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Coley's toxin revisited: immunotherapy or plasminogen activator therapy of cancer?

The origins of modern immunotherapy for cancer can be traced to reports from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries describing tumor regression associated with systemic bacterial infections. Such occurrences were apparently part of nineteenth century medical lore [1,2] and provided a basis for the work of Dr William B. Coley, a surgeon at The Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases in New York City. From 1891 until his death in 1936, Coley studied the effects of inoculation with live bacterial cultures on human malignancy. His work was the subject of numerous published reports, which were summarized in detail in 1953 [3], and by the middle of the twentieth century an international literature, approximating 500 papers, existed on this subject. The clinical effects reported originally for this treatment, taken at face value, were no less than astounding! Complete, prolonged regression of advanced malignancy was described in many cases. Based on the combined reported experience, an estimated 80% 5-year survival was claimed in disease for which no treatment was otherwise available [3]. Coley’s hypothesis was that an immune reaction against a toxin present in the infectious material cross-reacted with and destroyed the tumor cells. In 1953, Coley’s daughter, Helen Coley Nauts, established The Cancer Research Institute (http://www.cancerresearch.org/index.html) in her father’s memory that continues to support research on the immunotherapy of malignancy.