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The peculiarities of process structuring on maritime trade affairs (δίκαι εμπορικαί) in the IV century BC


 The subject of this research is the distinctive features of δίκαι εμπορικαί – special type of proceedings in the Athens People's Court of the IV century BC associated with maritime trade operations, which is of crucial importance due to the constant need of the Athenian State for imported grain. The main source for revealing the specificity of this type of proceedings are the speeches attributed to the remarkable Athenian orator Demosthenes: “Against Zenothemid”, “Against Apaturia”, “Against Phormio”, and “Against Lacrit”), as well as speech LVI ("Against Dionysodorus"). This topic is important for understanding the development of Athenian judicial system; however, it is virtually unstudied in the Russian historiography, except certain aspects in the works of L. M. Gluskina and L. P. Marinovich. The following conclusions are made:   - A distinctive feature of δίκαι εμπορικαί processes was the participation of foreigners and possibility of challenging the decision by filing a protest;   - They were announced to be held in a short period of time throughout the navigation period;   - The case was considered on the basis of a written agreement, which had privilege over all other laws. Due to such favorable terms, Athens remained attractive city for conducting trade. The Emporiums were allowed to conclude permanent deals based on the Athens’s need for grain, as well as could count on the quick settlement of conflicts if such emerged. This is how the Athenian State solved the problem of bread delivery to the city.
