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Incentives for intergroup tolerance and association: A call for increased attention in evolutionary anthropological research

Primate individuals use a variety of strategies in intergroup encounters, from aggression to tolerance; however, recent focus on the evolution of either warfare or peace has come at the cost of characterizing this variability. We identify evolutionary advantages that may incentivize tolerance toward extra-group individuals in humans and non-human primates, including enhanced benefits in the domains of transfer and mating, food acquisition, inclusive fitness, and repeated interactions with an extra-group member. We highlight the role these factors play in the plasticity of gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo behavior. Humans have an especially broad range of plastic intergroup behavior. We explore how the human foraging ecology, especially large geographic and temporal fluctuations in resource availability, may have selected for a greater reliance on between-community relationships – relationships reinforced by status acquisition and cultural institutions. We conclude by urging careful, theoretically-motivated study of behavioral flexibility in intergroup encounters in humans, gorillas, and bonobos.