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Aetiologies and therapies of nodding syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Nodding syndrome (NS) is a childhood epileptic disorder of unknown aetiology confined to parts of South Sudan, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Patients suffer from atonic seizures that result in characteristic head nodding, and may develop other neurological, endocrinological and psychiatric manifestations. The objective of this study was to adopt a non-judgemental approach to review the hypothesised aetiologies and therapeutic options available for NS. To explore the reported association between NS and Onchocerca volvulus (OV) a meta-analysis of the prevalence of OV among NS cases and controls was performed.