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Review: Polish Politics and Society

The core of the study focuses on the twists and turns in the deteriorating relationship between Polska Partia Socjalno-Demokratyczyna and the Ukrainska Sotsialnodemokratychna Partiia as national issues began to overshadow social concerns. Jobst places the growing strains within the context of the problems faced by social democracy in the multinational Habsburg empire in general and especially emphasizes the impact of the split among Czech-German social democrats on the developments in Galicia. She demonstrates how and why the initial agreement between Polish and Ukrainian social democrats (whereby the former were to concentrate on urban elements while the latter focused their efforts on the rural work force), eventually broke down, despite their successful cooperation during the strikes of 1902. Breaking new ground, Jobst examines the impact of the Russian revolution of 1905 on the Galician socialists, especially on their growing links with the Polish and Ukrainian socialists in the Russian empire. Ironically, the closer Ukrainian and Polish socialists drew to their conationals on the other side of the border, the further apart they grew at home. A defining moment in the growing estrangement came in 1908 when Polish socialists refused to nominate a committed Ukrainian socialist and proponent of Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, Mykola Hankevych, to run in the parliamentary elections in L'viv. As the possibility of a major conflict arose, and with it, of Polish and even Ukrainian independence, issues of future borders and other controversial matters demolished what little ideological solidarity was left among Galicia's social democrats. Jobst's careful, objective, and detailed examination of how, step by step, issue by issue, the national overshadowed the social is an important contribution to our understanding of the relationship between socialism and nationalism. It also casts additional light on the nature of the Polish-Ukrainian confrontation in the pre-1914 period and especially how former socialist colleagues and allies turned into bitter opponents and participants in one of Europe's most emotional national conflicts.