{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016194331983805668, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.727891156462585, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Leaders in Thermal Evolution--Heat Transfer Research Laboratories in Academic Institutions

Research and innovation in heat transfer technology is closely linked with technological advancement in other scientific and technical fields. Compact heat exchanger surfaces were developed in response to the increasing demands from the automotive, aviation, and air separation industries. The robust shell and tube heat exchangers that have served faithfully as the workhorse of chemical, power generation, and process industries for over a century are being challenged by plate-and-frame and heliflow heat exchangers to meet the growing need for compactness, low maintenance, and flexibility in design and operation. Although actual product development often takes place in industrial settings, new concepts based on solid theory generally emerge from academic research laboratories. Over the past century, academic heat transfer laboratories played a key role in transforming the field of heat