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Topics in Medicine and Surgery Avian Analgesia

236 Abstract Avian pain is likely analogous to pain experienced by most mammals. Approach to pain management for the avian patient involves considering the duration, type, and extent of injury along with physical, environmental, and behavioral management. Invasive, painful procedures should always be accompanied by appropriate analgesia and anesthesia. Although pain management in birds is in its infancy, research and clinical studies demonstrate benefit for use of opioids, steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as other analgesics such as 2-agonists, ketamine, and local anesthetics. Ongoing assessment of pain and analgesic efficacy is extremely important, because the dosage and choice of analgesic may vary widely between species. Copyright 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.