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It’s a moth! It’s a butterfly! It’s the complete mitochondrial genome of the American moth-butterfly Macrosoma conifera (Warren, 1897) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Hedylidae)!

Abstract The taxonomic placement of the moth-butterfly, Macrosoma conifera (Warren 1897) (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae), has been controversial. The 15,344 bp complete M. conifera circular mitogenome, assembled by genome skimming, consists of 81.7% AT nucleotides, 22 tRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs and a control region in the typical butterfly gene order. Macrosoma conifera COX1 features an atypical CGA start codon while ATP6, COX1, COX2, and ND5 exhibit incomplete stop codons completed by the post-transcriptional addition of 3′ A residues. Phylogenetic reconstruction places M. conifera as sister to the skippers (Hesperiidae), which is consistent with several recent phylogenetic analyses.

Macrosoma conifera (Warren 1897) is a moth-butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae) found in Central and South America (Kawahara et al. 2018). It has been most intensively studied in Costa Rica, where its primary larval host plant was identified as Conostegia xalapensis (Melastomataceae), but it has also been observed to feed on Miconia argentea, M. impetiolaris, M. smaragdina (Melastomataceae), Apeiba membranacea and Luehea speciosa (Malvaceae) (Quesada 2019). Macrosoma conifera is known for its moth-like features such as nocturnal activity, clubless antennae and dark-adapted visual systems, which distinguish it from the predominantly diurnal butterfly families (Yack et al. 2007;Kawahara et al. 2018).
The M. conifera circular 15,344 bp mitogenome assembly was composed of 3,530 paired reads with nucleotide composition: 40.5% A, 10.9% C, 7.5% G, and 41.2% T. The M. conifera mitogenome gene order and composition is identical to the typical lepidopteran gene arrangement, shared by all families suspected of being closely related to Hedylidae (Park et al. 2016). Ten M. conifera mitochondrial protein-coding genes begin with typical ATG or ATT start codons, with the remaining genes beginning with ATA (ND2), ATC (ND6), or CGA (COX1) start codons (Liao et al. 2010). The mitogenome contains three protein-coding genes (COX1, COX2, ND5) with single-nucleotide (T) stop codons, and one protein-coding gene (ATP6) with a two-nucleotide (TA) stop codon completed by post-transcriptional addition of 3 0 A residues. The locations and structures of tRNAs were determined using ARWEN v.1.2 (Laslett and Canback 2008). tRNAs have typical cloverleaf secondary structures except for trnS (AGN) where the dihydrouridine arm is replaced by a loop, while the mitochondrial rRNAs and control region are typical for Lepidoptera (McCullagh and Marcus 2015).
We reconstructed a phylogeny using complete mitogenomes from M. conifera, 50 additional ditrysian Lepidoptera mitogenomes, and a partial mitogenome sequence from basal lepidopteran Micropterix calthella (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae) as an outgroup (Timmermans et al. 2014;Cong and Grishin 2016;Lalonde and Marcus 2017). Mitogenome sequences were aligned in CLUSTAL Omega (Sievers et al. 2011), then analyzed by both parsimony and maximum likelihood (model selected by jModeltest 2.1.7 (Darriba et al. 2012), followed by a likelihood ratio test (Huelsenbeck and Rannala 1997)) in PAUP Ã 4.0b8/4.0d78 (Swofford 2002) (Figure 1). Phylogenetic analysis places the swallowtail butterflies (family Papilionidae) as the basal lineage within the butterfly clade (superfamily Papilionoidea), followed by M. conifera and the skippers (family Hesperiidae) as sister taxa. This contradicts several early taxonomic hypotheses, but is consistent with several more recent molecular phylogenetic analyses (Wahlberg et al. 2005;Regier et al. 2009;Mutanen et al. 2010;Heikkil€ a et al. 2012;Kawahara et al. 2018). We conclude that the Macrosoma species in family Hedylidae fall within the butterfly clade. Since butterflies are a specialized clade of mostly diurnal moths (Kristensen 1999), it is also correct to refer to Macrosoma as moths.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).  (Timmermans et al. 2014) as an outgroup based on 1 million random addition heuristic search replicates (with tree bisection and reconnection). One million maximum parsimony heuristic search replicates produced an identical tree topology (parsimony score 76038 steps). Numbers above each node are maximum likelihood bootstrap values and numbers below each node are maximum parsimony bootstrap values (each from 1 million random fast addition search replicates). Note that the very long branches leading to Micropterix calthella and the basal ditrysian moths are not drawn to scale to facilitate visualing the branching patterns within the ditrysian moths.

Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in GenBank of NCBI at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, reference numbers PRJNA662440, MT852025, MT859412-MT859414, MT878224, and BK013352.