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The Global Financial Crisis and Development Strategy for Emerging Market Economies

period to be caused by a near-collapse of the banking system in the advanced economies. The aggressive measures taken by the Federal Reserve, Treasury, and FDIC have stabilized the US banking system. The great anxiety that the main banks would have to be nationalized has now passed. Confidence has been revived by the stress test exercise that greatly increased transparency and demonstrated that it would require even worse loss rates than in the great depression to cause severe jeopardy to the banks’ capital position. Several major banks have now repaid the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) money, and if the other key banks need more capital, they will simply become somewhat more nationalized as they sell more shares to the government, rather than collapsing. Some worry that European banks are in severe danger, and cite the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates of larger credit losses ahead ($750 billion) than for the US banks ($550 billion). But those losses would be against a much larger asset base in the eurozone ($34 trillion in bank assets) than in the United States ($11 trillion). So it is unlikely that European banks in general are in worse shape, although those that are disproportionately exposed to Central Europe may be. If the heart of the crisis was the shock to the banking system, then overcoming that shock should mean that the worst part of the crisis has been overcome. The forecasts do indeed show moderate recovery next year from this worst recession since the Great Depression. Based on IMF and private sector forecasts, industrial countries’ output will fall nearly 4 percent this year, but be back to positive growth of 1 percent next year (figure 1). Emerging Asia will do the best, returning to 6 percent growth next year after keeping positive growth of nearly 4 percent this year. Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and South Africa should return to about 2 percent growth next year after sharp declines this year (especially in Europe). The overall pattern is that this global recession is