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The Roles of CRE, TRE, and TRE‐Adjacent S1 Nuclease Sensitive Element in the Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Promoter Activity by Angiotensin II

Abstract: The cis elements mediating activation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by angiotensin II were examined by transfecting tyrosine hydroxylase promoter‐luciferase constructs into cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Angiotensin II‐responsive elements are located within −54/+25‐bp and −269/−55‐bp promoter regions and were identified, respectively, as cyclic AMP (CRE)‐ and 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate responsive element (TRE)‐like sequences. Unlike CRE, TRE also supports basal promoter activity. Mutations of TRE or CRE that reduced angiotensin II stimulation abolished in vitro binding of nuclear proteins to those elements, suggesting that proteins forming CRE‐ and TRE‐inducible complexes may mediate angiotensin II stimulation. The TRE is adjacent to a dyad symmetry element. Those two sites form a common regulatory unit in which the dyad symmetry element acts as a repressor of the TRE site. Isolated dyad symmetry element did not bind nuclear proteins in vitro. In supercoiled DNA it exhibited S1 nuclease sensitivity and was recognized by a DNA cruciform‐specific antibody consistent with the extrusion of a cruciform structure that overlaps with the TRE. A mutation that abolished formation of the cruciform correlated with a loss of repressor activity. We propose a novel model of tyrosine hydroxylase gene regulation in which functions of the TRE are modulated via structural transition in the adjacent DNA.