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Requirements for Differentiation of an Immature CD4+8+ T-Cell Line

The CD3ɛ and ζ chains of the TCR have been shown to possess independent signaling capabilities. Studies with chimeric molecules containing the cytoplasmic domains of either ζ or ɛ have suggested that these two structurally distinct members of the TCR-CD3 complex are able to function autonomously and have redundant features in the context of TCR-signal transduction in mature T cells. Expression of a chimeric human IL-2-receptor-ζ-chain molecule in the CD4+8+ T-cell line, DPK, has enabled us to directly analyze responses initiated by the ζ-chain-signaling module alone within the context of immature T-cell differentiation. In this paper, we show that antibody crosslinking of the chimeric ζ chain delivers only a limited activation signal as measured by Ca[2+] flux, induction of low-level CD5 expression, and minimal differentiation as assessed by loss of cell-surface CD8 expression. TCR-induced activation through antibody crosslinking of the endogenous CD3ɛ receptor in the absence of costimulation was also relatively inefficient in initiating activation and differentiation. However, co-crosslinking of the CD4 coreceptor with CD3 resulted in a synergistic response, where as there was little effect of co-crosslinking of CD4 and the ζ-chain chimera. Striking differences were also observed in the substrate pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation, as well as lymphokine secretion following triggering through the intact TCR versus the ζ chain alone. These results indicate that although the ζ-chain may possess some signaling capacities similar to that of the intact TCR, it appears to have limited function as an autonomous subunit in initiating CD4+8+ T-cell differentiation.


INTRODUCTION
The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is comprised of an antigen-specific et-and 13-chain heterodimer associated with the invarian! chains, y, , e, , and rl. Together these proteins are responsible for the link between recognition and the intracellular signaling pathways that initiate cellular activation. Separately, the clonotypic TCR ct and 13 antigen-receptor chains do not themselves possess intrinsic signaling capabilities, but rely on coupling to one or more members of the CD3 complex (Weiss, 1991). Within this multimeric complex, both the CD3e and the chains have been shown to be independently capable of transducing signals for T-cell activation (Irving and Weiss, 1991;Letourneur and Klausner, 1991;Wegener et al., 1992). Thus, it has *Corresponding author. been proposed that the TCR is composed of two autonomous signaling modules consisting of "f5e andchain subunits. The signaling function of and chains resides in their cytoplasmic domains, which contain one or more conserved peptide sequences called immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) Reth, 1989;Flaswinkel et al., 1995). Mutational analyses have demonstrated the importance of these tyrosine-based motifs in conferring signaling capability (Letourneur and Klausner, 1992).
Analysis of the role of the CD3e and chains in TCRmediated signaling has come largely from studies of chimeric molecules expressed in various T-cell hybridomas or tumors (Irving and Weiss, 1991;Romeo and Seed, 1991;Letourneur and Klausner, 1992;Wegener et al., 1992). Such chimeric molecules are comprised of the cytoplasmic domains of e or fused to extracellular and transmembrane domains of unrelated proteins. Antibody-mediated crosslinking of these chimeric proteins results in intracellular activation events similar to those generated by the endogenous TCR. These include proximal signaling such as activation of protein tyrosine kinases and Ca[2+] mobilization (Irving and Weiss, 1991;Letoumeur and Klausner, 1992), and distal activation events such as CD69 expression (Irving and Weiss, 1991), and IL-2 production (Irving and Weiss, 1991;Letourneur andKlausner, 1991, 1992;Wegener, et al., 1992). Although most studies have analyzed TCR signaling in the context of transformed T-cell lines, a recent study analyzed the function of chimeric molecules expressed in transgenic mice (Brocker and Karjalainen, 1995). In this instance, a -chain chimeric molecule was found to be functional only in activated T cells but not in resting T lymphocytes. Thus, the requirements for initiating activation of naive cells may be more stringent than that observed in T-cell hybridomas.
Evidence that the chain plays a critical role in Tcell development in addition to mature T-cell activation is primarily from studies of both CD3-deficient mice and CD3-deficient mice that express various mutated forms of a -chain transgene (Sussman et al., 1988;Liu et al., 1993;Love et al., 1993;Malissen et al., 1993;Ohno et al., 1993;Love et al., 1994;Shores et al., 1994;Shinkai et al., 1995). These studies demonstrated that although the chain is required for efficient surface ex-pression of TCR complexes, signals delivered via the -chain cytoplasmic domain are not obligatory for positive selection. Thus, maturation from the double-positive (CD4+8+) to the single-positive thymocyte stage proceeds with TCRs that express a truncated -chainlacking cytoplasmic-domain ITAMs, although less efficiently . Whether signals from the chain are redundant with those from the e chain in this instance, whether there are compensatory mechanisms, or whether -chain-generated signals play little role in positive selection is not clear. Crosslinking of a -chain chimeric protein on transgene-expressing CD4+8 + thymocytes demonstrated that -chain signals alone were sufficient to elicit programmed cell death in immature thymocytes (Shinkai et al., 1995). However, positive selection could not be addressed in this transgenic model due to the intrinsic property of double-positive thymocytes to succumb to apoptotic cell death on crosslinking of the TCR (Shi et al., 1989;Smith et al., 1989).
In order to further examine the role of the chain in positive selection, we have taken advantage of an in vitro model of positive selection we have established. The immature double-positive thymocyte cell line DPK was derived from a TCR transgenic mouse that expresses a Vetl l/V[33 TCR specific for pigeon cytochrome c peptide (PC) and E k class II MHC molecule (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992). On stimulation in vitro or in vivo, DPK cells undergo a differentiation process similar to normal thymocytes undergoing positive selection (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992;Poirier et al., 1994;DeKoning et al., 1995). Although DPK cells are identical in many ways to immature thymocytes, they have been previously shown to be specifically resistant to antigen-or anti-TCR/CD3-induced apoptosis (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992 allowed us to examine the requirements for T-cell differentiation in an immature T cell induced by crosslinking of either the endogenous TCR or the chain alone. We demonstrate in this paper that both early and late activation signals delivered by crosslinking of the chain at the CD4+8 + T-cell stage appear to be qualitatively and/or quantitatively different than the activation signals induced by engagement of the endogenous TCR. These data indicate that, unlike induction of apoptosis in double positive thymocytes (Shinkai, et al., 1995), positive selection requires specific signals other than those mediated solely through the TCR chain, even in conjunction with coreceptor cross-linking.

Requirements for Differentiation of an Immature T-Cell Line
The CD4+8 + DPK T-cell line differentiates into CD4+8 cells on activation by pigeon cytochrome c peptide (PC) and Ek-bearing antigen-presenting cells.
Coincident with downregulation of CD8, there are other cell-surface changes that occur during DPK cell differentiation that are also characteristic of thymocyte positive selection (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992). However, unlike immature thymocytes, antibody crosslinking of CD3e on DPK cells does not induce cell death.
This fact allowed us to dissect out the requirements for TCR/CD3-mediated differentiation in this system.
In the absence of other costimulatory signals, platebound anti-CD3e antibody is a poor activator of DPK differentiation, as indicated by the near absence of cells exhibiting a CD81/phenotype, even when high concentrations of antibody are used (Figs. 1A and 1B). CD5 is normally expressed on thymocytes and mature T cells and is upregulated as a result of TCR engagement in double-positive thymocytes (Kearse et al., 1995;Tarakhovsky et al., 1995). Although DPK cells do not express detectable levels of CD5, it is upregulated during their differentiation. It is unclear why the basal -level of CD5 is higher on normal double-positive thymocytes than DPK cells. However, the level of CD5 is also unusually low on H-Y.transgenic double-positive thymocytes in a [32-microglobulin-deficient back-ground (Dutz et al., 1995), suggesting that weak TCR interactions in the thymic environment may be required to maintain normal CD5 expression. In any case, CD5 induction remains a useful marker of DPK-cell differentiation as a consequence of TCR activation. In contrast to the failure of anti-CD3e mAb to induce the loss of cell-surface CD8, high concentrations of anti-CD3e mAb can induce surface expression of CD5 on the majority of DPK cells (Fig. 1B). These data indicate that the signals provided by anti-CD3e can activate DPK cells, but do not efficiently initiate differentiation to a single-positive cell.
The results with anti-CD3e mAb are in contrast to those obtained by activation with specific peptide antigen, a potent inducer of DPK-cell differentiation. One obvious difference in the antigen/MHC versus anti-CD3e response of DPK cells is that the former would be expected to engage the CD4 coreceptor. In order to determine if the response to anti-CD3e mAb could be affected by coreceptor engagement, anti-CD3e and anti-CD4 mAbs were coimmobilized on a plate prior to incubation with DPK. As shown in Figs. 1A and B, the presence of anti-CD4 mAb dramatically increases the ability of DPK cells to differentiate as indicated by loss of cell-surface CD8 and induction of CD5. In order to determine whether the observed enhancement of the anti-CD3e response by coreceptor engagement was specific, the effect of mAbs to LFA-1 and Thy-1 was tested. Both LFA-1 and Thy-1 are highly expressed by normal murine thymocytes and DPK cells (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992;DeKoning et al., 1995). Neither addition of anti-LFA-1 nor anti-Thy-1 mAb resulted in an enhanced response to anti-CD3e mAb (Fig. 1C). This suggests an active role for CD4 in DPK-cell differentiation rather than acting as a passive enhancer of adhesion.

Molecule in DPK Cells
In order to assess the potential of the chain to contribute to either the activation or differentiation of T cells at the double-positive stage of development, we expressed the TT chimeric molecule in DPK cells by retroviral-mediated gene transfer. This chimeric molecule was constructed by exchanging the cytoplasmic 94 J. DEKONING and J. KAYE 2C11 mAb is significantly enhanced by coimmobilization with anti-CD4 mAb. (A) DPK cells were incubated in either untreated wells or wells previously coated with 20 gg/ml 2C11 mAb in the presence or absence of 10 gg/ml anti-CD4 mAb. Cells were harvested after 3 days of culture and three-color stained for CD5, CD4, and CD8 and analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) DPK cells were incubated in wells previously coated with concentrations of 2C 11 mAb, as indicated, in the presence or absence of anti-CD4 mAb, and analyzed by flow cytometry as in (A). Shown is the percentage of cells that were CD5 + or CD8 t/gated, as in (A). (C) DPK cells were incubated in wells previously coated with 2Cll mAb alone or coimmobilized with anti-LFA-1 or anti-Thy-1 mAb. Cells were harvested after 3 days of culture and analyzed as described above.
tail of the murine chain for the cytoplasmic tail of the human interleukin-2 receptor a-chain (TT) (Letoumeur and Klausner, 1991). Cells were sorted for high-level expression of the chimeric molecule by flow cytometry employing a monoclonal antibody specific for the hlL-2R (anti-Tac). Figure 2 shows the level of cell-surface expression of the chimeric protein on DPK cells after FACS sorting. Cells were also sorted for low-, DPK hCD25 FIGURE 2 Cell-surface expression of the TI' chimeric protein on DPK cells. Untransfected (grey) DPK and transfected (black) ZPDPK sorted for high expression of the hIL-2R receptor were stained with an anti-Tac antibody (hCD25), followed by a FITC-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin secondary antibody.
level expression of the TT-chain and assayed comparatively for function (data not shown). However, as previously reported in studies employing transfected T-cell hybridomas (Letourneur and Klausner, 1992;Brocker and Karjalainen, 1995), the level of expression or overexpression of the chimera yielded qualitatively similar responses on stimulation. Transfected cells maintaining a high level of expression of the chimeric protein were thus called ZPDPK and used for all subsequent assays.
Early Activation Signals Delivered by Crosslinking of the TT-Chain Chimera T-cell activation triggered either by antigen or TCR/CD3 antibodies results in tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates, including CD3e and , and subsequent Ca[2+] mobilization (Danielian et al., 1992;Tsygankov et al., 1992;Burkhardt et al., 1994;Chu and Littman, 1994). In studies employing transfected T-cell hybridomas, it has been shown that signaling through the chain results in these early activation events (Irving and Weiss, 1991;Romeo and Seed, 1991;Letourneur and Klausner, 1992;Aoe et al., 1994). Additionally, phosphorylation of PTKs and phospholipase C induced by crosslinking of the CD3e receptor have been shown to be enhanced by anti-CD4 co-crosslinking (Ledbetter et al., 1990;Chu and Littman, 1994). However, although co-crosslinking of CD4 with the TCR has been demonstrated to potentiate the magnitude of resulting tyrosine phosphorylation in mature T cells, there does not appear to be a significant difference in the pattern of substrates phosphorylated a,: .compared to CD3 crosslinking alone (Chu and Littman, 1994). Our analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated under comparable conditions in T cells at the CD4+8 + stage yielded similar results. ZPDPK cells were incubated with beads coated with anti-CD3e mAb in the presence or absence of anti-CD4 mAb. Anti-CD3e mAb stimulation can be seen to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple substrates as compared to unactivated DPK cells (Fig. 3, lanes and 2). On addition of anti-CD4 mAb, there was no difference in the magnitude of the response, nor were there apparent differences in the substrate pattern of phosphorylation from that of anti-CD3e mAb stimulation alone ( Fig. 3, lanes 2 and 3). When these same cells were stimulated with anti-Tac mAb, there was a decrease (45 and 112kD) or loss (47, 50, and >112 kD) of tyrosine phosphorylation of some substrates, and little change in others (95 kD), as compared to anti-CD3e mAb activated cells (Fig. 3, lanes 2 and 4). Again, costimulation with anti-CD4 mAb did not markedly affect either the number of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins observed or the degree of phosphorylation (Fig. 3, lanes 4 and 5).
These results suggest that aithough crosslinking of either the endogenous CD3 complex or the TT chain can activate PTKs, there are quantitative and qualitative differences in the phosphorylation of cellular substrates induced by these two means of activation. Following TCR-driven PTK activation, subsequent PLCT1 activation leads to an increase in intracellular calcium levels (Gelfand, et al., 1988;Goldsmith and Weiss, 1988 Although TCR/CD3-mediated signaling leads to the rapid induction of PTKs and increased levels of intracellular Ca[2 + ], these events may occur transiently and not lead to full activation as measured by downstream events such as lymphokine secretion. For example, it has been suggested that the length or persistence of the signal and whether a sustained Ca[2+] increase occurs may be critical to the decision as to whether IL-2 gene activation is induced (Gelfand, et al., 1988;Goldsmith and Weiss, 1988). In order to address this issue, lymphokine production was analyzed in ZPDPK cells. Undifferentiated DPK cells have been previously shown to secrete low levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and undetectable levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in response to antigen or plate-bound anti-CD3e mAb (Kaye and EIlenberger, 1992). However, activation of differentiated DPK cells results in significant IL-4 production. When transfected ZPDPK cells were assayed for lymphokine production, a similar pattern was observed. In their undifferentiated state, stimulation of DPK or ZPDPK cells with anti-CD3e mAb results in secretion of detectable levels of IL-2 (Fig. 5A). In contrast, DPK or ZPDPK cells harvested on day 4 of differentiation induced by coculture with antigen and antigen-presenting cells were found to secrete IL-4 in response to plate-bound anti-CD3e mAb (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992;Fig. 5).
In order to determine if crosslinking of the TT-chain chimeric protein could deliver similar signals, undiffer- entiated or differentiated ZPDPK cells were stimulated by plate-bound anti-Tac antibody and assayed for production of IL-2/IL-4. Undifferentiated ZPDPK cells stimulated with anti-Tac antibody did not produce detectable levels of IL-2 or IL-4 (Fig. 5A). In contrast, differentiated ZPDPK cells harvested 4 days following activation by antigen produced detectable levels of IL-4 following crosslinking of the TI'-chain chimeric protein (Fig. 5B). The level of IL-4 produced in response to anti-Tac, however, was significantly lower than the response typically observed with anti-CD3e mAb. These Most strikingly, co-crosslinking of Tac and the CD4 coreceptor had only a modest effect on CD5 expression, in sharp contrast to the results obtained by coengagement of CD3e and CD4 (Figs. and 6). Additionally, while holding anti-CD4 antibody concentrations constant, iricreasing the concentration of plate-bound 2C11 antibody led to a dose-dependent upregulation of CD5 expression (Fig. 1B). In contrast, increasing concentrations of anti-Tac mAb in combination with anti-CD4 did not enhance the response (data not shown).

DISCUSSION
In defining the signaling requirements for the doublepositive to single-positive transition of DPK cells, we found that anti-CD3e mAb is relatively inefficient in mediating this differentiation. Instead, DPK cells activated via TCR crosslinking in the absence of any other costimulatory signals exhibit only minimal cell-surface CD8 loss, and low-level induction of CD69 (DeKoning et al., 1995) and CD5, as compared to that elicited in response to stimulation with specific antigen (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992). The addition of a costimulatory signal, such as co-crosslinking of the TCR with the CD4 coreceptor, significantly enhanced differentiation, whereas anti-CD3e mAb antibody in conjunction with antibodies against other highly expressed cell-surface proteins did not exhibit this effect. This was not too surprising given the critical role of the CD4 coreceptor in positive selection (Rahemtulla et al., 1991) and the synergistic effects on T-cell activation following cocrosslinking of the TCR/CD3 and CD4 coreceptor (reviewed in Miceli and Parnes, 1993;Chu and Littman, 1994;Baldari et al., 1995). We have also seen enhancement of antigen and anti-CD3 activation by ICAM-1 in this system (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992;DeKoning et al., 1995), suggesting that there may be a number of pathways that can amplify TCR-generated signals and initiate differentiation. The chain has been demonstrated to be a critical component of TCR-mediated signaling, and both proximal and distal signals can be induced in T-cell hybridomas by stimulation through the -chain cytoplasmic domain. However, the specific role of this signaling module in the differentiation of immature T cells has been more difficult to address, as crosslinking of either the endogenous TCR or chimeric proteins that possess the cytoplasmic domains of or e on double-positive thymocytes, results in apoptosis (Shi et al., 1989;Smith et al., 1989;Shinkai et al., 1995). DPK, cells in contrast, do not die in response to TCR engagement, but rather differentiate in response to specific antigen, thymic epithelial cells or anti-CD3e crosslinking (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992;Poirier et al., 1994;DeKoning et al., 1995). By expression of the TT chimeric protein in DPK cells, we were able to compare responses elicited from engagement of the endogenous TCR with those that result from crosslinking of the chain in isolation, within the context of a double-positive T cell. Our results indicate that although engagement of the chimeric protein can mediate some signaling events, it is in general a poor activator of both proximal signaling and differentiation in this cell, even in the presence of coreceptor engagement. These results suggest that the chain may have limited function in positive selection. It is also possible ."; "1"_':." '" FIGURE 6 Comparison of CD3 and TI'-mediated differentiation. ZPDPK cells were stimulated with anti-CD3e or anti-Tac mAb in the presence or absence of coimmobilized anti-CD4 mAb as indicated. Cells were harvested after 3 days of culture and analyzed as in Fig. 1. that the chain cannot function as an autonomous module but rather requires interaction with other molecules of the CD3 complex for efficient signaling during immature T-cell differentiation.
The specific deficit in TT-mediated signaling that limits its ability to induce the differentiation of DPK cells is not known, but we h.ve found a reduced ability of this chimeric protein to mediate proximal signaling events. Early studies looking at tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates in transfected T-cell lines led to contrasting reports as to whether there are different or identical patterns of tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates induced on crosslinking of the endogenous TCR/CD3 or chimeric e or protein alone (Irving and Weiss, 1991;Letourneur -and Klausner, 1992;Aoe et al., 1994;Shinkai et al., 1995). We found that stimulation of ZPDPK cells via the chimeric TI' protein results in tyrosine phosphorylation of a subset of the intracellular substrates that are phosphorylated by anti-CD3 stimulation. The phosphorylation of some substrates was also markedly reduced. Thus, there may be both quantitative and qualitative differences in downstream signals. This is in contrast to the results of Shinkai et al. (1995), where identical patterns of phosphorylation were induced by crosslinking of either endogenous CD3e or the chimeric TI' chain in transgenic mouse thymocytes. It is possible that these disparate findings result from the transformed state of DPK cells. It is also possible, however, that these differences reflect the different outcomes of anti-CD3 mediated crosslinking in thymocytes (apoptosis) versus DPK cells (differentiation). In this regard, recent evidence suggests that the ras signaling pathway is required for positive but not negative selection (Alberola-Ila et al., 1995;Swan et al., 1995). We also found that the differentiation of DPK cells is dependent on the p21ras signaling pathway (manuscript in preparation). Thus, one possibility is that the TT chimeric protein is poorly coupled to the ras signaling cascade and is unable to mediate differentiation of DPK cells while still able to deliver the signals necessary to elicit cell death of normal thymocytes.
Examination of cytokine production as indicative of late cellular activation led to the following observations. In response to a primary stimulus of anti-CD3e antibody, undifferentiated DPK cells produce low levels of IL-2, whereas differentiated DPK cells secrete predominantly IL-4. In contrast, ZPDPK cells stimulated by crosslinking of the TT chain produced no detectable 1L-2. This finding was somewhat surprising because chimeric -mediated stimulation of the IL-2 gene has been reported in T-cell hybridomas (Irving and Weiss, 1991;Letourneur and Weiss, 1992;Aoe et al., 1994). However, as seen for normal mature T cells, the activa-tion state of the T cell can have a profound effect on the ability of -chain chimeras to mediate activation (Brocker and Karjalainen, 1995). Although Shinkai et al. (1995) have reported that -chain signaling can elicit proliferative responses in single-positive thymocytes comparable to signaling through the intact TCR, Brocker and Karjalainen (1995) have reported that mature T cells must be previously activated before an isolatedchain module can function. Our results similarly suggest that the developmental state of the T cell may effect the ability of isolated TCR-signaling components to function. Following differentiation, ZPDPK cells were found to produce only low levels of IL-4 in response to anti-Tac mAb, again consistent with a qualitative or quantitative deficit in TI'-mediated signaling.
On DPK differentiation, there is often a greater percentage of DPK cells that express CD5 than those that exhibit a CD81/phenotype (Figs. and 6). This may reflect a lower threshold for the induction of CD5 than for downregulation of CD8 gene expression. This is consistent with the finding that anti-CD3e mAb can induce CD5 surface expression much more efficiently than full differentiation of DPK cells. We have also previously shown that thymic epithelial cells induce loss of CD8 but only low-level expression of CD69 on DPK cells (Poirier et al., 1994). Thus, there may be subtle differences in the signals necessary to effect changes in gene expression of each of these differenti-. ation markers. In contrast to the results with CD3 crosslinking, TT-mediated differentiation was not significantly enhanced by coimmobilization with anti-CD4 mAb. This may reflect a qualitative difference in CD3and TT-generated signals, as suggested by differences in the patterns of tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular substrates. Alternatively, the chimeric protein extemal domain may fail to interact appropriately with CD4 and thus induce only partial signals.
It is clear from these experiments that TCR stimulation alone is a poor substitute for the normal cellular interactions that mediate immature T-cell differentiation. The critical question for the future is what are the relevant costimulatory molecules and signals given by thymic epithelial cells that regulate and enhance this process. We are currently exploiting this system to address this issue. 100 J. DEKONING and J. KAYE

Cell Lines and Reagents
The isolation and characterization of the murine CD4 + 8 + T-cell line, DPK, has been previously described (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992). All DPK cell lines were maintained in EHAA medium (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, California), supplemented with 10% FCS (GIBCO, Grand Island, New York), 2 mM glutamine, 50 M 2mercaptoethanol, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. The transfected fibroblast antigen-presenting cell line, DCEK-ICAM (Kuhlman et al., 1991), that expresses E k class II MHC and ICAM-1 was maintained in RPMI medium (Whittaker, Walkersville, Maryland) supplemented as before with the addition of mycophenolic acid, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and G418.

Expression of TT Chimera in DPK Cells
The TT construct encodes a chimeric molecule composed of the human CD25 extracellular and transmembrane domains and the murine -chain intracellular domain (Letourneur and Klausner, 1991). This construct was cloned into a retroviral vector encoding puromycin resistance (Morgenstern and Land, 1990), and DPK cells were infected with recombinant retrovirus as described previously (Miller et al., 1993). Puromycin-resistant DPK cells vere subsequently sorted on a FAC-Star (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, California) for expression of human CD25.

Primary Stimulation and Differentiation Assays
Tissue-culture plates were coated with either anti-CD3e mAb 145-2C11 (Leo et al., 1984) or anti-Tac mAb (hCD25) (Immunotech, Westbrook, Maine) (20 lttg/ml, unless indicated otherwise) in PBS, in the presence or absence of 10 g/ml anti-CD4 mAb (Pharmingen) overnight at 4C, followed by multiple washes with PBS prior to addition of DPK cells. Cells were plated at 2 105 cells/0.5 ml per well in a 24-well plate, harvested after 3 days of culture, and three-color stained for FACS analysis, as described before.

Restimulation Assays for Determination of IL-2/IL-4 Production
Pigeon cytochrome c carboxy-terminal peptide (PC), residues 88-104, was synthesized at the Scripps Research Institute. DCEK-ICAM cells were plated at 105 cells/well in 24-well plates approximately 16 hours prior to addition of 3 105 DPK, in the presence or absence of tM PC. After 24 hr of culture, DPK cells were transferred to a fresh plate and 0.5 ml fresh medium added. At 48 hr, cells were again transferred with additional media containing recombinant human IL-2 in a final concentration of 100 U/ml to enhance survival (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992). Cultures were harvested on day 4, three-color stained with biotinylated CD5 (Pharmingen), anti-CD4-PE (Gibco-BRL), and anti-CD8-613 (Gibco-BRL), and analyzed on a FACScan. Cells were washed and resuspended at 4 105 cells/ml and plated at 0.5 ml/well in a 48-well tissue-culture plate previously coated with either 2Cll antibody or anti-Tac (hCD25), as described before. Twenty-four hours later supernatants were harvested and tested for the presence of cytokine by use of the IL-2/IL-4-responsive NK cell line, as previously described (Kaye and Ellenberger, 1992). Supernatants were added at 5% v/v per well in triplicate. In some assays, an anti-IL-4 blocking mAb (BVD4; Pharmingen) was added at 8 lag/ml final concentration.
Anti-Phosphotyrosine Immunoblotting Cells were washed and resuspended at 2 107/ml in culture medium and prewarmed in a 37"C water bath. Cells were stimulated with polystyrene latex beads (5.2 gm in diameter; Interfacial Dynamics Corp., Portland, Oregon) previously conjugated with either rat immunoglobulin, as a negative control, 2Cll or anti-Tac (hCD25) antibody, resuspended in culture medium at 2 107/ml and prewarmed as before (Taddie et al., 1994). One-tenth milliliter of antibodyconjugated beads were mixed with 0.1 ml of appropriate cells, pelleted briefly in a microcentrifuge, and then incubated at 37C for 30 min. Following stimulation, tubes were placed on ice, ml of ice cold PBS + 0.1 mM Na3VO4 was added, and the cells pelleted again. Cell pellets were solubilized in lysis buffer (PBS containing 1% NP-40/l% SDS/2mM Na3VO4/lmM NaF/lmM PMSF/5 lag/ml aprotinin/5 gg/ml leupeptin) on ice for 30 min. The detergent-insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 14,000 g for 10 min, and lysates mixed with SDS sample buffer containing 2-mercaptoethanol, then boiled for 5 min prior to gel electrophoresis. Approximately 1/3 of the total lysate was resolved on a 12% polyacrylamide gel alongside prestained molecular-weight markers (Biorad, Hercules, California) and transferred onto PVDF membrane at 25 V overnight. The blot was blocked with 2% BSA/Tris-buffered saline-Tween (TBS-T; 10 mM Tris/150 mM NaC/0.05% Tween 20, pH 8.0) for 2 hr at room temperature with rocking, washed twice in TBS-T, then probed with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody 4G 10 (UpState Biotechnology Inc., Lake Placid, New York) in 2% BSA/TBS-T for 2 hr at room temperature with rocking. Following extensive washing, the blot was developed with goat anti-mouse IgG-HRPO (BioRad) in 2% BSA/TBS-T for hr at room temperature with rocking, washed, and developed with ECL reagents (Amsersham, Arlington Heights, Illinois).

Intracellular Ca 2+ Assay
Cells were stained with either 2C11 or anti-Tac (hCD25) mAb at 10 gg/ml in 4% FCS/PBS for 30 min at room temperature. After washing, cells were incubated with 10 gg/ml Indo-1 (Molecular Probes, Junction City, Oregon) in 10% BSA/Indo-loading buffer (Taddie et al., 1994) for 30 min at 32C, washed, and resuspended in 0.1% BSA/Indo-loading buffer at 3 105 cells/ml. The cells were stimulated by preincubating at 37C for 10 min prior to crosslinking with secondary antibodies at a final concentration of 10 lttg/ml rabbit anti-hamster IgG or goat anti-rat IgG (Caltag, San Francisco). Results are presented as the ratio of FL4/FL5 fluorescent intensity over time as measured by a FACSvantage flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson). Ionomycin was obtained from Calbiochem (La Jolla, California).