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Limits to resilience of Afroalpine vegetation to grazing and burning: a case study of grasses from the Drakensberg Mountain Centre, southern Africa

High-elevation Afroalpine ecosystems of the Drakensberg Mountain Centre (DMC) of Lesotho and South Africa, renowned for their high endemism and key ecosystem services, are socio-ecological systems that have seen human activity for millennia. However, their responses to land management practices are understudied. Controversy over their natural state has also led to conflicting policies and management emphases. Focusing on the crucial ecosystem-modulating component, grasses (Poaceae), we evaluate the response of DMC Afroalpine vegetation to human impact through grazing and burning. Grass species associations were recorded from grassland, shrubland and wetland-riparian-seep ecotypes across a range of grazing and fire regimes to document relationships between abiotic conditions, disturbance, and taxonomic diversity and composition. CCA of grass community composition retrieved a large cluster of plots of mixed grazing and burning regimes with no particular environmental vector correlated with them. Other smaller groups of plots separated from these were associated to heavy grazing, bioclimatic variables, slope gradient, and aspect. Indicator species analyses found DMC endemic grasses were associated to low grazing, while alien grasses were associated to heavy grazing. GLMs found little difference between ecotype-disturbance categories with regards plant species richness, mean alpha hull=2 range-size of native and sub-Saharan endemic grasses, and site-level Sørensen beta diversity (βsor). Some differences were noted, including the highest cover and proportion of DMC endemics being found in low-grazed grassland, and highest cover and proportion of alien grasses and highest plot-level βsor being found in heavily grazed ecotypes. Relative importance analyses found grazing regime to be the main influence on cover and proportion of DMC endemic and alien grasses. Partial Mantel tests found mean annual temperature and grazing regime to be the main influence on plot-level βsor. Synthesis: Taxonomic diversity and composition of DMC Afroalpine grasslands was relatively unaffected by moderate grazing and intense burning, although heavy grazing had a largely detrimental impact, with its ubiquity across the DMC a major cause for concern. High levels of endemism, coupled with the above data emphasizing the robustness of DMC grasslands to disturbance, also supports Afroalpine grasslands as a natural component of the DMC. This research reinforces the natural grass-dominated nature of the DMC as a social-ecological system where sustainable management is possible thanks to its resilience to grazing and burning, although current widespread overgrazing requires urgent attention.