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Long-term fatigue damage sensitivity to wave directionality in extra-large monopile foundations

The fatigue damage sensitivity to wave directionality on large-diameter monopile foundations for use in the offshore wind turbine industry is investigated. A frequency-domain approach with the Dirlik method is used to estimate fatigue damage and to evaluate the effect of wave spreading and swell separation compared to a total sea representation. To evaluate the long-term impact, 30 years of hindcast data from the Dogger Bank area are used. Furthermore, a computationally efficient time-domain model of a 10-MW offshore wind turbine is used to compare with the frequency-domain results. Results show that benefits in terms of structural fatigue can be obtained with directional considerations.