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Book Review: Political Theory: Habermas: Introduction and Analysis

a broader inquiry into anarchism’s theoretical benefits in the wider field of philosophy.The contributions are grouped into three parts and are directed both at the general student of political philosophy and the interested activist. In Part I we can agree with Paul McLaughlin that anarchists are ‘fundamentally interested in the problem of authority’ (p. 26) but neglect his somewhat erratic defence of a ‘weak but engaged philosophical anarchism’ (pp. 25–31). Samuel Clark’s anarchist perfectionism interprets the problem of potentially unjustified authority in a challenging, partly counter-intuitive, way as an existential condition for the anarchist struggle for independence.The most engaging discussion of anarchism as a unique political philosophy, however, we find in Nathan Jun’s contribution. In emphasising the relevance of ethics and practice – exemplified by anarchism’s populism, its aim to link theory and practice, and its systematic underdevelopment – it yields valuable impulses for a renaissance of anarchist philosophy. Of the three subsequent essays, which commonly engage in the excavation of classical topics from the anarchist tradition, it is Matthew Wilson’s discussion of freedom and order that stands out. He convincingly shows ‘that there is much anarchists can learn by looking at the difficulties that liberalism has in defending freedom and difference’ (p. 113). Arguably, one of the most difficult lessons is to acknowledge the role and frequent inevitability of value conflicts. Since anarchism is a predominantly practiceorientated – if not pragmatic – philosophy we rightly find proportionally more essays sketching ethical understandings of anarchist concerns and traditions. Whereas Thomas Swann and Jones Irwin lead us along largely conventional, albeit post-structuralist, debates, we find a more innovative perspective in Benjamin Franks’ relating of virtue ethics (according to Alasdair MacIntyre) to anarchist methodology. In Elisa Aaltola’s ‘Green Anarchy’ and Jamie Heckert’s ethics of direct relationships the borders of the anarchist project are explored interestingly. Despite the differences in intellectual rigour and philosophical upbringing of the authors, a rejection of anarchism as unsophisticated irrationalism or justification of anarcho-capitalism is a common theme. The book performatively lives up to the idea of anarchism as a theory of practice and a way of practising theory as it embodies the idea of sharing knowledge, acknowledging differences and engaging in critical thought.