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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE AVAILABILITY OF GREEN OPEN SPACE IN EAST SURABAYA

Air pollution in Surabaya is the greatest and urgent issue to be solved. East Surabaya has the largest CO2 emissions from housing activity compared to other Surabaya regions. One of the ways to naturally absorb CO2 is to provide adequate green open space. Public green open spaces in East Surabaya amounted to only 2.37% of the total land area. The objectives of this study is to know the availability of Green open spaces and factors influencing it’s availability in East Surabaya, compare to area of formal housing and kampung. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the availability of Green open space. Content analysis is used in this research to find the factors influence availability of green open spaces. The result shows that East Surabaya has 644.42 ha green open space or only 7.14%. The result also shows that factors influence the availability of green open spaces in East Surabaya are different between formal housing and kampung. Some factors related to the policy and social aspects that influence the availability of green open space in both East Surabaya kampung and formal housing. Those factors are: the allocation of green open space in spatial planning; forestation program; basic green coefficient; incentives and disincentives; supervision and control of landuse; community participation; the influence of community leaders; public awareness; communities; reward in forestation programs; facilitators; and the diversity of greening innovation. Meanwhile, some factors such as the limited land, the housing density, the changes in land use, and the limited fund has only influence in kampung. Factors of coordination between government agencies and developers and also the concept offered by developers have only influence in formal housing.


INTRODUCTION
Air pollution in Surabaya is the greatest and urgent issue to be solved (Environmental Agency of Surabaya, 2011). Based on the research by Pradiptyas (2011), Widyanadiari (2011), and Rachmawati (2011), it is said that East Surabaya has the largest carbon dioxide emissions from settlements activity compared to other Surabaya regions. Its carbon dioxide level reach 172.832,40 tons CO2/year. Plants can reduce carbon dioxide concentration by absorbing carbon dioxide during the day (Li, 2010). One of the great ways to naturally absorb carbon dioxide is to provide adequate green open space (Joga and Ismaun, 2011). Joga and Ismaun (2011) also stated that green open space is an area / region that contain natural elements and structures which can perform the ecological processes, such as air pollution control, climate amelioration, water control system, and so on.
The green area (including vegetation and mangroves) in Surabaya in the last ten years (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009) has been reduced by 43.2 km 2 or 12.9% (Hasyim, 2011). Surabaya as metropolitan city should certainly pay attention to meet the needs of green open space so that the balance between built and unbuilt land can be reached. Through a good green open space planning, it can make Surabaya more sustainable.
Sustainable city must be comfortably livable, not only for the present generation, but also for future generations. According to the data from the Environment Agency, the green open spaces of Surabaya currently is 6460.38 hectares or about 19.5% from the total area of Surabaya (consist of protected areas, parks and green belts, urban forests, sports fields, and cemetery). According to the data from the 2008 State of Environment Report of Surabaya and the 2008 Spatial Planning of Surabaya's document, public green open space in East Surabaya is amounted to only 2.37% (consist of city parks, playgrounds, courts sport, cemeteries, and mangroves). An appropriate arrangement of green open space can improve the quality of the city's atmosphere, be an air refresher, lower the city temperature, sweep the surface dust, reduce levels of air pollution, and reduce noise (Hakim and Utomo, 2003). If the provision of green open space still does not meet the requirement, the various environmental problems will be encountered in this region. Therefore, it is necessary to study the factors that influencing the availability of green open space in East Surabaya.

Literature Review
The availability of green open space was influenced by several factors that can be known from literature and previous research. Aurelia (2010), Dinariana (2011), Brodhead (2009), andMcDonald et al (2013) stated that the area of green open space is affected by population density and population growth. The population that growing is also affects the availability of green open space. It is because the housing need will also increase when the population is growing. Because the increasing population and need for land, area of green open space was reduced and its availability decreased. Limitation of the land factor expressed by Aurelia (2010), Olaleye et al (2013), and Dinariana (2011) is also revealed by Bieber (2007). They said that the increasing need for private area will make the land price grow higher. Joga (2013) is also revealed that the development of commercial areas also reduces the availability of green space area. Fattah (2001), Muis (2005), Lestari (2007), and Olaleye et al (2013) stated that the most influential aspect of green open space existence is the economic aspect. Economic aspect consists of limited funds and the high price of land that affects the provision of green open space. Aurelia (2010) also adds the spatial planning policy aspect. Policy is an important factor determining the availability of green space because land use is regulated by government policy. Sihite & Isman (1997), Aurelia (2010), and Lestari (2007)  Green open space implementer's factor stated by Fattah (2001) is also agreed with the factors stated by the Lestari (2007). They state that surveillance, treatment, and the provision which has not been optimal are influencing the availability of green open space. In addition to the expert, Sihite & Isman (1997) and Olaleye et al (2013) also noted that institutional aspects also influencing the green open space availability.
Factors affecting the availability of green open space based on the literature are shown in Table 1 below. Literature studies drawn from theory and previous research.  (2013) Ernawati & Silas (2013) Immigrants The quality and quantity of government

Research Methods
This research conducted by exploratory paradigm to find or obtain a new thing. The purpose from this descriptive study is to create a description or overview of situation or event, explain the relationships between phenomena, as well as the meaning and implications from a problem to be solved. The availability of green open space in this study was identified by overlaying the digital image of Landsat 8, secondary data from Surabaya Government, and field survey. This research used descriptive methods to explain the availability of green open space in East Surabaya.
Qualitative analysis is used to analyze the factors that affect the availability of green open space. An in-depth interview is used to explore the stakeholder views about factors influencing the availability of green open spaces in East Surabaya. This study tries to seek the views of stakeholders or assessment related to the provi-sion of green open space in East Surabaya. Based on the identification process, relevant stakeholders interviewed were Department of Planning and Development of Surabaya; Department of Hygiene and Gardening of Surabaya; Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning of Surabaya; Environmental Agency of Surabaya; housing developer in East Surabaya; Real Estate Indonesia (REI) of East Java; spatial expert; environmental expert; formal housing community leaders; kampung community leaders; and Tunas Hijau Community. The results of the interview were analyzed using content analysis to find the factors.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The availability of Green Open Space Figure 1 shows the area of East Surabaya. It includes seven districts such as Tambaksari, Gubeng, Mulyorejo, Sukolilo, Rungkut, Tenggilis Mejoyo, and Gunung Anyar district. The availability of green open space in this study was identified by analyzing the digital image classification. Through supervised image classification analysis, all pixels in the Landsat 8 bands image are grouped according to the research needs. In this study, the vegetation is grouped into two classes, trees and shrubs ( Figure 2). In supervised classification analysis, ground truth is done to determine the image accuracy with the existing conditions.
Identification of the availability of green open space is also equipped with Department of Hygiene and Garden of Surabaya's data and primary surveys. This is done to complement the green open spaces of data which is not detected by the satellite images of Landsat 8. That green open space is only 7.14% of the area of East Surabaya or only 9020.41 hectares. In detail, Table 2 shows the green open space area in East Surabaya based on the vegetation types. Based on identification, 68% of vegetation on green open spaces in East Surabaya is mangrove. However, mangrove vegetation is only found in the coastal areas, which are Gunung Anyar, Mulyorejo, Rungkut, and Sukolilo district. The area of each green open space in every district in East Surabaya can be seen in the Table 3. District Mulyorejo, Rungkut, and Sukolilo have much larger green area than the other districts. This is because they have mangrove forests area. While the other district is only has green open space from public and private green open space such as parks and cemetery. From the percentage of green open space located in the residential region, trees were identified larger (98%) than shrub. This is because most of the shrubs are under the shade of nearby trees. Therefore, most of the shrub on Landsat satellite imagery was identified as tree.  For the benefit of air pollution absorption, needed green open space spread evenly. As seen on Figure 3, most of the green open space in East Surabaya is only available in coastal areas only. Meanwhile in areas with a high density of buildings, they do not have enough green open space yet. We also have seen that in housing area, there is still lack of green open space. Therefore, further analysis is done to determine the factors that affect the availability of green open space in East Surabaya.

Factors Influence the Availability of Green Open Space
Factors influence the availability of green open space was obtained through in-depth interviews with stakeholders. These factors were asked regarding two types of housing, the formal housing and kampung. These factors also asked to the stakeholders based on the existing conditions in the study area. Through in-depth interview, it can be known that there are some factors that confirmed to be influencing green open space availability.
The results of these interviews were analyzed using content analysis techniques (Table 4). Through content analysis, the factors obtained by researchers through a literature review can be confirmed and explored if there are other factors based on stakeholders' opinion. This is because there has been a green basic standard that must be met prior to applying for building permit. 6. Changes in land use function Changes in land use functions influencing the availability of green open space. However, the function of this land is already controlled by the government through policies to meet the needs of standardized green open space by 30%. Currently, Surabaya government actually makes the coastal areas for conservation function. Those conservation areas will increase the availability of green open space in Surabaya. Changes in land use function have no effect on the availability of green open space in the formal housing. This is because the land in formal housing in accordance with the site plan must be submitted when applying for a development license. In addition, infrastructure, facilities, and utilities owned by formal housing must be submitted to the government since the beginning so it cannot change the function. The presence of greening programs conducted by the Surabaya City Government makes people motivated to carry out reforestation. Program undertaken by the government (such as a clean and green program), besides trying to increase green space, also aims to increase public awareness of the importance of greening their neighborhoods. Not only the government's program, but also community / environmental organizations' program can encourage people to carry out forestation. These programs have also been shown to increase the public awareness because people feel better comfort after their environment looks greener. Furthermore, these types of programs and diversity programs also affect the public's enthusiasm for the program. Therefore, it is also necessary to make an innovation or creativity on the programs offered so that people do not get bored and wants to participate in forestation programs.

Green Basic Coefficient
Policy on green basic coefficient assessed to be influential in the provision of green open space. In formal housing, green basic coefficient rules binding the developer to apply for a residential development permit. This rule goes into Surabaya City Regulation No. 7 of 2010 on Infrastructure, Facilities and Utilities at Industrial Area, Commerce, Housing and Settlement. While in the kampung, green basic coefficient is also binding when applying a building permit.

Incentives and disincentives
Incentives and disincentives assessed to be factors affecting the availability of green open space. East Surabaya until now has not had rules governing incentives and disincentives associated green open space.

Coordination between government agencies and developers
Coordination between agencies and developers assessed to be effecting on the availability of green open space in formal housing by all stakeholders. Currently, developers are required to perform administrative Infrastructure, Facilities, and Utilities submission to the municipal government since the beginning of the necessary residential development permits. So that, after construction is completed or has reached 50%, the infrastructure, facilities, and utilities must be submitted to the municipal government 14. Concept offered by developers The concept offered by developers should refer to local regulations. Through the site plan submitted by the developer, the government evaluates whether it has been passed the policy or not. The concept is approved and permits issued when site plan fit the rules. Currently, according to East Java REI, with increasing public awareness of the importance of green open space, consumer tastes began to switch towards residential housing that provides adequate green open space. It encourages developers to provide adequate green open space in their housing development concept. 15. Supervision and control of land use Surabaya Government implemented more anticipation system in terms of land use. Control of land use is regulated through land use plans as the basis for the issuance of licenses. Supervision and control of landuse in formal housing is also set from the beginning of the necessary permits. For example, the green open space as part of the Infrastructure, Facilities, and Utilities policy. Green open space should be submitted to the municipal government since the beginning (administrative) and then handed over to the municipal government upon completion. That way, the government can control the use of green open space in formal housing. 16. The quality and quantity of government staff The quantity and quality of government officials not directly affect the availability of green open space. However, these factors can influence policy formulation or decision-making related to urban spatial planning in formal housing and settlements 17. The effect of the government's political According to stakeholders, political influence is not allowed to influence public policy. Political influence of the government is also not visible in East Surabaya.

Community participation
Public participation does not only affect their participation in the early green open space provision, but also the sustainability of the private and public green open spaces. According to Development Planning Agency of Surabaya, public participation does not only affect in kampung, but also in formal housing. Although green open space in formal housing should have been included in the Infrastructure, Facilities, and Utilities policy that will be submitted to the government, but there are some old developers who have not submitted its infrastructure, facilities, and utilities. In cases like this, community efforts are very influential in asking the City Government to maintain the infrastructure, facilities, and utilities.

The influence of community leaders
Community leaders assessed to be affecting on the provision of green open space by some stakeholders. The influence of community leaders can get to the surrounding community if the community has seen that the efforts made by community leaders are beneficial. The community leaders also start with greening in their own house, and then just pass it on to others in the surrounding communities. 20. Public awareness All stakeholders interviewed stated that awareness is affecting the provision of green open space in the neighborhood. This applies to formal housing and kampung. This public awareness can encourage people to start greening their own homes to the surrounding environment. According to East Java REI, in formal housing, public awareness of the importance of green open space has prompted consumers to look for residential housing that provides adequate green open space. It encourages developers to provide more green open space than the minimum standards that must be met and even highlight the provision of adequate green open space in the housing concept.

Communities
There are groups in society that contribute to the green movement (Department of Hygiene and Gardening of Surabaya, 2014). Community groups are influential in the provision of open space such as woman associations and Tunas Hijau environmental organizations. Communities in this society are moving to make the program, implementing, and overseeing the greening programs.
In addition to 21 factors from the study of theory, at the time of in-depth interviews, acquired several new factors that assessed to be affecting the availability of green open space in the study area. The new factors are: 1. Reward in green/forestation programs Community participation in forestation programs also cannot be separated from the rewards given in the program. Based on interviews with Tunas Hijau environmental community, equipment / material rewards which is useful for the daily activities of the community will be more attractive. In addition to rewards in goods, people in the study area are also attracted by non-material rewards such as awards and a visit from the mayor. Although it is not a material reward, but the pride of the community that the environment was awarded in forestation programs also attract the public to participate in a forestation program.

Facilitators
Implementation of greening programs involving community needs facilitator to support the community from pre-program to post-program. The facilitators assist people from pre-program to post-program. The facilitators are important for community assistance in implementation of the program and provide insights to the community about the program. 3. The diversity of greening innovation.
The willingness of the community in the provision of green open space in their own homes or lots in the neighborhood is also influenced by their knowledge of the diversity of innovation that they can apply for forestation/greening programs. It is also related to the greening program in their neighborhood. People are more interested in greening suggested if the greening innovation is easy to be implemented independently or can be done in small groups of people. Table 5 is a synthesis of the results of interviews with stakeholders regarding the factors that affect the availability of green open space in East Surabaya.  Factors influence the availability of green open spaces in East Surabaya is different between formal housing and kampung. There are some factors that only influence in kampung such as the limited land, housing density, changes in land use function, and limited funds. In East Surabaya's kampung, those factors become a problem for the society. They can't provide an adequate green open space because of those factors. Figure 4 shows the housing density in formal housing and kampung of East Surabaya. The average housing density in East Surabaya's kampung is about 66 unit/ha.  Source: author, 2014 Meanwhile in the formal housing, the factors influence is related to the developers, such as coordination between goverment and developer and the concept offered by developers. In East Surabaya, there are some developers which provide adequate green open space in their formal housing. They have applied the green concept in their property design. But still there are a lot of properties which only provide the green open space merged with the other facilities, not as a green open space facility itself.
Some factors related to the policy and social aspects that influence the availability of green open space in both East Surabaya kampung and formal housing. Those factors are: the allocation of green open space in spatial planning; reforestation/green program; basic green coefficient; incentives and disincentives; supervision and control of land use; community participation; the influence of community leaders; public awareness; communities; reward in green/reforestation programs; facilitators; and the diversity of greening innovation.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research, we can conclude that the availability of green open space in East Surabaya reach 7.14% of its region area. District Mulyorejo, Rungkut, and Sukolilo have much larger green area than the other districts. This is because they have mangrove forests area.There are some factors influence the availability of the green open spaces. The factors is different between formal housing and kampung. Factors influence in all housing type in East Surabaya including social aspects, institution aspects, and policy aspects. Factors influence the availability of green open space in East Surabaya in both kampung and formal housing are: 1. The allocation of green open space in spatial planning 2. Reforestation/green program 3. Basic Green Coefficient 4. Incentives and disincentives 5. Supervision and control of land use 6. Community participation 7. The influence of community leaders 8. Public awareness 9. Communities 10. Reward in green/reforestation programs 11. Facilitators 12. The diversity of greening innovation Some factors such as the limited land, the housing density, the changes in land use function, and the limited funds only influence the availability of green open space in kampung. There also factors that only influence in formal housing. Those factors are the coordination between government agencies and developers and also the concept offered by developers. Those factors can become references to provide adequate green open spaces in East Surabaya.