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Assessments of natural radioactivity and the estimation of heavy metals in commonly consumed milk in Oke-Ogun area, Nigeria

Ten samples each of the eight commonly consumed powdered milk by adults were collected from local markets in Oke-Ogun area, Nigeria and analyzed using gamma ray spectrometer with NaI(Tl) detector for radioactive analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for heavy metal analysis (Pb, Fe, Cd and Cu). The mean activity concentration detected is that of 40K with average of 39.6 Bqkg-1 while the activities of 226Ra and 232Th were below detection limit (BDL). The total annual effective dose due to the ingestion of radionuclide in the milk sample was estimated to be 3.2 µSvy-1. The geometric mean of Pb, Cd, Fe and Cu in the samples were found to be 0.024, 0.033, 2.168 and 0.242 mgkg-1, respectively and the annual daily dose estimated were 0.1490, 0.010, 0.0002 and 0.0003 mgday-1, respectively. The results of the hazard index revealed that the intake of heavy metal through ingestion of the milk samples did not exceeds the limit of unity as recommended by USEPA, 2002. Therefore, the consumption of these milk samples is safe.