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COVID-19 Effects on Geriatric Populationand Failures of Aminoquinoline Therapy: Compilation of Studies from EU, USA, and China; Safety and Efficacy of Vaccinesin the Prevention & Treatment of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND
Mortality of theolder adult population suffering from COVID-19 has been increasing at an alarming rate, and people older than 76 years of age reported 18% mortality. Mainly, the EU and USA exhibited a greater fatality rate due to lack of selective immunization and anti-SARS Co-V-2 therapeutics. Very limited reports are available to delineate the impact of COVID-19 on thegeriatric population and thefailures of aminoquinoline therapy.


METHODS
We performed a substantial literature review in the PubMed/Medline databases to extract the information pertaining to the COVID-19 impact on the geriatric population and recent failures of aminoquinoline therapy in COVID-19 patients of EU, China, USA and the requirement of vaccination.


FINDINGS
Both parental strains and mutant variants of SARS Co-V-2 can induce severe respiratory complications, multiorgan failure, and clotting abnormalities in older adults due to low immunocompetence. Aminoquinoline derivatives, such as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are preferred primarily for COVID-19 treatment, but several controversies are being reported for its usage worldwide. In this review, we have provided theeffects of COVID-19 on the geriatric population of EU and an overview on the mechanism of action of aminoquinolines. Furthermore, CQ, and HCQ are not thepreferred choice of drugs if the COVID-19 patients already have existing co-morbid conditions viz., diabetes mellitus and hypertension.


CONCLUSION
A new advent of COVID-19 vaccines, such as nucleic acid-based (DNA/mRNA) vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and inactivated vaccines, have been developed for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection after the failure of aminoquinoline therapy in EU, China, and USA patients. However, some of the vaccines yet to be examined against mutant strains of SARS CoV-2 originated in UK, Nigeria, South Africa, Brazil, and India.