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Recent advances in preparation and application of hybrid organic‐silica monolithic capillary columns

Hybrid organic‐silica monolithic columns, regarded as a second generation of silica‐based monoliths, have received much interest due to their unique properties over the pure silica‐based monoliths. This review mainly focuses on development in the fields of preparation of hybrid monolithic columns in a capillary and their application for CEC and capillary liquid chromatography separation, as well as for sample pretreatment of solid‐phase microextraction and immobilized enzyme reactor since July 2010. The preparation approaches are comprehensively summarized with three routes: (i) general sol–gel process using trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes as coprecursors; (ii) “one‐pot” process of alkoxysilanes and organic monomers concomitantly proceeding sol–gel chemistry and free radical polymerization; and (iii) other polymerization approaches of organic monomers containing silanes. The modification of hybrid monoliths containing reactive groups to acquire the desired surface functionality is also described.