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Impact of T790M Mutation Status on Later-Line Osimertinib Treatment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Simple Summary Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) designed to overcome acquired T790M resistance mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 172 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with osimertinib following frontline EGFR-TKIs were retrospectively reviewed and divided into three groups based on the T790M status (positive, negative, or unknown T790M). The study confirmed the greater efficacy of later-line osimertinib for NSCLC with acquired T790M mutation than for NSCLC without acquired T790M mutation. Detection of the T790M mutation after frontline treatment (first- and second-generation EGFR-TKI) is crucial for prolonging the survival of NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutation. Osimertinib may be considered an option for NSCLC with unknown T790M mutations, as a certain subpopulation may benefit from osimertinib. Abstract Background: Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) designed to overcome acquired T790M resistance mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the efficacy of osimertinib in patients without acquired T790M mutations has not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of osimertinib in patients treated with first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs followed by later-line osimertinib treatment. Patients: The clinical data and survival outcomes of 172 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with osimertinib following frontline EGFR-TKIs at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 2014 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. T790M mutations were detected using tissue sequencing and/or liquid biopsy. Results: A total of 172 EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients treated with frontline EGFR-TKI therapy followed by later-line osimertinib were enrolled in the current study and divided into three groups based on the T790M status (positive, negative, or unknown T790M). Patients with NSCLC harboring acquired T790M mutation treated with osimertinib had the best objective response rate (ORR) (52.6%, 25.0%, and 32.0%, p = 0.044), disease control rate (DCR) (79.3%, 41.7%, and 68.0%, p = 0.011), and progression-free survival (PFS, median PFS, 12.6, 3.1, 10.4 months, p = 0.001) among the three groups (positive, negative, and unknown T790M, respectively). However, a marked difference was found between positive and negative T790M mutations but not between positive and unknown T790M mutations. Univariate analysis was performed to identify potential prognostic factors for PFS in 172 patients treated with osimertinib. Lung metastasis (p < 0.001), brain metastasis (p < 0.009), number of metastatic sites (p < 0.001), PFS with frontline EGFR-TKIs (p = 0.03), and T790M status (p = 0.006) were identified as prognostic factors for PFS with osimertinib. Multivariate analysis showed that lung metastasis (p < 0.001) and PFS with frontline EGFR-TKIs and T790M status were independent prognostic factors. Conclusion: This study confirmed the greater efficacy of later-line osimertinib for NSCLC with acquired T790M mutation than for NSCLC without acquired T790M mutation. Detection of the T790M mutation after frontline treatment (first- and second-generation EGFR-TKI) is crucial for prolonging the survival of NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutation. Osimertinib may be considered an option for NSCLC with unknown T790M mutations, as a certain subpopulation may benefit from osimertinib.

Simple Summary: Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) designed to overcome acquired T790M resistance mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 172 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with osimertinib following frontline EGFR-TKIs were retrospectively reviewed and divided into three groups based on the T790M status (positive, negative, or unknown T790M). The study confirmed the greater efficacy of later-line osimertinib for NSCLC with acquired T790M mutation than for NSCLC without acquired T790M mutation. Detection of the T790M mutation after frontline treatment (first-and secondgeneration EGFR-TKI) is crucial for prolonging the survival of NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutation. Osimertinib may be considered an option for NSCLC with unknown T790M mutations, as a certain subpopulation may benefit from osimertinib. Abstract: Background: Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) designed to overcome acquired T790M resistance mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the efficacy of osimertinib in patients without acquired T790M mutations has not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of osimertinib in patients treated with first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs followed by later-line osimertinib treatment. Patients: The clinical data and survival outcomes of 172 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with osimertinib following frontline EGFR-TKIs at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 2014 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. T790M mutations were detected using tissue sequencing and/or liquid biopsy. Results: A total of 172 EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients treated with frontline EGFR-TKI therapy followed by later-line osimertinib were enrolled in the current study and divided into three groups based on the T790M status (positive, negative, or unknown T790M). Patients with NSCLC harboring acquired T790M mutation treated with osimertinib had the best objective response rate (ORR) (52.6%, 25.0%, and 32.0%, p = 0.044), disease control rate (DCR) (79.3%, 41.7%, and 68.0%, p = 0.011), and progression-free survival (PFS, median PFS, 12.6, 3.1, 10.4 months, p = 0.001) among the three groups (positive, negative, and unknown T790M, respectively). However, a marked difference was found between positive and negative T790M mutations but not between positive and unknown T790M mutations. Univariate analysis was performed to identify potential prognostic factors for PFS in 172 patients treated with osimertinib. Lung metastasis (p < 0.001), brain metastasis (p < 0.009), number of metastatic sites (p < 0.001), PFS with frontline EGFR-TKIs (p = 0.03), and T790M status (p = 0.006) were identified as prognostic factors for PFS with osimertinib. Multivariate analysis showed that lung metastasis (p < 0.001) and PFS with frontline EGFR-TKIs and T790M status were independent prognostic factors. Conclusion: This study confirmed the greater efficacy of later-line osimertinib for NSCLC with acquired T790M mutation than for NSCLC without acquired T790M mutation. Detection of the T790M mutation after frontline treatment (first-and second-generation EGFR-TKI) is crucial for prolonging the survival of NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutation. Osimertinib may be considered an option for NSCLC with unknown T790M mutations, as a certain subpopulation may benefit from osimertinib.

Introduction
In patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with mutations in the gene encoding epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that are sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), guidelines recommend treatment with an EGFR-TKI [1][2][3]. The detection of mutations in the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor provides guidance for advanced non-small cell lung cancer, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors are the standard first-line therapy [1,2,4,5]. EGFR mutations are the predictive factor for response to first-and second-generation (1G/2G) EGFR-TKIs such as erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib, with response rates of approximately 70%. However, most patients develop resistance to these drugs after an effective treatment [6][7][8][9]. The most frequent resistance mechanism is the p.Thr790Met point mutation (T790M) of EGFR, which is detectable in approximately 60% of patients at the time of progression after frontline EGFR-TKI treatment [10][11][12][13].
Osimertinib is an oral third-generation EGFR-TKI that is selective for both EGFR and T790M resistance mutations, with good activity for brain metastasis [14,15]. In patients harboring the T790M mutation after frontline EGFR-TKI treatment, osimertinib showed a higher objective response rate (ORR) and longer progression-free survival (PFS) than platinum-based chemotherapy [16]. The FLAURA study, a phase III trial, showed that osimertinib substantially prolonged PFS and improved response in patients with EGFR T790M advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and progression to prior EGFR-TKI treatment.
The survival outcomes of osimertinib treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC and progression on prior first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs with positive, negative, or unknown T790M mutation are not well-known. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the impact of T790M mutation on later-line osimertinib and prognostic factors for PFS of osimertinib in advanced NSCLC patients with later-line osimertinib.

Data Collection
All 172 study patients were obtained from the Chang Gung Research Database [17][18][19][20], which is an integrated database with multi-institutional standardized electronic medical records from all branches of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH) in Taiwan, including information from the cancer registry. This study included the clinical data of patients from the cancer registry in the Linkou, Kaohsiung, Keelung, and Chiayi branches of CGMH from 2010 to 2018.

Patients and Their Clinicopathological Features
Patients who were diagnosed with advanced NSCLC with common EGFR mutations (exon 19 deletion or L858R mutation) and who were treated with 1G/2G EGFR-TKI as first-line treatment were enrolled in the study. The details of patients with progression on frontline EGFR-TKIs and subsequent treatment are summarized in Figure 1. Only patients treated with subsequent osimertinib, regardless of T790M status, were enrolled for further analysis.
Clinicopathological features, including age, sex, smoking history, performance status (PS), tumor characteristics, metastatic tumor site, tumor response, and subsequent treatment, were obtained. The patients underwent tissue or liquid biopsy after progression to 1G/2G EGFR-TKI treatment. Both tissue and liquid biopsies showed positive T790M was considered T790M-positive. The majority of tissue biopsies were detected by the arms amplification refractory mutation (ARMS) system, and a minority were detected by next-generation sequencing. The last follow-up period in this study was August 2021.

Tumor Response, Survival, and Statistical Analysis
The tumor response was evaluated based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 criteria, and the detailed definitions of tumor response, PFS, and OS were referred to in our previous study [21]. In this study, PFS and OS from frontline EGFR-TKIs and osimertinib were analyzed, and the results are summarized in Figure 2.     Continuous variables were compared using ANOVA variance. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test based on the expected values. PFS and OS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Univariate analysis was performed to evaluate the potential prognostic factors for osimertinib treatment, such as age, sex, PS, smoking history, histology, and location of metastases. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the independent prognostic factors. The results are presented as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) according to Cox regression analyses. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 23.0, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to perform all statistical analyses, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Survival curves were plotted using SPSS software.

Ethical Issue
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the CGMH (IRB No. 201901395B0C501). Patient consent to participate was not required because of the retrospective nature of the study.

Sequential Treatment for Patients after Frontline EGFR-TKI Treatment
In this study, a total number of 2190 EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients were treated with frontline EGFR-TKI therapy, and 172 patients were treated with later-line osimertinib in the current study. Based on the T790M mutation status, patients were divided into three subgroups: subsequent treatment with osimertinib for tumors with positive T790M mutation, negative T790M mutation, and unknown T790M mutation, which accounted for 135, 12, and 25 patients, respectively. No significant differences in potential confounding factors, including baseline characteristics, tumor characteristics, frontline TKI therapy, and metastatic site, were found among the three subgroups ( Table 1). The classification of subsequent treatment and the detailed number of patients based on the T790M status are summarized in Figure 1. Abbreviations: TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TTD, time-to-treatment discontinuation.

Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Prognostic Factors for PFS after Osimertinib Treatment
Univariate analysis was performed to identify potential prognostic factors for PFS in 172 patients treated with osimertinib. Lung metastasis (with and without lung metastasis, median PFS 7.8 and 18.2 months, p < 0.001), brain metastasis (with and without brain metastasis, median PFS 7.

Discussion
In this study, NSCLC patients harboring positive T790M mutations experienced better ORR and DCR than those with negative T790M mutations. Patients with NSCLC positive for T790M treated with osimertinib experienced the best PFS and OS after osimertinib treatment. In addition, lung metastasis, brain metastasis, number of metastatic sites, PFS with frontline TKIs, and T790M status were prognostic factors for PFS with osimertinib by univariate analysis. Lung metastasis and PFS with frontline EGFR-TKIs and T790M status were independent prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, patients with unknown T790M mutations did not have significantly worse outcomes than those with positive T790M mutations. These findings suggest that later-line osimertinib should be prescribed to patients with acquired T790M mutations rather than to those without acquired T790M mutations. For patients with unknown T790M mutations, osimertinib is still an option for NSCLC patients with progression on frontline EGFR-TKIs.
In Taiwan, 1G/2G EGFR-TKIs, gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib are all commonly prescribed as frontline therapy for EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients [22,23]. Although a previous study reported that frontline EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib) had a statistically significant difference in the T790M mutation rate (59.9%, 45.5%, and 52.7%, respectively; p = 0.037) [24], there was no significant difference in the T790M mutation rate after frontline treatment with different EGFR-TKIs. In addition, frontline EGFR-TKIs did not influence the activity of osimertinib in this study, which is different from a previous report [25]; therefore, more studies are warranted to validate this finding. In this study, the T790M mutation significantly influenced the ORR, DCR, and PFS after osimertinib treatment, suggesting that the T790M mutation is a key prognostic factor for osimertinib treatment. Re-biopsy for detecting acquired T790M status is important in NSCLC patients after progression to frontline EGFR-TKI therapy.
In the present study, not all patients with positive T790M mutations responded to osimertinib treatment. A previous study showed that the ratio of T790M to EGFR-sensitizing mutation allele frequency (AF) influences the efficacy of osimertinib and can predict its response [26]. Moreover, MET/HER2 amplification and RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase can be other resistance mechanisms to osimertinib in NSCLC patients with positive T790M [27]; therefore, comprehensive genomic testing for these resistance mechanisms should be performed, and adequate treatment should be provided to achieve better survival outcomes.
In the current study, a small population (25%) of patients with negative T790M mutations still responded to osimertinib. This may result from false negatives of genetic testing because of tumor heterogeneity in tissue biopsy and the low sensitivity of liquid biopsy. In a previous study, 36.8% of the 36 patients with negative T790M upon the first biopsy showed positive T790M mutation in the second re-biopsy [28], indicating the benefit of repeated biopsy. In addition, comprehensive genetic testing with a combination of tissue and liquid biopsies can enrich the positive rate for detecting the T790M mutation [17].
In patients with unknown T790M mutations, it is estimated that approximately 60% of patients have the T790M mutation based on previous studies [24]. In the current study, although there was no significant difference between the T790M-positive and T790Munknown groups, a rapid decline at the beginning of the survival curve (Figure 4) in the T790M-unknown group was found, implying that the T790M-negative subpopulation did not respond to osimertinib. For patients without response to osimertinib in the unknown T790M group, patients may experience PD within 2-3 months. Therefore, close monitoring of tumor status is critical for patients with unknown T790M mutations treated with osimertinib to prevent rapid progression and may switch to chemotherapy as soon as possible once progression is documented.
Brain metastasis was a poor prognostic factor for NSCLC patients in this study. Osimertinib showed better ORR than chemotherapy in the phase III AURA3 study (intracranial ORR: 70% with osimertinib vs. 31% with platinum plus pemetrexed in patients with previously treated T790M positive NSCLC, p = 0.015) and 1G EGFR-TKIs in a phase III FLAURA study (intracranial ORR: 66% with osimertinib versus 43% with standard EGFR-TKIs in patients with untreated EGFR-mutated NCLC, p = 0.011) [29]. Both trials indicated that osimertinib has great intracranial activity in patients with untreated or previously treated EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients. Although brain metastasis was a poor prognostic factor in this study, osimertinib should still be the best option for patients with brain metastasis, particularly in patients with acquired T790M mutations after progression in NSCLC patients. Future studies should investigate novel treatments for NSCLC patients with brain metastasis.
This study had some limitations, the first of which was the small number of negative and unknown T790M patients enrolled in this retrospective study, which may have underestimated the importance of T790M. Survival bias was inevitable in this study. Second, patients underwent tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy, or both, which may have influenced the accuracy of T790M detection. Because of the limited number of cases of negative and unknown T790M, it is not powerful enough to distinguish the significance of using different detection methods. Third, we focused on osimertinib treatment without evaluating the impact of a subsequent immune checkpoint inhibitor, which is also an important treatment for patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC [30]. However, the current evidence is still limited to EGFR-mutated NSCLC after TKI progression.

Conclusions
This study confirmed the greater efficacy of later-line osimertinib for NSCLC with T790M mutation than for NSCLC without T790M mutation. Detection of the T790M mutation after frontline treatment (first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs) is crucial for prolonging the survival of NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations. Osimertinib may be considered for NSCLC with unknown T790M status as a subpopulation that may benefit from osimertinib treatment. Informed Consent Statement: Patient consent to participate was not required because of the retrospective nature of the study. Data Availability Statement: Data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.