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Profiling of the viable bacterial and fungal microbiota in fermented feeds using single molecule real-time sequencing.

Fermented concentrated feed has been widely recognized as ideal feed in the animal industry. In this study, we used a powerful method, coupling propidium monoazide (PMA) pre-treatment with single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to compare the bacterial and fungal composition of feeds before and after fermentation with four added lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants (one Lactobacillus casei strain and three L. plantarum strains). Five feed samples consisting of corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran were fermented with LAB additives for 3 days. Following anaerobic fermentation, the pH rapidly decreased, and the mean numbers of LAB increased from 106 to 109 colony forming units/g fresh matter. SMRT sequencing results showed that the abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the feed were significantly higher before fermentation than after fermentation. Fifteen bacterial species and eight fungal genera were significantly altered following fermentation, and L. plantarum was the dominant species (relative abundance 88.94%) in the post-fermentation group. PMA treatment revealed that the bacteria Bacillus cereus, B. circulans, Alkaliphilus oremlandii, Cronobacter sakazakii, Paenibacillus barcinonensis, and P. amylolyticus (relative abundance >1%) were viable in raw feed. After fermentation, their relative abundances decreased sharply to < 0.2%; however, viable L. plantarum was still the dominant species post-fermentation. We inferred that our LAB additives grew rapidly and inhibited harmful microorganisms and further improved feed quality. In addition, coupling PMA treatment with the Pacific Biosciences SMRT sequencing technology was a powerful tool for providing accurate live microbiota profiling data in this study.