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A Review on Low-Cost Phosphorous Removal Techniques from Domestic and Industrial Waste Water

This review article comprehends the efficient techniques of removal of Phosphorous from domestic and industrial waste water which are cost effective. The removal of excess of phosphorous during wastewater treatment is vital for ensuring and protecting the ecosystem. A major source of Phosphorus is from agricultural fertilizer dissolution, manure and organic wastes from sewages and industrial effluents. The excess of the element in water, speed up eutrophication. Hence controlling phosphorous concentration from industrial and municipal waste water prevents eutrophication of surface water. The raw waste water phosphorus level is 200-300mg/l and discharge limit are 15mg/l. Excess concentration of phosphorous causes many water quality problems including increased purification costs, decreased recreational, loss of livestock and the possible lethal effect of algal toxins on drinking water. The removal of P from wastewater can be performed using physico-chemical methods, biological and Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) method, and/or combinations of both. The Physico chemical method deals with precipitation, coagulation, and flocculation. The most common chemical P-removal options involve dosing metal salts to either pre-treated influent or to the conventional activated sludge (CAS) reactors. P removal rates are typically proportional to the mass of chemical added. The chemical adsorptive media are manufactured from natural products, such as apatite, bauxite, lime stone, industrial wastes such as, fly ash, steel slud or ochre. Phosphate removal rate found to be 91% when Polonite is used to treat municipal wastewater over a period of 1 year with a P-sorption capacity of 120 g/kg. Other chemical precipitation of soluble phosphorous, use metal salts i.e., aluminium based chemical product e.g., Alum, iron based chemical products e.g., ferric chloride. The Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) technique is the modification of biological process that incorporates phosphorus in the cellular substance. In this process P can be removed without addition of chemicals. In EBPR technique, Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) such as Candidatus Accumulibacter and Tetrasphaera were both important in all plants and contained together 24–70% of the total Phosphorus. The contribution of Tetrasphaera to the total P-removal was higher than that of Candidatus Accumulibacter. This paper deals with the cost effective and environmentally sustainable techniques of phosphorous removal from small scale domestic and industrial wastewater.