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Update and challenges in CO2-based polycarbonate synthesis.

The copolymerization of CO 2 /EP offers an efficient approach to sustainable polycarbonates and has accordingly drawn a great deal of attention in recent decades. Industrial scale processes have been applied for these copolymerisations as a result of better catalysts enabling the process to become more economically viable. In turn, this could facilitate the production of a diverse array of polycarbonates with tuneable thermomechanical properties under increasingly mild conditions. Nevertheless, the current portfolio of non-degradable plastics still remains comparatively inexpensive, but environmental concerns associated with their irresponsible use are drastically increasing. Therefore, it is imperative to continue the development of more sustainable polymers (those from renewable sources and/or possessing biodegradability) and lower the cost of such materials. As it stands, renewable plastics from bio-based monomers and CO 2 are poised to compete with petroleum-derived products. For example, poly (limonene carbonate) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) (a monomer from biomass waste/CO 2 ) have led to various methodologies of CO 2 utilisation and shown great promise as robust plastics. The issue of replacing petroleum commodity plastics remains a great challenge for the chemistry community, but producing polycarbonates from CO 2 , and sustainable polymers in general, are still nascent and further improvements will certainly be gained from more efficient organometallic catalysts and the maturation of organocatalysts. Organocatalyzed methods could provide a breakthrough and further drive the production price down while offering an even greener approach. Although both metal- and organic-based catalysts present several respective advantages and viable options for CO 2 -based polymer synthesis, overcoming the sensitivity against contamination ( e.g. oxygen, moisture), and using air as a CO 2 resource, could allow CO 2 -based fabrication to be carried out on a global industrial scale.