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Why Methods Matter in the Study of the Biological Basis of the Mind : A Behavioral Neurologist ’ s Perspective

Six years ago I edited a book entitled Neurological Foundations of Cognitive Neuroscience (D’Esposito, 2002), in which each chapter was written by a behavioral neurologist who also “practiced” cognitive neuroscience, and highlighted the interface between the study of patients with cognitive deficits and the study of cognition in normal individuals. Each chapter began with a description of a case report, often a patient seen by the author, and described the symptoms seen in this patient, laying the foundation for the cognitive processes to be explored. After a clinical description, the authors provided a historical background about what we have learned about these particular neurobehavioral syndromes through clinical observation and neuropsychological investigation. Each chapter also explored investigations using a variety of methods—electrophysiological recording in awake-behaving monkeys, behavioral studies of normal healthy individuals, event-related potentials, and functional neuroimaging of both normal individuals and neurological patients—all aimed at understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the cognitive functions perturbed in each particular clinical syndrome. After completion of this book, I was convinced that the collection of chapters presented—although not intended to be all-encompassing—had captured the essence of cognitive neuroscience, a discipline aimed at studying the biological basis of the mind. The idea for the book was launched at a MIT Press booth at the annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society after one of the book editors asked me about my professional and research background. I told him I was a behavioral neurologist interested in understanding the relationship between the brain and behavior. As I talked, I could tell that he was perplexed about something, and when I finished he asked