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The Importance of Comprehensive Care Among Obese Patients with Adult Spinal Degenerative Conditions

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has released the 2019 Adult Obesity Prevalence Maps. The maps show all states and territories had more than 20% of adults with obesity with 12 states having more than 35% obese adults. Only Colorado and the District of Columbia have 20% to 25% obese adults [1]. Obesity has been proven to be a significant risk factor for spinal degenerative conditions, for peri-operative and post-operative complications from spinal surgeries (i.e., longer operative times and increased blood loss, peri-operative peripheral nerve injury, post-operative infections, lower rate of spinal fusion, venous thromboembolism) [2-8]. In addition, the effects of obesity on post-operative clinical outcomes are controversial. Several studies, comparing obese and non-obese patients, showed no significant difference in outcome measures at a number of years after spinal surgeries while others demonstrated less improvement among obese patients and higher level of dissatisfaction with the surgical results [9-12]. Caution needs to be taken when interpreting these findings as obese patients tend to have worse pre-operative functional capacity than their counterparts.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has released the 2019 Adult Obesity Prevalence Maps. The maps show all states and territories had more than 20% of adults with obesity with 12 states having more than 35% obese adults. Only Colorado and the District of Columbia have 20% to 25% obese adults [1]. Obesity has been proven to be a significant risk factor for spinal degenerative conditions, for peri-operative and post-operative complications from spinal surgeries (i.e., longer operative times and increased blood loss, peri-operative peripheral nerve injury, post-operative infections, lower rate of spinal fusion, venous thromboembolism) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In addition, the effects of obesity on post-operative clinical outcomes are controversial. Several studies, comparing obese and non-obese patients, showed no significant difference in outcome measures at a number of years after spinal surgeries while others demonstrated less improvement among obese patients and higher level of dissatisfaction with the surgical results [9][10][11][12]. Caution needs to be taken when interpreting these findings as obese patients tend to have worse pre-operative functional capacity than their counterparts.
Sturm R et al. study showed an almost linear increase in obesity rate at different levels from 2000 to 2010 and a 70% increase from baseline in body mass index (BMI) greater than 40kg/m 2 [13]. With this obesity epidemic, spinal surgeons perform an increasing number of spinal surgeries among this patient population over the years.
There is a great research gap in comprehensive medical care prior to the election of spinal surgeries among morbidly obese patients with adult spinal deformities (ASD). Their care starts with their primary care physicians who then refer them to pain management specialists and/or neurologists. After all pain treatment modalities have been exhausted and the patients still have moderate and severe pain, they are then referred to spinal surgeons for surgical evaluations. ASDs are multi-faceted diseases, which are complicated much further by morbid obesity. The medical care provided by the primary care physicians is quite complex and involves treatments by other specialties such as physical therapists, nutritionist or dietitians, and psychologists. The pain disorder secondary to adult spinal deformities is a complex medical condition that can be both pathologic and psychogenic, especially among obese patients. These patients may also have additional psychological issues which lead to their eating disorders and significant weight gain to begin with.
According to Dr. Michael Gordon, an orthopedic surgeon who is also specialized in neck and spine surgeries, almost 90% of his patients with BMIs greater than 35kg/m 2 have never seen a nutritionist or dietitian [14]. While research evidence on interdisciplinary care involving primary care physicians and nutritionists/dietitians in the outpatient setting in the United States is limited to none, a Canadian survey-based study on 451 Canadian-trained family physicians practicing in British Columbia showed that the barriers to nutrition counseling perceived by these physicians were time and compensation being the strongest barrier, followed by inadequate training in medical school and post-graduate training [15]. Another Lebanese survey-based study among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus revealed suboptimal

Journal of Head Neck & Spine Surgery
use of dietary counseling services by these patients due to the lack of physician's referral, financial support for outpatient care, and patient's belief in the usefulness of dietary counseling [16].
From my personal interviews with my colleague family physicians, neurologists and pain management specialists, nutritional counseling in their clinics go as far as a five to ten minute talk to patients about Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) or Mediterranean diet and their recommendation to the patients to lose weight without further guidance or referral. Based on these interviews and a literature search for research evidence in this area, this indicates the need to increase referral to nutritionists and dietitians among obese patients with ASD [17]. Another important element that has been lacking and overlooked in the care of these patients is psychological evaluation and therapy throughout their care, not just a one-time routine presurgical psychological evaluation. Depression is well described among obese patients [18][19][20][21]. A mere five-minute counseling on weight loss to these patients is nothing but dropping a grain of salt in three gallons of water to make it salty.
Treatment of ASD among morbid obesity is complex and requires significant interdisciplinary collaborations with many other specialties. Many aspects of care for these patients have been overlooked while there is a significant gap in research in this area. Before the decision for spinal surgeries is made, conservative treatment needs to be reviewed to identify missing gaps such as nutritional counseling with nutritionists and dietitians and psychological evaluation and treatment to help improve patient care outcomes.