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Biodiversity of Pests in Grain Agrocenosis in Kabardino-Balkaria

The article studies the issues of resistance of winter wheat varieties selected by the State Center of grain n.a. P.P. Lukyanenko and the Institute of Agriculture of the KBRC of the RAS to pests. The studies were conducted in the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkaria in the conditions of insufficient moisture in 2017-2018. Main diseases of winter wheat were identified, a valuable source material resistant to the main pathogens was isolated, and dominant diseases were established. The most adaptive, highly productive varieties of winter wheat were identified. The most ecologically plastic and stable varieties of winter wheat which can be used as donors were identified. Phytosanitary monitoring of the cotton moth was carried out in corn areas; phytophagous plants and the damage share were determined; progressive diseases were assessed; the species composition and frequency of pathogens were identified in grain areas.


Introduction
The sharp change in the conditions and state of agricultural landscapes in modern environmental conditions caused new pathological connections. The economic importance of dominant pests depends on the soil and climatic conditions, crop rotation, ecological plasticity of winter wheat varieties and corn hybrids. It is necessary to implement effective protective measures to fight against harmful organisms.
Implementation of the improved system, integrated protection of winter wheat and corn against progressive phytophages and phytopathogens are relevant.
In 2017--2018, the species composition of pests was being studied. The degree of resistance of various varieties and hybrids to the conditions of the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkaria was identified.
The research aims to identify progressive pests that cause significant losses of grain yield. It is important to develop an environmentally-friendly system for integrated protection of winter wheat and corn.

Purpose, Tasks and Novelty
The purpose was to study the species diversity of phytophages in wheat and corn agrocenoses in the conditions of the steppe arid zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in order to develop and implement effective protective measures.
The following tasks were solved: 1. to determine the species composition of pests for experimental grain crops and study their harmfulness; 2. to identify the influence of abiotic factors on the resistance to pests; 3. to study the dynamics of the population of the cotton shovel in corn areas over the past 20 years.
The research novelty is due to the fact that for the first time in the arid steppe zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, comparative assessment of resistance winter wheat and corn hybrids to progressive phytophages and pathogens was carried out. The dynamics of the number of cotton moths was studied. The frequency of outbreaks of this dangerous pest in corn areas was analyzed.

Methods and Materials
Field experiments were carried out by existing methods [1--3]. For identification of phytophages and phytopathogens, pest determinants of agricultural crops were used [4,5].
Research and production tests were carried out on 18 varieties of winter wheat and Terek F1 (FAO --400) corn hybrid.
The soil of experimental plots is southern black soils located between ordinary chernozem and dark chestnut soils. Southern black soil is characterized by an insignificant humus content in horizon A (3.5--5.0 %) and gradual distribution along the soil profile.
These soils are intensively used for cultivation of spike crops, sunflower and corn [6].
Soil cultivation for Terek F1 hybrid included autumn plowing, spring cultivation and pre-sowing treatment. Corn was sowed with a seeding rate of 55 thousand seeds / ha in the first decade of May. Grain was sowed in the phase of full ripeness. Technological methods for keeping crops were based on the generally accepted system of cultivation of winter wheat and corn.
Phytosanitary monitoring of the dynamics of pests was carried out every decade.
The amount of preserved yield (t / ha) of the varieties of winter wheat and Terek F1 was determined.

Discussion
It is impossible to control the number of populations of microorganisms without the use of resistant varieties and hybrids. It is discussed how to apply nanopesticides which have good wettability of the treated surface, an increased ability to penetrate into plant tissues and the speed of exposure to harmful organisms [7]. Purposeful selection of donors and sources of resistance plays an important role in improving integrated and group resistance of crops [8].
Plant protection is a priority factor in selecting immunological properties of plants resistant to the most dangerous species [9].
The determining element in the development of integrated protection of grain crops is monitoring [10,11].
In the areas of experimental crops of winter wheat varieties, septoria was observed in the fall and increased in spring. Cheget and Lebed were most affected by septoria.
Of all the above-mentioned diseases, the causative agent of pyrenoforosis which was manifested on the leaves of all the varieties, turned out to be the most significant by its harmfulness. Pyrenoforosis in the phenophase "flag leaf" was observed in the following varieties: Yuzhanka, Bezostaya 100, Cheget, Alievich, Svarog, Step and Veha.
In the period under study, rust diseases were in a depressed state. However, the weak spread of yellow rust was observed in Tanya, and single manifestations of stem rust were found in Grom. In general, harmfulness of phytopathogens has been relatively low. In 2018, the climatic conditions of the spring-summer period were very favorable for manifestation of solid smut on separate spikelets in the form of smut sacks.
In autumn, low relative air humidity and minimal air temperature (5--8 ∘ C) caused infection of winter wheat varieties with the agent of covered smut. The assessment of severity of covered smut showed that Tanya, Cheget and Veha are more susceptible to this disease than Laureat, Yuzhanka, Step, Alekseich, Alievich, Grom, Lebed and Dolya (Table 1).
During the growing period, pyrenophorosis developed. Its causative agent can develop in a temperature range from 6 to 40 ∘ C. According to our observations, the optimal temperature for the spread and development of pyrenophorosis is 25--30 ∘ C.   Phytosanitary monitoring of the dynamics of the cotton shovel was carried out on various corn hybrids in the steppe zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic where the population density of the cotton shovel was high [12].

Wheat Varieties Yields, tons / ha
Certain phytophages in corn areas have an annual distribution, but their harmfulness depends on weather and climatic conditions, biochemical indicators of grain and green mass. The large population of exclamation scoops (Scotia exclamationis L.) and corn dung beetle (Pentodon idiota Hrbst.) was identified ( Table 2). The peak of the population of the 2nd generation cotton moth caterpillar was at intervals of 5--6 years (Fig. 2). In some corn areas, discrepancy between the flowering period of panicles and cobs, and the cotton shovel reduced the yield.
It was established that during the corn growing season, the dominant diseases were Alternaria, blisters smut, pink fusarium rot and leaf blister burn. Severity of blistering smut is higher for stem, leaf and cob infections. In the experimental period, mainly the renal disease was recorded. Due to the late development of this disease, the share of damaged plants varied from 2 to 10 %. Other diseases with one``+'' were not significant.

Conclusion
Based on the research results, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. the species composition of pests in winter wheat and corn areas in the steppe arid zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and dominant species were identified; 2. Alekseich, Alievich and Yuzhanka varieties have the most stable characteristics that determine the yield and quality of grain. They can be as donors as they have significant advantages in environmental plasticity compared to other varieties;