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The influence of electron beam direction and atomic weight on the ionization cross‐section of metals by high‐energy electrons

The intensities of X‐rays generated from samples of Ni3Al, Ni15 at. % A1 and (TiNb)3Al were examined over a range of accelerating voltages as a function of diffracting conditions. It was found that the intensities of the X‐rays from the heavier element in the alloys may be enhanced, with respect to the signal from the lighter element, when the sample is orientated at symmetry. This occurs for Ni and Ti with respect to the Al intensity in Ni3Al and (TiNb)3Al, even when the systematic row which is excited does not contain a superlattice reflection, and in Nil5 at. % A1 which is effectively a disordered alloy. The situation in (TiNb)3Al is more complex, since although the Ti signal is enhanced with respect to the Al signal at symmetry for all reflections, the NbK intensity is not increased relative to the Ti signal but is increased relative to the Al intensity; the magnitude of this increase is about twice as great for reflections which lie in rows which contain superlattice reflections than for rows which do not. In contrast, the NbL intensity is decreased with respect to the TiK intensity when the crystal is set at symmetry for all types of systematic rows. These observations are interpreted in terms of the influence of atomic number on the sizes of electron shells and hence on their ionization cross‐sections. The results are briefly discussed in terms of the technique of alchemi, which is used to determine site occupancy in alloys, and in terms of the quantification of energy dispersive X‐ray data from thin samples.