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The Royal Navy and the German threat, 1901–1914: admiralty plans to protect British trade in a war against Germany

prisoners. Moreover, the book ends not with the closure of the last camps in late 1919, but traces the difficult reintegration of those who had spent years in captivity. Family and work relationships had been torn apart, and those being repatriated to Germany faced the grim reality of a war-torn economy. Why has it taken almost hundred years to write this book? Society in interwar Britain was saturated with Germanophobia, and civilian internment did not fit into the picture of bellum iustum. This was then overshadowed by the brutalities of the Second World War where the issue of internment played out in far wider dimensions and dominated public perception, historiography and memorialization. Panayi gives us three convincing reasons for why it is now time to rescue First World War internment from oblivion: first, it recovers the history of those hundreds of thousands of individuals whose lives were unhinged by internment, either directly or indirectly. Second, it tackles mass internment as a state policy which, third, he argues was a constitutive feature of twentieth century warfare within a wider European and global context. The book is written in a readable style with a well-balanced selection of tables and illustrations, which renders it accessible to students at all levels and the general reader. Postgraduate students and scholars will find ample stimulation for further research. Possible themes for deeper case histories could include the fate of those internees who remained in Britain after their release; individual camps in mainland Britain within their local environments; internees’ memoirs as a genre in its own right; individual biographies of artists such as George Kenner, whose artwork decorates the book’s front cover; and comparative studies bringing these and other themes together on a transnational level. As preparations for the centenary are heating up and would-be players such as Michael Gove bring themselves into position, it will be all the more important to put the finger on minorities and other marginal groups who fall through the official net of national remembrance. One hopes that the general public will take note of Panayi’s exemplary reminder.