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Introduction: Standards in the History of Contemporary Science

Standards have played a major role in the history and development of science, to such a degree that an essential dimension of the history of science and technology can be reconstructed at both epistemological and institutional levels through the study of the formulation and refinement of standards and the process of standardization.1 The exacting and systematic definition of standards is a solid indicator of the robustness of scientific fields and disciplines. By following the paths of their successive definitions, one can even reveal the history of essential epistemic values and virtues, such as precision or simplicity. Standards are used to refine concepts and to build new experimental practices that in turn foster the development of more robust standards