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Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate: Which Formula to Apply in G-Spot Subjects Aged 1 - 17 Years?

Introduction: Morbidity and mortality in paediatric practice is dominated in Africa by malaria, diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections. Aim: In order to evaluate the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) with the formulas commonly used by medical laboratories, we proposed to undertake this study. Patients and Method: This was a descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study conducted at the PA and KA medical biology laboratory in Bamako Hamdalaye ACI 2000 in collaboration with the medical biology and hospital hygiene laboratory service at the Point G University Hospital. Results: During the study period, we recruited 360 subjects, 189 of whom were male (52.5%) and 171 female (47.5%). The mean age was 8.75 ± 4.8 years with extremes of 1 and 17 years. Subjects aged 15 to 17 years were the most numerous. The reference means GFR of the subjects according to age was with the SCHWARTZ formula 179.16 ± 50.47 with extremes of 173.93 and 184.39; with CKD-Epi 37.63 ± 11.25 with extremes of 36.46 and 38.79; with MAYO 107.87 ± 18.11 with extremes of 105.99 and 109.75 and MDRD 350.83 ± 251.15 with extremes of 324.79 and 376.86. Conclusion: The Mayo formula showed a better distribution around the mean than other formulas for estimating the glomerular filtration rate.


Introduction
Morbidity and mortality in pediatric practice are dominated in Africa by malaria, diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections [1]. The share of uronephrology pathology is likely to be secondary to childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide [2]. In developed countries, urinary tract infections, hereditary diseases and malformative uropathies are the most common renal diseases in children [3]. Renal disease is characterised by the predominance of acquired nephropathies, particularly glomerular nephropathies in developing countries [4]. Kidney disease is a growing concern worldwide, in both adults and children, but its extent and distribution differ between developed and tropical countries [2]. The diagnosis of renal failure is based on the estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). This is the value that quantifies the activity of the kidney. It is classically estimated by serum and urine creatinine, which requires the collection of 24-hour urine. In Mali, work on renal pathologies in children is rare. In order to evaluate GFR with the formulas commonly used by medical laboratories, we proposed to undertake this study. The objective was to study the reference values of creatininemia and to estimate the glomerular filtration rate of subjects aged 1 to 17 years in the laboratory of medical biology and hospital hygiene of the University Hospital Centre (CHU) of Point-G.

Materials and Methods
This was a descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study conducted at the PA and KA medical biology laboratory in Bamako Hamdalaye ACI 2000 in collaboration with the medical biology and hospital hygiene laboratory service at the Point G University Hospital. The study population consisted of children of both sexes, whose age ranged from 1 to 17 years, who came to the laboratory for blood tests. Creatinine, age, height and sex were the parameters explored to assess renal function, particularly glomerular function. The enzymatic method was used for the quantification of creatinine in the subjects.
The inclusion criteria were: subjects of both sexes with ages ranging from 01 to 17 years, recruited consecutively at the PA and KA medical biology laboratory.
The non-inclusion criteria concerned subjects aged 18 years and over; children whose creatinine was not requested in the blood test.
Data were entered into Microsoft World Office 2016, Microsoft Excel 2016 and analysed with SPSS.21 software. The ANOVA test was used for comparison of proportions.
Results: During the study period, we recruited 360 subjects, 189 of whom were male (52.5%) and 171 female (47.5%). The mean age was 8.75 ± 4.8 years with extremes of 1 and 17 years. Subjects aged 15 to 17 years were the most numerous. The main formulas used to estimate glomerular filtration rate were: SCHWARTZ formula, CKD-Epi formula, MDRD formula and MAYO quadratic formula.
Creatinine clearance was greater than or equal to 90 ml/min according to the SCHWARTZ formula in most of our patients (Table 1). Subjects with a GFR greater than or equal to 90 ml/min according to the CKD-EPI formula were rare ( Table 2).

Comments and Discussion
The study is the first of its kind conducted in Mali. It was carried out with recruitment of subjects of both sexes without distinction. The methodological choice of this study constitutes the main bias since there was no case control. The recruitment concerned only black African subjects for whom the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were not evaluated. It does not allow us to generalise our results to the whole population. However, this work allows us to determine the best formula for estimating GFR in our context. Open Journal of Nephrology In our study, male gender was slightly dominant (52.5%), mean age was 8.75 ± 4.80 years and subjects aged 15 -17 years were the most numerous (26.1%). This same male predominance was found in a study conducted in Morocco in 2012 and a mean of 9.7 ± 4.7 with extremes of 8 months and 16 years [4]. Most patients had normal or lower creatinine levels than the reference values. These same reference values with extremes of 15 -104 µmol/L were found according to age in our study.
This difference in the direction of increase could be explained by the methodology used. Our patients had no specific pathology with an age limit of 17 years.
Out of 350 subjects, 24.3% had normal creatinine levels with normal or increased GFR using the SHWARTZ formula. This result is close to those obtained with the MAYO GFR formula and the MDRD GFR formula: they were 25.53% in 329 subjects and 24.15% in 352 subjects respectively.
Of 352 subjects, 24.15% had normal creatinine levels with normal or increased GFR using the MDRD formula. This result differs from the CKD-Epi formula which had no normal or increased GFR. According to the High Authority for Health report in 2011 [7], the CKD-Epi formula has similar accuracy but is more accurate than the MDRD formula at GFR values above 60 ml/min/1.73m 2 . This is in contradiction with our results. This difference with the literature may be explained by a difference in the methodology used as our recruited subjects were not sick children.
We noted a significant difference between CKD-Epi (p < 10 −6 ) and MDRD (p < 10 −6 ) GFR. There was no significant difference between SCHWARTZ (p = 0.346) and MAYO (p = 0.026) GFRs. From these results, we see a good distribution of the SCHWARTZ GFR and MAYO GFR. The MAYO GFR shows a better distribution in our study population compared to other glomerular filtration rate estimation formulas. Although the Schwartz formula is the most commonly used formula in children according to the literature, our study provided results that allowed us to rank it second to the MAYO formula. No similar studies were found that addressed the issue in the same way. These results are comparable to those found by Legrain in Paris in 2015 which were 72 ± 57 for GFR MDRD and 61 ± 24 for GFR CKD-Epi in males and 69 ± 27 for MDRD and 63 ± 20 for CKD-Epi in females [8]. This difference may be explained by the age difference in our study population.

Conclusion
Our study allowed us to estimate the GFR of 360 subjects aged 1 to 17 years at Point G University Hospital. The formulas used in our study were: the SCHWARTZ formula, the MDRD formula, the CKD-Epi formula and the MAYO quadratic formula. The Mayo formula showed a better distribution around the mean than the other formulas for estimating glomerular filtration rate in black Africans.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.