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The Effect of Diet and Exercise on Serum Lipids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Literature Review and Case Study

&NA; Substantial controversy exists regarding the most effective exercise and dietary modifications necessary to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Current beliefs suggest that regular participation in physical activity produces favorable lipid changes, despite the presence of several studies that refute these findings. However, there is specific evidence supporting the benefits of both higher intensity (75‐85% HRmax) and longer duration (> 60 minutes) exercise in favorably altering serum lipid concentrations. The optimal exercise prescription to improve serum lipids, therefore, should likely include components of high‐intensity, long‐duration aerobic exercise. Strength‐training alone will not likely alter serum lipids, but the addition of a strength training program may help to improve overall fitness and assist in decreasing CVD risk in ways other than altering lipids. Dietary recommendations and modifications to reduce the risk of CVD appear to be strongly related to genetic predisposition (ie, LDL subclass), which may play an important role in determining an individual's response to diets either low in fat or low in carbohydrates. The low‐fat diet that has become a cardiovascular standard may not always be the most effective dietary intervention, particularly for those individuals with LDL subclass A. A review of the literature regarding the effect of diet and exercise on serum lipids and the risk of CVD will be presented and will be followed by a single case study in which optimal CVD risk reduction was achieved through a diet low in carbohydrates and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids.