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Electrospray Wings for Nanoscale Elephants

Small effusive leaks into vacuum systems, as in Knudsen cells and classical molecular beam machines, made many contributions to science in the twentieth century. They have continued to serve both science and technology in the early years of the twenty first. Beginning in the 1950s, big convective leaks have turned out to be even more powerful and versatile tools. The supersonic free jets produced by these big leaks have greatly extended molecular beam methods, become a cornerstone of cluster science and technology, and rewritten the book on molecular spectroscopy. Those jets are now adding new dimensions to the techniques of mass spectrometry by making possible the production of intact ions from the large, complex and fragile species that play such vital roles in living systems.