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The value of long‐term protocol biopsies after kidney transplantation

Protocol biopsies for the detection and treatment of subclinical rejection in the early period after kidney transplantation are useful for preventing allograft dysfunction. However, little has been reported on the relationship between subclinical rejection and long‐term protocol biopsies. In this review, we examine the potential benefits associated with long‐term allograft biopsies focusing on the issue of immunological and non‐immunological factors.