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The Making of a Modern Feminist Vanguard, 1964–1973: Southern Women Whose Leadership Shaped the Movement and the Nation—A Synthetic Analysis

In the spring of 1964, women in the Atlanta, Georgia, headquarters of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) struck in protest of sexist job assignments and sexual harassment. SNCC staffer Ruby Doris Smith Robinson led the strike, and the women even sat-in. “‘All of the women, every woman did absolutely nothing. They didn’t speak; they didn’t type any letters; they didn’t answer any phones,’” SNCC coworker Stanley Wise later told historian Cynthia Griggs Fleming. Instead, they “‘issued a memorandum of agreements’” that described “‘the kinds of activities that women would no longer tolerate in the organization.’” Robinson, then in her early twenties, was credited as the organizer of and negotiator for the women. As striker Bobbi Yancy recalled, Robinson “‘was the figure [men] clearly backed off [from]. And that certainly gave other women courage.’” This women’s strike was a pivotal early application of labor and black civil rights strategies to the fight for women’s equality. It was a lesson Robinson borrowed fromher first collective sit-in experience in 1960, as the black student sit-in movement spread like wildfire from Greensboro, North Carolina, throughout the South. The SNCC women’s sit-in strike set off a