{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03229527104959631, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.156028368794326, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Strategies for the economic transformation of a port city: A case study of Ningbo

This article describes the development of a long-term economic strategy for Ningbo, which is the largest non-container and fourth-largest container port in China. During the period of ‘reform and opening up’, the port expanded rapidly and there was large-scale growth of port-related industries. Since the turn of the century there has been a move to a more diversified economy emphasizing service industries. Following a review of the experience of other first- and second-tier port cities around the world, a strategy for Ningbo’s economic transformation has been drawn up, with three main strands: achieving industrial transformation (the core objective), advancing the regional position of Ningbo among adjacent cities (the major programmes), and urbanization (the driving force).