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Lower cervical trauma an orthopaedician domain

Injury of lower cervical spine is one of the most common and potentially most devastating injuries involving the axial skeleton. 1 An effective cervical internal fixation system for lower cervical fracture-dislocation should provide immediate functional and anatomical continuity of the spinal cord and nerve roots, restore spinal alignment, establish spinal stability and provide freedom from post injury pain or delayed neurological problems after treatment. 2 It has been described that 2.4% of blunt trauma victims had the cervical spine injury. 3 The demographic factors involved in lower spinal injury was age greater than 65 years and male sex. The most common mechanism of injury was observed to be accidental falls, followed by injuries due to motor vehicle/transport accidents. Injuries of the cervical spine produce neurological damage in approximately 40% of patients. Approximately 10% of traumatic cord injuries have no obvious radiographic evidence of vertebral injury. 4 ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Injury of lower cervical spine is one of the most common and potentially most devastating injuries involving the axial skeleton. 1 An effective cervical internal fixation system for lower cervical fracture-dislocation should provide immediate functional and anatomical continuity of the spinal cord and nerve roots, restore spinal alignment, establish spinal stability and provide freedom from post injury pain or delayed neurological problems after treatment. 2 It has been described that 2.4% of blunt trauma victims had the cervical spine injury. 3 The demographic factors involved in lower spinal injury was age greater than 65 years and male sex. The most common mechanism of injury was observed to be accidental falls, followed by injuries due to motor vehicle/transport accidents. Injuries of the cervical spine produce neurological damage in approximately 40% of patients. Approximately 10% of traumatic cord injuries have no obvious radiographic evidence of vertebral injury. 4 Lower cervical injuries were better categorized by Allens classification. 5 This system helps to identify the mechanism of injury based on biomechanical studies and patient histories. It divides the cervical injuries based on mode of injury into five types such as compressive flexion, vertical compression, distractive flexion, compressive extension, distractive extension, and lateral flexion. These were further subdivided into different stages based on severities.
The present study was aimed to review the treatment concepts for lower cervical spine injuries.

METHODS
This study was conducted at Indira Gandhi institute of medical sciences and Nalanda medical college during the period 2012 -2015. 14 patients with lower cervical spine injury attended to emergency department were included in the study. Patients with cervical injury without significant displacement and without neurological deficit were excluded from the study.
The degree of impairment was graded according to ASIA impairment scale (modified Frankel's). 6  A = Complete: No motor or sensory function is preserved even in sacral.  B = Incomplete: Sensory but not motor function is preserved below the level.  C = Incomplete: Motor function is preserved below the neurological level (power<3).  D = Incomplete Motor function is preserved below the neurological level (power>3).  E =Normal.    which is a locking plate allowing unicortical purchase. One was treated with strut bone graft. Facet dislocations were treated from posterior approach with open reduction and Bohlman triple-wiring and posterior fusion. The unilateral dislocations were difficult to reduce conservatively and bilateral dislocations were usually associated with burst of the articular facet hence they were not stable after reduction hence required ORIF with fusion. Bilateral facet dislocations alone were treated similarly as they were easier to reduce but neurological recovery was poor.
Distractive extension injury was treated with open reduction and stabilization with anterior cervical locking plate from anterior route because the major burst of injury is in anterior ligament complex which needed augmentation.
Postoperative management consists of immobilization in a rigid cervical orthosis by using Philadelphia collar for 6 to 8 weeks for stabilized cases while those with corpectomy required immobilization for at least 12 weeks.

RESULTS
Treatment and outcome in different cases with cervical injury was depicted in Table 1. In this study out of 14 patients, 3 patients with burst fractures were treated with corpectomy with cage and plate. Of them patient with neurological deficit of Frankel C became normal after surgery. In one case slight improvement was seen (level improved form B to D) and in the other case no improvement was observed even after surgery. In this study 5 patients with bilateral facet dislocation were operated by open reduction and Bohlman triplewiring and posterior fusion. Of them improvement in neurological condition was not changed in 3 cases. In one case it was improved from Frankel grade B-D and in other case improvement was observed from Frankel grade C to normal.
2 patients were presented with distractive extension injury and were operated by open reduction and anterior plating. No improvement in neurological condition in one case and slight improvement were noted in another case.
Out of 14 cases, neurological recovery was observed in 35% cases. Recovery was much better in Quadriparesis patients. None of the patients had iatrogenic paresis.

DISCUSSION
Lower cervical spinal injury cause a heterogeneous group of injuries ranging from ligamentous inadequacy to unstable fracture, involving both posterior and anterior structures in the spinal cord. 7 Spinal cord and root injuries associated with fracture dislocation have been treated effectively using a number of different procedures. However perfect reduction of fracture dislocation associates to some extent with neurological recovery. From the results of our study it is evident that treating the fractures by posterior fusion using interspinous wiring will produce anatomically better results compared to conservative treatment.
In majority of the patients we did surgical stabilization and fusion because majority of patients associated with bony injury and were unstable after reduction. Also if there is no associated injury close reduction is difficult and requires open reduction. Unilateral facet dislocations may be difficult to reduce in skeletal traction. 8 Closed reduction was successful in less than 30% of patients, and we do not routinely do manipulative reduction of the cervical spine. The patients who underwent open reduction and fusion had better results than the patients whose fractures were left unreduced. In our experience, open reduction and internal fixation of unilateral facet dislocations have provided consistently good results.
Bilateral facet dislocations produce up to 50% anterior subluxation of one vertebral body on the vertebra below. Usually facet capsules, the posterior longitudinal ligament, and the posterior anulusfibrosus and disc are disrupted. 4 These injuries are more frequently associated with neurological deficits than are unilateral facet dislocations. These dislocations are more easily reduced with closed traction methods than unilateral dislocations, but because they are so unstable, redislocation is frequent even if they are treated with prolonged skeletal traction. In this study, open reduction and internal fixation of bilateral facet dislocations produced good results only in one case. No improvement was seen in other 4 cases.
In burst spinal injuries, decompression is a must which can only be achieved by corpectomy. But the challenge is to fill the defect and provide stable spine. The advent of combination technique of cage filled with bone graft and ant cervical locking plate is the best. Cage with bone grafts is good to sustain axial loading and the locking plates in addition to preventing rotation provides good load sharing device. 9 In our series, out of 3 cases with burst fractures neurological deficit was improved to normal only in one case.
Distractive extension injuries represent approximately 8% of all subaxial cervical spine injuries. It is recommended to treat these fractures by anterior reconstruction using a plate and graft to restore the normal tension band. 10 In our series similar technique was employed but still no significant improvement was observed in Frankels grading.

CONCLUSION
Satisfactory results and outcome was observed in unilateral facet dislocations after treatment by open reduction and Bohlman triple-wiring and posterior fusion. The outcome in bilateral facet dislocations was poor as they are easily reduced with closed traction methods. By open end traction methods redislocation is frequent even if they are treated with prolonged skeletal traction.