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Biomass yield and phosphorus availability to wheat grown on high phosphorus soils amended with phosphate inactivating residues. III. Fluidized bed coal combustion ash

The high phosphorus (P) soils in the poultry producing areas of Maryland's Eastern Shore pose an environmental risk to surface and ground water. Amendments with calcium (Ca) salts and calcium-rich byproducts have been considered in management practices for reducing P solubility in soil solution. A growth chamber experiment was conducted using fluidized bed coal ash (BA) at increasing rates on Matapeake, Evesboro, and Woodstown soils that had received poultry litter for over 30 years which increased Mehlich 3-phosphorus (M3-P) to levels above 800 mg kg−1. The objectives of the study were to 1) determine the effects of BA on plant dry biomass yield (BM), wheat tissue P and Mn levels, and 2) examine pH, extractable P and Mn concentrations in the BA treated soils following three cropping cycles. BA was incorporated into each soil at rates of 0, 10, 25, and 50 g kg−1 soil followed by incubation for seven weeks. Three crops of “Grandin” wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in succession. Biomass yield (BM) was significantly reduced with BA additions for the three soils. Plant P concentrations were progressively lowered with increased rates of BA for all BA additions for all three soils. Plant Mn levels were substantially reduced with additions of BA in response to the large increase in pH for all soils. Soil pH values increased from 5.0±0.2 in the control soils to >10.2 at the 50 g kg−1 rate, and decreased during cropping cycles. Both water soluble P (WSP) and M3-P concentrations were significantly decreased upon addition of BA in all soils. Although WSP concentrations showed higher correlations with plant P concentration than M3-P levels, in terms of P sequestration in soils, WSP amounts were reduced by an average of 27 mg kg−1 and 33 mg kg−1 at addition of 10 g kg−1 and 50 g kg−1 while M3-P quantities were reduced by approximately 130 mg kg−1 and 500 mg kg−1, respectively, when averaged over soil and cycles. The large increase in soil pH, which reduced P in wheat at the 10 g kg−1 BA, would suggest that this material may not be suitable for field application to sequester P in high P soils.