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Turkish Nationalism and the Kurdish Question: Nation, State and Securitization of Communal Identities in a Regional Context

For students of the region’s politics, the Kurdish question often symbolises the incompleteness or even failure of the twentieth-century project of nation-building and post-colonial statehood in the Middle East. The Kurds, like many of the minorities in the region, have borne very heavy costs in the process of states forging their nations out of heterogeneous populations. Meanwhile, something seems to have changed for Kurds since the establishment of de jure autonomy for the Kurds of Iraq. With the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime and the foreign occupation of Iraq in 2003, new dilemmas emerged for the Kurds in Iraq and Turkey, which they hardly had the freedom to resolve on their own. In addition, mounting socioeconomic discontent is manifest in the zone of Kurdish self-rule in Iraq, in southeast Turkey and in the struggles of the Kurdish working poor in the region’s metropolises. This situation has increased clashes between local and national politicians and Kurdish activists and leaders—some of whom entertain distinctly separatist agendas—thus further complicating the ‘Kurdish problem’.