{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.026737967914438502, 'fraction_numerical': 0.022994652406417113, 'mean_word_length': 5.320945945945946, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Type I Collagen α1 Sp1 Polymorphism and the Risk of Cruciate Ligament Ruptures or Shoulder Dislocations

Background Cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations are often caused by trauma, but predisposing intrinsic factors might also influence the risk. These injuries are more common in those with a previously injured sibling, an observation that might indicate a genetic predisposition. It is well known that polymorphisms in the collagen I gene are associated not only with osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture risk, but also with osteoarthritis. Hypothesis Because collagen I is abundant in ligaments and tendons, the authors hypothesized that collagen I α1 Sp1 polymorphism also was related to the occurrence of cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations. Study Design Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods A total of 358 patients and 325 randomly selected population-based female controls were included in the study. Of the cases, 233 had a cruciate ligament rupture and 126 had had a shoulder dislocation. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by unconditional logistic regression were used as measures of association. Results Compared with the homozygous SS category, the heterozygous participants displayed a similar risk (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.76–1.49), whereas the ss genotype was underrepresented in the injured population compared with the controls (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03–0.68). This latter estimate was similar for both cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations, and was furthermore not modified by general joint laxity. Conclusion The authors found a substantially decreased risk of these injuries associated with collagen type I α1 Sp1 polymorphism. The study might encourage other investigators to consider further research in the area of genes and soft tissue injuries.