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Associating development projects with military operations: Lessons from NATO's first year in BiH

NATO-led forces began enforcement of the General Framework Agreement for Peace (GFAP) on the ground in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) on 20 December 1995 in what was then announced to be a one-year mission. Code-named Joint Endeavour, NATO entitled the multinational effort the Implementation Force, or IFOR. The NATO-led operations were extended in late 1996 and have continued as the Stabilization Force (SFOR). For its year of operations, IFOR principally focused on Annex 1 of the GFAP, which lays out the military missions. Achievement of these tasks, which prevented the outbreak of significant armed violence during IFOR operations, represented the major IFOR achievement. Within this focus on Annex 1, however, IFOR commanders and forces looked almost from the first day to conduct various projects to benefit the local population. In most cases, the civilian benefit derived from activities (typically engineering projects) undertaken to support the military operation such as bridge building and road repairs. These efforts to ensure the ability to move NATO forces and supplies throughout BiH had the corollary benefit of improving the (physical) ability for civilians and commercial trade to move around the region. In some cases, however, IFOR elements undertook projects explicitly to aid the civilian population even though the effort might have had no direct, tangible military purpose. These projects were conducted under national auspices or with other resources, as the IFOR/NATO budget did not include funding for such projects. In each of the divisional sectors, specific programmes existed to provide funding for projects identified by IFOR.