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Waste Problem: An Analysis of Development Policy Instrument of the Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2013 in Sampang Regency

Today, environment is a problem that is always inseparable from the lives of the society, private sector, and government. The existence of problems or environmental damage will always be in contact with other aspects of life. The waste problem is the main problem in environmental issues, especially for developing country like Indonesia, so that it becomes a severe concern for the central government, the provincial government, and the local government. For example, the Sampang Regency Government has the responsibility for the waste problem in its area. Sampang Regency is one of the regencies that has succeeded in the waste management program at the Final Disposal Site (TPA) with the existing Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). This study tried to see based on the analysis development of policy instruments in Regional Regulation Number 08 of 2013 concerning waste management in Sampang Regency using the theory of policy instruments by Michael Howlett as the tools of analysis. This study used a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. In this study, data collection techniques were carried out by means of in-depth interviews and documentation studies to strengthen the evidence in research. The number of informants in this study was four people. The data validity used source triangulation (data) following the guidelines of Miles, Huberman, and Johni Saldana in the interactive analysis. Result in the field show that there were a number of development policy instruments used by the Sampang Regency Government in implementing Regional Regulation Number 08 of 2013 concerning waste management. Keywords—policy instruments, waste, environment


I. INTRODUCTION
The waste problem management in Indonesia is an issue that must be addressed immediately, the results of the Sustainable Waste Indonesia (SWI) study stated that the waste in Indonesia that has not been managed is 24% of the total pile of waste which means that approximately 16 million tons of waste is wasted and pollutes the environment without any management, while 7% of waste has been recycled and the remaining 69% of waste goes to landfill. With the condition of such waste management problems, its existence can be a threat or a separate opportunity [1]. Reflecting on the regulations, the Indonesian government actually has arranged in detail about waste management as stipulated in Regulation Number 18 of 2008 concerning waste management which the mandate states that waste management is a national problem that must be resolved. Waste management must be carried out comprehensively and integrated from upstream to downstream, so that it will have a positive impact on the environment. In line with the existing regulations, there is the Regulation of Minister of Public Works Number 21/PRT/M/2006 concerning the National Policy and Strategy for the Development of Waste Management Systems (KSNPSPP) which also mandates that the reduction of waste as much as possible starts from the source, increasing the active role of the general public, especially communities around Temporary Disposal Site (TPS) and Final Disposal Site (TPA) and the private sector as a management partner, increasing the scope of services and quality of the waste management system, developing and establishing an integrated waste management system.
Responding to the existing problems in the case in national scale, in harmonizing the regulations that have been made by the central government, the Sampang Regency Government has made a related regulation in Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2013 concerning Waste Management in Sampang Regency. This is because up to now, the existing conditions in Sampang Regency mention that the amount of landfill waste is almost 70% of the waste entering the landfill with the composition of organic waste reaching 43%, and then followed by plastic waste by 13% and waste residue by 10% (Environmental Department of Sampang Regency, 2017). Sampang Regency, which is categorized as a city is also inseparable from the existing waste management problems with minimal waste management funding. Sampang Regency, which is in this case represented by the Environmental Service as a Regional Apparatus Organization (OPD) that handles the waste cannot maximize in carrying out their duties in managing waste throughout Sampang Regency. Reflecting on this description, this article attempts to see the policy instrument of in Sampang Regency. Referring to its description, [2] Howlett and Ramesh defines a policy instrument as a tool or media that is owned by the government as a policyholder in implementing policies. Meanwhile, the policy instrument itself promotes or inhibits certain types of actions depending on the context and the actors in which the instruments operate [3]. Policy instruments also have intended and unwanted consequences and functions openly [4]. The objective of this study is to look at how the effectiveness of a policy instrument of Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2013 concerning Waste Management in Sampang Regency with a policy instrument theory approach [2] which includes Compulsory Instrument, Voluntary Instruments and Mixed Instruments as the tools of analysis.

II. RELATED WORKS
Studies on policy instruments had been analyzed by several researchers including a study by [5] that examined how a theoretical framework in understanding the characteristics of a policy instrument in facilitating and limiting policy action. The study developed a concept of 'affordable policy instruments' in explaining how a policy instrument influences their goals. The second study is a study conducted by [6], which, in its discussion, explained how the criteria in effective policy design for selecting policy instruments. The third study was a study conducted by [7] which in their study discussed the Policy Instrument for Utilization of Buton Asphalt in the Construction and Maintenance of Road Infrastructure in Buton Regency. The fourth study is a study conducted by [8] that examined the importance of a Policy Instrument Mapping in managing Disasters. The last, the same study was also conducted by [9] which discussed the effectiveness of developing a policy instrument from Regulation Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage as an Effort to Reduce Underage Marriage in Sampang Regency. Not much different from the previous studies, this study is also to complement the previous studies to see how a policy instrument so that public policy can run and be applied in society.

III. RESEARCH METHODS
This study on policy instrument was a qualitative research method [10]. This qualitative approach was chosen because this method approach seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of information related to what was studied. By using this approach, it could describe reality, circumstances, and phenomena that actually occurred in the field factually. Meanwhile, the technique of determining the informants used purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews and also reviewing documents related to research that intersected with research on policy instruments. The informants in this study had been determined (Sampling purposeful) representing the government, private sector, and community involvement in implementing regional regulations regarding waste management. Informant in this research are five people. Finally, to test the validity of the data in this study, the researchers used data triangulation techniques (Sources) following the guidelines of interactive analysis by [11] which included conducting research data collection, displaying research data, conducting a condensation of data and the last is drawing a conclusion. This guidelines were used because it was the responsibility of the data validity from the researchers in conducting specific research.
IV. DISCUSSION Regional Regulation Number 08 of 2013 of Sampang Regency concerning waste management has been running in Sampang Regency since the regulation was implemented, while to achieve success in its implementation using several policy instruments, which included voluntary instruments, compulsory instruments, and mixed instrument from Howlet and Ramesh (1995), as for a more detailed explanation of the policy instrument approach can be seen as follows.

A. Voluntary Instruments
In the implementation of the regional regulation involving Community Self-Help Group (KSM) in Sampang Regency, for example, the organization of "Citra Lingkungan". This organization was initiated by people who have a sense of concern for environmental conditions in Sampang Regency. The activities undertaken by this organization such as conducting socialization of all regulations governing the environment as an extension of the Environmental Department. Second, provide training to the community related to waste management independently with the 3R system (reduce, reuse, recycle). Third, operate the Integrated Waste Management Site (TPST). Meanwhile, for the voluntary policy approach with the market component, there are waste collectors who collect and sell waste in the form of used goods that have high economic value.

B. Compulsory Instruments
The second approach is compulsory instruments in supporting the implementation of regional regulations on waste management. A new regulation on Regional Policies and Strategies on waste management was released, as outlined in a Sampang Regency Regulation Number 50 of 2018 regarding Sampang Regency policies and strategies in household waste management and other waste such the household waste. The regulation regulates the direction of the Sampang Regency to reduce and manage household waste and household-like waste and to set strategies, programs, and targets for reducing and handling household waste and household-like waste. The second component of this instrument is the public enterprise approach which provides support and provision of facilities in waste management in the form of garbage bins, garbage carts and three-wheeled motorcycles for waste management operations in Sampang Regency. The parties who provide these facilities are Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Jatim, and Husky Oil Tbk.

C. Mixed Instruments
Finally, mixed instrument with at least three components, the first of which is information and exhortation. This activity Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research,volume 154 is in the form of socialization conducted by the Environmental Department of Sampang Regency and Community Self-Help Group (KSM) that carry out their activities in elementary schools, Junior High School (SMP), Senior High School (SMA) and villages in the Sampang Regency. This agenda is routinely carried out within a period of six times a year. The next component in this instrument is subsidies, which are carried out by giving it to individuals in non-governmental groups. The purpose of this subsidies are as a form of incentives given by policymakers to actors who run in the field to stimulate non-governmental groups to be more active and concerned about waste management. The aid provided is Rp. 750,000.00 per person in a month. Third, the component approach of instrument tax and user charges in the form of cleaning and substantial waste service retribution with varying rates determined based on the regulation of Sampang Regency Regulation Number 11 of 2016 concerning the second amendment to Sampang Regency Regulation Number 5 of 2011 concerning general service retribution.
The use of policy instruments is useful for implementing policies that have been implemented by stakeholders in resolving problems that exist in the community. Public policy can run well if the policy instrument can effectively become a driving force in the implementation of the policy. If the policy instrument is stuck, it will affect the goal of policy implementation. Thus, the policy instrument becomes an essential component in making policy so that it can be applied in the society in everyday life.

V. CONCLUSION
Policy instruments become a vital component in public policy implementation, without the policy instruments, public policy will not find the desired target. The policy instrument used in Sampang Regency Regulation Number 8 of 2013 concerning waste management uses three main components in its implementation which include the voluntary instruments, compulsory instruments, and mixed instrument. The use of the three components of the instrument has proven to be effective in managing and disintegrating waste problems in Sampang Regency.