{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04080118694362018, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01483679525222552, 'mean_word_length': 5.282330097087379, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 6, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 3, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Is It a New Approach for Treating Senile Hypertension with Kidney-Tonifying Chinese Herbal Formula? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective. To assess the effect of kidney-tonifying (KT) Chinese herbal formula for senile hypertension (SH). Methods. A total of five databases (CENTRAL, Pubmed, CBM, CNKI, and VIP) were searched for published and unpublished randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to November 30th, 2013. We included RCTs that confoundedly addressed the effect of KT formula in the treatment of SH. Results. Six studies involving 527 people were included. There was no evidence that KT formula alone had superior effects to antihypertensive drugs in systolic blood pressure (MD: −3.70 (−11.47, 4.07); P = 0.35) and diastolic blood pressure (MD: −3.00 (−7.26, −1.26); P = 0.17). However, there was evidence that KT formula combined with antihypertensive drugs was a better treatment option than antihypertensive drugs alone in systolic blood pressure (WMD: −8.69 (−12.35, −5.02); P < 0.00001) but no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure (WMD: −1.32 (−7.93, −5.30); P = 0.7). In addition, after several weeks of treatment, the level of blood lipid, endothelin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Compared with antihypertensive drugs alone, KT formula combined with antihypertensive drugs may provide more benefits for patients with SH. The large-scale high-quality trials are warranted in future.


Introduction
Senile hypertension (SH), a common cardiovascular disease among senile people, refers to the condition in patients over 60 years old who have a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥12 kPa (90 mmHg) and a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥18.6 kPa (140 mmHg) or only have isolated systolic hypertension. As the average age increases in China, SH incidence is rising yearly and up to 75% among people over 60 [1]. Among the old people, high blood pressure (BP) has been proved to directly increase cardiovascular risk about three or four times [2]. Increased SBP has been recommended to be the major criterion for diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic management of SH [3,4]. Several lines of strong evidence support the initiative to emphasize SBP. From the perspectives of pathology, the prevalence of cardiac and vascular disease is associated with aging, increased stiffness of large arteries, increased SBP, and increased pulse pressure frequently [5]. From the perspectives of epidemiology, isolated systolic hypertension is the most common form of hypertension and is present in approximately two-thirds of hypertensive individuals > 60 years of age [6]. From the perspectives of diagnosis, classification and staging of hypertension are more precise when systolic rather than diastolic BP is used as the principal criterion [7]. Preventing the complications of hypertension, including stroke, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and kidney failure, may potentially impact not only an individual's functional status but also their ability to live independently in the community [8]. Despite the increased absolute risk for cardiovascular events associated with hypertension in the elderly, significant numbers of individuals remain untreated or inadequately treated [9]. Clinical benefits of treatment of isolated systolic hypertension include reductions in stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, kidney failure, and overall cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. For treatment, because the course of illness is long and accompanied with various degrees of visceral lesions of the heart, brain, and kidney, it has been proved by clinical experience that the blood pressure cannot be made to decrease too fast nor 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine decrease too slow so as to prevent the severe complications which may happen after a long-term high blood pressure [10].
To treat senile hypertension, most patients need combination therapy, which means to take at least two or three drugs for achieving target BP every day and night. In addition to small dosage of such antihypertensive drugs as captopril (12.5 mg), nifedipine (10 mg), and atenolol (12.5 mg), Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) can be prescribed based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) differentiation of the syndromes for lowering BP, improving the blood supply of the target organs, and relieving the clinical symptoms. With the increasing prevalence of hypertension, there is a growing tendency for patients, especially for senile patients, to turn to CHM [11,12]. Several TCM clinical and experimental studies, including a substantial number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), have shown that CHM is effective and safe for the treatment of hypertension [13,14]. One of the most important reasons for CHM to treat senile hypertension and reduce its complications is that TCM characterizes treatment by syndrome differentiation [15]. According to theory of The Yellow Emperor' s Inner Classic (Huáng Dì Nèi Jīng), the kidneydeficiency (includes kidney-qi deficiency, kidney-yin deficiency, and kidney-yang deficiency) begins to occur on the elderly and leads to some symptoms such as tinnitus, lumbago, and dizziness. The common ingredients of the prescription for kidney-deficiency include Lu Rong (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), Yin Yang Huo (Herba Epimedii), and Tu Si Zi (Semen Cuscutae) for tonifying kidney-yang.
Although treating senile hypertension with kidneytonifying (KT) Chinese herbal formula had experienced hundreds of years and seems to have good effects in clinical practice, the evidence examining the efficacy of KT formula for senile hypertension has never been systematically summarized. Thus, we performed this systematic review to critically assess the effect and safety of KT formula for the treatment of senile hypertension.

Eligibility Criteria.
We included randomized controlled trials that compared KT formula with placebo or antihypertensive drugs in old patients (age > 60) with essential hypertension (DBP ≥ 90 mmHg and SBP ≥ 140 mmHg) or these only have isolated systolic hypertension. The eligible comparisons include (i) KT formula versus any current antihypertensive medications; (ii) KT formula plus any current antihypertensive medications for senile hypertension versus antihypertensive medications alone; (iii) KT formula versus placebo.
Our prespecified primary outcome is all-cause mortality, and secondary outcomes include blood pressure (BP), the level of blood lipids (BL), endothelin (ET), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and adverse events. The English searching terms were used individually or combined including "senile hypertension", "Kidney-tonifying", "Chinese herbal formula", "randomized controlled trial", "controlled clinical trial", "randomly", "trial", "randomised", and "randomized". The Chinese searching terms were used individually or combined including those for the generic name of senile hypertension "Lao nian xing gao xue ya", kidney-tonifying "Bu shen", and randomized "sui ji". No language restriction was applied. The detailed search strategy of each database is available as supporting information.
We also searched unpublished postgraduate theses in Chinese databases. The reference lists of all relevant papers found electronically were hand-searched. Meanwhile, experts in this field and relevant pharmaceutical companies were contacted for additional references or unpublished studies.

Data Collection.
Two reviewers (X. Xiong and X. Yang) independently screened the titles, abstracts, and key words of each searched article for potentially eligible studies. The full-text articles were retrieved for further assessment if the information given suggests that the study (1) included old patients with essential hypertension, (2) compared KT formula with western medication in the presence or absence of cointerventions in both groups, (3) assessed one or more relevant clinical outcome measure such as morality and BP, and (4) used random allocation. The extracted information included study population; participant demographics and baseline characteristics; details of the intervention and control conditions; study methodology; outcome measures and main results. Any discrepancies were identified and resolved through discussion with a third author (J. Wang) if necessary.

Risk of Bias (Methodological Quality) Assessment.
Two reviewers (X. Xiong and X. Yang) independently assessed the risk of bias for each trial according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.1.0 [22]. The following items were assessed: random sequence generation (selection bias), allocation concealment (selection bias), blinding (performance bias and detection bias), incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), and selective outcome reporting (reporting bias). Based on Cochrane handbook, the risk of bias was categorized as low/unclear/high risk of bias. Trials which met all criteria were judged as having a low risk of bias, trials which met none of the criteria were judged as having a high risk of bias, and trials with insufficient information to judge were classified as unclear risk of bias. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer (J. Wang) when necessary.

Data Analysis.
We performed meta-analyses using RevMan 5.1 software provided by Cochrane Collaboration for Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3 data analyses. Dichotomous data were expressed as risk ratio (RR) for binary outcomes and mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes, with their 95% confidence intervals (CI), respectively. If required data were not reported, we requested data from corresponding author. We used fixed effects model unless there was evidence of heterogeneity. The statistical heterogeneity was examined with the 2 -test, where 2 values of 50% or more were considered to be indicator of a substantial heterogeneity. In the absence of significant heterogeneity, we pooled data using a fixed-effect model ( 2 < 50%); otherwise we used random effects model ( 2 > 50%) [22].

Result
A total of six trials [16][17][18][19][20][21], involving 527 participants with senile hypertension, were included in meta-analysis (see Table 1 and Figure 1). All 6 trials were conducted in China. The treatment duration ranged from 2 to 24 weeks. One trial [17] compared KT formula versus captopril. The other 5 trials compared KT formula plus western medications versus western medications alone. There was one placebo controlled study [16]. Only one trial [16] mentioned outcome measure of mortality and adverse events. All trials reported decreasing of BP. The compositions of different KT prescription were presented in Table 2.
Methodologically, all studies were at high risk of bias (see Table 3). One trial [16] described the method of randomization in detail, and the method was also appropriate. All the other studies did not report information on the allocation concealment. None were double blinded. The follow-up was recorded in one study [16]. No studies conducted intentionto-treat analysis.

Primary Outcomes.
No trial adopted mortality as primary outcome. There was no report of the incidence of any heart event (e.g., acute myocardial infraction, severity arrhythmia, heart failure, and revascularization).

Other Outcomes (BL, ET, BUN, and Cr).
Two trials [16,17] showed that after treatment, the level of blood lipid (BL) decreased significantly ( < 0.05) in KT formula group. Two trials [18][19][20] showed that after 2-8 weeks of treatment, the level of endothelin (ET) decreased significantly ( < 0.01) in KT formula group plus western medications group compared to western medications group. Furthermore, two trials [20,21] showed that after 8 weeks of treatment, the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) decreased significantly ( < 0.05) in KT formula group plus western medications group compared to western medications group.

Adverse Effect.
Only one trial mentioned the adverse effect in two groups such as palpitation, dizziness, and sleep [16]. These adverse effects disappeared after continuing to take medicine. The other five trials [17][18][19][20][21] reported no side effect in the KT formula group compared to antihypertensive drugs.

Discussion
In recent years, systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analysis of CHM for treating hypertension have been conducted increasingly [23,24]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs for KT formula in treating senile hypertension. Our results showed that KT formula may be good to lower BP, especially for SBP.
Based on the findings of meta-analyses, the preparation of KT formula used alone or combined with antihypertensive drugs may have some beneficial effects on the level of BL, ET, BUN, and Cr in old patients with essential hypertension. However, there were also some limitations of this review, which obstruct us to draw definite conclusion. The most significant limitation is that all trials are at high risk of bias, which makes the findings less compelling. Except Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5    Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine for one trial [16], none of the other trials reported the method of randomization, they only mentioned that "patients were randomized into two groups", with no detailed information of randomization generation. Meanwhile, all trials claimed randomization, but they failed to provide enough information to judge whether the randomization procedures had been carried out properly. Only one placebo control was used [16], but none of the trials was of double-blind. In addition, no multicenter, large-scale RCTs were identified, and no dropouts and withdrawals were described. All the included trials used BP as outcome measure, but only half of the included trials evaluated the effectiveness with numerical values, which made the strengthening of evidence weak. It is recommended that future researchers should follow the basic guidelines for reporting clinical trials such as the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement. Several professional databases have been searched up to November 2013 including the Cochrane library, PubMed, CBM, CNKI, and VIP. After searching these databases, we found that all included trials were conducted and published in Chinese. The number of included trials is too small to conduct funnel plot analysis. So, the possibility of publication bias of KT formula for SH is unclear. In addition, there may be a limitation of missing some trials since we cannot search pertinent English databases like EMBASE.
Though none of the included trials reported severe adverse events possibly related to KT formula, we cannot draw firm conclusions about the safety of KT formula since seven trials did not report information on safety. The duration of treatment in most trials was 2 weeks or 8 weeks, so the potential toxin effect of KT formula for treatment of SH might only result from symptomatic changes (such as palpitation, dizziness, and sleep) and short treatment duration. The liver and kidney toxicity of Chinese medicines had drawn increasing attention to the concern of safety [25,26]. We recommend that further researchers should focus on the monitoring and reporting of adverse events and long-term safety by designing a longer duration of treatment and a long-term follow-up including health-related quality of life [27,28].

Conclusions
Our review suggested that compared with antihypertensive medications alone, KT combined with western medications was of more benefits for patients with SH. However, considering the strength of the evidence, more rigorously designed, randomized double-blind placebo controlled trials are required for assessing the effects of KT formula before recommended routinely. Nevertheless, some aspects must be specially considered in future including methodological improvement, adverse effects, and reporting clinically outcomes from long-term follow-up. All of this needs more welldesigned, long-tern clinical trials.