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Language Planning and Language Revival: A Current Issue in Language Planning

Language revival, especially the revival of indigenous languages, is becoming an increasingly important language activity in many parts of the world. However, as Amery’s focus paper acknowledges, language revival has not received a great deal of attention in the language planning literature. In part, this is because language revival, in any of its forms, is usually the work of grass roots organisations rather than the focus of more traditional language planning institutions. The best known and documented case of language revival in the language-planning literature is the revival of Hebrew. In this case, Hebrew had official status within Israel and language-planning was done as an official programme of the Israeli government. Hebrew is thus something of an exceptional case. The majority of language revival attempts are not attempts to revive a language as the language of a nation state; rather they are attempts by minority communities to revive a language either with or without official support. The emphasis in this volume is on language revival in such communities. Language revival here has been taken to cover a range of types of language-planning efforts related to developing new uses for languages which are either unused or which are used only in (increasingly) limited domains by a small number of speakers. Thus, it covers areas of effort commonly referred to as language reclamation, language reversal, language revitalisation, language renewal, etc. (cf. Edwards, 1995). What all of these efforts have in common is an attempt to expand the use of a language which has declined, either because it is no longer used by younger generations of speakers or because it has ceased to be used actively at all. One particular focus of this volume, however, is the retrieval of a language which has ceased to be actively used and is known primarily from written records: records which are often limited in both scope and accuracy. Using the example of the revival of the Kaurna language of South Australia on the basis of 19th century sources, Amery develops a detailed description of the issues involved in such language-planning work. As Amery points out, language revival presents a particular language-planning problem which brings together very closely issues of status planning, corpus planning and linguistic identity and which is often made more complex by the lack of native speakers and a concomitant lack of the intuitions and awareness held by native speakers. In particular, the challenge of language revival efforts lies in the need for