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“Critical slowing down in depression” is a great idea that still needs empirical proof

With great interest we read the paper by van de Leemput et al. (1). The authors conceptualize depression as a complex dynamic system with two distinct states (normal and depressed) and support this idea with dynamic system theory and model simulations. Unfortunately, when presenting empirical evidence for their supposition, the authors fall into the trap of generalizing group-level results to the individual level and mixing up between-subject and within-subject variability, a trap often encountered in the medical field (2).