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Population Genetic Structure of the Cayo Santiago Colony of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).

The rhesus macaque population at Cayo Santiago increases annually and is in urgent need of control. In-depth assessmentsof the colony's population genetic and pedigree structures provide a starting point for improving the colony's long-termmanagement program. We evaluated the degree of genetic variation and coefficients of inbreeding and kinship of the CayoSantiago colony by using pedigree and short tandem repeat (STR) data from 4738 rhesus macaques, which represent 7 extantsocial groups and a group of migrant males. Information on each animal's parentage, sex, birth date, and date of death orremoval from the island were used to generate estimates of mean kinship, kinship value, gene value, genome uniqueness(GU), founder equivalents (fe), and founder genome equivalents (fg). Pedigree and STR analyses revealed that the socialgroups have not differentiated genetically from each other due to male-mediated gene flow (that is, FST estimates were in thenegative range) and exhibit sufficient genetic variation, with mean estimates of allele numbers and observed and expectedheterozygosity of 6.57, 0.72, and 0.70, respectively. Estimates of GU, fe, and fg show that a high effective number of foundershas affected the colony's current genetic structure in a positive manner. As demographic changes occur, genetic and pedigreematrices need to be monitored consistently to ensure the health and wellbeing of the Cayo Santiago colony.