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The Ontario and Quebec Experiments in Forest Reserves 1883–1930

During the late nineteenth century, there was a concern in Ontario and Quebec that central Canada's pine stands were limited and threatened. Amid claims that the lucrative forestry industry was unsustainable, the Ontario and Quebec governments established a network of forest reserves. The reserves were a politically palatable prospect: the network was attractive to business interests in a dependable industry over the long term, and served as a convenient way to settle regional forestry/agriculture land disputes. The reserve network ultimately failed to provide the basis of sustained-yield production. Policy-makers hoped to bring principles of scientific forestry into the management of public woodlands, but were not prepared for the tremendous political commitment and expense required to maintain the reserves. Without an adequate policy for maintaining the reserves, the Ontario government often gave forestry licenses on an ad-hoc basis. The result was the belated mass cutting of large quantities of pine that were considered overdue for harvesting. Quebec forest reserves were small enough to accommodate the forestry industry's status quo, and did not limit exploitation to a sustainable level.