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John W. Burton, God's Ants: a study of Atuot religion . Studia Instituti Anthropos 37. St Augustin, West Germany: Anthropos Institute, 1981, 149 pp, DM45.

of gender roles, concentrating on the reciprocal roles of husband and wife in the control of family resources, production on the family estate and marriage. Oboler examines the kinds of conflicts which arise and how they are resolved. She uses the concept of the family estate to deal with the differential rights and responsibilities of the married couple in the areas of land, livestock, cash crops and wage income, showing how these have changed and developed over the last eighty years. With clarity and impressive statistical data, she describes the labour contribution, the economic power and the decision-making role of men and women, as well as the weapons each gender has at its disposal if their particular interests are threatened. One of the major themes of this ethnography is the effects of colonial policies on gender roles among the Nandi. Recent historical feminist analysis has demonstrated how colonial policy in Africa and elsewhere has resulted in differential developments in the male and female economic and political spheres, often shifting the balance of power in favour of men. Women, Power and Economic Change is a case study which adds powerful evidence to this argument. Colonial policy in the Nandi region has resulted in changes in the balance of economic power between men and women. Male cash cropping of introduced crops was promoted, while at the same time programmes were promoted which developed the cash-generating potential of traditional male crops but not those controlled by women. For example, programmes were set up to promote sale of cattle, controlled by men, but those designed to improve chicken raising, done by women, were abandoned. The commoditisation of staple crops and livestock, as well as the registration of land, further eroded women's traditional right and control over resources. The second theme of this book is summarised in the last chapter in which Oboler critically examines the concepts of sexual stratification and women's status. She summarises the major arguments in the on-going debate on how these concepts can be applied and quantified, particularly for cross-cultural comparison. This is understandably a difficult exercise, one made more so by the less than rigorous definitions employed by different scholars. Attempts to isolate indices which would allow for the measurement of women's status have not been completely successful in the past and Oboler examines some of the many reasons for this fact. Oboler distinguishes conceptually between female autonomy and male dominance, though recognising their interrelationship (e.g. if the genders interact infrequently then male dominance will be low). For this reason she feels that it is not sufficient to establish male dominance merely by measuring the relative control of resources, the amount of ideological differentiation between the genders and the presence or absence of male aggression. These things must, of course, be established, but there is an additional analytical step necessary. The situations in which conflicts of will regularly occur between men and women must be investigated and the tendency for men and women to assert their will over opposition be quantified. This will be a more fruitful analytical exercise, allowing one to see the interactions between the differential control of resources, ideological differentiation, male aggression and women's status. This is the framework employed by Oboler in presenting her ethnographic data and it allows her to demonstrate relatively objectively the structure of male dominance among the Nandi.