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Conservation by the congenitally blind.

A conservation study of amount using specially designed wire cylinders was made of congenitally blind children and two control groups of sighted children (one of which undertook the task blindfolded), matched for chronological age. No differences were found among the three groups on the age of attainment of conservation. However, the manner by which the blind processed the environment differed from the blindfolded sighted children, as evidenced in some of their non-conservation answers. The language of the blind children did not differ from that of the sighted children in describing the materials, but the language of the non-conserving children of all groups differed from that of conserving children. The importance for several theoretical views on the attainment of conservation is discussed, and it is argued that the achievement of the beginning of operational thinking may be more a central developmental phenomenon than one based on specific sensory experience.