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Alexis Carrel the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy

In November 1991 the Front National held a meeting in the town of Saint-Raphaël (Var) to publicize its new interest in environmental issues. In his keynote speech the secretary-general of the party, Bruno Mégret, attacked the Greens for opening the gates to immigration. He stated that ‘‘true ecology goes hand in hand with the defense of identity,’’ and in a calculated effort to dress the party’s écolofascisme with respectable credentials he claimed Alexis Carrel as ‘‘a man of the Right and the founder of ecology.’’1 Most people remembered Carrel (1873– 1944) as the recipient of the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine and the author of the best-selling book Man, the Unknown (1935). Few, however, recalled his fascist and eugenic views; and only a handful of scholars knew of his role as head of the Fondation Française pour l’Etude des Problèmes Humains, a research institution created by