could be particularly significant in pre-trial release and after arrest. If accurate and complete, …