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Food Habits and Physical Activity in Relation to the Nutritional Status of Adolescents in Urban and Rural Senior High Schools in Bogor

The aim of this study was to know the food habits and physical activity in relation to the nutritional status of adolescents in urban and rural Senior high Schools in Bogor. The design of the research was a cross-sectional study, the number of subjects was 70 students from urban and rural. The data collection was carried out by using questionnaires, food recall 2x24 hour, physical activity recall 1x24 hour and anthropometry measurements. The results indicated that about 40% of urban adolescents were getting pocket money between Rp.20, 000-29,990 while 37.10% of rural adolescents were getting pocket money below Rp.10, 000 which shows the urban adolescents were getting more allowances than rural adolescents. Around 80.0% of total the urban adolescents have normal nutritional status while 57.1% of rural adolescents have normal nutritional status and 31.4% of rural adolescents were thin whereas 5.7% of urban adolescents were thin. The majority of the study participants have breakfast before leaving for school, also the majority of urban adolescents have more snack than rural adolescents. Generally, rural adolescents were physically active while most of the urban adolescents were physically inactive.


I. INTRODUCTION
Adolescences are one of the most exciting, however, it is a challenging period for the development of Healthy food choices that combined with good regular physical activities can help to prevent a variety of many chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, heart disease, and certain cancers. One of the key features of the adolescents' eating patterns includes skipping breakfast, snacking, dieting, and adoption of specific diets. Also, Parents have the most influence on their children's' physical activity and dietary habits patterns, and most parents make a significant personal investment in their child's future. It was found that the qualities of diet and physical activity among adolescents are associated with the family income and mother's educational level (Al Sabbah et al. 2007). So one of the most important foods of the day is breakfast. Breakfast.is the first eating occasion involving, solid food or a beverage that occurred after waking. It is the first meal that appears, to program the metabolism, for the rest of the day. A team of researchers found, that there may be some truth in the old saying "eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a pauper" may be the key to a healthy body and mind." It is a true that, the gap between dinner and breakfast, is so high that an individual, is really starving. So an individual tends to be deficient of all the nutrients in the morning, especially water-soluble nutrients that cannot be stored in the body. Breakfast should provide, one-third of the daily nutritive needs (Yattinmani, 2012).  (Ullery, Lee, & Dalman, 2015). In the past few decades, physical activity patterns in adolescents have changed as a result of increased television watching, spending much time at a computer, and spending less time on physical activity in the schools and communities. Also, adolescences are characterized by biological, physical, psychological and social changes, with potential direct impacts on daily activities. The urban areas and rural areas may be associated, with two different lifestyles, and environment characteristics may contribute to lower levels of physical activities, and fitness in adolescents (Suliburska et al. 2012). The movements of peoples from rural areas, to urban areas, generally, identified as urbanization, and it is, a common phenomenon, that is observed all over the world, during the development process of a country.
So Indonesia is, one of the countries that have experienced a rapid process of increased urbanization, and that is similar, to the trends about the world). Since, the mid-1990s, the total number of Indonesia's, the rural population, has begun to decline, and today more than half of Indonesia's overall population lives, in the urban environment (Meng et al. 2013). An unhealthy lifestyle, among adolescent people, is a serious and often unnoticed problem. This applies to young people, from all backgrounds, but often it seems, adolescent people brought up in rural areas lead a healthier lifestyle, compared to their peers in big cities.
Adolescents, in big cities, have easier access, to shopping malls, supermarkets, etc., which continually advertise, unhealthy food and high-calorie products.
Access to public transport does not incline them, to take daily walks. On the other hand, rural adolescents have a problem with access to sports facilities and a lower financial status, which often limits access to healthy food and an active way of spending their spare time. It is well known that the ability to lead a healthy lifestyle depends on various, environmental factors, such as the level of nutrition, education, access to sports facilities, and food, habits including breakfast habits, frequency, snacking and eating habits (Suliburska et al. 2012). Therefore, this study aimed to know the food habits and physical activity in relation to the nutritional status of adolescents in urban and rural Senior high Schools in Bogor.

Characteristics of the Sample
The characteristics of adolescents consist of age and pocket money. The distribution of adolescents based on the characteristics of the adolescents can be seen in were getting above Rp.30,000. None of the urban students were not getting below RP.10,000 but 37.1% of the rural students are getting daily pocket money that below RP.10,000 and this shows that the daily pocket money of the urban students was more than that of the rural students.

Correlation between Food habits and Pocket money
Pearson's product-moment, coefficient, is the measurement of correlation and ranges (depending on the correlation) between +1 and -1. +1 indicates, the strongest, positive correlation possible, and -1 indicates, the strongest negative correlation possible. So, the closer the coefficient to either of these numbers the stronger the correlation of the data it represents. On this scale, 0 indicates no correlation, hence values, closer to zero highlights weaker/poorer correlation than those closer to +1/-1. As seen in the results from the following table 6 a strong positive and negative correlation (r = 0.330 and r = -0.366) has been observed between the snacking habits and pocket money both in urban and rural adolescents' snacking. The results also showed a moderate correlation between eating habits and pocket money from both urban and rural adolescents. Also, the results from the rural area, it indicated that there is a weak/poor positive correlation between the fast foods and the pocket money while the urban respondents have indicated a moderate negative correlation between the fast foods and the pocket money. This result also in line with the results of the study by (Ambarita, 2014) in elementary school children aged 9-13 years in Bogor city which shows that part of the nutritional status of primary school children is in Bogor City is classified as normal based on body mass index for age for z-score (BAZ), 70.8% of the research results indicated that they had normal nutritional status and 72.3% were female and 69.2% of male while the female respondents more than 3.1% from the male nutritional status. The finding of the rural adolescents indicated that about 57.1% had the normal nutritional status of which. There were differences between urban and rural adolescents. Around 31.4% of rural adolescents were thin whereas only 5.7% of urban adolescents were thin. Also from the pocket money of the urban and rural adolescents were the major factors that indicate the risk of malnutrition. In fact, about 14.3% of urban adolescents are overweighed whereas only 5.7% of rural adolescents are overweighed.  energy intake will be stored in the body as fat. The more fat stored, the more risk someone will be overweight and obese. According to (Boden et al., 2015), overweight in adolescents is not only a consequence of health and psychology but will develop into a serious problem if experienced in the long term, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart disease.
Based on the distribution of adolescents' macronutrients consumption of school day and non-school day were discussed in the tables below. Lack of energy from food will cause someone to lack the energy to move, work, and do activities (Wijayanti, 2018). Lack of energy, in the long run, can cause a person to be thin and experiencing malnutrition. The finding of the study indicated that there were significant differences between urban and rural students, about 40.0% of rural adolescents, their energy intake in the school day below RDA%(<77) as compared the urban adolescents, whereas 20.0% of urban adolescents' energy intake in the school day were very less, this also indicated that the rural adolescents' energy intake in the school day  Correlation analysis indicated that the breakfast habits of the urban and rural adolescents were related to pocket money of the students and were moderate (r =0.120 and -0.159) respectively. However, the results revealed that significant correlation has been observed between snacking habits and pocket money of students and were (r = 0.330 and r = -0.366) which can be considered a high correlation or impact, it means whenever the students have more pocket money the more the students increases their frequency snacking.
However, the factor which made this correlation between snacking habits and pocket money so high is that the students are preferring snacking than breakfast. According to (Antony & Bhatti, 2015).
The pocket money of adolescents affects junk food consumption in children. though a negative correlation was seen and more than 60% of the participants between 16-18 years of age, they spend their entire pocket money on fast foods, therefore, among these adolescents 32.8% consumed fast foods four times a week, 28% three times, 25.2% had twice, and 14% once a week. Also, this study presented that 57.7% of the adolescents consumed junk food at home compared with 29.4% who had junk food from the school canteen, 40.9% at fast-food counters and 10.6% sharing from friends. According to the findings (Kaur & Hegde, 2008), about 75% of the parents bought their children junk food from the restaurants and at least once a week compared to the about 23.5% of children who purchased junk food for themselves as these were willingly available on the school buildings.

IV. CONCLUSION
The sampling frame was created based on the students of 10 th ,11 th and 12 th grades in two public High Schools in Bogor (SMA Negeri 3 Kota Bogor and SMA Negeri 1 Leuwiliang) and then Randomization was taken in each school to determine the number of the students.

V. RECOMMENDATION
❖ To give short courses about nutrition education and counseling are very important to improve the adolescents' nutritional knowledge, especially counseling about the guidelines of balanced nutrition so that the food habits of the adolescents and can achieve adequate nutrients intake. ❖ To give short courses bout sport and exercise nutrition to improve physical activities during the school ❖ Parents should pay more attention to the child's food habits and get children accustomed to bringing food or drink supplies from home ❖ Adolescents, who get more pocket money tend to spend it to buy street foods which often high in calorie but very poor in nutrient, so it would be better if the pocket money is over substituted by giving them a meal box for the breakfast or lunch to the school, and this is healthful as well as more balanced nutrients than the street foods VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I greatly appreciate and thanked UC (University Consortium) for funding 1/3 of this work, Also Without UC, my thesis work may not be finished on time.