{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.028739867354458364, 'fraction_numerical': 0.021370670596904937, 'mean_word_length': 5.6568627450980395, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Evaluating the Factorial Structure of the Revised Causal Dimension Scale in Adolescents

Sport and exercise researchers have investigated how an individual's perceived reasons for the cause ofan achievement outcome influence future expectancies, emotional states, and behavior (see Biddle, 1993; Biddle & Hanrahan, 1998, for reviews). Although there are various theoretical approaches to investigating these causal attributions, Weiner's (1979, 1985) theory has had a major impact in sport and exercise psychology (Biddle, 1993). A major feature of Weiner's theory is that causal attributions can be classified under three general causal dimensions. Locus ofcausality is concerned with whether the cause is perceived to be due to internal or external reasons. Stability refers to whether the cause can change over time. Controllability reflects whether the individual or another person has volitional control over the cause. A critical step in theory testing is the development and systematic evaluation of indicators that correspond to theoretical constructs (Ghiselli, Campbell, & Zedeck, 1981). The Causal Dimension Scale (CDS) developed by Russell (1982) consisted of three 3-item subscales that corresponded to Weiner's three causal dimensions. Russell modified and validated the CDS in two studies that asked undergraduate students to respond to eight