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Instrumental Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is still one of the main causes of morbility and mortality in surgical or medical hospitalized patients. Typical onset is surely deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the leg (distal or proximal), less frequently of the upper limbs. The most dangerous manifestation of VTE still remains pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT annual incidence overall is influenced by the age, increasing from 1/10.000 for individuals younger than 40 years to 1-2/100 for those older than 60 years, while PE annual incidence in general population is about 0.7/1000, accountable for 10% of deaths [1] in hospitalized patients (60% for medical illness) [2, 3]. Virchow famous triad (blood stasis, vascular damage, hypercoagulability) remains from 1856 to this day the physiopathological mainstay, although enriched with recent acquisitions. Diagnosis often delayed by poor signs and symptoms in nearly 70% of VTE. Sequelae of VTE, not secondary for relevance, include embolization (mainly pulmonary embolism), post-thrombotic syndrome and recurrence, all weighty in terms of morbidity and mortality and patient’s quality of life.