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OIL AND GAS

This document addresses onshore oil and gas exploration, drilling, and production operations. Refining operations are covered in a separate document. Testing, delineation and production drilling are integral to hydrocarbon reservoir development. This involves the use of drilling rigs (and associated equipment such as casing and tubing), large quantities of water, and drilling muds. In the process, oil and gas are moved to the surface through the well bore either through natural means (the reservoir has enough pressure to push the oil and gas to the surface) or through induced pressure (by means of a pump or other mechanism). At the surface, oil, gas, and water are separated. Crude oils with associated gas containing more than 30 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) of hydrogen sulfide are normally classified as "sour crude". The crude oil may require further processing including the removal of associated gas. Oil produced at the wells is piped or shipped for use as feedstock in petroleum refineries. Natural gas is predominantly methane with smaller amounts of ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and heavier hydrocarbons. Gas wells produce small quantities of condensate which may require processing. Separation processes generally use pressure reduction, gravity separation, and emulsion "breaking" techniques. Gas that is produced may be used directly as fuel or as feedstock for the manufacture of petrochemicals. It may also contain small amounts of sulfur compounds such as mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide. Sour gas is sweetened by processes such as amine scrubbing.