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Contesting Colonial Categories in the Maghreb

In August 1931, Sultan Mohamed ben Youssef of Morocco visited the International Colonial Exposition in Paris alongside Mar echal Hubert Lyautey, France’s first resident general in Morocco. Celebrating France’s “civilizing” mission, the Exposition presented justifications for various French colonial projects. Whereas the Algerian pavilion showcased the assimilationist logic of settler colonialism and direct rule, the Moroccan pavilion honored the protectionist claims of indirect rule through a partnership with the sultan, who remained Morocco’s nominal sovereign. In Making Morocco, Jonathan Wyrtzen treats the Exposition as a window into the logics of legitimation and legibility in the French protectorate of Morocco. He then draws on an extensive archive, including previously neglected oral sources, to analyze how these logics shaped contestations over identity formation in Morocco throughout the first half of the 20th century. Making Morocco is an insightful, beautifully-written, original contribution to the sociology of colonialism and empire that embodies the best of historical and cultural sociology. It exemplifies the emerging field that Julian Go calls “post-colonial sociology.” According to Go, this field is defined by studies that analyze the entanglements of culture and power, deconstruct the tropes of “tradition” and “modernity,” and reject Eurocentric bias in the production of knowledge. All three of these dimensions are central to Wyrtzen’s work. Bringing Bourdieu back to North Africa, Wyrtzen analyzes the emergence of a “new colonial political field” within the French and Spanish protectorates of Morocco. His field analysis emphasizes three dimensions: the space/territory of the field, the organizing logics of the field, and contestations within the field. The French and Spanish protectorates were established in 1912 through treaties imposed on the Moroccan sultan. While the treaties created the basis for a new colonial political field, the space of the field was produced through military conquest—or “total pacification”—in the Atlas and Rif mountain regions. For Wyrtzen, these conquests