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Schmitt's Use and Abuse of Donoso Cortés on Dictatorship

The esteemed intellectual historian Isaiah Berlin’s essay ‘Joseph de Maistre and the Origins of Fascism’ created quite a stir in the sedate world of Maistre scholarship when it surfaced in 1990. Berlin claimed that twentieth-century fascism originated in the Catholic reaction to the French Revolution. Though Berlin focused on Maistre, his argument has been readily expanded to include other conservative Catholic intellectuals of the nineteenth century, notably Louis de Bonald and Juan Donoso Cortés. Berlin’s essay brought together in many minds a conjunction of conservative political Catholicism and fascism; even being credited with inspiring an article in an Italian newspaper illustrated by a sensationalist juxtaposition of images of Maistre and Hitler. Critics of Berlin, such as Graeme Garrard and Alberto Spektorowski, have noticed his tendency to read Maistre abstracted from his Catholic faith and in so doing distort the thrust and importance of many of his political views. More important are historiographical and logical weaknesses as the essay heavily relies on a ‘spirit of the age’ or Zeitgeist approach, one made less convincing given the near century that separates the active life and writings of Maistre (who died in 1821) and the birth of fascism in early-