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Direct manipulation of activator protein‐1 controls thymocyte proliferation in vitro

B cell activating transcription factor (BATF) belongs to the activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) superfamily of basic leucine zipper transcription factors and forms heterodimers with Jun that possess minimal transcriptional activity. Mice carrying a p56lckHA‐BATF transgene were created to observe the effects of constitutive expression of this well‐characterized AP‐1 inhibitor on T cell proliferation. Consistent with the role of AP‐1 in promoting the proliferation of many cell types, BATF‐transgenic thymocytes proliferate poorly in vitro when stimulated with anti‐CD3ϵ and anti‐CD28 antibodies or with Concanavalin A. However, when BATF‐transgenic thymocytes were stimulated using a standard treatment of PMA and ionomycin, proliferation is normal. The responsiveness to PMA and ionomycin can be attributed to the dramatic disappearance of the hemagglutinin antigen (HA)‐tagged BATF protein which is a PKC‐dependent process caused by the down‐regulation of the p56lck proximal promoter coupled with the rapid turnover of the HA‐BATF protein. These studies describe conditions of T cell stimulation that negatively influence transcription of the widely used p56lck proximal promoter expression cassette. In addition, the unique circumstances of this regulation were exploited to demonstrate that inhibition of AP‐1 activity by BATF exerts a direct, and reversible, effect on T cell proliferation in vitro.