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Case Management Reduces Drinking During Pregnancy among High Risk Women.

AIM
Estimate the efficacy of Case Management (CM) for women at high risk for bearing a child with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD).


DESIGN
Women were recruited from antenatal clinics and engaged in 18 months of CM.


SETTING
A South African community with a subculture of heavy, regular, weekend, recreational drinking and high documented rates of FASD.


PARTICIPANTS
Forty-one women who were high risk for bearing a child with FASD.


MEASURES
Statistical analysis of trends in drinking and other risk factors.


FINDINGS
At intake 87.8% were pregnant, most had previous alcohol-exposed pregnancies, most/all of their friends drink alcohol (67.5%), and 50.0% had stressful lives. CM was particularly valuable for pregnant women, as statistically significant reductions in alcohol risk were obtained for them in multiple variables: total drinks on weekends after six months of CM (p = .026) and estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at six (p < .001) and 18 months (p < .001). For participants completing 18 months of CM, AUDIT scores improved significantly by 6-month follow-up (from 19.8 to 9.7, p = .000), and even though rising at 12 and 18 months, AUDIT scores indicate that problematic drinking remained statistically significantly lower than baseline throughout CM. Happiness scale scores correlated significantly with reduced drinking in most time periods.


CONCLUSIONS
An enduring change in drinking behavior is difficult in this social setting. Yet, CM provided by skilled and empathic case managers reduced maternal drinking at critical times, and therefore, alcohol exposure levels to the fetus.