{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04610733182161754, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02040816326530612, 'mean_word_length': 4.884444444444444, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerotic plaques secrete and proliferate in response to high mobility group box 1 protein

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a chromatin component leaked out by necrotic cells and actively secreted by activated myeloid cells. The extracellular protein is a potent mediator of tissue remodeling. We show here that human athero‐ sclerotic plaques, but not normal arteries, produce extracellular HMGB1. Secreted HMGB1 originates from endothelial cells, by neointimal foam cells, and also smooth muscle cells (SMCs). SMCs are an unex‐ pected source for secreted HMGB1, since they nor‐ mally express much lower amounts of HMGB1 than other cells types, and they do not secrete it. However, cultured SMCs actively secrete HMGB1 after choles‐ terol loading. In turn, in response to HMGB1, SMCs proliferate, migrate, and secrete more HMGB1. Thus, SMCs are both a source and a target of HMGB1; blocking HMGB1 secretion by SMCs can be an impor‐ tant strategy for treatment of atherosclerotic disease and in particular restenosis.—Porto, A., Palumbo, R., Pieroni, M., Aprigliano, G., Chiesa, R., Sanvito, F., Maseri, A., Bianchi, M. E. Smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerotic plaques secrete and proliferate in response to high mobility protein box 1. FASEB J. 20, E1955–E1963 (2006)