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Non-invasive Morphological and Elemental Analysis of Ivory Plate for Artworks Authentication Using ESEM and EDS

In a market that is flooded with forgeries, the first step in determining the value is identification of the artwork authenticity. Also from the art history point of view professional expertise based on different techniques are necessary. In this work we introduce Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope analysis (EDS) as non-invasive methods for micromorphological and elemental analysis of ivory samples used as supports for historical miniature painting. Miniature portraits are very subtle paintings, where any collection of micro-samples is generally unacceptable. Their popularity was mainly in the 19th century, but there are a number of copies and imitations, whose recognition is difficult. The true natural ivory was widely substituted by different bones or an artificial ivory, represented by various types of plastics.