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Book Review: Modern Muslim Identities: Negotiating Religion and Ethnicity in Malaysia

membership and organization, and the growing influence of what Noor refers to as the Erdogan faction (p 218), PAS’s performance in the last two elections has been disappointing. In 2008 and 2013 the party actually won a slightly smaller percentage of the vote than in 2004 (14.3% and 14.78% respectively, against 15.2% in 2004), while the numbers of seats it won in 2008 and 2013 were fewer than it achieved in 1999. Moreover, in 2008 and 2013 the largely ‘secular’ PKR (People’s Justice Party) won a greater share of the vote and a greater number of seats than PAS. While the PKR is not explicitly a Malay party, the prominent role of Anwar Ibrahim and other Malay activists in the party (including Anwar’s daughter) means that it is increasingly an alternative choice for urban and semi-urban Malays. Nevertheless, such criticisms aside, Noor’s book is perhaps the most comprehensive study of Malaysia’s Pan-Islamic Party to date, and as such is a must-read not just for Malaysianists but for all interested in Islamist political parties.