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GPS-EM Sanctions for Serious Sex Offenders: The Application and Outcomes in the United States and Australia

ABSTRACT In the United States and, subsequently, in Australia the utilization of Global Positioning Systems—Electronic Monitoring (GPS-EM) proliferated in the mid-2000s as part of the populist “tough on crime” agenda. These surveillance-oriented sanctions are applied on serious sex offenders usually post their original sentences. This article critically examines the application and outcomes of GPS-EM sanctions in the United States and Australia. U.S. evaluations have indicated that to be successful, GPS-EM sanctions must contain offender treatment, be appropriately funded, and have an effectively run centralized monitoring center. Evaluative research on GPS-EM sanctions in Australia is yet to be conducted.