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Theta-Gamma Cascades and Running Speed

The local field potentials (LFPs) of the hippocampus are primarily generated by the spatiotemporal accretion of electrical currents via activated synapses. Oscillations in the hippocampal LFP at theta and gamma frequencies are prominent during awake-behavior and have demonstrated several behavioral correlates. In particular, both oscillations have been observed to increase in amplitude and frequency as a function of running velocity. Previous investigations, however, have examined the relationship between velocity and each of these oscillation bands separately. Based on energy cascade models where “…perturbations of slow frequencies cause a cascade of energy dissipation at all frequency scales” (Buzsaki 2006), we hypothesized that the cross-frequency interactions between theta and gamma should increase as a function of velocity. We examined these relationships across multiple layers of the CA1 subregion and found a reliable correlation between the power of theta and the power of gamma, indicative of an amplitude-amplitude relationship. Moreover, there was an increase in the coherence between the power of gamma and the phase of theta, demonstrating increased phase-amplitude coupling with velocity. Finally, at higher velocities, phase entrainment between theta and gamma becomes stronger. These results have important implications and provide new insights regarding how theta and gamma are integrated for neuronal circuit dynamics, with coupling strength determined by the excitatory drive within the hippocampus.