{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03436384536269587, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02326214532034606, 'mean_word_length': 4.839780957428016, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 3, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Fabrication of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT carbon-based composite materials for promoted epoxy coating performance

The present study is aimed to fabricate composite materials containing epoxy resin (EPYR) reinforced by mixed carbon-based nano-fillers in the form of graphene nano-platelet (GNP) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) using the dissolution casting technique with the help of ultrasonic assistance. The pure epoxy resin was reinforced by variable loading of mixed GNP/MWCNT in situ, and the epoxy resin is denoted as EPYR/GNP/MWCNT2–30. The numbers 2–30 corresponded to the final mass ratio of the nano-fillers. The designed products were reinforced by variable percentages of GNP/MWCNTs. XRD, FT-IR, thermal analyses, FE-SEM, TEM and electrical conductivity were utilized as identification techniques to confirm the structures of these composite materials. An excellent evidence for the composite formation was given by XRD diffraction patterns and FT-IR spectroscopy. The introduced amounts of mixed nano-fillers showed significant effects on the thermal, conducting and coating behaviors of pure EPYR. Pure EPYR and EPYR/GNP/MWCNT20,30 showed higher thermal stabilities than other materials in the range of 400–410 °C. EPYR/GNP/MWCNT20 also showed remarkable increase in the thermal stability compared to other materials. T10 represents the temperatures at which 10% weight losses are examined. Pure EPYR and its related EPYR/GNP/MWCNT2–30 displayed similar thermal stabilities at T10 temperature (330 ± 4 °C). The morphological features were examined by SEM and TEM; these features showed that the nanocomposite components were extremely compatible. The in situ electrical conductivity values showed noticeable enhancement for the formulations of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT2–10. Moreover, the coating performance of EPYR was tested by water uptake experiments and electrochemical impedance; both tests proved that the mixed GNP/MWCNT nano-fillers remarkably improved the pure EPYR coating due to the ionic charge transfer resistance and elevated barrier behaviour. The coating resistance variations values (CRv) of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT10 were the highest among the measured composition values, closely followed by those of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT20 and EPYR/GNP/MWCNT30.


Introduction
Polymer composite materials are classied as highperformance products that can be produced by a variety of techniques. The broad range of applications of the polymer composite materials and their considerable properties have been given considerable attention in the past few decades. Polymer composite materials have also been frequently distinguished, and they display fundamental properties due to their low cost and many ameliorations in their complete performances; 1-7 other properties such as better mechanical performance, high operating temperature range, electrostatic discharge, and sufficient chemical resistance should also be studied. 8 More particularly, the polymer matrix can exhibit signicant properties because of nano-ller loading. The main reason for such improvements is the presence of nano-ller reinforcement agents in the form of nano-particles; the insertion of these particles is frequently coveted due to the fact that it can affect the major properties of the used polymer matrix, which include manifestation, processability and weight. Thermal, mechanical, bulkhead, ame properties and many other properties of polymer composite materials have proved the signicant effects of such materials. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Many nano-llers have been reported in the literature as reinforcement agents; these include calcium carbonate, alumina, silica, nanoclay, titania, and nanocarbon materials (carbon nanotube and graphene). These reinforcement agents improve almost all the physical and chemical properties, thus preventing nimbleness, shortage of embrittlement and absence of transparency. [16][17][18] A considerable effect on the eventual behaviors of composite materials basically arises from excellent cohesion between the polymer matrix and its nano-ller reinforcement agents, due to which the applied fatigue is transferred from the persistent matrix to nano-ller. Till now, many researchers are still designing new carbon nanoparticles and discussing their assistance for enhancing various properties of different polymer matrices in the form of composite new materials. Carbon based materials, for example, carbon bers (CF), carbon nanotube (CNT) expanded graphite (EG) and functionalized graphene sheets (FGS) are considered as engaging reinforcements that can be easily reinforced in different matrices; they have been widely examined due to their extended as well as excellent electrical, thermal, mechanical, and tribological properties. Besides, they are favorable candidates for the reinforcement of polymer matrices. [19][20][21] In the open literature, considerable research papers have previously elucidated the positive impacts of different forms of individual CNT or graphene on pure epoxy resins. 20,22 The signicant effect of mixing CNT and graphene as a mixed reinforcement agent into PANI as a polymer matrix has been recently reported. 21 In addition, no studies have reported epoxy resin-reinforced mixed CNT and graphene. Therefore, as a continuation of our previous study, 23 the present manuscript is directed to fabricate a new category of epoxy resin composite materials reinforced by mixed graphene nano-platelet/carbon nanotube. The desired mixed nanoller GNP/MWCNT was prepared rst using an ultrasonicator. EPYR/GNP/MWCNT  have been fabricated using variable loadings of previously prepared mixed GNP/MWCNT as mixed reinforcements, whereas epoxy resin is prepared in chloroform, which is an easily evaporated organic solvent. Such fabricated products are estimated and characterized by common techniques, which include X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), eld emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of GNP/MWCNT on the enhanced performance of pure EPYR is tested by thermal analyses, electrical conductivity, sorption of water and electrochemical impedance measurements.

Materials and chemicals
Commercially obtained Epikote-1001 x-75% (2642) epoxy together with crayamid -100% (2580) epoxy hardener was applied as pure epoxy resin; they were also used as obtained without additional purication. Epikote : crayamid (1 : 1) weight by weight was adjusted as exact mixing ratio for pure epoxy processing and fabrication. Spectroscopic grade chloroform was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, and it was also used without any additional purication. Furthermore, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with an average diameter of 110.0-170.0 nm were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and they were used as received without any purication. More particularly, graphene nano-platelet (GNP) was also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Any other chemicals or materials used were of high purity and were also obtained from known sources; they were used as obtained without further purications, including spectroscopic grade chloroform from Sigma-Aldrich.

Neat epoxy resin lm preparation
A thin lm of neat epoxy resin was readily fabricated using the casting method and ultrasonic assistance. [23][24][25] The following procedures were applied: in 50 mL beaker, a xed weight of 1 g of Epikote-1001 was dissolved in 25 mL of chloroform. One g of crayamid hardener was also dissolved in 25 mL of chloroform in another beaker. In a closed container, both solutions were directed to an ultrasonicator for 10 minutes before mixing together. Then, the total mixture was permanently exposed to the ultrasonicator for another 10 minutes. This sonicated mixture was poured carefully into a Petri dish and le overnight at room temperature for solvent evaporation. The neat epoxy thin lm was collected easily and dried in the oven at 40 C.

Mixed GNP/MWCNT nano-ller preparation
Mixed nano-ller-based GNP/MWCNT was prepared using the typical procedure as follows: 21 a mixture of GNP and MWCNTs was rst dispersed in distilled water with a mass ratio of 40 to 60% for GNPs to CNTs, respectively. The dispersion was then sonicated for 1 hour using an ultrasonicator. Finally, the mixture was ltered off, dried at 100 C for 24 hours and kept ready for the next experiments.

EPYR/GNP/MWCNT composite material fabrication
A series of composite materials with a general formula of EPYR/ GNP/MWCNT 2-30 was frugally fabricated based on the abovementioned neat epoxy lm procedures. The expected products were fabricated in situ, and the perspicuous epoxy resin was introduced. Such a mixture was considered to have a xed mixed ratio of variable loading inside the EPYR polymer matrix. We applied 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% loadings of previously prepared mixed GNP/MWCNT as reinforcement agents in the fabrication process. In an ideal procedure, EPYR/GNP/MWCNT composite materials were fabricated as follows: variable weights of GNP/MWCNT, 1 g of Epikote-1001 and 1 g of crayamid hardener were separately dissolved in 20 mL of chloroform and were exposed to ultrasonicator for 10 minutes. A mixture of these three components was continuously exposed to ultrasonicator for additional 10-15 minutes in a closed container. The sonicated mixture was poured carefully into a Petri dish and le overnight at room temperature for solvent evaporation. A thin lm of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT was separated out easily each time and dried in the oven at around 40-50 C. These procedures were repeated ve times by introducing different weights of GNP/MWCNT each time. The designed compositions for EPYR/GNP/MWCNT formulations are illustrated in Table 1.

EPYR/GNP/MWCNT fabricated electrodes
Modied electrodes were fabricated in situ, whereas the composite materials were produced according to different loadings of mixed GNP/MWCNT. Working electrodes in the form of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 were based on stainless steel sheets with dimensions of 1 Â 1 cm 2 . To obtain good modied electrodes as previously mentioned, EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 composite materials were prepared using similar procedures and simultaneously delivered onto the stainless steel sheets in a dropwise manner. These electrodes were cured overnight and then dried for 3-6 h in the oven at temperatures of 40-50 C. The electrodes were kept dry until their further use in the measurements of coating performance of our composite materials by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Characterization and identication techniques
Powder X-ray diffractograms were determined in the 2q range from 5 to 80 with the aid of Philips diffractometer (type PW 103/00) using the Ni-ltered CuKa radiation. FT-IR spectra were examined by using the ATR smart part technique in the wave number range 4000-400 cm À1 using a Thermo-Nicolet-6700 FT-IR spectrophotometer. TGA curves for thermal analysis were recorded with a TA instrument apparatus model TGA-Q500 using a heating rate of 10 C min À1 under nitrogen atmosphere over the temperature range of 20-800 C. The average masses of the samples were 5-10 mg. The morphological features were characterized by a eld emission scanning electron microscope (Jeol-JSM-5400 LV-SEM, Japan). The SEM samples were prepared by evaporating a dilute solution of each nanocomposite on a smooth surface of aluminum foil and subsequently coating it with gold palladium alloy. The microscope was operated at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and 4 mm work distance carbon lm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was conducted using JEOL JEM-1230 operating at 120 kV, attached to a CCD camera and a scanning tunneling microscope (Agilent 5500). Electrical conductivity measurements of DC-type were examined by a Pyrex glass conductivity cell operated till 500 C. The resistance measurements were measured by a Keithley 610C solid-state electrometer. Around 500 mg of the sample was placed between two electrodes (1.0 cm diameter) and pressed by the upper electrode in each run to ensure good contact between the particles. A WEMA temperature controller was used to control the measured temperature. More particularly, the gravimetric method was used to determine the water uptake of different epoxy coatings. The fabricated samples were immersed in 0.1 M potassium chloride solution for certain intervals of time. Electrochemical impedance (EI) spectroscopy was conducted using a potentiostat of type Auto lab PGSTAT30, coupled to a computer equipped with the FRA soware. A threeelectrode arrangement was used, consisting of an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a platinum counter electrode and our modied EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 -coated stainless steel electrodes (exposed surface area 3 cm 2 and 100 mm thickness layer) as working electrodes, which were immersed in 0.1 M potassium chloride solution. EIS measurements were conducted potentiostatically at open circuit potential (E cor ) with 10 mV rms with frequency range of 50 kHz to 0.1 Hz.

Results and discussion
Carbon-based materials are used by many researchers as desirable reinforcement agents that can be easily reinforced in different matrices, and their assistance in enhancing various properties of different polymer matrices has been studied as well. Such materials are widely evaluated due to their extensive as well as excellent electrical, thermal, mechanical as well as tribological properties. More particularly, carbon-based materials are favorable candidates for the reinforcement of a variety of polymer matrices. Considerable research papers have previously elucidated the positive impact of different forms of CNTs as well as GNPs separately on the pure epoxy resins except our previous paper, in which we optimized the mixing ratio of both CNTs and GNP. 23 Therefore, as a continuation of our previous study, a new set of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 composite materials based on variable loadings of mixed GNP/MWCNT is fabricated by ultrasonic support. The fabricated products are characterized by common techniques. In addition, the whole enhanced performance of the neat epoxy resin is investigated by thermal analyses, electrochemical impedance and water sorption. A signicant interest is given to the real enhancement in the coating behavior, which is observed for the neat epoxy resin due to different loadings of mixed GNP/MWCNT in the form of our targeted composite materials.

EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 characterization and identication techniques
XRD analyses of neat epoxy, mixed GNP/MWCNT and their variable loaded EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 composite materials are investigated in 2q range from 5 to 80 , as illustrated in Fig. 1a and b. An excellent evidence for the formation of our composite materials is given by XRD diffraction patterns throughout the fabrication process. Carbon-based nano-llers  [26][27][28][29] The rst peak is the most important characteristic peak for carbon-based materials, which is assigned to the graphite plane (002). Fig. 1b shows characteristic peaks for amorphous EPYR, and they are assigned to its amorphous nature. The rst broad as well as strong peak is observed in the range of 2q ¼ 10. Previously reported data conrm that during the fabrication process, the structures of both nanoller and/or epoxy matrix are intact without any cracking. No other crystalline peaks that may be assigned to other products or impurities are observed. FT-IR spectra for neat EPYR and its carbon-based EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 2-30 composite materials represent another elucidation for the designed product fabrication, as displayed in Fig. 2. The predictable bonding interaction between EPYR and its reinforced GNP/MWCNT mixed nano-ller is explained. FT-IR results are examined by ATR smart part over the range of 400-4000 cm À1 . FT-IR spectra show all important characteristic absorption peaks that are related to neat EPYR and mixed nanollers, as reported in our previous study and literature. [23][24][25][34][35][36][37][38][39] The peaks in the range of 3050-3015 cm À1 and at 3045 cm À1 and 2965 cm À1 correspond to the valence CH vibrations of the epoxy ring, the stretching CH vibrations of the aromatic ring, and the stretching vibrations of the -CH 2 functional group, respectively. Other peaks in the range of 930-  815 cm À1 and at 1245 cm À1 are assigned to the valence CO vibrations of the epoxy ring and the bending CH vibrations of the epoxy ring, respectively. The neat EPYR characteristic peaks are also observed in the FT-IR spectra of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 composites. Moreover, the most relevant characteristic absorption peaks of carbon-based mixed nano-llers are also observed in the composite material spectra (Fig. 2). [36][37][38][39] The thermal behaviour of pure EPYR and its related EPYR/ GNP/MWCNT 2-30 composite materials is studied by TGA & DTG analyses, as illustrated in Fig. 3a-d. It is clear from the TG curves that pure EPYR and EPYR/GNP/MWCNT  nanocomposites are decomposed in one essential stage with similar behaviors for all materials. This step is detected in the range of 320-450 C, and almost 80% weight loss is observed in this step, which results in the fast decomposition of all materials. Before attempting this step, a small weight loss is detected up to 110 C, which mainly refers to the loss of entrapped solvents and moisture on the surface of these composite materials. 24,25 In the range of 400-410 C and during decomposition, pure EPYR and EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 20,30 show higher thermal stabilities than other materials. EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 20 shows remarkable increase in the thermal stability compared to  previously mentioned materials. The order of increasing stability is EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 20 > EYPR/EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 30 . The remaining materials, i.e., EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-10 show lower stabilities. The mixed nano-llers (GNP/MWCNT) enhance the thermal decomposition of pure EPYR and act as catalysts, as illustrated in Fig. 3a. In addition, T 10 amounts refer to the temperatures at which 10% weight losses are examined, as recorded in Table 2 and Fig. 3c. Pure EPYR and its related EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 display similar thermal stabilities at this temperature (330 AE 4 C), which means that the mixed nano-llers have no direct effect on the thermal stability of neat EPYR at T 10 . CDT max represents the maximum temperature at which decomposition is detected. 23,28 CDT max values are determined from DTG curves, as shown in Fig. 3b and Table 2. All products and neat EPYR have CDT max values in the range of 425-402.7 C. Neat EPYR shows the highest value compared to other products. CDT max values also display gradual decrease with the increasing nano-ller content except the value for EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 30 . The nal composite degradation temperature can be abbreviated as CDT nal , and it indicates the nal temperature at which decomposition is complete. 40,41 CDT nal values are determined from the TGA curves, as recorded in Table 2 and Fig. 3c. The CDT nal values also range from 455.8 C to 444 C. A similar result is also observed: a signicant decrease is observed for all samples by increasing the nano-ller content. It is clearly observed from Fig. 3c that the mixed GNP/ MWCNT nano-llers have no signicant effect on T 10 , CDT max and CDT nal temperatures for pure EPYR. R 500 represents the remaining solid residues at 500 C for neat EPYR and its related products, as illustrated in Fig. 3d; 1.6% residue is detected from EPYR, which refers to the nal decomposition product of epoxy resin in the form of char and other materials. R 500 values also show an expected percentage increase with the increase in mixed ller loading; subsequently, EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 30 displays the highest residual value, and EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2 displays the lowest value. R 500 values for the other products are almost in agreement with the loading contents of mixed nano-llers with respect to the residual part for pure EPYR. An easy way to understand this behavior is given in the experimental section.
The morphological studies of neat RPYR and its related EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 products are examined by SEM and TEM instruments, as illustrated in Fig. 4. SEM measurements are essentially focused on the surface morphological changes that may be found upon reinforcing the EPYR matrix with carbon-based nano-llers, as given in Fig. 4a-c. A dilute solution of each tested compound has been prepared and allowed to undergo an evaporation process on a smooth surface of aluminum foil followed by coating with gold palladium alloy. A Pentax Z-50P camera with Ilford lm is used to obtain the required images at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV with nearly 4 mm work distance carbon lm using the low dose technique. 42 Fig. 4a-c show the surface morphology of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 10 with an insertion of mixed GNP/MWCNT nano-llers equal to 10% at magnications of x ¼ 100, 200 and 7500. It is clearly noticed from Fig. 4a-c that the mixed nano-llers are distributed well, and they exhibit compatibility as well as strong adhesion as a result of nanocomposite formation between neat EPYR and reinforced nano-llers. This observation indicates excellent miscibility between organic polymer matrix in the form of EPYR and its reinforced inorganic nano-llers in the form of mixed GNP/MWCNT. Moreover, no particle agglomeration or cluster formation is observed in any image, which also conrms the uniform distribution of these products.
More particularly, another morphological characteristic is detected by TEM images. Fig. 4d-f represent the TEM micrographs of the same nanocomposite at magnication of 0.2 mm. With reference to the variable electron beam penetrability, Fig. 4d and e show that the imbedded mixed nano-llers are clearly observed in the nano-platelet and nanotube structures, and the nanocomposite components are extremely compatible. In addition, no signicant assemblage is observed.
In addition, in situ electrical conductivity study demonstrates remarkable character detection of the change in phases during heating of pure as well as hybrid materials. The experiments are carried out for EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 nanocomposites in the temperature range of 25-500 C. The relation between log s and temperature is illustrated in Fig. 5 for EPYR/ GNP/MWCNT [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] . Measuring the conductivities for EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 20,30 is quite difficult due to the extremely high conductivity values obtained in both cases, which are not within reasonable conductivity range of our instrument. This is due to the higher content of mixed GNP/CNT nano-ller loading in the epoxy matrix. As reported in the literature, conductivity values increase upon reinforcement of pure epoxy sample with nano-llers due to the formation of the novel organic/inorganic nanocomposite formation. [43][44][45] Hence, the conductivity values for EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-10 at room temperatures (28 C) are 1.3 Â 10 À8 , 2.6 Â 10 À7 and 7.3 Â 10 À10 U À1 cm À1 . Upon increasing the temperature, the conductivity values considerably increase. At 200 C, s values are 1.5 Â 10 À6 , 3.4 Â 10 À6 and 2.3 Â 10 À6 U À1 cm À1 for these compositions. Finally, more enhanced conductivity is observed at 400 C, where the values reach the conducting region (1 Â 10 À4 , 4.9 Â 10 À2 and 1.8 Â 10 À3 U À1 cm À1 ). Therefore, the conductivity values display that EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 5 has the best conductivity among the three measured samples over the measured temperature range. Moreover, the results in Fig. 5 are divided into four categories (a-d). A gradual increase in the conductivity along with the increasing temperature is mentioned in the 1 st region from room temperature to 220 C; EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 5 also shows the best conductivity value at this period. A slight increase is observed in the 2 nd region in the range of 220-285 C. The content of nano-ller loading highly affects the conductivity values, and the order of increasing s values is EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 10 > EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 5 > EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2 . The 3 rd region is located in the range of 285-355 C. In this region, again, a strong sharp increase followed by intense decrease is seen, which may be due to the starting of decomposition of these materials and hence, there is no more epoxy matrix. A sharp increase is still observed in the fourth region from 355-500 C. Moreover, the results of 3 rd and 4 th regions conrm that the order of increasing conductivity does not depend on the loading of these carbon-based nano-llers. EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 5 again shows the best conductivity values in these regions. This suggests that EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 5 represents the critical or optimal composition that causes synergic conductivity enhancement over this temperature range.

Promoted epoxy coating performance
The coating performance of laminating resins of pure EPYR is a very important character, which is applied over a wide range of applications from thin lm epoxy coatings to fabricated ber reinforced composites. Epoxy resin-controlled designed fabrications produce epoxy compounds with superior characters with respect to an industry leading materials. Nano-ller addition is reported as an important modication of epoxy resins. Therefore, the enhanced epoxy coating performance has been utilized in the sorption of water (SW) experiment and electrochemical impedance (EI) spectroscopic technique, which is considered as a typical technique for detecting the coating efficiency of our fabricated materials.
Researchers always perform such SW experiments to obtain preliminary indication about the actual efficiency of any material. The experiment mainly depends on the ability of each sample to gain a specic amount of water when it is immersed in a solution of 0.1 M potassium chloride for certain intervals of time at room temperature using the recognized gravimetric technique. The results of the SW experiment for neat EPYR and its corresponding EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 aer immersion time up to 7 days are given in Fig. 6. The given masses are calculated according to the following equation: Here, M o represents the mass before immersion and M t represents the mass aer immersion for each time. For the rst few days, the measurements are very fast and then, once a day is sufficient.
The neat epoxy sample shows continuous increase in the calculated mass during the experiment as it may have very large values of SW. A sharp line can be obtained from the graph aer 2 days due to the larger amount of water gained; then, a straight line can be formed, indicating the gradual increase up to the end. A continuous swelling property of EPYR is clearly observed as a result of higher rate of water immersion. 46,47 A similar result has been obtained for EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2,5 with respect to the lower amount of water gained in each case. EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 2 shows the poorest water absorption capability due to its lower nano-ller loading. EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 10-30 nanocomposites show different behaviors, and slight increase can be observed with constant mass, which is due to the limited amount of absorbed water in these compositions because of the higher loading of mixed GNP/MWCNT nano-llers; this efficiently suppresses the SW process. The mixed llers strongly hinder water uptake because all available unoccupied holes inside the EPYR are closed. SW noticeably decreases with the increasing nano-ller loading up to EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 10 , which shows the best water prevention composition; then, the value remains almost constant.
Furthermore, an enhanced coating performance for EPYR through nanocomposite formation in the form of EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT  has been further conrmed by EI spectroscopy. Electrode fabrications over stainless steel substrates are This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 described in the experimental section. A solution of 0.1 M potassium chloride is used during the measurements for 168 hours. A Nyquist plot shows the nal impedance curves representing the obtained results as persistent measurements of each fabricated electrode at calculated xed times. 48,49 The Nyquist plots obtained from EI measurements for EPYR and its related EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2-30 -coated steel samples aer 8 and 48 hours immersion times are shown in Fig. 7 and 8, respectively. All fabricated materials show higher coating resistance than pure EPYR although EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2,5 exhibit similar behaviors due to the lower content of mixed nano-ller loading. Fig. 7a-c display the impedance coating spectra of EPYR, EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2 and EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 5 . This behavior is controlled by the coating capacitance at high frequencies and coating resistance at low frequencies. Fig. 7a-c show signicant decrease in the coating resistance aer 48 h immersion, which refers to the water immersion inside EPYR. Such an observation is also detected from SW experiment as previously discussed. Such motion of ionic species inside pure EPYR arises basically due to large water content, which enhances the conductivity of the coated layer. 49,50 Fig. 8a shows that typical enhanced epoxy coating behaviour is represented by the impedance coating spectra of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 10 . Extremely stable coating resistance values are achieved aer 8 and 48 hours immersion times compared to the values of EPYR and its related EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 2,5 . Such monitoring mainly refers to lower SW in this composition. Mixed GNP/MWCNT efficiently suppresses the SW process and therefore increases the coating resistance and the coating capacitance, as described in SW section. Comparable results have been observed for EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 20,30 , which also refer to the presence of sufficient amount of nano-llers for preventing the SW process; this is also in accordance with the results of the gravimetric experiments. Fig. 8b and c show comparative Nyquist plots of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 10-30 aer 8 and 48 hours, respectively. It is clearly seen that there is no signicant change in the coating resistance between these three nanocomposites aer 8 hours, whereas an inconsiderable decrease is observed aer 48 hours. Moreover, the coating resistance variations (CRv) for EPYR and its EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 2-30 as a function of increase in the immersion time are illustrated in Fig. 9. The results are in accordance with those discussed for the gravimetric method and EI studies.
The CRv values of all compositions show slight decrease with the increasing immersion time. However, a slight decrease and/or remaining constant aer 168 hours of immersion is observed for EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 10 . It is clearly observed that the CRv values of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 10 are the highest values among the values for the measured compositions, closely followed by those of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 20 and EPYR/GNP/ MWCNT 30 . Both EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2,5 display lower CRv values than that obtained for pure EPYR. The main reason for CRv values' decrease is the considerable increase in the coating conductivity due to immersion of water ions inside the coating materials. 49 In conclusion, the mixed GNP/MWCNT nano-llers cause remarkable improvement in the EPYR coating, which may be due to the ionic charge transfer resistance and elevated barrier behaviour. These mixed nano-llers effectively enhance the coating behaviour of EPYR than other reported nanollers. 23-25

Conclusions
Carbon-based nanollers in the form of GNP/MWCNT composites were utilized as reinforcement agents during the fabrication of new category of epoxy resin composite materials by ultrasonic support. Variable loadings of these nano-llers were introduced while preparing the epoxy resin. The nal products were characterized by common characterization tools including XRD diffraction, FT-IR, SEM and TEM tests. Moreover, the impact of these nano-llers on the total efficiency of pure EPYR was examined by thermal analyses, electrical conductivity, sorption of water and electrochemical impedance measurements. All products and neat EPYR exhibited CDT max values in the range of 425-402.7 C. Neat EPYR showed the highest value compared to the other products. CDT max values also displayed gradual decrease with the increasing nano-ller content except for the value of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 30 . CDT nal values were also in the range from 455.8 C to 444 C. The thermal results clearly indicated that the mixed GNP/MWCNT nano-llers have no signicant effects on T 10 , CDT max and CDT nal temperatures for pure EPYR; on the contrary, signicant effects on the in situ electrical conductivity measurements were observed. The conductivity values reached the maximum and could not be measured for EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 20 , 30 due to their higher contents of mixed nano-llers. Nyquist plots for pure EPYR, EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2 and EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 5 showed similar behavior; on comparison, we found that EPYR/ GNP/MWCNT 20,30 exhibited quite good coating results. CRv values of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 10 were the highest among the values of the measured compositions, closely followed by those of EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 20,30 . Both EPYR/GNP/MWCNT 2,5 displayed lower CRv values than that obtained for pure EYPR.