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The Electrotonic State in a Power Transformer

─ It is shown that in order to correct errors and miscalculations of the modern theory of transformers, it is necessary to return to Faraday's assumption about the relationship of his law of electromagnetic induction with the existence of a specific presence of secondary circuits in the socalled “electrotonic state”. In this work, the electrotonic state at a point is interpreted as the electric field strength, which is one of the two inherent components of the energy transfer process in the transformer and is included in the formula for the Poynting vector. The evidence is based on the consideration of the operation of a transformer with the best steel, characterized by infinite magnetic permeability, which allowed us to ignore the influence of second-order phenomena, such as magnetization currents and steel losses. Based on this approach, the distributed continuously-equivalent models of the transformer are derived that have the ability to display the electrotonic state of it's any point in any mode. In general, we are talking about a new theory of transformers that is consistent with the idea of transferring energy in a transformer using and thanks to the Poynting vector. The practical significance of the work is confirmed by the adaptation of electrotonic equivalent circuits as applied to real transformers with losses in steel and taking into account the saturation of steel, which led to the discovery of new properties of transformers.