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Mouse models of cancer – how to optimize their predictive value in cancer drug development

Continuously rising incidences of malignancy convert cancer into one of the major threats humankind faces. The current conventional treatment modalities like surgery, chemo‐ and radiation therapy result in encouraging response rates, but antineoplastic agents providing long‐term survival are still missing. Hence, efficient and accelerated translation of potential cancer drugs is urgently needed to antagonize increasing cancer mortality. Indispensable tools in anticancer component development are autochthonous mouse models of cancer and patient‐derived tumor xenografts. However, despite their continuous popularity the probability of successful translation from these preclinical animal models to clinical trials in humans remains low. Here we report recent advances in improved prediction of clinical trial outcome employing “mouse avatars” and co‐clinical trials.