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“Extension du domaine de la lutte”: International Migration and Security before and after September 11, 2001

If one searches for a short description of what happened on September 11, 2001, the title of the novel Extension du domaine de la luttel by French writer Michel Houellebecq comes to mind. The novel "extension of the combat zone" is not primarily about military hostilities. Rather, the fictitious people created by Houellebecq engage in destroying each other's livelihoods. Applied to September 11, this includes the spread of mass fear in short, terrorism as a method. Terrorism is a difficult term, fraught with many ambiguities and often not used in historically specific ways. It is itself part of a semantic war. For example, in the 1970s the United States spoke of Moscow as the source of terrorism; in 2001 the networks of Al Qu'aida around Osama bin Laden have become the center of attention. Undoubtedly, what is now called September 11 came as a shock to all of us. It was a unique instance of violence, different from acts grounded in organizations with clear political goals such as ethno-nationalist movements which are usually labeled terrorist by the governments of countries affected for example, the Basque ETA or the IRA. In hindsight, it is worth noting that mass-cultural fantasies about global catastrophes and lesser fears have been around for several decades. Even academic publications, such as Jessica Stern's The Ultimate Terrorists (1999), start with the scenario of an atomic bomb devastating Manhattan. Quite often, dire scenarios have been connected to international migration, alluding to the proverbial "other" and "stranger" as a source of threats to "our" jobs, housing and borders, but also more far-reaching ontological threats to the borders of sovereign states, bodily security, moral values, collective identities and cultural homogeneity. In addition to questions about the causes of globalizing violence, one has to ask why quite a few citizens in the West have taken recourse to fantasmic threats posed by migrants, even before September 11. The responses to the events on September 11 have reinforced the security-migration nexus, dramatizing a publicly convenient link between interna-