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Possible actions of gonadal oxytocin and vasopressin.

The hypothalamo\p=n-\neurohypophysialsystem is involved in the synthesis and release of the two posterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin. The involvement of these hormones in lactation, parturition, vasoconstriction and the regulation ofdiuresis is well established, and will not be covered in this review. It has been suspected for some time that they may also be involved in other factors concerned with reproduction such as sperm transport and luteolysis (see Harris, 1947; Cross, 1955; Armstrong & Hansel, 1959). Many early studies used pharmacological doses of these hormones when testing their effects on reproduction and this led to questions concerning the physiological validity of the results. However, it has now been demonstrated that the gonads of a number of mammals contain large amounts of oxytocin and somewhat lower concentrations of vasopressin which they probably synthesize (Wathes & Swann, 1982; Wathes et al., 1982, 1983b; Flint & Sheldrick, 1982, 1983; Wathes, Swann, Birkett, Porter & Pickering, 1983a). The subject therefore merits reconsideration and in compiling this review I hoped that a reappraisal of the earlier data from a new viewpoint might help to suggest what functions these gonadal hormones could be having. Hormone values given in this review are presented in international units or weights. They have not been standardized because of unknown variations in the purity of preparations used by different authors. An approximate conversion figure for oxytocin and vasopressin is 1 i.u. = 2 μg.