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Retinal mapping can distort to avoid the “impossible space” outside the visual field

We recently found that direct stimulation of visual cortex using TMS could result in phosphenes that extended outside the visual field (Wu et al, VSS 2006). Brightness was perceived to emanate from positions inside the mouth, beneath the head, or even behind the ear. Though previous studies using retinal stimulation had failed to produce similar results (Hayhoe & Williams 1984, Cavanagh & Barton VSS 2001), we decided to revisit the use of retinal afterimages with a larger number of subjects and stronger stimuli.