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PROPAGATION OF TREES OF COMMON LIME (TILIA X EUROPAEA L.) PLANTED IN SWEDISH GARDENS IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES

Summary Trees of common lime (Tilia x europaea L.) were very common in parks and gardens of the 17th and 18th centuries in Sweden and in other countries in central and northern Europe. Due to the longevity of lime trees and their ability to endure pruning, many of those trees still remain although they are often in need of restoration or replacement. Before such measures are taken, the taxonomy should be investigated. The lime trees planted in Swedish gardens during this period are, with very few exceptions, of common lime (Tilia x europaea L.) but there is considerable variation within this taxon. To understand this variation it is necessary to know how the trees were propagated. Based on studies of historical and contemporary references and field studies, it was possible to conclude that the majority of lime trees planted in Sweden during the 17th and 18th centuries were vegetatively propagated by layering. During the second half of the 18th century, seed-propagated trees were also used. The more effective method of propagation by seed may have been prevented for most of the period by inferior seed quality due to the climatic conditions referred to as the ‘little ice age’ (ca. 1430–1850).