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Electromechanical Differential Relays Misoperation and Investigation

In November 2017, an industrial site had a full blackout due to both of its main electromechanical differential relays operating due to a downstream ground fault. Due to system complexity, as well as lack of commissioning during a tie breaker installation, a mistake was introduced into the protection system. This paper describes the investigation into the nuisance trips and how proper commissioning could have prevented this issue.