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Association between serum midkine levels and tumor size in Indonesian hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: The incidence of liver cancer is increased worldwide with 75%–85% diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current practice has low sensitivity limitations to diagnose the early stages of HCC, thus urging the need for a biomarker with higher sensitivity to detect HCC, specifically in the early stage. This study aimed to determine the association between midkine levels and progressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), according to tumor size, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), and presence of portal venous thrombosis. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 100 patients in Adam Malik General Hospital diagnosed with HCC, collected with a consecutive sampling method, whose diagnoses were confirmed by findings of hypervascular on arterial phase imaging and portal vein or delayed phase washout triple-phase CT Scan. Samples are later categorized according to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages, tumor size, and presence of portal venous thrombosis. Blood samples were drawn to measure serum midkine using ELISA. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to determine the difference of midkine levels based on tumor size, BCLC staging, and presence of portal venous thrombosis. Results: Serum midkine level shows a significant difference over tumor size (p=0.014), no significant difference found compared to BCLC stages and presence of portal venous thrombosis. Conclusion: Serum midkine levels are associated with the tumor size of HCC, thus helping physicians determine treatment plans.