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Hybrid water disinfection system with silver ion in continuous flow ultrasonic reactor

The studies on alternative disinfection applications have been performed to protect public health from waterborne disasters, have recently accelerated to attain more effective inactivation of resistant microorganisms present in water. Usage of ultrasound (US) and silver ion (Ag+) are foremost applications among newly developed disinfection alternatives in water treatment even if these applications have some disadvantages. In this presented work, the hybrid application of US and Ag+ ion was performed in the continuous flow ultrasonic reactor for the disinfection of Klebsiella pneumoniae aiming to eliminate disadvantages of these two techniques for the first time in the literature. In this study K. pneumoniae (1 × 104 CFU/mL) was disinfected using three different ultrasonic reactors, which were operated with three frequencies (22, 36, and 833 kW) at continuous flow condition (5, 15, and 25 mL/min) applying different power (36, 51, 67, and 95 W). The disinfection findings were performed using three silver ion concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.005 mM Ag+) whose concentrations were limited with regard to water and health regulations of silver ion. For the K. pneumoniae, 4 log inactivation was observed in USR22 with 22 kHz frequencies, 95 W power, and 0.005 mM Ag+ at 10 min retention time. The US + Ag+ provided greater microbial inactivation yield in smaller disinfection time than single applications of Ag+ and reduces the Ag+ amount used to inactivate the same bacterial concentration.