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Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose. CESDP since 1998: The View from London, Paris and Warsaw

The European Union’s Common European Security and Defence Policy (CESDP) has, since 1998, been one of the most visible and potentially significant developments in the post-Cold War evolution of Europe’s security architecture. The December 1999 Helsinki EU summit established the ‘headline goal’ of creating, by 2003, a force of 60,000 service personnel deployable within 60 days and sustainable in the field for up to one year. How momentous these developments are, however, is an unresolved question. Although longtrumpeted, the creation of a European defence identity has been thwarted by disagreements within the EU over its scope, purposes and relationship with other key security institutions; principally the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Given the track record of false dawns, it is instructive to consider the evolution and prospects of the CESDP project from the perspective of three capitals: London, Paris and Warsaw. The policies of the three states concerned serve to illustrate the promise, limitations and key issues to be resolved if CESDP is to lead to a sea change in the European Union’s security role.