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Removal of natural organic matter and emerging contaminants from groundwater using ozonation and GAC filtration

This work presents results from a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant
 used to investigate the performance of ozone oxidation and granulated
 activated carbon (GAC) adsorption in removing natural organic matter (NOM)
 and specific organic micropollutants from groundwater. The investigated
 groundwater has a relatively low NOM content (1.83?1.01 mg C/L total organic
 carbon, TOC). Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) screening
 analysis, a variety of different organic compounds were identified,
 including benzophenone, 2-phenoxyethanol, butylated hydroxytoluene and
 benzoic acid, all contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) identified by
 NORMAN. The application of the ozonation process resulted in a 4-20% NOM
 reduction, based on the TOC values. Estimated removal of CECs by ozone
 increased with increasing ozone dose (up to 1.0 g O3/m3) and was in the
 range 24-70%. Adsorption on GAC further improves total NOM and CECs removal
 compared to the ozonation alone. Combined use of ozone and GAC provides up
 to 16-33% TOC reduction as well as 70-82% CECs removal. UV absorbance values
 at 254 nm can serve as an indicator of aromatic carbon content in water, and
 were significantly reduced after ozonation and GAC filtration (by up to
 50%). Among the CECs investigated, benzophenone was the most prone to
 oxidation/adsorption treatment. In addition to the naturally present organic
 matter, CECs detected can serve as indicators of anthropogenic pollution
 which may alter drinking water quality. Tracking their behaviour during
 treatment allows assessment of the efficiency of the technological line and
 optimization of the oxidation process in the case of groundwater pollution
 by infiltration.