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Systemic Therapy for Male Breast Cancer

Male breast cancer is a rare malignancy accounting for < 1% of all cancers in men and < 1% of all breast cancers. Most of the cases are advanced stage ductal invasive carcinomas and express hormone receptors in the great majority and are less likely to over-express HER2-neu. Treatment includes locoregional methods such as surgery and radiotherapy, and systemic treatment mainly with hormonal therapy and, to a lesser extent, trastuzumab and chemotherapy as second lines. Nonetheless, the optimal treatment for male breast cancer is not known due to lack of prospective randomized trials. In this review systemic therapy for male breast cancer is discussed in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, with insight into the treatment of advanced disease.


Introduction
Till now there are no prospective randomized trials supporting specific treatment guidelines in male breast cancer. Almost all treatment strategies that have been adopted in male breast cancer are based upon data resulting from female breast cancer studies. The treatment of male breast cancer includes two objectives: treatment of local disease which includes surgery and radiotherapy, and systemic treatment. Systemic therapy for male breast cancer includes hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Adjuvant systemic treatment is used t to eradicate occult disease or treat advanced disease, while neoadjuvant treatment certain specific indications. Unfortunately, the data regarding systemic therapy for male breast cancer are limited because it has been primarily evaluated in case reports and small case series [1].

Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy
The selective anti estrogen tamoxifen is the standard of care for adjuvant hormonal treatment in male breast cancer. Tamoxifen improves survival rates in estrogen receptor-positive female breast carcinoma, and since male breast cancer is estrogen receptor-positive in about 90% of cases, adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in men is presumed to be an essential part of treatment. The treatment entails 20 mg of oral tamoxifen daily for 5 years [2]. No randomized clinical trials have assessed the role of adjuvant tamoxifen in male breast cancer, but several small retrospective studies have documented better disease-free and overall survival rates with adjuvant tamoxifen treatment than without tamoxifen [3,4]. Taken together, the data support the value of adjuvant tamoxifen for hormone-receptor positive male breast cancer. The role of adjuvant aromatase inhibitors in male breast cancer has not been determined but it is used when there are contraindications to tamoxifen or when there is metastatic disease. It is not known whether a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GNRH-a) or orchidectomy is needed when an aromatase inhibitor is prescribed to achieve complete estrogenic suppression.

Adjuvant Chemotherapy
The role for adjuvant chemotherapy in male breast cancer is less well established due to the rarity of the disease and the difficulty of conducting randomized controlled trials, but the existing data do suggest specially reduced risk of relapse [5,6]. Great caution should be experienced when giving chemotherapeutics due to older age at presentation and the presence of significant co morbidities. The same guidelines applied to female breast cancer are used so that chemotherapy should be used in the absence or doubt about endocrine-responsiveness, and the taxanes may be considered when lymph nodes are involved.

Adjuvant Trastuzumab
No data are available about the role of adjuvant trastuzumab in male breast cancer. However, since very substantial therapeutic benefit is observed after adjuvant trastuzumab in women with

Abstract
Male breast cancer is a rare malignancy accounting for < 1% of all cancers in men and < 1% of all breast cancers. Most of the cases are advanced stage ductal invasive carcinomas and express hormone receptors in the great majority and are less likely to over-express HER2-neu. Treatment includes locoregional methods such as surgery and radiotherapy, and systemic treatment mainly with hormonal therapy and, to a lesser extent, trastuzumab and chemotherapy as second lines. Nonetheless, the optimal treatment for male breast cancer is not known due to lack of prospective randomized trials. In this review systemic therapy for male breast cancer is discussed in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, with insight into the treatment of advanced disease.

Cancer Therapy & Oncology International Journal
HER2-positive breast cancer, adjuvant trastuzumab should be considered for men with high-risk, HER2-positive breast cancer according to patients' and tumor characteristics, following female breast cancer guidelines.

Neoadjuvant Therapies
The indications for neoadjuvant therapies are the presence of an ulcerated tumor, fixation of the tumor to the surrounding tissues, and advanced lymph node involvement [7].

Treatment of Advanced Disease
Hormonal therapy is the mainstay for treatment of metastatic male breast cancer. Before the introduction of tamoxifen, hormonal balance was achieved by surgical procedures including orchidectomy, adrenalectomy, or hypophysectomy, which produced a positive response in 55-80% of the cases, depending on the procedure performed [8]. None the less; these procedures were not attractive because they were irreversible, psychologically disturbing, and associated with significant surgical morbidity and mortality. Nowadays these methods have been replaced by various types of additive hormone treatment, the most important being tamoxifen, which produces a good response in about 50% of cases [9]. Other hormones used included androgens, antiandrogens, progestins, corticosteroids, aminoglutethimide and high doses of estrogens. Response rates ranged from 32% to 75%, according to the drug used [10].
Complete response rates had been reported with LH-RH analogues, with or without antiandrogens [11]. Anastrozole and letrozole achieved prolonged stability and showed objective responses, and these treatments are likely to be a subject for further investigation in the future [12,13]. Systemic chemotherapy is usually reserved for second-line or third-line treatment since most patients will respond favorably to hormonal treatment which produces superior response rates when compared to chemotherapy [14]. Since most cases of male breast cancer present at an older age, this in itself should not be considered an absolute contraindication to chemotherapy. Treatment choice s depends upon the clinical and biological characteristics of the tumor. At the present time, chemotherapy is administered to hormone-refractory disease, to young men and to cases of aggressive tumors, for example those with visceral metastases, and for significant palliation [15]. Response rates varied from 13% for single-agent fluorouracil to 67% for fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) [9].
Although up to one third of male breast cancers are shown by immunohistochemistry to over express HER2, gene amplification is rare. Only case reports exist about trastuzumab use in metastatic male breast cancer [16]. For male breast cancers over expressing HER2/neu, trastuzumab should be given according to data from female breast cancer guidelines both in the adjuvant and in the metastatic settings [17].