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A robust steganography-based software watermarking

Software watermarking is widely used to protect intellectual property owners of software from piracy. However, existing proposed schemes have shortcomings such that the watermarks can be defeated by semantics-preserving code transformations such as code optimizations, code obfuscations; Moreover, the marks consist of complicated codes, so it can be difficult to combine them with existing program codes. In order to solve these problems, we present a novel software watermarking scheme based on steganography and the Chinese remainder theorem. The watermark is embedded into a program in the form of steganography using a calling convention, so our scheme neither depends on program codes nor increases program size. It also provides an error-correction based on the Chinese remainder theorem in the event that the parts of the watermark are compromised by a wide array of attacks.