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DIRECT DETERMINATION OF PIROXICAM IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS USING FLOW INJECTION-SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

In this research, direct batch and flow injection (FI) spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of piroxicam (PIX) in commercial dosage forms were investigated. The methods were based on the reaction of PIX with diazotized metoclopramide in alkaline medium to form orange color product at room temperature which absorbs maximally at λmax 472 nm. Chemical and physical variables of batch and FI methods were optimized to produce high sensitivity and reproducibility. Under the optimized experimental conditions, Beer’s law was obeyed over concentration ranges from 1 35 and 10 250 μg/mL PIX with limits of detection of 0.2 and 3.4 μg/mL and limits of quantification of 0.7 and 11.4 μg/mL PIX for batch and FI procedures, respectively. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) was less than 0.7 and 2.4 for batch and FI procedures respectively with a sample throughput of 38 h for FI procedure. The proposed methods can be used for the routine analysis for the assay of PIX in injections and capsules.


INTRODUCTION
Piroxicam (PIX) (C 15 H 13 N 3 O 4 S) is chemically known as 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(N-pyridil-2)carboxyamido-2H-,2-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxide. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is widely used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, non-specific polyarthritis, and osteoarthritis [1]. Therapeutic dose of PIX is 20 mg daily, but it can cause several gastrointestinal upset symptoms at high dose [2], therefore, the assay of PIX is recommended to gain the optimal therapeutic level and to ensure good quality assurance in pharmaceutical products. PIX has been determined by several reported methods included high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [3,4], extraction by magnetic imprinted polymeric nanosorbent [5], ultrasonic assisted magnetic dispersive solid phase microextraction [6], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [7,8], and voltammetry [9]. The literature reported several spectrophotometric methods [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and a few flow injection methods [21][22][23][24] for the determination of PIX in dosage forms. Most of these methods involved redox reactions [10][11][12][13], or formation of ion association complexes with basic dyes [14,15]. However, most of these methods are indirect [11,18,19] or suffer from disadvantages such as dependence on temperature, poor reproducibility, instability of the colored product, time consuming and unsuitable for routine analysis of the drug. As a result, the development of the direct, rapid and inexpensive method for the assay of PIX in pharmaceutical forms is essential. Flow-injection analysis (FIA) is considered as speed and inexpensive technique used in routine analysis. It is very useful for the automated reactions which do not reach equilibrium or those not sufficiently stable over time [25,26]. The present work describes the development of direct batch and FIA methods for the determination of PIX using another drug (metoclopramide (MP)) as a green and safe reagent. The diazotization coupling reaction between PIX and diazotized metoclopramide (DMP) in the presence of sodium hydroxide as an alkaline medium produced orange product measured spectrophotometrically at 472 nm. The methods are applied for the assay of PIX in pure and dosage forms.

Reagents
All reagents used were of analytical reagent grade. The standard materials of PIX and MP (99.9% pure) also the excipients were kindly donated by the Iraqi Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company (SDI-Samarra/Iraq). HPLC grade ethanol was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Pharmaceutical forms of PIX (Piroxicam® capsules 20 mg/Micro Labs limited/Indian-SOTILEN 10 mg capsules/Cyprus-Feldene injection-Piroxicam 20 mg/1 mL-Pfizer/USA) were purchased from the local market. Sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrite were supplied from Merck (Germany). HCl (36% w/w) was an analytical-reagent grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).

Preparation of standard and reagents solutions
Piroxicam standard solution (250 μg/mL). A 0.0250 g of PIX was dissolved in 25 mL ethanol in a 100 mL volumetric flask and then the solution was completed to the mark with distilled water. The working standard solution was prepared by simple diluting with distilled water.
Diazotized metoclopramide hydrochloride (5 mM). This solution was prepared daily by weighing a 0.1772 g of MP and dissolved in a minimum volume of distilled water in a 100 mL volumetric flask then 3 mL of 1 M HCl was added while keeping the temperature of the solution at 0-5 o C for 5 min in ice-bath. A weight of 0.0345 g amount of NaNO 2 was added with shaking for 5 min and then completed the volume to the mark with distilled water.
Sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 M). A 1 g of the NaOH was dissolved in 250 mL distilled water and then standardized.
Hydrochloric acid solution (1 M). Prepared diluted acid solution was made by appropriate dilution of 85.84 mL of concentrated solution (11.65 M) with 1 L distilled water in a volumetric flask.

Analysis of PIX in capsules and injections
Weighed and mixed the contents of 10 capsules or mixed content of 5 vials (commercially available). An accurately weighed amount of the powder (equivalent to 25 mg of the pure drug contents), were taken and dissolved in 25 mL ethanol and completed the 100 mL calibrated flask to the mark with distilled water into. The flasks were shaken well for 15 min then filtered. The amount of PIX was determined as recommended under the general procedure.

Batch procedure
A series of volumes of standard PIX solution, covering the concentration range of 1-35 μg/mL, were transferred into a series of 10 mL standard volumetric flasks. To each flask, 1.0 mL of DMP (5 mM) and 1.5 mL of NaOH (0.1 M) solution were transferred then diluted with distilled water and mixed well. The reaction reaches to maximum intensity and stability after 5 min, then the absorbance was measured at 472 nm (at 25 o C) against reagent blank. The amount of the PIX was obtained from the regression equation of the calibration graph. In all batch optimization experiments a 12.5 μg/mL of PIX was used.

FIA procedure
A 100 μL of PIX standard solution (range of 10-250 μg/mL) was injected through the injection valve utilizing a syringe. Samples of PIX were injected into the stream of the 5 mM of DMP. The resultant solution was mixed with 0.1 M NaOH solution in the reaction coil. Peristaltic pump pumped the solutions with a total flow rate of 1.47 mL/min and the absorbance of the resulting orange product was measured at 472 nm. A 40 μg/mL of PIX was used during the study of the optimum conditions of FI system.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diazotized metoclopramide has been used as an efficient coupling reagent in several spectrophotometric reactions [27,28]. Most of the amino compounds used for diazotization coupling reactions are toxic, especially those contain withdrawing groups (nitro, cyano and halo groups). Using a drug compound as a chromogenic reagent is preferred to make the methods less expensive and safer. In the present work, an orange dye product results from the coupling of PIX with DMP was studied using batch and normal FIA methods. All the parameters that enhance the sensitivity of the diazotization reaction and consequently the assay of PIX drug were studied. The influence of the chemical and physical parameters such as reagents concentrations, the temperature of the reaction, the flow rate, length of reaction coil and sample volume were optimized.

Preliminary studies and batch system
The maximum value of absorption was measured at 472 nm versus reagent blank ( Figure 2). The alkaline medium was found to be essential for development of the colored product because the benzothiazine ring in PIX be more reactive due to conversion of the hydroxyl group to more reactive phenoxide in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Therefore, different alkaline solutions (sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate) were examined. Maximum sensitivity was obtained when sodium hydroxide solution was used. Figure 2. Absorption spectra of the orange product result from the reaction of 20 µg/mL of PIX with DMP/NaOH measured against the blank, and the blank measured against distilled water.
When the influence of different volumes of 5 mM of DMP (from 0.25 to 3 mL) and 0.1 M NaOH (from 0.1 to 2.5 mL) were studied, maximum absorbances were obtained using 1 mL of 5 mM DMP and 1.5 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide ( Figure 3). The effect of time on the stability of absorbance readings after dilution was studied. The absorbance of the product was stable after 5 min and remain constant for more than 20 min. Also, variant orders of the addition of the reagents were examined and it was found that the following order addition (PIX+DMP+NaOH) was effective to obtain the aimed results and therefore used in all the following experiments. Scheme 1 is summarized as the supposed mechanism of the reaction. The reagent used in this work is an amino drug (MP), which is easily converted to diazonium salt under diazotization reaction with nitrous acid (NaNO 2 /HCl). The diazonium salt then is reacted with PIX through the benzothiazine ring (i.e. from benzene ring attached to the 6-membered heterocycle thiazine) in alkaline medium. The stoichiometry of the PIX-DMP dye was studied by applying Job's and molar ratio methods using equimolar concentrations (1×10 -3 M) of the

FIA system
Primary studies were focused on the optimization of all parameters of FIA system. The manifold is considered as a heart of flow system, therefore several flow manifolds (single and double channels) were made to perform different reaction paths for the reaction of PIX drug with DMP in alkaline medium. A two-channel FI manifold was chosen, which offered a maximum absorbance intensity and high sampling frequency. PIX was injected into a stream of DMP, which then mixed with sodium hydroxide using mixing coil as given in Figure 1.

Optimization of chemical variables
The effect of the concentration of DMP on the analytical signal was studied. A 40 μL of PIX was injected into a stream of different concentrations range of DMP (2-10 mM). The results ( Figure 4A) indicated that a 5 mM gave the best analytical signal and was selected for further use. Previous studies indicated that the reaction between PIX and DMP must be performed in an alkaline medium. The effect of changing the concentration of NaOH using a range of concentration (0.025-0.3 M) was studied. The best result was obtained using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide ( Figure 4A) which was selected for the following experiments.

Optimization of FIA variables
The influence of the total flow rate of the reagents streams on the sensitivity and sample frequency of the reaction was studied using a range of rates between 1.13-4.80 mL/min under the optimum conditions. Figure 4B referred that maximum intensity was obtained with a flow rate of 1.47 mL/min, then the absorbance was decreased with increasing the flow rate because of increasing the dispersion which decreased residence time and increased reagent consumption. The effect of length of the coil (using mixed the solutions) on absorbance was examined in the range of 0-200 cm. A significant increase in absorbance (peak height) was observed after increasing the coil length up to 75 cm and then decreased ( Figure 4C). This may be due to the fast coupling reaction between PIX and DMP. Further length of reaction coil causes an increase in the dispersion, and peak broadening, hence 75 cm was selected for the subsequent experiments. The injected sample volume was studied by changing the length of 0.5 mm i.d. sample loop in the injection valve to obtain varied volumes from 75 to 200 μL, whereas the other parameters remained unchanged (75 cm coil length, 1.47 mL/min flow rate, 0.1 M NaOH, 5 mM DMP solution and 40 μg/mL of PIX). The results ( Figure 4D) showed an increase in analytical signal with an increase in the injected volume up to 100 μL and then decreased. A 100 μL was selected to obtained high intensity and low consumption of the sample. The flow system provided a sampling frequency of 38 samples h -1 .

Calibration plots and limits of detection
The calibration graphs for the analysis of PIX drug using batch and FIA systems were obtained using the optimum variables. The calibration graphs were prepared using a series of PIX standard solutions and by applying the procedure described in experimental or by injected in triplicate to test the linearity for batch and FIA systems, respectively. The slope, correlation coefficient, intercept for the calibration data and the sensitivity parameters (molar absorptivity, Sandell's sensitivity, and LOD) are summarized in Table 1. Excellent linearity of the calibration graphs was obtained and Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 1-35 and 10-250 μg/mL of PIX for batch and FIA systems, respectively. In comparison between two suggested procedures, FIA is more convenient than the batch method because of its wider linear range of calibration graph and high throughput samples (38 sample/h). The FIA method is less sensitive than the batch method, this may be due to the effect of dispersion of the sample zone inside the carrier and reagent solutions arriving at the detector.

Accuracy and precision
The precision of the methods was tested by analyzing three different concentrations of PIX solutions according to suggested methods in five replicates. The resulting analytical values have been shown in Table 2. The method displayed good accuracy and high precision according to the small values of RSD and % Error [29].

Study of interference from other substances
To check the efficacy of the proposed methods in the assay of PIX in commercial dosage forms (usually involved an additives materials), a recovery testing for 10 μg/mL of PIX was performed in the presence of (10-fold) of additives for batch method. The good percentage recoveries (97.19-102.16%) were obtained indicating none of these additives interfered significantly and the method has good selectivity ( Table 3).

Ruggedness
The ruggedness of the suggested methods was established by assaying PIX by different analysts using the same conditions at 12.5 and 40 μg/mL of PIX for the batch and FIA methods, respectively. The results showed that the % RSD values were less than 2% and 1.5% for batch and FIA methods, respectively, indicated the ruggedness of both methods.  Determination of piroxicam in pharmaceutical forms using flow injection-spectrophotometry Table 5.Comparison between suggested methods and some literature spectrophotometric methods.

Analysis of pharmaceutical samples
The batch and FIA methods were successfully used for the analysis of pharmaceuticals (capsules and injection) involved different dosages of PIX and the results are summarized in Table 4. The evaluation of the proposed methods was performed by carrying out recovery experiments for two types of capsules and one type of injection and the results showed excellent recoveries values for both methods and were in good agreement with the declared content. The obtained recoveries for both proposed methods were compared successfully with those obtained from applying of UV method and measured the absorbance at 352 nm [30,31]. The F and ttests [32] indicated that there are no considerable differences between batch, FI and UV methods for the assay of PIX in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Table 5 demonstrates the analytical characteristics for the proposed methods in addition to previously reported methods. compound as a reagent and wide range of assay with no need for pre-extraction or heating, with good precision. High sampling frequency (38 sample/h) and the precision make FI procedure appropriate for the quality control of PIX in pharmaceutical formulations and faster than the batch methods. Experiments also indicated that there are no significant differences between the results obtained from the two proposed methods. There are few FIA methods to determine PIX but many of which lack sensitivity, utilise toxic reagents or being highly costly. The proposed method in this study utilise cheap and safe reagents and provide a wide range of determination yet it presents high accuracy and precision.