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Toxicity evaluation of eluates from waste after thermal conversion of sewage sludge

The waste generated in the processes of thermal disposal of sewage sludge introduced into the envi­ ronment, for example, in the storage process, is subjected to the influence of rainwater, the result of which may be the leaching of many, often hazardous, components therefrom. Hazardous substances in eluates pose a risk of migration thereof into the ground and water environment and can also have a toxic effect on the biosphere. The water leaching test, used in Poland to evaluate environmental risk caused by waste, only shows the capacity to release substances contained in waste under spe­ cific conditions without the inclusion of their impact on the biosphere. In contrast, the evaluation of waste bio-toxicity is conducted using bioassays. The undertaken research aimed to examine whether the expansion of environmental risk assessment to include biotests with respect to potentially leach­ able components from waste would be a better tool for the evaluation of their toxicity. The research included bioassays with the usage of Lepidium sativum, and Avena sativa plants and the Microtox screening test with the participation of Vibrio fischeri bacteria. The analyzed eluates from the ashes obtained through sewage sludge incineration and waste from the treatment of flue gas were char­ acterized by alkaline reaction as well as high levels of chlorides and sulfates. The eluates from fly ashes demonstrated a varied bio-toxicity depending on the type of the test organism. In the case of Lepidium sativum, the inhibition of root growth was observed while Avena sativa was stimulated. With respect to the Vibrio fischeri bacteria, a toxic effect of eluates was not noted. The eluates from waste obtained through the treatment of flue gas had a toxic effect on every biotest. The usage of bioas­ says as supplementation of chemical research for the assessment of the influence of leachates from waste on the ground and water environment may significantly raise the effectiveness of monitoring and the quality management of water resources.