{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02462497893140064, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010871397269509524, 'mean_word_length': 5.273102135758088, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 5, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Role of the Public University of Navarre in Achieving the 1st SDG for the End of Poverty

: The end of poverty is the ﬁrst of the 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations. Universities are strategic spaces for promoting the SDGs, from training, research, and outreach capacity to implementing sustainable actions, helping to reduce inequalities and, signiﬁcantly, promoting sustainable cities and communities. This article aims to answer how the Public University of Navarre contributes to promoting the 1st SDG, what mechanisms for the end of poverty endorses in its territory, and what can we learn from these experiences. To this end, a case study has been carried out based on qualitative techniques. This work analyzes the strategies implemented, such as incorporating social clauses for responsible recruiting, the development of applied research and teaching or network participation. From this example, some engaging lessons will be extracted to address this issue in other contexts, promoting their consolidation and identifying the obstacles that may hinder their spread.


Introduction
Sustainable development is one of the main challenges our societies faces. However, as [1] point out, sustainability must be understood on a triple environmental, financial and social basis.
In September 2015, the United Nations (from now on UN) presented the document "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", which had the unanimous support of world leaders. This agreement implied a new international agenda that, from 1 January 2016, should aim at advancing in the fulfilment of the 17 objectives for the year 2030. This path, classified as one of the most relevant global agreements in our recent history, aspires to progress in an alliance towards a more sustainable future. Therefore, the 2030 agenda has become a horizon from state to local, for public institutions, companies, organisations, and also for universities.
Ending poverty in all its forms is the first of these objectives (from now on SDG1), and the UN defines it not only as a human rights problem that affects hunger but also as the absence of opportunities, limited access to essential services and social participation [2]. Furthermore, a European consensus agrees on using the AROPE indicator (At risk of poverty or social exclusion) to measure this phenomenon. This indicator compiles the population who are either at risk of poverty, materially and socially deprived or living in a household with a very low work intensity (Those people who live with a low income (taking as a threshold 60% of the median equivalent income), who suffer from severe material deprivation (at least 4 of the nine defined elements) and/or those who live in households with very low or no employment intensity (in a household with two adults it is equivalent to only one person working part-time). [3]. This is the primary indicator to monitor the goal of the 2030 horizon. As a result, the fight against poverty implies building a more just and inclusive society and contributing to eradicate the inequalities present in our societies [4]. The UN [2] encouraged that the different social agents must work towards this objective, contributes to the international expansion of the university's role as platforms for learning and experimentation. Sharing the results, strategies and difficulties support the transfer of knowledge between territories to discover new experiences, learn from them, and encourage other universities and companies to contribute to the fight against poverty from their territories.

State of the Research: The University as the Engine for Local Sustainable Development, Strategies and Experiences in the Implementation of SDG1
There is a vast literature that addresses the role of universities in the development of their environment. Through a scoping review of the scientific production on the contribution of universities to the SDGs, a high volume of more than 97,000 entries were detected in the Scopus and Google Scholar search engines. According to Manchado Garabito et al. [17], this approach collects and identifies the literature developed around this topic to identify the status of the debate and works contributing to it. However, given this large volume of contributions, it was necessary to narrow down the search. Following the proposal of Arksey and O'Malley [18], a specific search was carried out in the Scopus and Google Scholar search engines for the two concepts SDGs and universities or SDGs and university, also obtaining a significant volume of literature with a total of 23,625 documents. The choice to combine both search engines is due to the fact that the first access a significant volume of freely reachable information, facilitating access to other types of non-scientific reports that were of interest to the object of study. On the other hand, Scopus identifies scientific articles and allows filtering them throughout more categories (area, year, open access). This search identified the literature on "USR-University Social Responsibility" as a fundamental framework for developing this approach. Thanks to this finding, the literature review in this field found necessary studies close to this work's objective. The searches were carried out between March 1st and May 25th, 2021. A new selection of cases was made from these results, adding the following descriptors: SDG1 AND poverty AND university OR universities, narrowing the search down significantly into 1310 texts in Google Scholar and 23 in Scopus. The final selection of bibliography was made from Scopus' search and a descending date range in Google Scholar.
This volume of literature confirms that there is already a broad consensus that the social responsibility of universities towards their community should be the driving force behind their action. For Shek et al. [19], universities' social responsibility allows universities to improve their environment by promoting their development. Universities have different functions such as teaching, research, institutional governance or social leadership. This definition transcends the traditional social responsibility of companies since it is argued that universities should contribute to improving the quality of human life and addressing the needs of society [20,21]. This commitment has a global vision since several networks have progressively contributed to this objective. Some of them stand out, such as the University Social Responsibility Network (USRN), the Global University Network for Innovation (GUNI) or the Talloires Network of Engaged Universities [6,7].
Despite this optimistic scenario in terms of outreach and environmental commitment, Hollister et al. [10] point out the difficulties in achieving this change in universities' culture, especially in teaching and research. However, in the last decade, essential steps can be seen. The literature consulted indicates that the Sustainable Development Goals have been an excellent framework for universities' potential with their environment [14].
The reviewed studies identify numerous initiatives developed worldwide advancing on the SDG's agenda through different university lines of action: teaching, research and local environment outreach, but also in their own policies. Specifically, in promoting SDG1, numerous universities have previous and interesting experiences to strengthen this study.

University Experiences for the SDGs Contribution
In general terms, numerous investigations tried to identify the progress of the SDGs in universities through case studies or various surveys. Leal Filho et al. [12] conducted a vital survey worldwide to assess the degree of SDG implementation. They measured official teaching actions and other possible training actions such as conferences, courses, and research activities. It should be noted that the sample compiled 165 cases from 17 countries and five continents. Even though the people surveyed showed broad awareness about the SDGs, the figures decreased in the teaching application, with only 32% fully applying the SDGs in their classes.
Chang & Lien [22] carried out another engaging experience mapping the degrees offered at the National University of Kaohsiung in Taiwan and their relationship to the SDGs. The analysis identified the potential that universities have in the SDGs capacity building, encouraging incorporating this approach in the planning, design, and classification of the degrees offered. The conclusions outline the interdisciplinary potential of universities to advance within the 2030 agenda, although they highlight that it is barely exploited.
Experiences such as the University of Winchester designing formulas to integrate and evaluate sustainability in the curricula have also been detected [23,24]. In the same way, Nhamo & Mjimba [25] pointed out that their environments' socio-economic and environmental sustainability can only be achieved if students capable of dealing with it are trained. For this reason, they highlighted some transversal initiatives in the revision of the curricula initiated in some African countries such as South Africa, Zimbabwe and Nigeria.
This comprehensive competency approach, also analysed by Franco, et al. [26], states that, in addition to formal curricular activities, the SDGs can be integrated into other university dimensions such as research, internships, volunteering or other additional training activities. In fact, Mawonde & Togo [27] noted that, in work placement experiences, students had much more opportunities to implement the SDGs than in classrooms.
Nonetheless, attending the university is more than a professional training process; students can acquire other competencies that train them in SDGs [28]. This approach, which goes beyond the knowledge field training view, recognises the comprehensive training capacity of universities and encourages these higher education institutions to address the SDGs in all university actions. Universities are the future leaders, and this has the potential for a transformative process on a larger scale in the promotion of the SDGs in general and the fight against poverty in particular [29].
Finally, in terms of outreach and alliances with the environment, there is a broad consensus on the importance of aligning civil society, business and the scientific community [14]. Some studies also stand out in this field. On the one hand, Mori Junior et al. [30] identified an interesting experience to promote this approach. On the other hand, through a systematisation and communication of experiences, the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) (Melbourne, Australia) motivated greater awareness and collaboration on and off-campus.

Experiences and Strategies for Implementing the SDG1 in Universities
Specifically, in SDG1, training has been detected as a valuable way to eradicate poverty [11]. Komba [31], a study conducted at the Moshi Cooperative College and the Open University of Tanzania identified that education reduced the disadvantage and poverty of its students. For this reason, they have supported the training of disadvantaged students as a strategy to fight poverty.
Along these lines, the Open University of Britain (OUB) has put much effort into this objective to promote training in SDGs [32]. For example, through the project "Transformation through Innovation in Distance Education (TIDE)" in alliance with other universities in the UK and Myanmar, they encouraged the training of poor or disadvantaged students. This experience demonstrated how access to training promoted economic development and employment opportunities.
Also, a study carried out by Abimbola et al. [33] in Nigeria examined how a training strategy aimed at women at the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), facilitated their access to higher education, allowed progress in the fight against poverty of this group and fostered gender equality (SDG5).
A large part of these results belongs to developing countries. In this sense, Leal Filho et al. [12] identified the lowest level of SDG1 teaching implementation (28%) in Europe, while in other countries it was almost double (North America 53%, South America 39%, Africa 39%, Asia 52% and Oceania 50%). Nhamo & Mjimba [25] show that the University of Sydney has tried to advance in training oriented to SDG 1. Also, the European University of Helsinki is gradually reviewing the internal organisation to align with sustainable objectives. In this case, up to now, some progress has been made by linking teaching and research to objectives such as partnerships (17th), quality education (4th), and health and well-being (3rd). However, there is still a long way to go in others, such as the end of poverty (1st).
There are other lines of action, aligning teaching with research, that also stands out. Hoeltl et al. [13] examined an Ethiopian research experience funded by the Erasmus + project "Social Inclusion and Energy Management for Informal Urban Settlements". This led to an alliance between European and Ethiopian universities to address the SDGs in the training of future professionals in architecture, urban planning, and the social sciences. This project also involved other public actors and civil society, achieving progress in different objectives, SDG1 among them.
Another example of this is the Federal University of Agriculture (Abeokuta, Nigeria) (FUNAAB), where training, advice, and dissemination of some agricultural technologies have been designed to effectively address rural communities' development challenges. This experience has increased agricultural productivity, contributing to the reduction of poverty and hunger [25].
Following the outreach goal, Lehoux et al. [34] also conducted another valuable experience, where 105 health innovations were identified in the United States and other countries in Africa, Central and South America, and South Asia. None profits networks, organisations, universities and volunteers were among the promoters. As a result, they found that 15% of these projects contributed to advancing SDG1. Experiences like these illustrate how the university's connection with society allows many practical advances [12].
Finally, actions regarding internal university policies have also been detected. The University of South Africa (UNISA) identified how digital training had negative consequences for the most impoverished population. Those with Internet connection difficulties were at risk of exclusion and faced learning obstacles [35]. To this end, the university offered help to the most disadvantaged students through a reliable internet connection, promoting their access to quality education and to avoid dropping out of studies, critical issues in the fight against poverty.
This literature review has identified important advances through the experiences of numerous universities. These studies recognise four possible lines of action in the implementation of SDG1, teaching, research, projection and internal policies, constituting the analysis framework this study will be based on. However, although there is a certain consensus on the potential of universities, these studies also recognise that these institutions face substantial challenges. On the one hand, they must reconceptualise a good part of their activities and objectives, incorporating the SDGs into the entire governance of the university [14]. On the other hand, Franco et al. [26] and Mawonde &Togo [27] point out that to promote these approaches and retain the entire scientific community, there is a need for facilities and incentives to motivate their implementation. Therefore, despite these concrete advances and the consensus in the literature, it is necessary to incorporate this approach into the structure, study plans, research initiatives and promote spaces for exchange and discussion for alliance consolidation [9]. Following this reflection, the case study aims to obtain results on this 4 actions that participate and influence the current debate.

Methods
A qualitative case study has been chosen to answer the research question. This method's choice is because this technique allows us to explore in-depth a phenomenon inserted into a specific context from the different sources of information and testimonies [36,37]. The case study is a widely used method in qualitative research [38,39].
Sometimes this method has been questioned for its interpretive character. However, Greener [40] and Enrique and Barrio [41] argue that this method allows the researcher to analyse the problem in depth from the different key informant testimonies. Chetty [42] confirms its usefulness for an investigation that does not intend to produce generalisations but to know a specific phenomenon exhaustively.
In the field of organisational' research, it is also a valuable and valuable method. Rashid, et al. [43] identify, based on different studies in this area, four critical phases to apply this methodology to the case study in organisations: (1) understanding the phenomenon from different sources, (2) the design of the method and selection of key informants, (3) the exploration and understanding of the phenomenon from the different selected testimonies and (4) the case analysis description.
Following this method, this case study has been developed in 4 phases [ Table 1]. The first has approached the phenomenon through a theoretical and statistical review of the object of study through different secondary sources. On the one hand, the academic literature review related to the SDGs at the university level, including a selective search for specific experiences on the contribution to SDG 1. On the other hand, a quantitative approach to the object of study by analysing secondary statistical sources through the Foessa Survey and the Labor Force Survey. This analysis was conducted in March 2021. The second phase contains the qualitative analysis method taking the purposive sampling strategy based on the key informant selection [44]. Within the scope of nonprobability sampling techniques, this choice selects informants who, due to their place in the institution or society, provide a qualified vision of the object of study [45]. This method has been used in different areas of knowledge with valid results [46,47].
The method does not intend to obtain results that can be applied generally but to thoroughly know the selected phenomenon. Therefore, in the testimony analysis, the context of the experience must be taken into account for a suitable interpretation [48].
For the sample characteristic identification, concepts addressed in the literature were used and the priority focused on the search for profiles with experience in teaching, research, projection, internal policies and the fight against poverty in the region.
The result is a sample of 10 key informants whose experience is necessary to reinforce this case study. To obtain these testimonies, two qualitative research techniques have been combined. On the one hand, in-depth interviews for profiles in the field of university management. People responsible for the design of institutional policies, the management of procedures, the attention to the university community living in poverty, and the teaching and research activities stand out. On the other hand, the focal group technique for crucial informants in the professional and political sphere of poverty in Navarra. Its content focused on the university's role in contributing to this field, the characteristics and inclusion barriers of people living in poverty, and the opportunities for alliances. The characteristics of the sample are specified below [ Table 2]: Table 2. Characteristics of the sample.

In-Depth Interviews (4 Participants)
Focus Group (6 Participants) E1 Woman, responsible for implementing outreach policies GF1, Woman, head of social services for social incorporation in Navarre The qualitative empirical work, developed in phase 3, was completed with the study of significant regulatory documentation and the statistical analysis of the data on financial aid for students living in poverty. Obtaining this information was facilitated by the informants. This fieldwork was carried out between January and June 2021. Finally, phase 4 comprises the testimony analysis supported by the literature and has identified a variety of needs, obstacles, and challenges for the promotion of SDG1 actions.

Results. The Public University of Navarre in SDG 1 Contribution: Challenges and Action Formulas
This section explores in detail the contribution of the Public University of Navarre to the achievement of SDG1. Before doing so, the section presents the reality of Navarre concerning this phenomenon. Afterwards, we present the actions identified in the 4 strategic lines of action identified in the literature review: teaching, research, transfer and internal policies. Finally, the obstacles and challenges identified are addressed.

Poverty and Social Exclusion in Navarre
Navarre is a region located in the north of Spain. Its GDP per capita in 2019 was € 32,141, compared to the average € 23,640 in Spain, implying that it is the 3rd Autonomous territory in Spain with the highest quality of life [49]. Despite having a podium worth per capita income in contrast with the rest of the different Spanish regions, the unemployment rate in 2020 was 11.7% [50]. A total of 660,887 people live in Navarre, of which 76,044 people were at risk of poverty in 2019, according to the AROPE indicator (11.7%). The Foessa Report [51], which also measures this reality based on 35 indicators, quantifies this percentage at 15.9%, translating to almost 100,000 people. In any case, roughly one in seven people live in a situation of social exclusion. This rate shows a higher prevalence in households whose primary breadwinner is less than 30 years old (26.1%), supported by women (18%), with unfinished studies (21.3%) or non-EU foreign nationality citizens (37.3%).
It should be noted that unemployment rates in Navarre are lower than the average for Spain. In 2018, this difference was 4.4 points (10% in Navarre and 14.4% in Spain). Even so, in Navarre, unemployment particularly affected people under 25 years of age (26.2%) or immigrants (22%). These data increased notably in a decade, since the effect of unemployment in the group under 25 years of age in 2007 was 11.8% and in the case of migrants, 7.6%. The Foessa report [51] also showed that the highest prevalence of exclusion situations happened in those households where the breadwinner was unemployed and looking for a job. This affected 82.9% of these households. On the contrary, exclusion affected 12% of households supported by people who worked and 8.5% supported by retired or early retirees. In total, the study confirmed that 15.8% of Navarre society was affected by unemployment exclusion. Therefore, there is a clear link between unemployment and social exclusion. This data has also been verified through the focus group, where participating professionals have exposed a significant change in profiles.
"Before poor people were generally outside the labour market, now many are employed, and this requires us to rethink the way out of poverty beyond employment, with new forms of intervention and benefit demarcation" (FG2) The Foessa report [51] in Navarre also acknowledged this new phenomenon. In Navarre, the in work poverty rate is 7.7% of working people, 11.3% in Spain. In the case of excluded people, the presence of poor workers increased to 26.6%; in well-integrated households, it only affected 4.8%. Therefore, incorporation into employment did not allow one in four households to overcome exclusion, showing that the exit from poverty and exclusion requires more than a job opportunity. It needs decent and quality employment.
In the light of these data, it is observed that social exclusion is an intricate phenomenon since, in addition to economic poverty, it involves political or social dimensions [52]. This exclusion complexity implies that the effectiveness of inclusion policies depends, to a large extent, on cooperation between the different administrations and actors. Similarly, qualitative work emphasises the importance of frequently measuring this phenomenon, encouraging the university to play a central role in this task.
"We need to know how the profiles and their needs evolve to be able to design the policies, resources and forms of intervention well; the university can help us a lot in this" (FG1) This collaboration must materialise in implementing policies to combat poverty and exclusion, and assess the underlying causes the statistics show.

Four Ways to Contribute to SDG 1 in Order to Fight against Poverty in Navarre
Ending poverty and exclusion stands for Navarre as an essential task for the territory, as shown by the various government agreements of the last legislatures (2015 and 2019). Therefore, in addition to SDG1 s goal, the Public University of Navarre has tried to support its territory by searching for solutions to face these complex challenges through the development of different lines of action on the teaching, research, outreach and internal policies spectrum.
The Figure 1 shows all the actions performed during the fieldwork. The Public University of Navarre has accumulated more than two decades in the field of training, research, outreach or alliance building and internal inclusive programs. All of them are presented below, followed by the challenges encountered.

Train Professionals and Fight against Poverty
The first actions detected focused on transferring skills in the field of training. The UPNA has contributed to the training of both future professionals destined to fight against these problems and operational staff. Since 1996 it has trained 90 social workers every year, and since 2008 it has offered a Master's Degree in Social Intervention. Additionally, the university has designed and qualified several specialized courses for the active training professionals of the social employment services of Navarre. As a result, more than 2630 students have attended the courses, both as students or working professionals, contributing to their specialized training in this field. "In addition to the undergraduate and master's degree training, both the regional government and other organisations asked us for specialised training for professionals working to end poverty and social exclusion. During this time, we have offered up to 9 qualifications for active professionals" (I4) Likewise, every year 175 students carry out undergraduate and master's internships in services and NGOs that fight against poverty in Navarre. These practices are supervised by specialized faculty. As Mawonde & Togo [27] identify, students have the opportunity to put their knowledge into practice in these spaces, being a good practice for sustainable development. This cultivates a new link of social intervention with the academy that, on many occasions, culminates in minor investigations within the end of study projects that students must carry out to graduate.
"Universities can contribute to the development of their territory in very different ways in the teaching field. In addition to training for a profession, they can train citizenship, align their study practices with the social and business fabric, take advantage of end-ofstudies projects to propose innovative practices, etc. ( . . . ) Currently we have a new cross-training project on sustainable development that aims to train students of any university degree" (I1) In addition to the research contributions, teaching activities have a strong potential to contribute to sustainable development. Beyond specific training, many of these situations require multidisciplinary responses. Currently, the university is immersed in a pilot experience of transversal competencies, and one of them will be aimed at training in the understanding of poverty and social exclusion. In this subject, students will learn the dynamics of inequality on a local and global scale and the central policies and opportunities for integration from the different professions (education, health, engineering, social intervention, law or economic management, among others). This experience, currently in the design phase, hopes to contribute progressively to the training of teachers and students in this goal.

Research to Understand the Causes of Poverty
Through its Alter research group at the Sociology and Social Work Department, the Public University of Navarre has a long history of contributing to the fight against social exclusion in the territory. This team designed in 1998 the 1st Plan to Fight Social Exclusion of Navarre [53], a pioneering plan in Spain.
"In our team, we have a long history in the study of poverty and social exclusion in Navarre. We actively participated in the 1st Plan to fight poverty, and we continue with current numerous recent strategies, plans and laws. Across my research experience, I have participated in measuring poverty and its evolution, but also in applying this knowledge to policy design" (I4) Two decades later, the UPNA has participated in different studies, evaluations and has contributed to measuring social exclusion in Navarre frequently by their active participation in the Foessa Reports (The Foessa Reports biannually investigate the evolution of social exclusion in Spain.) and through the Navarre Social Inequality Reports (2012 and 2015) and the CIPARAIIS (The Research Chair for Equality and Social Integration (CIPARAIIS) was created in 2011. It was a result of a collaborative agreement between the public university of Navarre and the third sector of the fight against poverty in Navarre. The goal of CIPRAIIS is to contribute to research in the field of social integration.). Committee Chair. The sociology and social work department became the reference team drafting the current Inclusion Plan (2018-2023) [54]. In this sense, the contribution of the Public University of Navarre has not only been limited to understanding the phenomenon of poverty but also to designing control measures, assessing the impact of the implemented actions and identifying effectiveness indicators of social policies. This contribution is recognised by the territory's social, political and technical network, although they encourage us to continue and carry out new studies.
"The studies on poverty and exclusion of 2012 and 2015 helped to recognise and measure the volume of the population in a situation of poverty and exclusion. The contribution of the university here was significant, so we encouraged you to carry out a new study within the framework of the current Covid-19 crisis, where we are finding new profiles" (FG5) From the research point of view, universities are a prime space to promote the study and discussion of the phenomenon of exclusion, poverty or precarious employment, thus generating scientific knowledge about these realities.

Promoting Policies and Alliances in the Fight against Poverty
As a result of the research and teaching actions, the Public University of Navarre has also played a key role in generating alliances with public and private institutions in the fight against this phenomenon. On the one hand, UPNA is the driving force, since its creation, of the Navarre Network for the fight against poverty and social exclusion, also part of international networks such as EAPN. On the other hand, the university participates in different commissions, foundations and boards linked to the development of inclusion policies. Since 2019, these alliances have been consolidated through the signing of framework agreements. UPNA has exercised a leadership role along with these networks, fostering participation, cooperation, and dialogue between actors.
"The university has a research group with a long history in the study of poverty and exclusion. Their active participation and the transfer of their studies have contributed to developing a good part of the public agenda in the fight against poverty" (I1) Likewise, a good part of the alliances has arisen in addition to innovative research experiences developed by the university and the Government of Navarre. For example, the ERSISI research project, funded by the European Union, stands out as an innovative experience in Spain testing social and employment services in the fight against poverty in the territory. This experience also developed different alliance strategies with the business sector, bringing together social intervention and creating jobs to offer employment opportunities.
"The 1998 plan to fight poverty and social exclusion laid the foundations for a new policy to fight poverty in Navarre. Many of its most innovative resources are still active, and this led to significant changes in the regulations that currently remain" (I4) Thanks to the research work and its network leadership, it also fostered innovative policies since the 1st Inclusion Plan of Navarre in 1998. Among them, protected contracting mechanisms can be found. The Regional Law 6/2006 [55] on public contracts, recognized as a good practice in the Rreuse (International network representing social enterprises active in re-use, repair and recycling) [56], the public commitment to promoting social contracts not as a declaration of intent, but with a mandatory application. Since then, the presence of the social and labour insertion centres and the hiring regulations in Navarre have been consolidated.
Currently, the centres are part of social enterprises and aimed at generating opportunities for labour inclusion for people under social exclusion risk. These companies contribute to people with difficulties accessing employment, offering them a job opportunity, promoting their autonomy and training and promoting their physical, mental and interpersonal well-being. Therefore, these devices have been consolidated in Navarre as an optimal resource to offer job opportunities to people with more difficulties.
The centres are regulated by the Provincial Decree 340/2019 [57], which sought to consolidate these types of business as a more social and responsible recruiting. Its objective is not only to regulate its activity but to facilitate the creation of new companies. Their potential in the fight against poverty and exclusion comes from the fact that they accompany the employment opportunity with a comprehensive social intervention that consolidates the labour bond. This is intended for the new employee to perform the entrusted job well and acquire social and work habits that increase job placement opportunities and avoid unprotected employment.
The current Inclusion Plan of Navarre (2018) [54], also designed by the Public University of Navarre's team, points out the primary responsibility of public administrations in promoting inclusive territories. That should be done not only by designing of specific policies against poverty and social exclusion but with the generation of opportunities for inclusion and awareness of their society. In this sense, economic agents, companies and unions are identified as actors with a central role in social cohesion since job creation and quality maintenance are key tools in preventing social exclusion. Therefore, the involvement of these actors is necessary to promote job opportunities for people with more struggles.
"These companies are key to offering a job opportunity to excluded people, but public administrations must hire these companies; otherwise it is impossible to maintain and expand the contracts of these people" (FG4) This philosophy promoted the new Foral Law 2/2018 [58] on public contracts, aiming to align the contracting capacity of public administrations with the commitment to fight poverty and social exclusion. This lead to a 6% reservation of public contracts for Special Employment Centers and Inclusion Companies and 1% for companies and social economy organisations. Likewise, it establishes the prohibition of hiring companies that fail to comply with the contract quota of 2% of people with disabilities or that do not have, for example, an equality plan. Its article 64, also establishes that the weight of at least 10% over the total of the criteria must include some mandatory social clauses in the execution conditions. Therefore, the presence of the university both in the design of the inclusion plans of Navarre and in the alliances to fight poverty has contributed to the development of innovative devices and advanced regulations. Furthermore, their contribution has made it possible to offer empirical evidence on poverty and its causes to decision-making and policy design.

Fight against Poverty through Internal Policies: Poor Students' Attention and Hire Responsibly
The articulation of its three pillars, teaching, research, and outreach, make the university a place of reference for promoting an inclusive and sustainable institution from its internal policies. In this regard, two lines stand out: the support for poor students and the promotion of a responsible hiring model.

Preventing Students Living in Poverty from Dropping out of University
The UPNA has several devices to help its university community since 2005. On the one hand, a psychosocial care team comprising social workers, an equality agent and a psychologist who offer psychological care, social care and disability support, health care, emotional and anxiety management strategies, or cultural and sports offerings.
"We know that part of our students is close to abandoning their studies for financial reasons ( . . . ) Higher education is crucial to get out of poverty; for this reason, these financial and professional aid devices are intended to prevent these dropouts" (I1) On the other hand, with economic aid resources directed to tuition payments, living costs, or to face emergency expenses for accommodation or transport. This integral support, a pioneer in Spanish universities, was created in 2012 to prevent non-payment of enrollment by students with financial needs. These students, despite their academic performance, find it difficult to compete in other calls for scholarships. As the professional who attends these students points out, most of these situations are derived from the type of home, and whether or not the student works, the annual credits enrolled in and illegal residence or nationality. For this reason, most of these students own jobs, are self-employed with low incomes, have a foreign origin or live in an emergency situation.
"The usual profile of students at risk of poverty describes migrant families, single-parent and with very precarious or intermittent jobs. This implies that they face difficulties with the tuition payment, accommodation and other necessary expenses to complete their studies" (I3) In 2017, this enrollment aid device was expanded with aid for the payment of transportation, accommodation, meals or any other unforeseen and emergency expense that made it challenging to keep up with their studies. This care model is to prevent the most disadvantaged students from dropping out of school for economic reasons or life instability.
As can be seen in the Table 3, the Public University of Navarre, to prevent students with financial needs from dropping out, has financed 515 scholarships for enrollment, 97 emergency aids for transportation or accommodation, and 1324 meal vouchers. As a result, in recent years, it has invested € 440,138.87. Although the first scholarships of the year 2012 were born in response to the financial crisis of 2008, which hit Spain hardly, the Covid-19 pandemic crisis has brought up a new increase in needs. "In the last year, the situations of poverty risk have increased, as a consequence of the hotel and commerce sector closure, many young people or their families have lost their jobs" (I3) The data and testimonies show this crisis as a "stress test" for the universities, putting their social commitment and their ability to respond to emergencies in their territories under examination. Thanks to these grants and others created in the pandemic to reduce the digital divide, such as the loan of computers or internet connection support, the Public University of Navarre was a reference in Spain for the capacity and responsiveness to the social emergency of its student body. Besides, its contribution to the pandemic was also developed to measure data or statistics, the creation of health protection strategies, the identification of social factors in the virus, participation in the regional emergency committee or in the adaptation of teaching to people with disabilities or serious illnesses.
These aid packages have rescued a large number of students who, for reasons of poverty, were at risk of dropping out of their studies. University education dramatically reduces the risk of unemployment and labour exclusion [59]. That is why its direct impact on the protection of the poorest students has immediate effects, but above all, in the long term.
Aligning the Contracting Capacity to Promote SDG1 The Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) encourages universities to develop an active attitude in promoting the SDGs. Concerning SDG1, it encourages the "implementation of environmentally responsible public procurement policies and procedures that affect the supply chain in both directions" [60].
Currently, in Navarre, social and labour insertion companies offer almost a thousand places of protected employment to people in a situation of exclusion. Their volume has increased in recent years, and they offer services in very different sectors such as gardening, cafeteria services, care services, bakery, catering, masonry, textile, etc.
Recent studies in these centres confirm the excellent results of passing through these devices in people's lives since the resource clearly implies a breaking point from high exclusion situations [61]. The focus group conducted in this research identified three great potentialities. On the one hand, since it is conceived as a trade and development, training is implemented through employment. Second, the acquired relational capital, since working people interact with other colleagues and develop teamwork skills. Finally, the development of a standardized job that allows them contributing to public social security through their salaries.
"The employment contract, in addition to contributing to social security, offers them work and training experience. ( . . . ) We also observe that their social capital grows since they relate to each other" (FG5) These positive aspects imply a rapid improvement in the living conditions of the participants. However, it also showed two significant weaknesses that reduce its impact. On the one hand, the low labour activity of these companies, which is insufficient to maintain the workforce. On the other hand, the risk involved in moving from protected employment to the normalized market. This is due to the persistence of discrimination in the labour market and the poor quality of the jobs that this population has access to. Therefore, the exit of these resources towards normalized employment in precarious conditions represents a setback on the path taken towards inclusion.
Protected employment formulas need to generate spaces for economic development and growth in terms of employment. Therefore, their development and inclusive capacity are closely related to the job opportunities that public or private institutions extend to responsible and socially sustainable hiring.
"The regulations in Navarre are advanced and calls for responsible purchasing of contracts and services. At the Public University of Navarre, we have been incorporating social clauses for years; currently, the gardening service is provided by a social insertion centre" (I2) Navarre has advanced regulations on this matter. The foral Law 2/2018 [58] powerfully addresses the role that public administrations must have in generating employment. The Public University of Navarre is trying to advance in this line. Since 2018, the social clauses were incorporated into the service contract requirements. Since 2020, the Gardening service is developed by a labour insertion centre that has hired young people at risk of social exclusion.

Obstacles and Challenges to SDG1 Contribution
The identification of these lines of action has also deepened the chance to assess its limitations and challenges. The analysed testimonies indicate four aspects to be improved the impact at promoting the SDG1.
The first one points to the need of having a governance framework that organises the university's relationship with the environment. Despite the scattered actions already detected, these collaborations could improve thanks to implementing a straightforward procedure for both social entities and teachers.
"Sometimes, we do not know whom to turn to in order to find support for specific needs. The university is very large, and we generally connect through previous contacts. But we don't always get the answer we need" (FG4) The absence of this framework implies difficulties in the relationship with the environment and the systematisation of all the actions that can be developed. Without this framework, the contribution to SDG1 s development is based on isolated actions and sometimes unknown.
"We face the challenge of officially arranging the link with the territory. Companies do not know everything that we can offer with teaching, research or professional practices. This common framework would allow us to identify all the actions that are developed also to analyse them" (I1) Second, most of these isolated actions have been developed from a single field of knowledge. However, ending poverty requires solutions and contributions from different grounds of knowledge.
"We not only need support from the field of social sciences, but other disciplines such as economics, law, engineering are also necessary to end poverty. Generally, we approach the university through these departments but we see that it is important to weave collaboration networks with all disciplines" (FG2) Therefore, it is necessary to promote multidisciplinary and crosscutting responses that allow the different disciplines of the university to be aligned with the multiple opportunities for collaboration. Appropriately organising and promoting this multidisciplinary action will increase the impact of the university's contribution to SDG1.
The third of the challenges has to do with the incentive of these actions. The absence of an internal recognition and support framework limits the potential that universities can count on and, therefore, reduces the prospective impact. This obstacle is identified both inside and outside the university, as these testimonies point out.
"Local research helps the economic development of territories, but researchers need the institution to reward and encourage this action. The parameters of academic excellence do not usually contemplate these actions, so your support is necessary" (FG6) Testimonies evidence how the common framework could be more than just an incentive to promote these networks, and it could be a tool to disseminate the results in order to encourage others to join this approach.
"The teaching staff is being evaluated by indicators of academic excellence that do not recognise these actions. Therefore, if universities want to grow in this line, we have to recognise this work and disseminate its results to encourage other people to join" (I1) Finally, there is a substantial limitation in the area of responsible contracting. Despite advanced regulations, the fieldwork has identified barriers to expanding these services. One of them is the subcontracting regulations that force new contracting companies to outsource the staff that works in the institution. This represents an overwhelming obstacle for many of these social initiative companies, which in case of assuming services previously provided by other companies must outsource the contract of the people who developed the job. Although this regulation is very positive for protecting the rights of workers who develop services at the university, it reduces the action scope of social companies.
"Despite incorporating clauses, sometimes social enterprises do not apply to these contracts. This is an obstacle to expanding the impact of the standard. The main reason for this is that they do not have the capacity to outsource the current staff that develops the service" (I2) Therefore, in practice, responsible hiring opportunities are limited to new services or suppliers, implying greater difficulty in taking on large contracts such as cafeteria, dining rooms or cleaning, which have a large staff to be outsourced. In this context, the purchase of another photocopy shop, stationery, assistance or catering services at conferences or events can be an excellent way to expand the concept of responsible hiring. Therefore, despite advanced regulations, some barriers are preventing a more significant impact of these policies.

Discussion
The results have identified how the Public University of Navarre contributes to SDG1. In addition to recognising its contribution, this case study had the objective of uncovering obstacles and challenges for SDG1.
The search for actions through empirical work has been based on the four strategic lines of action identified in the literature: teaching, research, projection and internal policies. The latter is a way of demonstrating whether the university, beyond the current actions, can build and extrapolate an internal care model according to the bases of SDG1.
This work's first evidence is verifying that the university contributes to SDG1 prior to the UN 2030 agenda [2]. This brings up the actions already developed trying to establish a link with the territory but also the lack of a management framework. Fleacă, et al. [14] and Franco, et al. [26] confirm that although universities play a key role in promoting and leading the 2030 agenda, a good part of the actions carried out are isolated or disconnected. To advance in the measurement of this contribution, it is necessary to include the governance approach.
In 2019, the Public University of Navarre implemented the 2030 Agenda horizon through its Strategic Plan (2019-2023) [62]. This initiative laid the foundations to advance in the contribution to the 17 sustainable development goals. This new Strategic Plan could be the first framework to encompass these actions. As a result, a compilation of the different actions being developed has started, together with discussing possible alliances with NGOs or the participation in regional development networks. Still, there is a long way to go.
The second line of discussion relates to teaching. The results have identified that UPNA contributes to intersectional training in SDG1s from the different knowledge areas through its pilot experience on transversal subjects. Chang & Lien [22] encouraged universities to classify their training and to promote interdisciplinary networks that endorse the SDGs from different areas of knowledge. This is a substantial challenge for all universities, as it requires training teachers and reviewing all study plans. In this sense, the UPNA's experience in transversal competencies is also one of the recommendations indicated by Dlouhá, et al. [28]. Nevertheless, the great challenge will be reviewing all study plans and syllabuses to integrate and evaluate sustainability, as has been done, among others, at the University of Winchester [23,24].
Third, although the impact on research has been very notable, it could be increased if multidisciplinary workspaces are generated, as recommended by other studies. There is still a long way to advance in the generation of knowledge on how to face SDG1 from a multidisciplinary perspective. Universities have the potential to contribute to this from their various disciplines, but it is vital to create spaces and encourage interdisciplinary work, as recommended by Chang & Lien [22].
Regarding its outreach scope, UPNA has demonstrated its leadership capacity to promote alliances targeted at SDG1. In addition, according to Leal Filho et al. [63], this network presence leads and co-creates new innovative formulas that contribute to the 2030 agenda. However, the lack of formal guidelines and the low recognition of these participations reduces their impact. The need for incentives that encourage faculty to enhance the research link to the local territory has also been detected [26].
Finally, the Public University of Navarre has sought to promote the SDG1 by setting an example for other institutions. We have identified financial aid for disadvantaged students and responsible hiring. Also, internet connection support reducing the digital divide, as Letseka and Pitsoe [35] identified in UNISA. Although the former has managed to consolidate, it faces the emergence of new profiles that increasingly require social and psychological support. This is, therefore, an aspect that must be reinforced.
Concerning the sustainable recruiting practice, it is required that responsible purchasing is established as a principle in the university from the policy management in addition to a favourable regulatory framework. In addition to the new clauses, the Public University of Navarre must advance measuring impact indicators, data recording, and disseminating this philosophy. This requires the approach to be incorporated into the strategic policy of the university, overcoming the bureaucracy and establishing it as a guiding principle in university action, same as teaching, research, etc. Governance in universities is complex since a large part of decision-making falls on faculties and departments. It is, therefore, necessary that this approach be permeated in the general service hiring of the university. In this sense, the Public University of Navarre has a long way to implement this philosophy in all faculties and departments. Hence the need to mainstream and implement this principle in the general university practice.
In the same way, perhaps the university's role does not have to be limited only to the contracting of services from these companies. If employment creation in some services is so complex, perhaps the development strategy of these companies can come from other forms of alliances despite the consequent regulations. An example would be the universities endorsement of companies into sectors with the highest demand for employment, such as care, renewable energy or information technologies. In these fields, universities can technically complement these companies for their innovation, professional training or the search for new employment niches. In addition, universities have researchers and personnel training to advise and develop studies on transferring research contracts at no economic cost, end-of-studies projects, etc. These formulas would be a good way also to develop the social commitment of the universities. Therefore, a triple alliance where public administrations hire, universities assist in innovation, and social enterprises create employment can be an excellent formula to increase SDG1 s contribution and transcend the limitations mentioned above. Despite these advances, the Public University of Navarre has a long way to go in implementing this philosophy throughout governance. Hence, the need to mainstream and implement this principle in all university practice is unavoidable [14,26].

Conclusions
This case study carried out at the Public University of Navarre has identified the University's contribution to SDG1 and how to increase its impact.
Concerning teaching, UPNA maintains a high potential for professional training at specific bachelor's and master's levels in this field of poverty. In the same way, the university frequently designs specialised courses for working professionals. Next year, in line with the literature recommendations, UPNA will work to develop crosscutting SDG1 training for all students.
In regards to research, UPNA has a long history of research in the study of poverty and social exclusion in Navarre. As a result, it has participated in designing the different government inclusion plans for the territory. However, the lack of an access framework has been an obstacle to promoting new lines of research that could support SDG1.
Finally, from the outreach field, the university has developed two parallel lines of action. On the one hand, the participation and promotion of networks and alliances, such as the Network to Fight poverty in the region or the consolidation of collaboration agreements with the social and business network. On the other hand, it has not neglected internal action, preventing poor students from abandoning their studies through financial aid and developing a framework of action for responsible contracting services. This last experience is not without obstacles, encouraging the relaunch of other collaboration formulas with companies and entities of the third sector from the field of applied research for SDG1.
These results place the challenges to increase the impact on SDG1 of the Public University of Navarre in the same line as the literature review. The necessity of improving an institutional governance framework that supports, registers and promotes actions aimed at sustainable development. Likewise, UPNA should address each of the objectives from a multidisciplinary perspective, a challenge identified in this case study also in the field of SDG1. Finally, although the design of training towards transversal competencies is recognised, this approach should be incorporated into designing and evaluating all study plans.
Identifying and assessing the above data made it possible to structure all the actions that have contributed to SDG1. This is also happening to other universities, where social responsibility actions are often isolated and disconnected within the institution itself [26]. Nonetheless, the SDG framework is an opportunity to measure this contribution, encourage development and target new development paths. This work has tried to contribute to this.
This journey substantiates the Public University of Navarre as an active agent searching for formulas and public-private partnerships that combat such complex problems as poverty and social exclusion. A recent study comparing the development of inclusion policies in Spain points to this alliance, in which the university has played a central role, as the key to having advanced models in the end of poverty [64].
However, there is still a long way to go. The literature examination demonstrates that the challenges of universities regarding sustainable development objectives are consolidated in a crosscutting way in their teaching, research, university outreach actions and internal policies. In this sense, social commitment and academic excellence must walk together; otherwise, it will not be easy to find a balance that rewards and recognizes the contribution of the different Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 agenda.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.