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Recognizing the Causes of Complex (Mixed) Molecular Maturity Signals in Oils

As a source rock is progressively buried and generates and expels oil, the composition of the oil being expelled changes with increasing maturity. Early-generated oil is denser (low API gravity) and richer in biomarkers, whilst oil generated at high maturity is less dense and richer in gasolines and diamondoids. Oil accumulations typically represent a mix of oil generated over a range of maturity levels, due to the depth (maturity) variation of the source rock in the kitchen area in both time and space. Consequently, the accumulated oil shows a complex (mixed) maturity signal, complicated further by the inherent bias between the different compound classes whereby the biomarkers are naturally of lower maturity than the aromatic hydrocarbons which in turn show a lower maturity than the gasolines (Figure 1).