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The perception of hierarchical structure

The perceptual relations between wholes and their component parts have been a controversial issue for psychologists and philosophers before them. In psychology it can be traced back to the controversy between the Structuralism and Gestalt. The Structuralists, rooted firmly in British Empiricism, claimed that perceptions are constructed from atoms of elementary, unrelated local sensations that are unified by associations due to spatial and temporal contiguity. The Gestalt theorists rejected both atomism and associationism. According to the doctrine of holism in traditional Gestalt psychology, a specific sensory whole is qualitatively different from the complex that one might predict by considering only its individual parts, and the quality of a part depends upon the whole in which this part is embedded (Kohler, 1930/1971; Wertheimer, 1923/1938; see also Wagemans, this volume).