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The effect of levamisole on experimental gingivitis in juvenile periodontitis. Sequential clinical, immunological, and haematological changes.

In four patients with juvenile periodontitis (group A), five adults with advanced periodontitis (group B), and in four controls (group C) the concentration of serum immunoglobulins, serum complement (C3C4, and C5) T and B lymphocyte ratio, leukocyte migration inhibition and lymphocyte transformation responses to dental plaque bacteria (A. viscosus, B. melaninogenicus, F. nucleatum, and V. parvula) and PPD or PHA, and lymphocyte ATP-ase activity were assessed before and during development of experimental gingivitis. 
 
 
 
All the patients in group A and B Had completed extensive periodontal treatment, and at the time of the experiment the periodontal conditions were excellent. Plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation were assessed and blood samples were drawn: at day 0; after plaque accumulation for 14 d (no oral hygiene) (period I); after 14 d with optimal oral hygiene (period II); after plaque accumulation for 14 d (no oral hygiene) and concomitant immunostimulatory treatment with levamisole (period III); after 14 d with optimal oral hygiene. After period I, gingival inflammation and increased gingival fluid flow developed in all groups; however, in group C some of the clinical and immunological responses were slightly enhanced as compared wiht group A and group B. On the other hand, after period III (plaque accumulation + levamisole) more pronounced clinical and immunological changes were recorded in group A and B than in group C, including a significant rise in gingival fluid flow, LIF production, and lymphocyte ATP-ase activity. The present study has supported the asumption that a state of immunodeficiency can be an underlying, predisposing factor for juvenile periodontitis. The results, however, give only vague information on the nature of this deficiency