{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.040207522697795074, 'fraction_numerical': 0.014267185473411154, 'mean_word_length': 5.123015873015873, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Fractal analysis of region-based vascular change in the normal and non-proliferative diabetic retina

Purpose. Evaluation of normal and abnormal vascular pattern in the human retina using a novel method: quantitative region-based fractal analysis. Methods. Binary (black/white) vascular patterns of the human retina originating at the optic disc were obtained by semi-automatic computer processing of digital images from 60-degree fundus fluorescein angiography of 5 normal eyes and 5 eyes with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). As determined by image resolution, vascular patterns included vessels with diameters =50 µm and excluded small vessels and capillaries. The density of linearized (i.e., skeletonized) vascular patterns in the macular region versus paramacular region (termed “region-based” linearized vascular pattern) was quantified with the fractal dimension (D f) and confirmed by grid intersection (? v) . Results. By region-based quantification, D f and ? v were significantly higher in the normal macular region than in the NPDR macular region (p = 0.008 and p = 0.019, respectively). However, differences in D f and ? v between the normal and NPDR paramacular regions were not strongly signficant (p = 0.168 and p = 0.337, respectively). Conclusions. Results from the retrospective analytical study demonstrate the feasibility of using quantitative region-based fractal analysis of early-stage vascular disease in the human retina. The results are encouraging for a broader study of diverse patient populations.