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Increasing Levels of Leukocyte-Derived Inflammatory Mediators in Plasma and cAMP in Platelets during Follow-Up after Acute Cerebral Ischemia

Inflammatory mediators secreted by activated leukocytes play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. They may also affect the production of vasodilatory and platelet antiaggregatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) from the vascular endothelium. Production of NO and PGI2, the effecs of which are mediated by cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), respectively, is disturbed in atherosclerosis, whereas increased NO levels have been found in acute cerebral ischemia. To investigate leukocyte activation and its possible influence upon endothelial function in cerebral ischemia we measured plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor protein-1 (sTNFR-1) by ELISA, and intraplatelet cAMP and cGMP by radioimmunoassay in 59 patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (mean age 71 years, 27 males) and after a 1-year follow-up in 57/59 (97%) patients. NGAL (152 ± 58 vs. 126 ± 48 µg/l), sTNFR-1 (3.50 ± 2.2 vs. 2.59 ± 1.31 µg/l), and cAMP (5.12 ± 1.71 vs. 4.06 ± 0.92 pmol/109 platelets) were higher (p < 0.001) after follow-up than in acute cerebral ischemia. At follow-up sTNFR-1 and cGMP partially correlated (r = 0.31; p < 0.05), controlling for age and platelet count. In conclusion, plasma NGAL and sTNFR-1 and intraplatelet AMP increase after acute cerebral ischemia, indicating chronic inflammatory activity and endothelial activation. Plasma sTNFR-1 levels are related to intraplatelet cGMP levels.