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Intraoperative thromboelastography as a tool to predict postoperative thrombosis during liver transplantation

BACKGROUND Thromboembolic complications are relatively common causes of increased morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period in liver transplant patients. Early postoperative portal vein thrombosis (PVT, incidence 2%-2.6%) and early hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT, incidence 3%-5%) have a poor prognosis in transplant patients, having impacts on graft and patient survival. In the present study, we attempted to identify the predictive factors of these complications for early detection and therefore monitor more closely the patients most at risk of thrombotic complications. AIM To investigate whether intraoperative thromboelastography (TEG) is useful in detecting the risk of early postoperative HAT and PVT in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). METHODS We retrospectively collected thromboelastographic traces, in addition to known risk factors (cold ischemic time, intraoperative requirement for red blood cells and fresh-frozen plasma transfusion, prolonged operating time), in 27 patients, selected among 530 patients (≥ 18 years old), who underwent their first LT from January 2002 to January 2015 at the Liver University Transplant Center and developed an early PVT or HAT (case group). Analyses of the TEG traces were performed before anesthesia and 120 min after reperfusion. We retrospectively compared these patients with the same number of nonconsecutive control patients who underwent LT in the same study period without developing these complications (1:1 match) (control group). The chosen matching parameters were: Patient graft and donor characteristics [age, sex, body mass index (BMI)], indication for transplantation, procedure details, United Network for Organ Sharing classification, BMI, warm ischemia time (WIT), cold ischemia time (CIT), the volume of blood products transfused, and conventional laboratory coagulation analysis. Normally distributed continuous data are reported as the mean ± SD and compared using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Non-normally distributed continuous data are reported as the median (interquartile range) and compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were analyzed with Chi-square tests with Yates correction or Fisher’s exact test depending on best applicability. IBM SPSS Statistics version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States) was employed for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Postoperative thrombotic events were identified as early if they occurred within 21 d postoperatively. The incidence of early hepatic artery occlusion was 3.02%, whereas the incidence of PVT was 2.07%. A comparison between the case and control groups showed some differences in the duration of surgery, which was longer in the case group (P = 0.032), whereas transfusion of blood products, red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets, was similar between the two study groups. Thromboelastographic parameters did not show any statistically significant difference between the two groups, except for the G value measured at basal and 120’ postreperfusion time. It was higher, although within the reference range, in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, clot lysis at 60 min (LY60) measured at 120’ postreperfusion time was lower in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.035). This parameter is representative of a fibrinolysis shutdown (LY60 = 0%-0.80%) in 85% of patients who experienced a thrombotic complication, resulting in a statistical correlation with HAT and PVT. CONCLUSION The end of surgery LY60 and G value may identify those recipients at greater risk of developing early HAT or PVT, suggesting that they may benefit from intense surveillance and eventually anticoagulation prophylaxis in order to prevent these serious complications after LT.

Author contributions: Bolondi G, Serra V, Di Benedetto F collected the data and drafted the paper; Montalti R analyzed the data and performed statistical analysis; De Pietri L designed the research study, drafted and supervised the paper; all authors have read and approve the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: The

Informed consent statement:
Patients were not required to give informed consent for this study as the analysis used anonymous clinical data that were obtained after each patient agreed to treatment by written consent. January 2002 to January 2015 at the Liver University Transplant Center and developed an early PVT or HAT (case group). Analyses of the TEG traces were performed before anesthesia and 120 min after reperfusion. We retrospectively compared these patients with the same number of nonconsecutive control patients who underwent LT in the same study period without developing these complications (1:1 match) (control group). The chosen matching parameters were: Patient graft and donor characteristics [age, sex, body mass index (BMI)], indication for transplantation, procedure details, United Network for Organ Sharing classification, BMI, warm ischemia time (WIT), cold ischemia time (CIT), the volume of blood products transfused, and conventional laboratory coagulation analysis. Normally distributed continuous data are reported as the mean ± SD and compared using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Nonnormally distributed continuous data are reported as the median (interquartile range) and compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were analyzed with Chi-square tests with Yates correction or Fisher's exact test depending on best applicability. IBM SPSS Statistics version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States) was employed for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS
Postoperative thrombotic events were identified as early if they occurred within 21 d postoperatively. The incidence of early hepatic artery occlusion was 3.02%, whereas the incidence of PVT was 2.07%. A comparison between the case and control groups showed some differences in the duration of surgery, which was longer in the case group (P = 0.032), whereas transfusion of blood products, red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets, was similar between the two study groups. Thromboelastographic parameters did not show any statistically significant difference between the two groups, except for the G value measured at basal and 120' postreperfusion time. It was higher, although within the reference range, in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, clot lysis at 60 min (LY60) measured at 120' postreperfusion time was lower in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.035). This parameter is representative of a fibrinolysis shutdown (LY60 = 0%-0.80%) in 85% of patients who experienced a thrombotic complication, resulting in a statistical correlation with HAT and PVT.

CONCLUSION
The end of surgery LY60 and G value may identify those recipients at greater risk of developing early HAT or PVT, suggesting that they may benefit from intense surveillance and eventually anticoagulation prophylaxis in order to prevent these serious complications after LT.

INTRODUCTION
In recent years, patient survival after liver transplantation (LT) has increased due to improvements in surgical and anesthetic procedures. However, thromboembolic complications (hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, intracardiac thrombosis) still affect the perioperative period of LT, representing relatively frequent causes of increased mortality. The percentage increase in mortality varies between 45% and 68% for pulmonary embolism, 50% for early hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) and between 32% and 60% for portal vein thrombosis (PVT) [1][2][3] .
Several causes of thrombosis have been recognized in LT: Surgical causes (difficult and prolonged arterial reconstruction, kinking of the artery for HAT, preceding PVT or splenectomy, small size of the portal vein), the donor's characteristics, and prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT) and warm ischemia time (WIT) [4] . Moreover, intrinsic factors such as the patient's genetics and underlying disease, hemodynamic modifications and intraoperative transfusions are other important causal effects.
Less attention has been paid to modification of the recipient's coagulation profile during LT [5] . The traditional concept of cirrhosis as a hypocoagulable condition has been replaced by the new idea of rebalanced hemostasis obtained by a parallel decline in pro and antihemostatic drivers [6,7] . This precarious balance can readily tip toward either hemorrhage or a prothrombotic state during LT, both for endogenous and exogenous factors. During this surgical procedure, von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels remain elevated increasing its functional capacity during surgery [8] . At the same time, the plasmatic concentration of ADMTS13 cleaving protease decreases, modifying the normal ratio of vWF/ADMATS13 in favor of vWF, possibly increasing the thrombotic risk. Abnormally increased levels of factor VIII, due to decreased degradation and reduced protein C, have also been observed [9,10] .
During the anhepatic phase and after reperfusion of the liver graft, a temporary hyperfibrinolysis, attributed to changes in t-PA, PAI, and TAFI activity, can develop, but it usually corrects spontaneously as the liver graft begins to function [10,11] . However, a huge increment in plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) develops at the end of the surgery, causing a hypofibrinolytic condition usually lasting up to 5 d after the surgical procedure [12] .
Traditional coagulation tests, such as prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and platelet count have several limitations in recognizing significant coagulopathies or prothrombotic conditions. In contrast, viscoelastic tests such as thromboelastography (TEG) and thromboelastometry (ROTEM) have been shown to be ideal tests for rapid diagnosis of coagulation balance, offering physicians better indicators for the clinical management of liver transplant patients [10,12] . They provide visual information on the coagulation process, assessing the viscoelastic properties of whole blood with particular reference to maximal fibrin clot formation, fibrinolysis and the tendency to hypercoagulability. As TEG properties can demonstrate the recipients' coagulation balance, we hypothesized that intraoperatively performed thromboelastographic tracing could identify those patients at an increased risk of developing vascular early thrombotic (HAT and PVT) complications after LT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Following institutional review committee approval (No. 139/14 approved on October 29, 2014), 530 patients (≥ 18 years old) who underwent their first LT performed at the Liver University Transplant Center of Policlinico of Modena (Italy) from January 2002 to January 2015 were included in the study. Retransplantations and all combined liver and kidney transplant procedures were excluded. All data of the patients who underwent LT were retrospectively extracted from their medical records.
Early HAT and early PVT were defined as thrombotic complications that occurred within the first 21 d.
The patients with thrombotic complications were compared in a 1:1 match with the same number of nonconsecutive control patients who underwent LT in the same study period without developing these complications. The chosen matching parameters were: Patient graft and donor characteristics (age, sex, BMI), indication for transplantation, procedure details, United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) classification, body mass index (BMI), WIT, CIT, the volume of blood products transfused, and conventional laboratory coagulation analysis.
Liver transplants were performed following a standardized anesthetic protocol: The patients were monitored with two invasive radial artery blood pressure gauges. A two-lumen (14 Gauge) central venous catheter was inserted into the left jugular vein under echo-guidance, and a Swan-Ganz catheter was placed in the right jugular vein. General anesthesia induction was obtained with fentanyl (2-3 µg/kg), propofol (2-3 mg/kg) and cisatracurium (0.1-0.2 mg/kg), and maintained with desflurane following Bispectral Index monitoring (BIS, Medtronic ® ).
Additionally, a standard protocol for TEG (Thromboelastograph coagulation analyzer 5000C; Haemoscope Inc., Skokie, IL, United States) execution was followed: Native and heparinase TEGs were performed after radial artery placement before laparotomy, during the anhepatic phase, and 30, 60, 120 or 180 min postreperfusion. The number of postreperfusion TEG evaluations varied depending on the patient's clinical condition and the length of the procedure. Additional TEGs were also performed per clinical need. Blood samples were always handled by the same three anesthesiologists. TEG tracings were started within 4 min after sampling. Clot formation was triggered by contact activation, and heparinase was used only after reperfusion in all cases to avoid interference from heparin coming from the liver graft. TEG variables analyzed were reaction time (R-time; nr: 12-26 min), clot formation time (K-time; nr: 3-13 min), α angle (nr: 14°-46°), maximum amplitude (MA; nr: 42-63 mm) and clot lysis 60 min after maximal amplitude (LY; nr: 0.81%-2.99%). The normal ranges for each of these variables, for native whole-blood samples, were obtained from the Haemoscope Corporation ® .
The management of coagulopathy during surgery was led by TEG and based on the same hospital transfusion algorithm in both groups. We transfused erythrocyte concentrates to maintain hemoglobin levels at 8-9 g/dL. This policy was consistent throughout the study period.
The anesthesia team (3 anesthetists) and the surgical team (two main surgeons plus surgical fellows) did not change during the study period. All surgical procedures were performed using the piggy-back technique for graft implantation. Arterial reconstruction and portal vein anastomosis were similarly performed by the surgeons in the team. Additional anastomoses were required in cases of aberrant or complex vascular anatomy. Intraoperative Doppler ultrasound scans were always performed after hepatic artery and portal vein reconstruction.
In the postoperative period, all patients received thromboprophylaxis therapy with oral aspirin (75 mg/d, starting as soon as their platelet count was above 50 × 10 9 /L), and low molecular weight heparin (0.5 mg/kg daily adjusted for renal function) as soon as any bleeding risk was excluded, usually starting on the second postoperative day.
We also evaluated other risk factors for HAT and PVT such as recipient characteristics, including age, sex, BMI, etiology of liver disease, UNOS status, and the presence or absence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Donor age, CIT, and WIT were evaluated as well. For surgical characteristics, the presence of a complex arterial reconstruction (placement of an arterial interposition graft or multiple anastomoses), presence of preoperative PVT, and intraoperative blood product transfusions (packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh-frozen plasma) were recorded and evaluated for correlations with thrombotic events.
Missing data for each variable analyzed were less than 95%. Normally distributed continuous data are reported as the mean ± SD and compared using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Non-normally distributed continuous data are reported as the median (interquartile range) and compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were analyzed with Chi-square tests with Yates correction or Fisher's exact test depending on best applicability. IBM SPSS Statistics version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States) was employed for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The study was reviewed by our expert biostatistician, Montalti Roberto.

RESULTS
Five hundred and thirty adult patients underwent a first LT during the study period. Twenty-seven (5.09%) patients had postoperative early thrombosis. Early HAT was recorded in 16 (3.02%) patients, while early PVT developed in 11 patients (2.07%). The characteristics and preoperative laboratory findings of the patients with thrombotic complications and control cases with their indications for LT are displayed in Table 1.
There were no donor or graft characteristics associated with the diagnosis of HAT or PVT. Among the surgical-related characteristics, a longer duration of surgery was registered in the case group (390 ± 123 min vs 324 ± 95 min, P = 0.032) ( Table 2).
The number of patients transfused and the volumes of blood and blood products transfused were similar between the two groups ( Table 3).

TEG Analysis
The preoperative and 120' postreperfusion TEG values are shown in Table 4. No statistically significant differences in these values were observed between the two groups except for mean lysis 60 value at 120' postreperfusion and basal and 120' postreperfusion G value (Table 4). This value was higher in the case group compared to the control group (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), although it did not indicate hypercoagulability at any time (Table 4). Lysis 60 at 120' postreperfusion was lower in the case group (P = 0.035), showing a FS phenotype in 23 patients (85%) in the case group vs 15 patients (55%) in the control group (P = 0.043).
With regard to the other TEG values analyzed, in the case group, 19 of 27 patients (70%) and 20 of 27 patients (74%) in the control group had normal or faster clot formation (normal or minor R value) at the basal time (P = 1) ( Table 5). The mean R value measured at 120' postreperfusion was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.407) and was within the normal or shorter than the normal reference range in 21 patients (78%) in the case group and in 26 (96%) in the control group (P = 0.105). In the case group, 10 (37%) patients vs 14 (52%) patients in the control group had a normal or increased basal MA showing a normal or increased clot strength (P = 0.411). The MA value measured at 120' postreperfusion was within the normal reference range or larger than the normal reference range in 8 patients (30%) in the case group and in 7 (26%) in the control group (P > 0.999) ( Table 5).

DISCUSSION
In our patient population, the incidence of HAT was 3%. Although its etiology is known to have several causes and to be significantly associated with patient and surgical-related factors (difficulties associated with the arterial reconstruction), it is notable that in this study, 15 (94%) of 16 patients who developed early HAT had TEG evidence of FS on the 120' postreperfusion TEG trace, a higher G value at basal and 120' postreperfusion time, and a longer duration of surgery. Similarly, the incidence of PVT was 2%, and 8 (72%) of 11 patients who developed this complication had TEG evidence of FS at 120' postreperfusion.
Different to Krzanicki et al [14] and Lerner et al [15] , who reported during LT that some TEG signs of hypercoagulability appeared in the patients who developed early HAT, in our series, except for a few patients, in general, the patients showed no signs of enhanced clot formation or clot strength. In particular, the MA value at 120' postreperfusion TEG was larger than the normal reference range in only 4% of patients November 28, 2020 Volume 10 Issue 11  in both groups. Only 18% and 14% of patients, respectively, in the case and control groups showed shorter than normal R time values at the same TEG time.
In liver recipients, Lerner et al [15] demonstrated a TEG hypercoagulablility in more than 70% of cases, and Zahr et al [16] inferred that preoperative TEG might reliably detect groups of recipients with an increased risk of displaying early HAT in the preoperative period. Some enhanced coagulability at some point before or at the end of the LT procedure did not seem to be statistically significantly related to thrombotic events in our series. A total of 16 (60%) patients who developed a thrombotic complication in our study had a normal R time value at 120' postreperfusion. These findings are in agreement with the more diffuse knowledge of the new hemostatic competence of cirrhotic patients, which has reduced the widespread fear of bleeding during LT in favor of a greater awareness of the thrombotic risk to which the patient is exposed [17][18][19] .
In the postoperative period after LT, almost all of the procoagulant proteins need two to three days to reach normal activity, and the anticoagulant factors have a November 28, 2020 Volume 10 Issue 11   delayed recovery which is responsible for an imbalance of coagulation towards hypercoagulability lasting a variable period of time after LT. The old concept of the cirrhotic patient as an anticoagulated patient has been replaced [20,21] . Thrombocytopenia, typical of end-stage liver disease, is somehow compensated by a preserved platelet adhesion. Awareness of all these changes is responsible for shifting the focus on the possible thromboembolic complications of LT, justifying the need for more reliable tests capable of identifying patients at greater thrombotic risk [22] . Novel studies have begun to stress that a condition of perioperative hypercoagulability may be responsible for complications such as HAT, PVT and other systemic thrombotic events. MA is an expression of clot strength, reflecting platelet count and function, fibrinogen levels, and the interaction between platelets and fibrinogen. Specifically, in LT surgery, the MA value at preoperative TEG is an independent factor correlated with an increased incidence of early HAT [16] . A cut-off value of 65 mm was found by Area Under the Curve analysis, with a decent sensitivity of 70%: Above that value, the hazard ratio for early HAT was 5.28, suggesting it is a powerful screening tool that could be used to identify patients at risk of experiencing early HAT. Similarly, a greater than normal postoperative MA value, in a large series of patients undergoing various types of surgical procedures, has been shown to be a risk factor for postoperative thrombosis [23] . Maximum Clot Firmness, which is the equivalent of MA in ROTEM ® , is abnormally increased and is correlated with a higher PVT risk in noncirrhotic patients and hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangio- carcinoma patients [24][25][26] . Different to these authors, in our case group, both basal MA and 120' postreperfusion MA did not show any statistical correlation with thrombosis and was larger than normal in only 4% of patients. The majority of patients who had thrombotic complications in our series showed reduced cloth strength at the chosen time of observation, rejecting the role of increased clot strength as a risk factor for HAT or PVT. The absence of hypercoagulability findings among our patients was also confirmed by the G value, which similar to Krzanicki et al [14] , was significantly related to HAT and PVT, but at no time during observation pointed to hypercoagulability. In particular, in the case group, the G value measured at basal and postreperfusion time was within the normal reference range compared to the control group where the G value pointed to mild hypocoagulability.
Different to other studies, we hypothesized that TEG performed 120' postreperfusion is more comprehensive and clinically reliable than at basal for evaluating the coagulative status of the patients. It is extremely unlikely that the TEG performed at the beginning of the intervention is representative of the coagulation balance at the end of surgery. The surgical procedure itself, transfusions, volume shifts, the hemodynamic instability, and above all, the new graft, will not fail to influence the coagulation balance reached at the end of the intervention. It is reasonable that TEG at 120' postreperfusion, more so than the basal value, is representative of the coagulation conditions responsible for an increased thrombotic risk. Similar to Nicolau-Raducu et al [13] , in our study, FS was the dominant fibrinolysis phenotype in LT recipients at the basal time (48% in the control group vs 56% in the case group) and at 120' postreperfusion (67% in the control group vs 85% in the case group).
Different to Nicolau-Raducu et al [13] , in our study, the FS phenotype was significantly associated with thrombotic complications only for the 120' postreperfusion TEG and not at the basal time. As explained, it is more probable that a thromboelastographic trace evaluated at the end of surgery is more representative of the risk of a thrombotic complication than a TEG performed at the beginning of the operation.
In LT, as in other settings the prothrombotic predisposition of an FS phenotype has been recognized to be associated with thrombotic complications as we have underlined in this study for early HAT and PVT [27,28] . Fibrinolysis represents a physiologic mechanism capable of maintaining microvascular patency by lysing excessive fibrin clots. It is conceivable that an FS phenotype found at the end of LT is responsible for the failure of this mechanism, causing HAT and PVT complications. The coagulation balance in the cirrhotic patient is extremely unstable and often unpredictable, and it is possible that the FS condition is an expression of an unstable coagulation status which can rapidly tend toward thrombosis. The use of viscoelastic tests in detecting a reduction of physiologic fibrinolysis during LT seems helpful in better hypothetically managing antifibrinolytic therapy or thromboprophylaxis. It remains unclear whether these tests during surgery could offer additional benefits, and considerable uncertainties persist regarding the accuracy of their measures [29] . However, our findings suggest that a reduction in fibrinolytic activity detected by viscoelastic testing identifies certain patients at risk for both PVT and HAT such that a causal relationship needs further research to demonstrate a conclusive link.
This study's limitations are its retrospective nature, the limited sample size and the fact that the study did not prolong TEG evaluation into the postoperative period, making it difficult to draw conclusions on the persistence of the FS phenotype.

CONCLUSION
To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the possible correlation between TEG parameters measured at the end of surgery and thrombotic complications, and to associate fibrinolysis reduction (FS phenotypes) and a normal clot strength (G value) with vascular thrombotic complications. Despite no signs of hypercoagulability detected by viscoelastic testing, an FS phenotype with a normal clot strength seems to put certain patients in an at-risk group for thrombotic events.

Research background
End-stage liver disease has been generally perceived as a hypocoagulable condition, related to an increase in bleeding risk in the case of invasive procedures. In cirrhotic patients, coagulopathy is a composite condition in which rebalanced hemostasis is realized by the simultaneous reduction in pro-and antihemostatic factors, responsible for a new hemostatic balance which can tip toward thrombosis or bleeding. In cirrhotic patients, the rebalanced coagulation, together with the reduction in hemorrhagic complications during liver transplantation have made surgeons and anesthetists more conscious and frightened of possible venous or arterial thrombotic events.

Research motivation
Thrombotic events associated with liver transplantation (LT) may be more frequent than believed in the past, sometimes representing a potential risk to patients' lives and organ survival. Changes in the hemostatic system, intra-and postoperative blood products transfusion and surgical causes may contribute to the development of vessel thrombosis. Independent of the real cause of the prothrombotic status, more efforts on the rapid detection and prevention of such complications are necessary.
Due to the limits of conventional coagulation tests in recognizing alterations in the hemostatic balance, in recent years viscoelastic tests, such as thromboelastography (TEG), have gained increasing importance. The use of TEG in identifying hypercoagulation status during LT has been shown to be useful in better guiding blood product transfusion or, theoretically, prophylactic therapy. If its usefulness in identifying coagulopathy has already been shown in LT, its ability to recognize hypercoagulation has yet to be demonstrated.

Research objectives
Encouraging results suggest that hypercoagulability detected by TEG can increase the probability of venous or arterial thrombotic complications in certain patients. The presence of hypercoagulability, represented by TEG variables, can be predictive of thromboembolic complications in patients following surgery. In the present study, we aimed to verify if patients who developed hepatic artery or portal vein thrombotic complications showed predictive thromboelastographic indices which can be used for early detection of these complications in patients at greater risk.

Research methods
To achieve our objective, we adopted a retrospective case-control study. The goal was to determine if there was an association between the risk factor (specific TEG variables) and the outcome of interest [hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT)]. We hypothesized that TEG performed 120' postreperfusion is more comprehensive and clinically reliable than at basal for evaluating the coagulative status of the patients.

Research results
A comparison between the case and control groups showed some statistically significant differences in the duration of surgery (longer in the case group; P = 0.032) and in two thromboelastographic parameters (G value measured at basal and 120' postreperfusion time and LY60 measured at 120' postreperfusion time). G value, a mathematical conversion of the MA value, was higher, although within the reference range, in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, LY60 measured at 120' postreperfusion time was lower in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.035). This parameter is representative of a fibrinolysis shutdown in 85% of patients who experienced a thrombotic complication, resulting in a statistical correlation with HAT and PVT. Given the retrospective nature of our study, further research is needed in this area, but postoperative TEG seems to be a more accurate surrogate marker for the "real" hemostatic balance in recipients, possibly identifying those patients with a postoperative condition that increases the risk of HAT or PVT.

Research conclusions
Our study suggests that TEG can be used to identify patients at an increased risk of thromboembolic events due to postoperative normal clot strength or fibrinolysis reduction, directing appropriate and more intense investigations to detect early HAT and PVT. Thromboelastography identification of an increased thrombotic risk, may also suggest the more frequent use of thromboprophylaxis.

Research perspectives
Our findings suggest that a reduction in fibrinolytic activity and a normal clot strength (G value) detected by viscoelastic tests, identify some patients at risk of both PVT and HAT. This causal relationship requires further research to prove a conclusive link. Large randomized controlled trials could help in the stratification of patients with a higher postoperative thrombotic tendency eventually directing postoperative thromboprophylaxis and more intense surveillance to maximize the likelihood of early diagnosis.