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The Fbi, Mowm, and Core, 1941-1946

Recent scholarship has traced the origin of federal political surveillance of citizens by what was then called the Bureau of Investigation to the period of the "Red Scare" immediately after World War I (Williams, 1981, pp. 560-579). This type of spying went beyond the bureau's statutory authority, which includes only the activities of persons in violation of federal laws. In 1924, J. Edgar Hoover stated that "theoretically" the bureau could not get involved in noncriminal activities, but as American participation in World War II neared, Hoover, using recently issued presidential directives as authority, began claiming a much wider scope for the bureau's activities. By 1940, he believed that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had jurisdiction over "subversive activities" and other "movements detrimental to the national security" (Lowenthal, 1950, p. 444). Actually, as one scholar and critic of the FBI points out, the presidential directives, issued in 1936 and 1939, authorized investigative work only involving communism and fascism, not "subversive activities and related matters," as Hoover and the bureau later claimed. Armed with the directives, however, Hoover began planning an elaborate program of surveillance that "would focus on domestic political or trade union activities deemed subversive by FBI personnel" (Theoharis, 1976, pp. 649-659; Theoharis, 1978, p. 67). It was also during the World War II period that the FBI began the illegal use of wiretaps under authority from the president, who distrusted some of his associates and wanted information about critics of his foreign policy (Bernstein, 1976, p. 63).