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The practice of informal waste recovery and solid waste management in Kathmandu, Nepal

The issue of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major urban problem in developing countries. S W M is a basic service function which requires sizable injections of national and international assistance. Nevertheless, the results of investments are often far from satisfactory: large amounts of garbage remain uncollected, resulting in serious environmental pollution. In most developing countries, two S W M systems exist side-by-side. One is a "formal system", which is managed by public institutions or registered corporations. It is associated with registered ownership, organized labour, capital investment and modern technology. The main activities of the formal sector are typically based on collection, transportation and disposal of waste. The other, "informal system", is based on waste recovery activities operating outside the official, legal, and institutional framework. It is associated with unregistered ownership, small scale operation, low capital and labour intensive inputs, and local technology. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the linkages between formal S W M and informal waste recovery practises in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods of investigation included interviews of actors involved in both formal and informal S W M systems and site observation. Through this investigation, the pathways of solid waste recovery of Kathmandu were identified. It was found that a highly organized informal sector recovers significant amounts of waste from the municipal