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Time Orientation During the Day in the Elderly with Dementia

ABSTRACT Objective: We evaluated the ability to estimate the time of day in the elderly with dementia during the daytime in a care facility. Methods: Time orientation was sequentially tested by asking 26 elderly with mild to severe dementia the time of day seven times a day. The Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE) and a time estimation test for 1 min were also conducted. Results: Time orientation was affected more in the morning than in the afternoon, and meals did not have a significant effect on time orientation. The accuracy of time estimation for 1 min was correlated with the MMSE score, and with time orientation at 14:00. Conclusion: Impaired time orientation was more evident in the morning than in the afternoon. This characteristic should be taken into account when conducting cognitive tests including time orientation for patients with dementia. Interventions facilitating time orientation might be arranged preferentially in the morning for patients with dementia.