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Commentary: Social determinants, social discrimination, social justice, and social responsibility.

important lesson from Michael Marmot. But this lesson also extends to other research fields and other social problems. The challenges linked to climate change, globalization, migration and inequalities more generally, both between and within countries, are complex. Scientific contributions are needed to handle these problems, but those contributions must grasp the complexity of the problems. A key future issue, then, is how we best encourage, support and value such more general and interconnecting research. Science certainly needs people who go into detail and dig deeper, but it also needs people able to bring the pieces together to form a coherent, large picture. In particular, for multidisciplinary fields like social epidemiology, there is an urgent need for both types of research workers. I fear, however, that we are getting more of the former and fewer of the latter. Without those ‘general specialists’, we will face a 10 000-piece jigsaw puzzle without knowing the pattern. Most crucially, we must put enough effort into training and encouraging younger researchers to become ‘general specialists’. Otherwise, where will the next Marmot come from?