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Politics, Power and Agency in Early Childhood Care Education In Nigeria

Politics, power and agency are very important aspect of early childhood care educational management practices in Nigeria in the sense that education is an off-shoot of the political system indulged with power and agency to promote the development of ECCE. Politics fashions education and education modifies politics, powers are imposed on stakeholders of education for proper monitoring and execution of ECCE projects. This paper examines the concepts of politics, power and agency in early childhood care education and the relationship between politics, power and agency and education in Nigeria. Keywords: Politics, Power, Agency, Early Childhood Care, Education DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-10-14 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

our economy. According to the American political scientist, Harold Lasswell(1936), politics is defined as who gets what, when and how. This definition can easily be remembered because it is in the form of a slogan. Furthermore, it represents reality to a good extent especially in Africa. Politics involves the allocation of scarce social, economic and cultural resources to individuals, groups, regions and classes.
As we have been witnessing during the current election cycle, Nigerian voters are frustrated with elected officials and candidates for public office. Voters across the country do not believe candidates are addressing their priorities, and candidates would not be wise to listen to these frustrations and acknowledge them. Education is an issue that serves as a linchpin for many of the other issue concerns of voters, such as job security, economic opportunity, wage stagnation and economic mobility. Helping families and communities provide children with high-quality early education from birth to age five has emerged as a family issue which the vast majority of Democrats, Republicans and independents can agree upon and urge action. Agagu(2010).
In the past, politicians and educators perceived their roles as completely separate and independent. The myth had been propagated that politics and education do not mix. The reality however, is that there is no apolitical education system and, no educational system can be separated from political system that engenders and supports it. The proposition here is that considering their societal responsibilities and objectives, education and politics are inextricably related. Nwankwo(2014).
The politics adopted by any educational system are essentially drawn by the government in power (the political system). Early childhood care educational policies are therefore those guidelines expedient both for political socialization and for national socio-economic and cultural development. Every government or political party is conscious that to ensure its political, social and economic success, the schools must be involved in the promotion of the interests of the governing power. Some handy examples of how the political system used the education system to promote the political programmers may be drawn Hitler's Germany, Lenin's Russia Victorian England, the Mao-Tse Tong China, the French Revolution and some Military Governments in Africa. On the other hand, the education system and educators need the support and patronage of the ruling political system, the public and other governmental agencies in order to carry out their functions of socialization and training of the people. No educational system can survive without the financial support and protection of the government in power. Therefore, by having to unavoidably depend on successive governmental support and protection, education finds itself used for the promotion of political creeds and social views of successive government and political leaders. Nwankwo(2014).
According to Ogbonnaya (2009), politics has always been at the forefront of education in Nigeria. For instance, there was a partnership arrangement between church and state in education. Under the partnership arrangement, the missionary societies used the establishment of schools for purposes of conversion, the production of lay readers, catechists, teachers and literate personnel for commercial houses. When the British colonial government became involved in education, its own purpose was mainly to produce literate and clerical staff who would keep the colony in a subordinate position for continued exploitation. The Nigerian government believed very much in the education of her citizens. This can be illustrated from her use of education for social, economic and political development, for equalization of educational opportunities and for ethnic harmony.

Power in early childhood care education
Education per se is power, or so educators truly believe. Education is able to influence politics, the business environment, faith, teachers and parents, as well as the media.Throughout time, power in the field of education has been attempted to be realized, demonstrated, proven and imposed by a variety of actors: politicians, public figures, the clergy, business people, warlords, teachers, parents, and the mass media among others. The power structure has changed according to the political system, market economy, tradition, and even fashion.
Therefore, this paper will focus on the following issues: how does power -usurped or self-proclaimed, appointed, democratically or naturally won, act upon the field of early childhood care education? How has power affected teachers and their education? How does teacher education affect power? How has power and education affected childhood and adolescence and has it influenced the lived identity of men and women? How is power reflected in curriculum, textbooks, and teaching aids? How do the educational sciences serve power, and how do they legitimize power? How can we identify and explain the relationship between power and education? How possible in the field of education is it to support, restrict, stimulate and deny through power? Does power encourage resistance and how does this occur? Is it possible to resist power in education?
Changes in living conditions, social relationships and family structures have led to changes in access,availability and provision of services and care for young children. Although child welfare has been atraditional concern, in many countries resources and attention have been diverted to more pressingneeds or new governmental priorities. These changes have forced voluntary agencies, NGOs, localcommunities and governmental bodies to work together and better target actions for youngchildren. Agagu(2010).
Under the limitations of a constrained budget and severe demands for mainstream services, the government has recognized the need to be most efficient in its targeting of services, and to guide and support NGO and private initiatives in this area. At national level, significant progress has been made in recognizing the place of NGOs andcommunity organizations in national development, and the role they can play in theimplementation of national social and economic development plans, in various areas including earlychildhood care and education. Many governments have also realized the importance of placingearly childhood on the national agenda, and have consequently adopted policies and measures tohelp improve services for young children and provide better awareness of children's issues amongthe general public. Adesina(2011).
The well-being of young children is the focus of a great number of NGOs and communityassociations throughout Nigeria and environs. These organizations work both at local and nationallevels in all areas of importance to young children and their families, such as health, education,welfare, the law, water and environmental sanitation. They are increasingly being encouraged bygovernments to help implement the extensive social development programmes outlined in nationalsocial and economic development plans.Education, at all levels, is not the responsibility of the State alone. The family, thecivil society at large, the media, all must contribute to provide the necessary servicesand materials, as well as a propitious climate. UNESCO (1993) Following the adoption of goals for the year 2000 at the World Summit for Children, governmentsin Nigeria have prepared National Policy on Education Programmes of Action to meet these goals. TheseProgrammes of Action reflect provisions in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and includegoals such as 90% immunization coverage against the most common childhood diseases, halvingchild malnutrition, providing safe water and family planning services to all communities, andensuring that all children have access to basic education. Adesina(2011).

Conclusion
Politics, power and agency in Early Childhood Care Education is concerned with attracting, searing and maintaining the welfare of a community, state or nation. It involves laying down principles that guide the state in its operations. It is a device intended for finding solutions to the socio-economic and technological problems of a nation. The relationship between politics, powers, and agencies and education has been discussed and we have come to the conclusion that there is a thin line relationship between politics, power, agency and education. Politics, power and agencyapparently directs education. We have also seen that politics, power and agency has been at the forefront of education in Nigeria.
The role of politics, power and agency in the Early Childhood Care and Education Sectors were discussed and a number of issues and concerns were also reported which may potentially affect the quality of ECCE in Nigeria, unless they are addressed.
Nigeria is expected to achieve universal Early Childhood Care and Education in the year 2020. This development will ideally allow all of the nation's children within the ECCE age bracket, to have access to the service. Since the main purpose of this initiative is to ensure inclusion, it would be prudent for government to address the issues concerning children with special needs. Infrastructural expansion must be accompanied by a sufficient and appropriately trained pool of labour that can efficiently deliver an updated, industry-relevant national curriculum. Adesina(2011).
Despite the many issues and concerns voiced with regard to developing the Early Childhood Care and Education Sector of Nigeria, many solutions to these problems were also suggested by the owners and administrators surveyed. The main concern was not the issues of politics, powers and agencies in the sector, but that these issues continue to fall on 'deaf ears'. Many respondents reported a lack of government regulation, monitoring and control, and were often confused about the actual existence of any bodies with this regulatory remit. Whether or not this body exists may not be the real issue, but rather the apparent neglect of stakeholder communication. A useful proposition to government would be to establish a reliable channel of communication between itself and stakeholders of the ECCE Sector, resulting in improved quality of service provided by ECCE centres, as well as the prompt resolution of any issues and concerns raised. This would ensure that the work of any regulatory body established for ECCE would be well-informed and largely shaped by stakeholder participation.

Recommendations
The following are some of the recommendations with the hope that if put in place it will help in addressing problems of universal basic education in Nigeria:i.
Adequate funding: The major problem facing basic education is inadequate funding of the program, government should ensure as a matter of urgency the meeting of the UNESCO threshold of 26% budgetary allocation to education in any member country. ii.
Private partnership: As a result of the enormous amount of funds involved in education, philanthropic organizations should as a matter of urgency be involved in funding basic education in Nigeria. iii.
The relationship between the three tiers of government with respect to funding basic education should be made clear with respect to who plays what role when and how as a matter of urgency. Government should enhance the autonomy of each and every tier of government especially state -local relations. The issue of joint account should be abolished. iv.
The commission should ensure proper record keeping of the income and expenditure of the primary schools. v.
In addition to that, government should ensure that the money meant for enhancement of primary education commission is spent judiciously in accordance to the laid down rules and regulations. This could be achieved through transparency and accountability.