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From self-assembly to quantum guiding: A review of magnetic atomic structures on noble metal surfaces

Recent advances in the study of magnetic atomic structures on noble metal surfaces are reviewed. These include one-dimensional strings, two-dimensional hexagonal superlattices, and novel structures stabilized by quantum guiding. The combined techniques of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and ab initio calculations reveal that surface-state-mediated adatom-step and adatom—adatom interactions are the driving forces for self-assembly of these structures. The formation conditions are further discussed by comparing various experimental systems and the kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy and tight-binding calculations together, we reveal that the spectra of these well-ordered structures have characteristic peaks induced by electronic scattering processes of the atoms within the local environment. Moreover, it is demonstrated that quantum confinement by means of nano-size corrals has significant influence on adatom diffusion and self-assembly, leading to a quantum-guided self-assembly.