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Anthropometric variation in the Aymará: genetic, geographic, and topographic contributions.

The effect of altitude on anthropometric variabiltiy has been the object of many investigations. Recently, highlanders in the Peruvian Andes were shown to have different growth and developmental patterns when compared with Peruvian lowlanders of the same language group and with U.S. whites [1-3]. There is considerable uncertainty, however, whether these differences are due to environmental causes-for example, high altitude effects on development-or to genetic heterogeneity of the populations studied. While, in the Andes, high-altitude natives are retarded in growth, the reverse situation seems to exist in genetically homogeneous populations living at different altitudes in the Simien Mountains of Ethiopia [4]. In both the Peruvian [3] and Ethiopian studies [5], individual anthropometric measurements on adult highlanders and lowlanders were compared. Among the traits considered, only chest measurements in general show consistent patterns of variation with altitude. The other measures vary less systematically, and therefore the results of the univariate treatment of them are more difficult to interpret. Conventional significance tests on large numbers of variables (even if uncorrelated) cannot be assigned ordinary levels of significance, because this procedure "capitalizes on chance" and increases the type I error considerably [6]. Moreover, the number of significant tests can be augmented beyond the true level as a consequence of the correlations among measurements. Finally, since causal variables do not act independently, their effects may be underor overestimated by any technique which neglects the correlations among them. The multivariate approaches used in this study are thought to (1) obviate in part the difficulties which arise from the use of univariate statistical procedures, and (2) permit us to examine the relative importance of the contributions of genetic, geographic, and altitude differences to anthropometric variation as a whole. The Aymara-speaking Indians, who live scattered over an area of approximately 8,000 square miles on the western slopes of the Andes in northern Chile (longitude