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Optimal Tax-Loss-Harvesting Implementation

Tax-loss harvesting (TLH) is one of the most objectively quantifiable benefits of direct indexing (DI). Motivated by a wide range of TLH implementations in practice, this article examines the strengths and weaknesses of various modes of TLH implementation. We find that the effectiveness of a TLH strategy varies significantly over two margins: 1) the breadth of loss-harvesting opportunities (from a single fund to individual securities) and 2) the frequency of harvesting (from annual to daily). For DI investors who have a regular stream of significant capital gains to offset, DI with daily harvesting offers the maximal TLH effectiveness in all volatility environments.