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Covalent bonding of sulfogroups to activated carbon fibers: The role of bromine plasma pretreatment

ABSTRACT Activated carbon fibers―nanographite systems, where graphene sheets of a size of a few nanometers are stacked into the porous structure, can serve as adsorbents and catalysts. For a successful catalytic application, graphene surface structures were intensively halogenated with bromine plasma and liquid bromine and then introduced sulfogroups at the brominated sites of the surface through a wet chemical route. The surface chemistry changes were controlled with thermal analysis methods. The catalytic SO3H groups, which covalent attachment was completed at the expense of the plasma-brominated sites, show the highest thermal stability and enhanced activity in catalytic dehydration. In particular, the propan-2-ol conversion to propene reaches 100% at 190–200 °C and the dehydration can be repeatedly conducted at a temperature below 250 °C.