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GREEK EPITAPHIOI AND OTHER EVIDENCE FOR THE SHROUD IN CONSTANTINOPLE UP TO 1204

Today the premiere difficulty relating to the history of the Turin Shroud (TS) is tying Bishop d'Arcis's 1355 Lirey Shroud—the very first undoubted reference in history to the Shroud in Turin today—to that Mandylion which was documented in Edessa since at least the 4 c. and in Constantinople between 944 and 1204. Two major documents have greatly helped in establishing the needed link: the Gregory Sermon of August 16, 944, which suggests strongly a full-length image on the Mandylion just arrived from Edessa, and the Pray Codex of 1192-5 (fig. 1). This codex shows the Shroudlike folded hands without thumbs and the four-burn-hole pattern, still seen on the TS.