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Democracy in Permanently Divided Systems

In studying the history of the International Typographical Union (ITU), Seymour Martin Lipset discovered a structural change in the ITU. The union, which at that time (1949) was composed only of compositors and mailers, had not always been so. Around the end of the 19th century, the union was composed of a number of printing trades, including printing pressmen, bookbinders, photoengravers, stereotypers, electrotypers, type founders and mailers, along with the compositors, who were in the majority. One by one, these minority crafts seceded from the ITU. Only the mailers, who were much lower paid, and whose union if alone would have been quite weak, remained within the ITU.