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Field and laboratory evidence for multiple bloodfeeding by Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)

As in other haematophagous Diptera, bloodfeeding of sandflies (Phlebotominae) is important for the maturation of eggs. For many species, including Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva), it has been established that the number of eggs matured by a female is proportional to the weight of the bloodmeal imbibed and the blood source (Ready, 1979). Although most sandflies are gonotrophically concordant, some species take multiple bloodmeals during a single gonotrophic cycle. This behaviour, reported in P.papatusi (Scopoli) by Adler & Theodor (1935), is thought to enhance transmission of leishmaniasis (Killick-Kendrick, 1979). In some instances, the term 'multiple bloodfeeding' has been misused to describe bloodfeeding between gonotrophic cycles, e.g. Buescher et al. (1984). In this paper we provide, for the first time, field and laboratory evidence that Lu.1ongipalpis take multiple bloodmeals during a single gonotrophic cycle. The Lu. longipalpis sandflies used in our laboratory study originated from females collected in Jacobina, Salvador, Brazil, and were colonized using the methods described by Modi & Tesh (1983). Two laboratory experiments were carried out. In the first experiment thirty to forty 4-day-old virgin females of Lu. longipalpis were fed on an anaesthetized hamster. Twenty fully engorged females were placed in a 20cm3 cage, maintained on saturated sucrose solution at 27"C, 80% r.h., and 12:12 L:D photoperiod, and then presented with an anaesthetized hamster for 30min, either 24h or 48h after the inital bloodmeal. The numbers which took a second bloodmeal and those which refused to re-feed were counted. The experiment was repeated six times. In the second experiment, three batches of forty, fifty and eighty fully bloodfed females, maintained separately, as described above, were offered a second bloodmeal on anaesthetized hamsters, 4