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CSR in the Pandemic Era Based Values State-Defense: Content Analysis on the Official Website of Five State-Owned Enterprises

The urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia continues to increase. Companies in Indonesia are now focusing on CSR programs to assist the government in accelerating the handling of COVID-19. This study aims to examine the form of social support by implementing CSR on the official website pages of 5 State-Owned Enterprises. The type of research used in this research is qualitative using a qualitative content analysis approach. Sampling used non-probability sampling method. The technique used was purposive sampling by taking samples of news content and various CSR activities on the website pages of 5 State-Owned Enterprises. The data analysis technique uses data coding using a deductive approach. The value analysis of CSR activities is implemented and implementing CSR based on the value state of defense. Otherwise, three CSR pillars, namely People, Profit, and Planet, are implemented in various CSR activities covering education, health, environment, infrastructure, community empowerment, disaster management, and special assistance to affected communities. The Result of the seven categories, the three most frequently encountered are community economic empowerment support through Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and health support and educational support.


Figure 1. Carroll's CSR Pyramid Model
shows that the Carroll's CSR Pyramid is arranged in order of preference to explain that the most important economic responsibilities are placed at the lowest level. In this context, Carroll pointed out that business responsibility is based on economic profit, which is the company's responsibility. Legal responsibility becomes the second level of priority, and ethical responsibility becomes the third level of priority. These are responsibilities and obligations that are not legally codified but must be done for the greater good. The responsibility of generosity, the responsibility of wisdom towards nature, is placed at the top of the pyramid.
It is based on three parameters: social responsibility, social responsibility, and social response. The first level emphasizes that companies are socially responsible and must grow within national laws' boundaries. At the second level, the company must follow the law and follow leading societal norms to balance needs and wants. Third, the level of accountability and dynamism of dialogue with stakeholders to involve them in the decision-making process. The theory put forward by Carroll becomes the foundation and main principle of CSR actors by adjusting the variety and conditions required by the stakeholders. In this study, CSR implementation is conditioned in helping to solve the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak as part of a contribution to the nation and state based on the ethics of the value of state defense.
Quoted from thelocal.se during the 2014 Ebola outbreak, IKEA Foundations sent the largest donation in history, as much as 45 million Kronors ($ 6.2 million) aimed at helping the Doctors Without Borders organization (thelocal.se, 2014). CSR has also developed into a new global norm and bridging companies' and stakeholders' patterns with the increasing role of business in society. In general, the industry can choose a CSR program tailored to the company's capabilities but still pay attention to applicable regulations and maintain the quality of programs such as education donations, provision of health facilities, use of environmentally friendly technology, and tree planting. However, in this epidemic situation, CSR practices are carried out based on community needs (Vethirajan et al., 2020). CSR responses or activities during the Pandemic in India form the basis of this study as a first step to determine CSR activities carried out by five State-Owned Enterprises. After knowing the type of CSR program being carried out, the next step for the researcher will be to analyze the CSR program based on state defense, referring to state defense values that the Indonesian National Resilience Council has formulated.

State Defense Concept
Constitutionally, state defense is the duty and right of every citizen to defend the state. So that state defense is closely related to ensuring the state's existence as stated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, every citizen participates in protecting the entire nation, advancing public welfare, educating the nation's life, and participating in implementing world order.
Furthermore, the state defense concept cannot be separated from the understanding of nationalism. Referring to Law No. 3 of 2002 concerning State Defense, Article 9 Paragraph 1, state defense is the attitude and behavior of citizens imbued with a sense of love for the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution to ensure the survival of the nation and state. As for a deeper understanding related to a sense of nationalism, the process of strengthening the power that can affect a person's psychology on the importance of national awareness. According to Bakry (2010), another definition states that nationalism is an understanding that unites various ethnic groups and descendants of other nations in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. But another meaning of understanding nationalism is the process that a country must go through in increasing the nation's status if the aspects of national autonomy, national unity, and national identity can be fulfilled (Smith, 2003). The development of state defense attitudes is one of the benchmarks in the character of nationalism. This impacts the development of an embedded nationalism character that encourages and fosters enthusiasm to defend the sovereignty of a country (Saksono, 2007).
However, further affirmation in the case of state defense, according to Sukzaya, as cited in Darmawan (2013), state defense is a determination, attitude, and actions of citizens who are orderly, comprehensive, integrated, and continuous, which is based on their love for the homeland, along with awareness of the life of the nation and state.
Meanwhile, according to Indriawan (2020), state defense is not only a concept related only to the military but a concept that uses a human security perspective by using non-conventional problem-solving methods to provide awareness that amid an increasingly limitless world, a sense of nationalism and love for the homeland is very much needed. Darmawan (2013) also emphasizes that state defense scope is extensive, involving all aspects of state life, be it ideology, defense, security, economy, politics, and socio-culture. Besides, state defense is dynamic, which moves with the times and challenges, and state defense is also present or contemporary, different from the past.
Since 2016, the Ministry of Defense has begun to actively socialize state defense programs aimed at all levels of society, including professionals. The Ministry of Defense has already started piloting trials to guide company managers and employees to implement the values contained in the state defense program. It should be understood that state defense focuses on military activities and has a broader meaning because threats are not only hard power but currently, threats can come from any field, including from within the country. To combat this, the synergy of all groups is needed, such as academics, politicians, business people, and so on.
Based on the above opinion, the concept of state defense in this study is focused on the activities of the obligations of business institutions to fulfill their responsibilities by representing the values of state defense following the curriculum that has been approved by the Ministry of Defense's Education and Training Agency since May 3, 2016. The values contained in the module of the Implementation of State Defense are as follows (Dewan Ketahanan Nasional, 2018): 1) Love for the homeland includes understanding and a sense of love for the national territory represented by the attitude of protecting the good name of the state, love for domestic 7 products, culture, and arts as well as participating in the progress of the nation and state so that they are ready to be prepared for threats or disturbances that endanger the survival of society. 2) Being aware of the nation and state is manifested by the willingness to sacrifice thoughts, energy, and time for the states' progress following applicable regulations, besides contributing to the development of society, nation, and state, and actively providing assistance to citizens who are experiencing difficulties. 3) Fidelity to Pancasila as the state ideology, this value is interpreted as loyalty to the nation and state, which includes obedience to the applicable rules or practicing the values of Pancasila in everyday life. 4) Willing to sacrifice for the nation and state refers to several aspects: the conception of the soul, fighting spirit and values, ethical, moral, and constitutional responsibility, and prioritizing national interests over personal interests. 5) Having the initial ability to defend the state, this value is dynamic and contextual. State defense action contributes to the problems at hand by way of solutions prioritizing selfconfidence values, professional values from various aspects such as economy, politics, socio-culture, ideology, geography, demography, technology, natural resources, and the environment to the defense and security aspects. 6) The spirit to create a sovereign, just and prosperous country, this 6th value is marked by a national attitude and determination based on a sense of unity and integrity to realize the nation's ideals. This value is effectively used in the spirit of nationalism in unity and oneness by removing the barriers of ethnic, religious, racial, and group differences.
Six values of state defense will be a reference in this study to identify Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs during the pandemic against the five official websites of State-Owned Enterprises.

Research Methodology
The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, a research method that seeks to describe or describe the object under study based on the facts in the field. This research uses qualitative content analysis because the qualitative content analysis focuses not only on the content of direct communication (visible or manifest) but can also determine the content of implied communication (hidden or latent messages).
This research is focused on analyzing the content of CSR news content on the websites of five state-owned companies, namely PT Pertamina Tbk, PT Telekomunikasi Tbk, PT Garuda Indonesia Tbk, and PT Bank Negara Indonesia Tbk, with the research analysis unit being the entire content of the CSR news text which is related to forms of CSR delivery that have the values of state defense and are interpreted subjectively by researchers on five official websites of State-Owned Enterprises that were active during the COVID-19 pandemic through displayed CSR news which contains CSR information and text that is suitable for the purpose research. Meanwhile, data collection was carried out from the news presented on the company's official website during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 1 to October 30, 2020. As for the text of the sentences on the website that will be examined starting from that date, the data collection process is carried out by looking per word and per sentence in the news content. The total number of news items that will be analyzed during COVID-19 is 601 CSR news, consisting of: Any news that is collected is then transferred and stored on the hard drive and laptop as storage. After the data is collected, the data is then scrutinized and coded according to predetermined categories.
The data analysis technique used is qualitative content analysis techniques. Content analysis is a method of codifying qualitative and quantitative information into various categories (Krippendorff, 2013). Qualitative content analysis techniques are used to find, identify, processing, and analyzing all news containing CSR messages during the COVID-19 pandemic on the official website of State-Owned Enterprises to find out and understand messages that have the values of state defense contained in a manifest message or a hidden message (latent message).
In its application, every state defense text, whether visible (manifest) or hidden message (latent message) contained in the company's official website, is included in the categories that have been assigned to the coding sheet. The data is then analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods to obtain and determine moral messages from each category of the research theme. The results of these categories will later be presented in the main table or table of the results of research on types of CSR during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the values of state defense, aiming to make the data found more detailed and maximal.

Corporate Social Responsibility Solutions during the Covid-19 Pandemic
To improve service to stakeholders, the website is also a communication medium for the company's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program. In the conditions of the COVID-19 The CSR program in the table above is an activity that represents the values of state defense. Based on this table, the form of CSR activities during the pandemic that represents the values of state defense is mostly or 44% of the assistance to health system strengthening, such as the provision of medical products and supplies. While 32% is a response to poverty and livelihood needs, for example providing direct cash assistance or providing essential items needed by the community, the rest is a response to the needs of school children by providing free quotas, providing health services, water, and sanitation needs and responses against food security and hunger. Not only that, these programs are aimed at several stakeholders, especially the community. In CSR activities based on the values of state defense during a pandemic, 85% is intended for stakeholders and communities, such as providing medical equipment, screening tests, and diagnosing COVID-19, direct cash assistance to assist with data packages for students. Apart from the community, employees are also one of the goals of CSR activities. Several companies, such as PT Pertamina, PT Bank Negara Indonesia, and PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia, have budgeted for activities aimed at their employees, such as providing basic foodstuffs to 146,000 employees and the PT Bank Negara Indonesia workers union.
This clearly shows the implementation of CSR activities carried out by five state-owned companies using a human security perspective with non-conventional problem-solving methods by health system strengthening, responding to poverty, and responding to food security. Indriawan (2020) stated that state defense is not a concept that is only related to the military. In line with this expression, long beforehand, Darmawan (2013) has emphasized that defense scope is extensive, involving all aspects of state life, be it ideology, defense, security, economy, politics, and socio-culture. Besides, state defense is dynamic, which moves with the times and challenges. State defense is also present or contemporary, different from the past.

Corporate Social Responsibility Based on State Defense Values
The whole community is eagerly awaiting the rapid response in fulfilling their needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a release published on the company website, it informs the efforts or contributions in the management of assistance to be distributed to those in need. Based on the researcher's analysis results, the programs or activities for handling COVID-19 are under the control of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) division of the five companies that are the subjects of this study. CSR is indeed a panacea when a disaster occurs, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The contribution of business institutions continues to be realized to meet the needs of the community. This condition certainly not only occurs in Indonesia but throughout the world, such as CSR from the tobacco industry and various public and business sectors in India (Changeux et al., 2020).
The COVID-19 pandemic has provided space for the Indonesian people, especially professionals or business people, to show their love for Indonesia. COVID-19 not only causes health problems but also threatens various aspects of human life. It seems that it has implications for social, economic, and social welfare aspects, of course. It is the government's responsibility but requires synergy from all groups to combat the spread and its impacts.
Increasing the readiness of businesspeople in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic can be interpreted as a manifestation of their love for their homeland because love for the country is closely related to heart or feelings, behavior attitudes to protect the nation and state from all threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges as an ethical and moral responsibility. Currently, the Indonesian people are faced with the disruption of the spread of COVID-19, which impacts the lines of people's lives. Armed with love, finally, he gave rise to the spirit to create programs that suit the needs of today's society. According to Saksono (2007), this is the development of state defense attitudes, which will become one of the benchmarks in the character of nationalism that is embedded, encouraging, and fostering the spirit of state defense's sovereignty.
Hashtag #antarkansemangat is one of the CSR programs of Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). According to the researcher, it is a program that can foster community enthusiasm during a pandemic. The hashtag is a marker message distributed on social media, where it asks the public to invite at least two friends to contribute to the action of bringing enthusiasm for those in need through BNI Hi-Movers. This program aims to help the online taxi and motorcycle taxi driver community to continue earning income. Not only the #antarkansemangat program, but BNI also embodies a sense of love for the country through the "bangga buatan Indonesia di era New Normal, BNI Dorong Mitra UMKM Go Online" (pride made in Indonesia in the New Normal era, BNI Encourages MSME Partners to Go Online). Bank BNI's sense of concern arose along with sluggish sales during a pandemic. To increase the capacity and capability of MSME businesses by going Modern. Based on the theme carried out, BNI seeks to reduce unemployment amid the sluggish economy during the pandemic by optimizing the UMKM fostered community.
An important point in implementing this CSR is that the love of the homeland is manifested by the fighting power possessed by business people, which is not only interpreted as a fighting power to survive invaders attacks or is in a state of conflict with other countries, but fighting power can be manifested in several ways. Factors such as increasing productivity, motivating to increase the competitiveness of local products, and reducing unemployment are the implementation of state defense in the form of nationalism that is right now. It is a process of strengthening strength that can influence a person's psychology on the importance of national awareness.
The urgency of loving the country is a fundamental asset that must be owned, including professionals. Love for the homeland is closely related to fighting spirit. In this case, it is no longer in the context of fighting colonialism or military threats. Still, there has been a shift in fighting spirit to fight forms of Threats, Disturbances, Obstacles, and Challenges (Ancaman, Gangguan, Hambatan, Tantangan, or AGHT) such as AGHT demography, the environment, natural resources, ideology, politics, and economics. Love for the homeland will raise awareness of state defense, assuming that everyone who has love will contribute to the country as a form of nationalism. In this case, it is very relevant to Bakry (2010) opinion, which explains that nationalism is an understanding that unites various ethnic groups and descendants of other nations in the container of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.
The existence of love for the homeland will foster awareness of the nation and state. This is interpreted as an effort by citizens to exercise their rights and obligations and contribute thoughts, energy, and time to the welfare of society. Some of the company's CSR programs that represent this program, such as PT Pertamina's efforts to maximize the role of MSMEs in producing non-medical masks to meet market demand, as we know when COVID-19 entered Indonesia, the availability of masks is a step at a fantastic price. Besides, several problems also arose, such as in Sidoarjo, where a building was found in which imported masks from Dingcheng, China were found. After exploring, the building is a place for repacking masks and then selling them at a high price (Liputan6.com, 2020).
Another program also illustrates PT Pertamina's efforts to support the implementation of large-scale social restrictions by appreciating the new breakthroughs of the Balongan healthy food processing group (OMSET). PT Pertamina's efforts to regenerate the OMSET group did not operate during the pandemic, even though one of the community's needs is healthy food. So that through this program, PT Pertamina provides support for improving the quality of production, starting from providing production houses, providing equipment and materials for the production of processed food to the licensing process for Home Industry Products and the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency.
Other programs are also focused on efforts to prevent unemployment due to the large number of people affected by layoffs, such as the theme of Pertamina's CSR program "Kertajaya Otopreneur, Pertamina's Efforts to Help Layoff Victims". PT Pertamina embraces the six backbone of the family to rise against economic hardship by providing automotive training, practicing at Otopreneur workshops, preparing the necessary equipment to provide Otopreneur workshops. Meanwhile, PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Telkom) continues to empower 13,000 SMEs, hoping that during the pandemic period, SMEs will continue to increase their creativity so that they do not experience a downturn.
The education sector is also prioritized during this pandemic. Various programs are provided to support the smooth teaching and learning process starting from elementary school to university level. PT Pertamina provides online learning support facilities in eight orphanages around the aid factory in data packages, internet modems, and electronic devices. PT Pertamina also provides educational assistance to support online learning at the Balikpapan City Special School. In addition to the data package, PT Pertamina also provides special fuel vouchers to teachers to support teacher activities during home visits, considering that special school children do not always rely on online learning. Besides, in Cilacap Regency, especially in Ujung Alang Village, PT Pertamina provides accessible Wi-Fi facilities to meet school needs.
However, in contrast to previous education assistance programs and package assistance or internet quota in Surabaya, PT Pertamina has disbursed funds of IDR 1.7 billion to help reduce the cost of education low-income families. Each child will receive the assistance of IDR 250,000 per month for a year to meet their education costs so that each child has the opportunity to get an education during this pandemic.
The field of education has indeed become one of the main issues that has not been resolved during normal conditions today, as stated by Umra (2019) that education is one of the cases that must be taken seriously in the implementation of state defense, lack of opportunities in education or inequality of the educational process in education. Indonesia can diminish the sense of nationalism of its citizens.
Still in education, to break the chain of COVID-19 transmission, PT Bio Farma educated 27 Finalists of Reading Ambassador for West Java Province. As a follow-up to this program, participants will create educational vlogs hoping that through millennials, COVID-19 information will easily be distributed to the public.
The essence of the application of state defense is the obligation of every citizen to defend the state following the contents of the Body of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 27 Paragraph 3 and Article 30 Paragraph 1. The article is interpreted as saying that the obligation to defend the state is the duty of all good groups, government, professionals to civil society participate or contribute to the Indonesian homeland.
Indeed, the threat of COVID-19 impacts every line of human life, especially on health and the economy. The final uncertainty of its spread will gradually create problems. So that in this case, the synergy of all groups is needed, such as handling from the health aspect, what is needed is the role of medical personnel to become the frontline. However, the medical team's efforts will not be optimal if they do not receive support or assistance, both material and nonmaterial, from all parties.

Conclusion
Based on the analysis and discussion results, the following conclusions can be drawn: First, the COVID-19 pandemic has hit Indonesia, various institutions, especially business institutions, support each other in contributing to the impacts caused through the CSR program. Second, the form of CSR program activities during a pandemic consists of (1) health system strengthening, such as providing medical products and supplies, (2) responding to poverty and livelihood needs, such as providing direct cash assistance or providing essential items needed by the community, (3) responding to the needs of school children by providing free quotas, (4) providing health services, water, and sanitation needs, (5) responding to food security and hunger.
Third, the form of CSR activities during the pandemic was mainly aimed at the community. Still, there are several programs specifically aimed at employees, CSR during the pandemic that is relevant to the values of state defense (1) love for the country, (2) awareness of the nation and state, (3) belief that Pancasila as the state ideology (4) is willing to sacrifice for the nation and state, and (5) has the initial ability to defend the state. A total of 48 CSR activities are following the state defense indicators, consisting of 22 CSR activities from Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI), 17 CSR activities from PT Pertamina, 5 CSR activities from PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia, 3 CSR activities from PT Bio Farma, and 1 CSR activity from PT Garuda Indonesia. Fourth, the application of state defense is not only interpreted as a military activity but there has been a shift where each profession has the right and obligation to defend the state.