{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02211874272409779, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.37037037037037, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Static and Dynamic Axial Crushing of Externally Reinforced Tubes

The effect of axial impact on thin-walled circular tubes, which are reinforced externally by a glass fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) composite, is studied in this paper. The influence of circumferential reinforcement on the static and dynamic crushing behaviour of steel tubes is examined. The experimental results show that the crushing mode depends strongly on the circumferential reinforcement. All the reinforced tubes collapsed in a diamond mode with more intensive lobes than the corresponding non-reinforced ones under quasi-static loading conditions. In the dynamic case, for slightly reinforced tubes, the dynamic effect on the crushing mode is not evident, whereas for strongly reinforced tubes, they collapsed in an ‘internal inversion’ mode, which did not appear in the static case.