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IL‐23 and IL‐12p70 production by monocytes and dendritic cells in primary HIV‐1 infection

IL‐12 enhances protective responses against HIV replication. Its production after in vitro stimulation is defective in chronic HIV infection, but higher responses can be found. IL‐23 shares the p40 chain and some properties with IL‐12 and enhances Th17 responses, but its role in HIV infection is unknown. The production of IL‐12 and IL‐23 and the respective contribution of monocytes and myeloid conventional DC (cDCs) during primary HIV infection were determined. Sixteen patients included in the French PRIMO‐ANRS Cohort without antiretroviral treatment were followed prospectively and compared with uninfected donors. Intracellular p40 expression by monocytes and cDCs, analyzed by flow cytometry, was transiently increased in monocytes and cDCs in response to LPS and more consistently, in monocytes in response to LPS + IFN‐γ. IL‐23 production, measured by ELISA after PBMC stimulation, was induced by LPS in strong correlation with VLs. IL‐12p70 production required the addition of IFN‐γ and was transiently increased in patients compared with controls in correlation with VLs, whereas IL‐23 was increased sustainedly. Therefore, an apparent domination of IL‐23 over IL‐12 responses occurred throughout primary HIV infection, and a potential restoration of IL‐12 responses might be expected from a treatment mimicking activated T cell signals.