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Phase Variation and ‘Off-Season’ Survival of the African Armyworm, Spodoptera Exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The existence of phase variation in S. exempta has long been known and the possible significance of the phenomenon in terms of the insect’s life-system has been discussed previously (ROSE, 1979). Present studies carried out on a comparative basis have shown meaningful differences in many attributes of solitary- and gregarious-phase caterpillars.The solitary-phase caterpillars take longer to develop, possess more protein fractions and higher levels of juvenile hormone in the haemolymph of sixth instars, and their pupae consume more oxygen compared to the gregarious ones. It is suggested that the solitary form of larvae is the normal type for the species, while the gregarious form is able to make maximum use of resources during some parts of the year.