{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016335227272727272, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0007102272727272727, 'mean_word_length': 4.9451476793248945, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A Discussion of Retirement Income Security for Men and Women 1

Over the life cycle, all individuals will face periods when they are not able to support themselves through work. The causes will vary: sickness, unemployment, disability, child rearing, and old age. Not everyone will experience every event but with increasing life expectancy across countries, the share of individuals that reach retirement age is increasing. The purpose of this chapter is to examine retirement income security for men and women and how retirement systems can be organized with a focus on women. The main objective of a retirement system is to relieve poverty in old age through adequate income provision but also to offer insurance against an unexpectedly long life. Support to the elderly can be organized in various ways. Most commonly, support is provided through the family, the market, or the state. In almost all countries all three solutions exist but with one being dominant. Irrespective of which solution a country relies on, it is under pressure from population ageing. Dependency ratios are increasing and fewer workers have to support more retirees putting pressures on pension systems provided by the market and the state. Population ageing is even faster in the developing world than it ever was in the industrialized world. In addition, changing family patterns and urbanization in the developing world put a