{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.051895043731778424, 'fraction_numerical': 0.05889212827988338, 'mean_word_length': 4.72, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A data-driven deep learning model for weekly sea ice concentration prediction of the Pan-Arctic during the melting season

This study proposes a purely data-driven model for the weekly prediction of daily sea ice concentration (SIC) of the Pan-Arctic (90N, 45N, 180E, 180W) during the melting season. The model, SICNet, adopts an encoder-decoder framework with fully convolutional networks (FCN) and can predict the SIC (covering 320×224 grids, each with a resolution of 25 km) one-week lead with high accuracy. We design a temporal-spatial attention module (TSAM) to help SICNet capture spatiotemporal dependencies from SIC sequences. The satellite-derived SIC data of 33 years (1988-2020) from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) are employed to train and test the model, 1988-2015 for training and 2016-2020 for testing. SICNet achieves the mean absolute error (MAE) 2.67%, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) 8.67%, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) 0.9784 in weekly predicting of SIC during the melting season. SICNet achieves better performance than existing deep-learning-based models. The TSAM reduced the MAE from 2.73% to 2.67%. We evaluate the model’s performance in recursively predicting, from 7-day to 28-day lead. We employ the binary accuracy (BACC) metric to measure the accuracy of the predicted sea ice extent (SIE) and compare SICNet with the anomaly persistence (Persist). SICNet shows better performance than Persist, with an average BACC on the 28th day of 2016-2019 over 90% (90.17%). For the 28-day lead predictions of three extreme minimum SIE in Sep. 2007, 2012, and 2020, SICNet outperforms Persist with an average improvement of 1.84% in BACC and 0.16 milkm2 in SIE error.