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Learning from Experience: Promises, Problems and Side-effects of CBD in Architecture

Computer-Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) has gone through many generations and philosophical perspectives. One of them, the focus of this paper is the application of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) to design, in short Case-Based Design (CBD). CBR is a relatively young theory and technology within the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based on an alternative view of human reasoning. Rather than linking abstract pieces of knowledge (e.g. rules or models), reasoning is seen as remembering one or a small set of concrete instances and basing decisions on comparisons between the new situation and the old instance (Kolodner 1993). This cognitive model was inspired Learning from design experience is the essence of Case-Based Design (CBD). Because architects are said to learn design by experience, CBD seems to hold great promises for architectural design, which have inspired various CBD tools. Learning from the experience of developing and using these tools is the objective of this paper. On the one hand, the original expectations seem far from being accomplished today. Reasons for this limited success can be found at three different levels. Level one is the cognitive model underlying CBD, which raises some specific difficulties within the field of architecture. At the level of implementation, few tools manage to draw the full consequences of this view, thus leading to an oversimplification of CBD and/or architectural design. Level three has to do with introducing CBD tools in design education and assessing the effects of this introduction. On the other hand, CBD seems to have caused some interesting side effects, such as an increased interest in creativity and copyright, and the recent rediscovery of the key-role cases play inside and outside the field of CAAD. Thus, although its promises may not be fulfilled, CBD definitely can contribute to design education, be it sometimes without the support of computer technology.