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Notes on the genus Xantholinus Dejean , 1821 ( Coleoptera : Staphylinidae , Staphylininae , Xantholinini ) from the western Palearctic Region

The genus Xantholinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Xantholinini) contains 105 species in the western Palearctic region. In the present study, new and additional distribution data for 22 species of the genus Xantholinus are reported from various countries of the western Palearctic Region. The material examined was collected between 1898 and 2017; and contained types and additional specimens mostly in European museums. Among them, five species are the first country records: Azerbaijan (1), Armenia (1), Bosnia Herzegovina (1), Iraq (2), Jordan (1) and Macedonia (2). The original specimens of Xantholinus araxis Reitter, 1898 have been studied, the lectotype designated, the species redescribed and illustrated. Besides, the type specimens of Xantholinus phenicius Coiffait, 1971 (syn of Xantholinus rufipennis Erichson, 1839), Xantholinus kirschenblati Bordoni, 1975, Xantholinus fageli Coiffait, 1971 and Xantholinus gridellii carius Coiffait, 1972 (syn of Xantholinus varnensis Coiffait, 1972) are illustrated.


Introduction
The genus Xantholinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Xantholinini) is divided into 14 subgenera (Schülke & Smetana, 2015). Xantholinus contains 105 species, with three species as incertae sedis and one species as nomen dubium in the western Palearctic region (Schülke & Smetana, 2015;Assing, 2017). The main center of diversity of the genus is in the Mediterranean countries and adjacent regions, especially in Anatolia with 38 species, Italy with 26 species, Caucasus with 20 species, Spain with 15 species and Greece with 12 species.
Members of the genus can be seen in many habitats, but most often in plant matter, under stones or bark, in grasslands, on flowers and in leaf litter. They are free-living and most probably predators of small insects and mites.
The present study is the result of the examination of the types of the Xantholinus species in the Hungarian Natural History Museum and the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. In this context, the syntypes of Xantholinus araxis Reitter, 1898 have been examined, the lectotype designated, the species redescribed and illustrated. Additionally, the type specimens of Xantholinus fageli Coiffait, 1971, Xantholinus phenicius Coiffait, 1971, Xantholinus gridellii carius Coiffait, 1972 and Xantholinus kirschenblati Bordoni, 1975 were studied for the first time after their description and internal structures of the aedeagus and habitus of these species are illustrated. Consequently, it was confirmed that Xantholinus phenicius is a synonym of Xantholinus rufipennis Erichson, 1839 and Xantholinus gridellii carius Coiffait, 1972 is a synonym of Xantholinus varnensis Coiffait, 1972. Also, numerous records from Palearctic Region of zoogeographic interest for Xantholinus species are given.

Material and Methods
Examination of the material was collected between 1898 and 2017, and included types and additional specimens in museums. Specimens were examined using a Stemi 2000-C microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Photographs of the habitus, forebody and aedeagus were taken with a digital camera (Zeiss Axiocam ERC5s). All photographs were edited with Helicon Focus V6 (Helicon Soft Ltd., Kharkov, Ukraine) and CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X5 (Corel Corporation, Ottawa, Canada). Nomenclature of the terminalia and abbreviations of other morphological measurements (in mm) follow Assing (2007): HL, head length from anterior margin of clypeus to posterior margin of head; HW, head width (including eyes); AL, length of antenna; PL, length of pronotum along median line; PW, maximal width of pronotum; EL, length of elytra from apex of scutellum to posterior margin; EW, combined width of elytra; AW, maximal width of abdomen; TaL, length of metatarsus; TiL, length of metatibia; ML, length of aedeagus from apex of ventral process to base; and TL, total body length.

Genus
Remarks: Coiffait (1971) based the original description of Xantholinus phenicus (Coiffait, 1971) on a male holotype and a female paratype from "Kartaba, Liban." The types are deposited in the Fagel collection in Brussels (IRSNB). This species has been proposed as a synonym of X. rufipennis by Assing (2007) without seeing the male holotype.The type specimens of X. phenicus was found at IRSNB during a visit in 2016. An examination of the aedeagus of the male holotype of X. phenicius revealed that it is identical to X. rufipennis. Consequently, it was confirmed that X. phenicius is a synonym of X. rufipennis. For illustrations of the type specimens of X. phenicus see Figures 1a-e.
Distribution: This species widespread in the Eastern Mediterranean region (Assing, 2007;Schülke & Smetana, 2015;. But, it had not been recorded from Macedonia. Comparative notes: Xantholinus araxis is distinguished from all its congeners by the internal structures of the aedeagus. The similarly derived morphology of the aedeagal characters suggests that this new species is most closely related to Xantholinus luteipennis Coiffait, 1970, which is distributed in Anatolia. X. luteipennis is readily separated from X. araxis by the presence of more distinct sclerotized spines in intermediate distal series and by the less oblong pronotum.

Xantholinus araxis
Remarks: Although the types of X. araxis have labels "Holotypus" and "Paratypus", Reitter (1898), in the original descriptions of species, mentioned a series of specimens without selecting a holotype. The curators in HNHM most probably labeled the types as holotypus (a female) and paratypes (a male and two females). Therefore, the types of X. araxis actually were syntypes. Reitter (1898) mentioned specimens from only one location, "Araxesthal, near Ordubad" (now in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan), without specifying the numbers of specimens. A dissected male, is designated here as a lectotype, in order to fix the identity of the species for future studies. The species is illustrated in Figure 2.
Distribution: This species is only known from Bulgaria (Schülke & Smetana, 2015). Distribution: This species is widespread in Europe (Schülke & Smetana, 2015). The species is illustrated in Figure 3a  Remarks: Bordoni (1975) based the original description of X. kirschenblati on a male holotype from "Achti, distr. Novo, Bajazet (=Armenia, Yerevan, Sevan lake)" and a male paratype from "Kaukas", without specification of the locality. The paratype is deposited in the Reitter collection in Budapest (HNHM). The paratype of this species in the collections of the HNHM were studied during a visit in 2015. The species is illustrated in Figure 3e-f. Distribution: This species is known from Armenia (Bordoni, 1975;Schülke & Smetana, 2015;Assing, 2017). The specimens from Azerbaijan detailed here represent the first record for that country.  Remarks: Coiffait (1966) based the original description of X. maykopensis on a male holotype and six female paratypes from the surroundings "Maykop" in the Northwestern Caucasus region. According to Bordoni (2011), the type specimens of X. maykopensis is deposited in the Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris and the holotype was without genital segment and aedeagus. For that reason, A. Bordoni designated a neotypus for this species (Bordoni, 2011) from "Krasnaya Polyana", preserved in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. The aedeagus illustrations of this species provided by Coiffait (1966Coiffait ( , 1972 and Bordoni (1975). But later, the illustrations of aedeagus were drawn differently by Bordoni (2011). The species is illustrated in Figure 4. Distribution: The species was known from Northwestern Caucasus region and Georgia (Coiffait, 1966(Coiffait, , 1972Bordoni, 1975Bordoni, , 2011Assing, 2007).
Distribution: Xantholinus procerus is distributed in Azerbaijan, Albania, Bosnia Herzegovine, Georgia, Romania, Ukrania and Turkey (Schülke & Smetana, 2015). The record from Armenia is reported here for the first time.
Distribution: This species occurs in Europe and also Nearctic Region (Schülke & Smetana, 2015). Coiffait, 1971 (Figure 5a Remarks: Coiffait (1971) based the original description of X. fageli on a male holotype and a male paratype from "Kartaba, Liban". The types are deposited in the Fagel collection in Brussels (IRSNB). The type specimens of X. fageli in the collections of the IRSNB were studied during a visit in 2016. The male paratype was not found, but there were five females (four paratypes and one allotype). Although the female types of X. fageli have labels "Allotype" and "Paratype", the author did not select any female types while describing the new species. G. Fagel most probably labeled yourself the types as allotype and paratypes. Coiffait (1971) illustrated the aedeagus of X. fageli, but this illustration is imprecise. For this reason, the species is illustrated in Figures 5.