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Deployment of the Ophthalmic and Facial Angiosomes in the Upper Nose Overlaying the Nasal Bones.

BACKGROUND
Nasal filler placement is associated with a high risk of blindness. The arterial supply to the upper nose overlaying the nasal bones is poorly understood.


OBJECTIVES
This study attempts to visualize and analyze the deployment of the ophthalmic and facial angiosomes in the upper nose and help prevent blindness in nasal filler injections.


METHODS
The arterial systems of 62 cadaveric heads were filled with lead oxide contrast, and computed tomography (CT) images were acquired and reconstructed in three-dimensions.


RESULTS
Twenty-six of the cadaveric noses examined demonstrated clear CT images for the facial and ophthalmic angiosomes in the upper nose. The Type 1 upper nose (15.4 percent) is supplied by two independent ophthalmic angiosomes that communicate indirectly through choke anastomosis. The Type 2 upper nose (38.5 percent) is supplied by two ophthalmic angiosomes with true anastomosis between them. The Type 3 upper nose (46.1 percent) is supplied by both ophthalmic and facial angiosomes with true anastomoses across the dorsal midline. These true anastomoses are mediated by the radix arcade in 46 percent of the noses and involve the dorsal nasal artery in 65 percent of the cases. The anastomoses all cross the upper dorsal midline and are directly linked to the ophthalmic angiosome.


CONCLUSIONS
The deployment and anastomosis of the facial and ophthalmic angiosomes in the upper nose fall into three major patterns. About 85 percent of the noses have true anastomotic arteries that cross the upper dorsal midline and are directly linked to the ophthalmic circulation. Dorsum filler injection poses a significant risk of blindness.