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No victory in war: Assessing the outcomes of war considering political goals and the balance of forces

Abstract This article uses thought-experiments grounded on Clausewitz’s theory of war to (1) explain the limitations and dispel the confusion that stems from transposing “victory" from the outcome of battle (which admits zero-sum results) to the outcomes of war (which largely do not), and (2) to propose criteria for the substantive assessment of the outcomes of the political use of war, gauging the extent, cost, and implications of political goals gained, approximated or leveraged, and the result and effects of the use and expenditure of force to the resulting balance of forces among belligerents and in the broader political environment.