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Transition to a superconductor with insulating cavities

An extreme type-II superconductor with internal insulating regions, namely cavities, is studied here. We find that the cavity-bearing superconductor has lower energy than the defect-free superconductor above a critical magnetic induction B* for insulating cavities but not for metallic ones. Using a numerical approach for the Ginzburg-Landau theory, we compute and compare free energy densities for several cavity radii and at least for two cavity densities, assuming a cubic lattice of spherical cavities.