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Envisioning Mexico's Catholic Resurgence: The Virgin of Solitude and the Talking Christ of Tlacoxcalco 1908-1924

On the eve of the Mexican Revolution of 1910 Archbishop Eulogio Gillow, an activist modernizing prelate, planned an event he envisioned as a plebiscite affirming his vision of a revitalized Christian polis. He proclaimed that this new civic order would reinforce the Church’s pillars of hierarchy and fervent devotion, and thus cure a society afflicted by disorder and religious indifference. The ‘vote’ took place on 18 January 1909, when the Vatican’s apostolic delegate in Mexico elevated the archdiocese of Oaxaca’s Marian patroness, la Virgen de la Soledad (the Virgin of Solitude), to Rome’s highest category for devotional images by placing a bejewelled crown upon her head at the height of a sumptuous festival. Afterwards, Gillow deployed the newly accessorized devotion as the focal point of a programme to reform popular religious practice. He decreed a monthly rotating pilgrimage designed to bring representatives from the province’s predominantly indigenous rural parishes to the archdiocesan seat once a year. In part, these amounted to scaled-down repeat performances of the crowning celebrations of January 1909, but they were also sacramental clinics/teach-ins