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Visualizing and assessing navigation in hypertext

User navigation has been a central theme in both theoretical and empirical work since the earliest days of hypertext research and development. Studies exploring user navigation have, however, tended to rely on indirect navigational measures and have rarely tried to relate navigation to performance solving problems or locating information. The purpose of this paper is to propose methods that lead to a more direct representation and analysis of user movement in hypertext and to empirically explore the relationship of resulting measures to performance in a hypertext search task. Results of this study support the claim that the proposed graphical and numerical methods have empirical significance and may be useful in applications related to assessing and modeling user navigation.