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Natural history of thorny devils Moloch horridus (Lacertilia: Agamidae) in the Great Victoria Desert

Daily movements and activity of three male and five female thorny devils (Moloch horridus) were monitored using biotelemetry in the Great Victoria Desert during September, October and November 1995. Both males and females moved up to 200‐300 m daily, with males averaging linear daily distances twice as great as those of females (66.6 m vs 31.7 m, respectively). Considerable individual variation in movements is evident among thorny devils. Activity does not appear to be confined to a specific area during the mating season (early spring, August‐ September). Lizards were considerably more active during early spring (September‐early October) than in late spring-early summer (late October‐early November). This seasonal activity pattern is reflected in burrow usage which increased significantly during late spring. Males and females were active with similar frequencies. Evidence for M. horridus navigating by methods other than sight or smell of another conspecific lizard is presented. Colour correlates positively with activity level (r s = 0.45; P < 0.0001), with lighter skin colour associated with higher activity levels. Activity level is correlated with both air temperature and sand temperature (r s = 0.263, 0.254; P < 0.0035). Colour is also positively correlated with sand temperature (r s = 0.256; P < 0.0016) but not with air temperature. Lizards observed feeding in the morning (before 11 am) were dark in colour and lizards feeding in the afternoon (3 to 6 pm) were light in colour. Foraging behaviour was never observed during about (11 am to 3 pm). Thorny devils undergo rapid weight changes that are not related to oviposition. Fat bodies of females are largest during winter, whereas those of males are largest in summer.