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The structure, conduct, and regulation of the life insurance industry

The economic and social function of life insurance companies in the United States is to provide financial security to individuals and families on a sound basis and at prices commensurate with the risks assumed. Life companies offer such security to the public in three distinct forms. First, life insurance offers protection against the financial risk of premature death of a breadwinner and the loss of income to the surviving family. Second, annuities and pension plans protect against the risk of outliving other forms of income, particularly after retirement from active employment. Third, health insurance offers protection against the financial strain of costly accidents or illness requiring extensive medical treatment. In serving these needs, life insurers also have long been a major source of long-term funds to the capital market through the investment of reserves in a variety of financial outlets. At the end of 1990, the total assets of U.S. life insurance companies aggregated $1,408 billion, with 41 percent in corporate debt obligations, 19 percent in mortgage loans, 13 percent in Treasury and agency securities, 8 percent in common stock, 4 percent in policy loans, 3 percent in real estate, and 12 percent in miscellaneous assets. At latest count, there were 2,343 life insurance companies in the United States, of which 118 were mutual companies and the remainder were stock companies. It is estimated that about 1,200 of these companies are actually in operation; the others have been chartered but do not carry on an active current business. Mutual companies, though fewer in number,