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Early pathogenesis of holoprosencephaly

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is one of the most common malformations encountered in early human embryos. It is assumed that more than 90% of HPE embryos die in utero and are eliminated by spontaneous abortion. Embryonic HPE displays some characteristic craniofacial phenotypes, which are not necessarily comparable to those in postnatal HPE cases. In this article, we summarize our studies on HPE in human embryos and discuss the pathogenesis of HPE malformations. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.