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The written English of second-generation West Indians

A number of researchers in recent years have found that Caribbean creole continues to influence the English of children born in this country to West Indian parents, both in that such children may have more difficulty in understanding the sounds, grammatical structure and words of Standard British English (Edwards 1976, 1978, Anderson 1979); and also that the child’s own production of English exhibits nonstandard features of pronunciation, grammar and lexis which seem to be of creole origin and to differ from the indigenous nonstandard dialect of the region in which the child has been brought up (Sutcliffe 1977; Baker 1976). All these studies concentrate on the spoken, rather than the written, medium of language. The primacy of speech above writing has been emphasized and re-emphasized