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Apoptosis and autophagy in human vein grafts replacing occluded coronary arteries in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease. For many decades vein grafts are used to replace occluded and suboccluded segments of coronary arteries. Restenosis is still a major problem today, as this chronic disease does not disappear when the occluded segments are replaced by autologous vein grafts. What are the cellular characteristics of this restenosis? Vein grafts obtained during surgical reinterventions were processed for light microscopy, SEM, TEM, immunohistochemistry (nuclear marker, smooth muscle cell marker, ..) and TUNEL (apoptosis).