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The Influence of Studying Legal Course in the Progress of Translation Students' Performance in Translating English Legal Sentences into Arabic at Jadara University in Jordan

The study aims at examining the influence of studying legal course in the progress of translation students' performance in translating English legal sentences into Arabic. For achieving this aim, a sample of 25 translation students was selected from English Department at Jadara University in Jordan. To collect data, a test is set up with ten English legal sentences to be translated into Arabic language. The researcher computed the percentages and ranks for each student before and after studying the legal course. Qualitatively, the researcher analyzed the legal characteristics within the translated English-Arabic sentences. The results show the highest degrees for translation students after studying the legal course. Finally, in the light of the results, a number of recommendations was written, and further future researches were suggested. Keywords: Legal translation, Legal characteristics, Students' Performance, Jadara University DOI : 10.7176/RHSS/9-22-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

personal avarice. The legal style, such as mathematics, is free of imagination and emotion. It is a codified legislation and does not allow any interpreter to enter any language of emotional, rhetorical, or imaginary language. Leech and Short (1981) underpin the talk as "Style refers to the way in which language is used in a given context by a given person, for a given purpose, and so on (p 10). They continue their talk by saying that "Stylistics is the study of style, is rarely undertaken for its own sake, simply as an exercise in describing what use is made of language" (p 13). Regarding this study, the researcher investigated the classification of stylistic and the syntactic legal characteristics as will be mentioned below.
Regarding the previous studies, Khan and Khan (2015) have done a study aimed at studying a stylistic legal language. For achieving its aim, a legal document is selected as sample with examples that are provided from the given sample to explain every feature. To identify stylistic devices, their impact on text and communicative function, the analysis of legal language is done, resulted three basic stylistic levels; graphological, lexical and syntactic level, taken into consideration the educational effects, which are accurately analyzed and explained properly. These effects are effective and beneficial for the present thesis and further research in the future. Bacalu (2012) has done a paper limited to how creativity can be put to work in a single area of the legal language, namely the syntax. It focuses on the basic alterations in the syntax that a legal translator can operate without affecting the substance of legal texts. The purpose of such a 'creative intervention' is to achieve clarity, simplicity, conciseness, and emphasis, in a word to honor the principle of 'language consistency. Since the area where legal translators can be creative is limited to the non-standardized legal texts, the practical examples and illustrations chosen belong to persuasive legal language. Lakhani (2014) writes an article that investigates the challenges lawyers and immigrant crime victims' face in translating and documenting victims' experiences into legal form. By analyzing interactions between Los Angeles attorneys and female undocumented immigrants, I explore how immigrant victims of violence prepare to approach police certifiers. Attorneys arbitrate between accounts of violence and immigrant-police encounters and the legal cases they can develop, offering retrospective and prospective advice to immigrants about how to make effective pleas to police. Drawing attention to the devolutionary dynamics of an inclusive immigration policy, I show how nonfederal bureaucrats shape immigrants' eligibility for legalization remedies. In turn, I expose detrimental consequences of mixing street-level administrative discretion with federal visa eligibility determinations.

Problem of the Study
Legal translation is a difficult subject as it deals with; two languages, two cultures, and two legal systems. So legal translators ought to be more efficient and workable to avoid missing the most important Legal expressions and terms. Because of its difficulty, small amounts of studies have been written in the realm of translation that are insufficient for the researchers at the academic level. In particular, it is neglected at Jadara University in Jordan except the study of Alshehab (2013). For this case, the researcher comes to do this study to bridge the gap resulted from ignoring this subject.

Objectives of the Study
The study aims at the following: 1. Identifying the influence of studying legal course in improving students' performance in translating English legal sentences into Arabic at Jadara University? 2. Identifying some of the characteristics of Legal Translation embedded in English legal sentences translated by students at Jadara University in Jordan.

Question of the Study
To achieve the aims of the study, the following questions are set up: 1. What is the influence of the legal translation course in improving students' performance in translating English legal sentences into Arabic at Jadara University in Jordan? 2. What are the Legal translation characteristics embedded in English and Arabic legal sentences translated by students at Jadara University in Jordan?

Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is derived from its subject. Legal translation is considered one type of technical translation, and it is a type that has its specialty in the field of translation. This study is one of the first studies at the level of the Jordanian universities, notably Jadara University. It is hoped that the results of the study will offer more benefits for the academic researchers in conducting studies about Legal translation. It is expected, the characteristics of Legal translation will pave the way for the designers of English language curricula to consider them.

Limitation of the Study
The study is limited to the following: Objective limits: the current study limited toa test with ten English legal sentences, and a free question about the LT characteristics written by translation students at Jadara University in Jordan. Time limits: this study was done at the year (2018/2019). Study limitations: the current study limited to a random sample of 25 translation students from English department at Jadara University in Jordan.

The study's Variables
 Independent variable is studying the legal translation course.  Dependent variable is students' performance in translating English legal sentences into Arabic.

METHODOLOGY 2.1. Sample of the Study
For achieving the study's aims, the researcher selects a random sample of 25 translation students from English department at Jadara University in Jordan. They enrolled at their last academic year (2017-2018). They were taught a number of English courses, e.g., administration and finance translation, legal translation, and literary translation. The last semester they have taught a legal translation course, focuses on legal translation from Arabic into English, it starts with teaching the students' legal terms from Arabic into English in the level of a sentence and on the level of a text, and it focuses on specialized terminology in the related field. To see the influence of this course, the sample was tested at the beginning and at the end of the semester. The students were asked to translate the English legal sentences into Arabic, and to write the characteristics of legal translation at the beginning and at the end of the semester. Then, the researcher analyzed their answers.

Data Collection
The researcher used a test with ten English legal sentences to be translated into Arabic language, see (Appendix A). The test includes also an open-ended question, which it is about the Legal translation characteristics that were written by translation students at Jadara University in Jordan. The students were asked for extracting the characteristics for each English legal sentence. Then, the answers were collected and analyzed. For question one, the following criteria is adopted as in Table 1:

Data Analysis
Quantitatively, to see the ability (level) of translation students in translating English legal sentences into Arabic language, students' marks, percentages and ranks were computed, and then tabulated. Qualitatively, the researcher analyzes the answers of an open-ended question. He has read their answers with a brief overview, and then he details his reading to choose the intended characteristics, followed by revising the initial themes and writing them in a booklet to address the characteristics of LT between the both English-Arabic languages, taken into consideration the characteristic which is repeated more than five times.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The answers are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively as follows:

Results relating to Q1: What is the influence of studying legal course in improving students' performance in translating English legal sentences into Arabic at Jadara University?
For answering this question, the students translated the test posed to them before and after studying the legal course. At the begging of the semester, the test of English legal sentences was given to the students to be translated into Arabic. The researcher corrected their Arabic translation and set up their marks, and then he tabulated them and computed the percentages and the ranks for each student as in the first section in below table. Table 2 shows the level (ability) of translation students before and after studying legal course at Jadara University. Before studying the legal course, the level of students is 8.68 marks with the percent of 43.4%. It is a failure level for students as it is under 50%. The results range of their percentages is from 5% to 60%. It is a bad state for translation students.  On the other hand, the average of translation students in translating English legal sentences after studying the legal course is 14 with the percent of 70%, it is a good level. Two students have got 90, 95 respectively, it is an excellent level with the first and second ranks, eight student have got between 16 and 17 marks with the percent of 80% and 85%, it is a very good level with the third and sixth ranks, while eight students have achieved the good level (70-75%) with ten and thirteen ranks. The fair level is for six students, while the fail level is for two students with 30 percent.

Results relating to Q2: What are the legal translation characteristics embedded in the legal English sentences translated by students at Jadara University in Jordan?
For answering this question, the characteristic recorded more than five frequencies is analyzed. Thus, the study deals with two kinds of characteristics: Stylistic characteristic includes technical and old or abandoned legal vocabularies. A syntactic characteristic includes performative, binomial expressions, and complex and long legal sentence as in table 3. The researcher adopted Cao (2007) classification of legal translation characteristics, but here as said above, the researcher deals only with stylistic characteristic and syntactic characteristics. The researcher analyzed students' translation regarding these characteristics by using content analysis as follows: . In this example, there are lexicon characteristic, e.g., lessee ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮ‬ , and performative characteristic, e.g., the use of may, and we find a language that is far from the language Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0484 (Online) Vol.9, No.22, 2019 38 of fiction, literature and poetry. It is an abstract language and a language of legislation that requires a lot of interpretation and explanation.

Lexical and Technical characteristics of Legal Language
Efforts have therefore been made in English-speaking countries to facilitate the language used by law to accommodate everyone. Because of the nature and function of the law, its language has developed many linguistic, lexicon, syntactic and deliberative features in order to achieve the objectives of the law and to understand the specificities of the law and its applications. In terms of the lexicon of the legal language, Cao (2000) says that lexicon has a complex and unique characteristic that applies to all different legal languages. In translation, because of different legal systems, many legal terms and expressions in a language do not agree with terms in a second language, which raises the problem of equivalence in this area. Cao (2000)  . This sentence includes the semi legal term enclose that means in Arabic ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻖ‬ . Daily legal terms and expressions, e.g., what is written in report, in file, and in contracts and agreements. Thus, all the legal sentences are daily legal terms and expressions. Not only that, but Jackson (1997) goes on to say that legal language is an independent language, and by recognizing that legal language is a technical language, we still have to define the characteristics of this language, where many people find it difficult to understand texts and legal documents. By this saying, Jackson insures that language is purely technical and differ from ordinary language, as legal language is a distinctly independent language. On the other hand, Cao (2007) says that it is a technical language with legal lexicons and structure that could give the legal language specificities. Not only has that, but Jackson (1997) has gone on to say that legal language is an independent language with its own system. Tiersma (1999) states that "legal language often strives toward great formality; it naturally gravitates towards archaic language" (p. 95). Legal language is recognized by many old or abandoned vocabularies, which are used as a daily language. However, these vocabularies vanished and became limited to use legal language. Alshehab ( 2013: 3) says that "there exist also some archaic adverbs, they are actually a mixture of words, using a compound words in the legal documents to give new meaning." Examples of such vocabulary is called 'Pronominal Adverbs', and it is a form of (Legal Jargon) such as; hereby (by this), herein (in that), thereof (of it), therefrom (from it), whereby (by which). Examples are taken from Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0484 (Online) Vol.9, No.22, 2019