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Chronic Renal Failure. Initial Assessment, Diagnosis and Therapy

Prerenal Causes The prerenal causes of renal failure result from insufficient perfusion of the kidneys (table 1). This may be caused by a decreased (effective) circulating blood volume, or renal artery disease. An absolute decrease in blood volume will be present in case of blood loss, as can be seen in trauma or gastrointestinal bleeding, and dehydration, for instance due to diarrhea, severe burns, hyperglycemia or overuse of diuretics. Apart from the symptoms due to the cause of this type of renal failure, thirst and dizziness due to postural hypotension are usually present. P.M. ter Wee Department of Nephrology, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands