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International law and the international system

binding force of treaties that were made under duress or purport to ratify boundary changes obtained by the illegal use of force. While the three different approaches are given their due, Cassese stresses (p. 399) the underlying agreement on the rules pertaining to "aggression, genocide, largescale disregard of human rights, [and] forcible denial of the right of self-determination," concluding that states "are gradually taking the view that they constitute international crimes . . . (as opposed to delicts or ordinary wrongs); consequently, to react to those violations, steps of a more serious nature than ordinary sanctions are allowed, such as joint retaliatory measures." He also demonstrates the gradual displacement of the notion of sovereign equality for one of justice manifest in economic and social entitlements that derive their force from a new, more energetic sense of community; this is replacing the guiding principles of an older club of rulers, the communitates superiorem non recognoscentes (p. 397).