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Exploring the Substrate Range of Wild‐Type Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetases

We tested the substrate range of four wild‐type E. coli aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (AARSs) with a library of nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs). Although these AARSs could discriminate efficiently against the other canonical amino acids, they were able to use many nsAAs as substrates. Our results also show that E. coli tryptophanyl‐tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) and tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase have overlapping substrate ranges. In addition, we found that the nature of the anticodon sequence of tRNATrp altered the nsAA substrate range of TrpRS; this implies that the sequence of the anticodon affects the TrpRS amino acid binding pocket. These results highlight again that inherent AARS polyspecificity will be a major challenge in the aim of incorporating multiple different amino acids site‐specifically into proteins.