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Healthy Gut, Healthy Brain: The Gut Microbiome in Neurodegenerative Disorders.

The central nervous system (CNS) known to regulate the physiological conditions of human body, also itself gets dynamically regulated by both the physiological as well as pathological conditions of the body. These conditions get changed quite often, and often involve changes introduced into the gut microbiota which, as studies are revealing, directly modulate the CNS via a cross-talk. This cross-talk between the gut microbiota and CNS, i.e., the gut-brain axis (GBA), plays a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) [1,2], Alzheimer's disease (AD) [3-5], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [6], multiple sclerosis (MS) [7] and Huntington's disease (HD). There are several reports which claimed that gut microbiota has a strong correlation with the progression of these diseases. Microbial toxins, protein aggregates, inflammatory cytokines and many other constituents produced and secreted by gut microbiota play a major role in the advancement of these neurodegenerative diseases through the GBA by increasing permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB), deposition of the misfolded proteins, and sometimes by misregulation of the neurotransmitters [8,9]. In this review, we have summarized the present understanding of the role played by the gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders and emphasized the probable therapeutic approaches being explored to treat them. In the first part, we introduce the GBA and its relevance, followed by the changes occurring in the GBA during neurodegenerative disorders and then further discuss its role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Finally, we conclude by discussing its applications in possible therapeutics of these diseases and the current research improvements being made to better investigate this interaction.