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﻿Three new species of Apseudomorpha (Crustacea, Tanaidacea) from Jiaozhou Bay, the Yellow Sea, and the South China Sea off coasts of China

﻿Abstract Three new species of the crustacean order Tanaidacea are described from the coasts of China. Apseudesspinidigitussp. nov. (family Apseudidae), from the South China Sea, can be distinguished from the most similar species, A.nhatrangensis, by the features of the maxilliped endite, cheliped dactylus, pereopod 1 carpus and propodus, and pleopods basal article. Phoxokalliapseudesshandongensissp. nov. (family Kalliapseudidae), from Jiaozhou Bay and the Yellow Sea, can be differentiated from the most similar species, P.gibbus, by the features of the antennule article 1, pereopods 1 and 6 propodi, and uropod basal article. Swireapseudesplanafrontissp. nov. (family Parapseudidae), from Jiaozhou Bay, can be clearly separated from its congeners by its rostrum, antennule article 1, and pereopod 4 dactylus. A morphological key and comparison table of genus Apseudes from the South China Sea, as well as all known species of the genera Phoxokalliapseudes and Swireapseudes are provided.


Introduction
The suborder Apseudomorpha Sieg, 1980 contains 12 families, including more than 530 extant species recorded to date (WoRMS 2021). All the species of the suborder are small-sized crustaceans mainly below 15 mm that widely inhabit various shallow marine benthic habitats, especially abundant in coral reefs, estuaries, and mangroves from the tropics to temperate waters (Błażewicz-Paszkowycz et al. 2012). Despite their wide distribution in shallow waters, knowledge of species diversity and composition from many areas is still lacking. For example, studies on taxonomy of apseudomorph tanaidaceans from the coasts of China were only intensively focused on the adjacent waters of Hong Kong ( Fig. 1; Bamber 1997Bamber , 2000Bamber , 2008Bamber and Sheader 2003) and eastern Taiwan ( Fig. 1; Tzeng and Hsueh 2014). There is a knowledge gap of more than a decade, and species from the extensive coastline of China remain unknown.
In the present study, three species of Apseudomorpha from coasts of China are recognized. The first species has a well separated eye lobe, one spine-like anterolateral apophysis on pereonites 3-6, denticulate outer margin of mandible, fossorial type of pereopod 1, and one spine-like apophysis on pereopod 1 coxa, belonging to Apseudes Leach, 1814, a worldwide genus with over 40 species (Larsen et al. 2011). The second species has ventral spiniform setae on antennule peduncle article 1, numerous long plumose setae on mandible palp, maxilliped palp and cheliped, one distal spiniform seta on mandible palp, four cusps on labrum, very long male pereopod 6 dactylus, and two posterior plumose setae on pleotelson, fitting the diagnosis of Phoxokalliapseudes Drumm & Heard, 2011, a genus with species all recorded from western Pacific by far (Drumm and Heard 2011). The third species has fossorial type of pereopod 1 but without spine-like apophysis on coxa, chelate or subchelate dactylus on all pereopods, long and thin pereopod 6 basis, conforming to the features of Swireapseudes Bamber, 1997, a small genus with only two species, recorded from the South China Sea and Northwestern Atlantic Ocean (Guţu 2008). Morphological examination confirms that all three species are different from their congeners and are recognised as new to science, and they are described here.

Materials and methods
The specimens of Apseudomorpha were collected from Jiaozhou Bay, the Yellow Sea, and the South China Sea, from 3 to 55 m depth. The first species, belonging to the genus Apseudes, were collected from the South China Sea off Guangdong Province during the National Comprehensive Oceanography Survey cruise carried out in 1959-1964. The second species, belonging to the genus Phoxokalliapseudes, was collected during the Jiaozhou Bay cruise carried out in 1959-1964, the quarterly Jiaozhou Bay survey cruise during 2003-2021, and the Yellow Sea cruise conducted in 2019. The third species, belongs to the genus Swireapseudes, was also collected during the quarterly Jiaozhou Bay survey cruise. The collecting sites of new species from this study, as well as the distribution of previously recorded species from coasts of China, are shown in Fig. 1. All samples were collected using a box corer or a grab, then sieved over a 0.5 mm mesh and specimens were preserved in 75% alcohol or 5% neutral formalin. The specimens were examined and dissected under a stereo microscope (Zeiss Stemi 2000-C). Body parts and appendages of the specimens were examined and photographed using a Nikon Eclipse Ni. Digital images were enhanced with the computer software Helicon Focus 7.0.2.  (Bamber, 1997) 2 Discapseudes (Discapseudes) mackiei Bamber, 1997 3 Swireapseudes toloensis Bamber, 1997 4 Siegius gallardoi (Shiino, 1963) 5 Unguispinosus hodgsoni (Bamber, 2000) 6 Tanapseudes sinensis Bamber, 2000 7 Apseudes manna Bamber, 2008 8 Paradoxapseudes pangcahi Tzeng & Hsueh, 2014 9 Pseudoapseudomorpha tagopilosus Tzeng & Hsueh, 2014 10 Synapseudes hansmuelleri Guţu, 2006 11 Indoapseudes multituberculata Tzeng & Hsueh, 2014 12 Apseudes spinidigitus sp. nov. 13 Phoxokalliapseudes shandongensis sp. nov. 14 Swireapseudes planafrontis sp. nov. Drawings were prepared by tracing outlines of examined body parts and appendages from digitised images using CorelDRAW 2020. The descriptions of species are mostly based on paratypes and allotypes. All the measurements and proportions of the morphological structures were based on maximum width, except body length which was measured from rostrum tip to the pleotelson apex. Terminology used in the present study mainly follows Drumm and Heard (2011). All specimens of this study were deposited at the Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences (MBM, or MBMCAS), in the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. margin with one conspicuous apophysis, respectively. Pereopod 1 merus and carpus each with one dorsodistal and one ventrodistal spiniform seta; propodus with one dorsodistal and four ventral spiniform setae. Pleopod basal article with four inner plumose setae.
Antenna (Fig. 2C) peduncle article 1 short and covered with setules, 0.9× as long as broad, inner margin with conical apophysis; article 2 1.6× as long as article 1, 1.7× as long as broad, with two inner simple setae; squama slender, slightly longer than article 2, 3.8× as long as broad, with 13 circumplumose setae; article 3 short, 0.4× as long as article 2, 0.9× as long as broad, with one inner distal simple seta; article 4 0.8× as long as article 2, 2.4× as long as broad, with one inner simple seta; article 5 0.8× as long as article 2, 2.2× as long as broad, outer margin with three circumplumose and one broom seta, inner margin with four long simple setae; flagellum 11-articled, article 1 with two long distal circumplumose setae, article 3 with two long distal circumplumose setae and five distal simple setae, article 6 with one distal aesthetasc and four distal simple setae, article 11 with eight distal simple setae, and other articles with 1-4 simple setae or naked. Epistome (Fig. 2D) with one strong and curved apical apophysis. Labrum (Fig. 2D) rounded with some setules.
Left mandible (Fig. 2E) outer margin denticulate; incisor with four or five denticles; lacinia mobilis large and subrectangular, distal margin with four denticles; setal row with four serrate setae and three simple setae; molar not examined; palp 3-articled, article 1 1.7× as long as broad, inner margin with five simple setae, article 2 shorter than articles 1 and 3 combined, 3× as long as broad, inner margin with 12 simple setae and one very long simple seta, article 3 1.2× as long as article 1, 3× as long as broad, inner margin with 15 simple setae and two very long simple setae. Right mandible similar to left mandible but without lacinia mobilis, setal row ( Fig. 2F) with one trifurcate, four bifurcate, one serrate, and one blunt seta. Labium (Fig. 3A) antero-outer corner near palp with one small apophysis; palp large and covered with setules, with three distal simple setae.
Maxilla (Fig. 3C) outer margin covered with setules; outer lobe of movable endite with two plumose setae and seven serrate setae; inner lobe of movable endite with a row of six blunt setae, a cluster of > 13 simple setae, and two serrate setae; outer lobe of fixed endite with one comb-like seta, two trifurcate setae, one bifurcate seta, two plumose setae, and > 16 simple setae, outer margin covered with setules; inner lobe of fixed endite with two long setae only serrate on distal 1/4, five serrate setae, and ~ 39 simple setae along distal margin.
Cheliped (Fig. 4A) exopod 3-articled, article 3 with four plumose setae; basis 2.2× as long as broad, ventral margin with one proximal plumose seta, one strong spiniform seta midway, and three distal plumose setae; merus 0.8× as long as basis, 3× as long as broad, ventral margin with two plumose setae midway, one very large subdistal spine-like apophysis, eight subdistal and one distal plumose seta; carpus elongate, 1.2× as long as basis, 2.8× as long as broad, with one dorsodistal spine-like apophysis, one dorsodistal plumose seta, and six plumose setae along ventral margin; propodus palm 1.4× as long as broad, with one dorsoproximal plumose seta, two dorsodistal plumose setae, one plumose setae near dactylus articulation, and eight plumose setae along ventral margin of palm and fixed finger; fixed finger ( Fig. 4B) nearly as long as palm, ~ 2.1× as long as broad, incisive margin with one large apophysis and ten simple setae on distal half; dactylus (Fig. 4B) plus unguis 4.3× as long as broad, slightly curved, incisive margin with one conspicuous apophysis.
Pereopod 1 (Fig. 4C, D) coxa ( Fig. 2A) with large and pointed spine-like apophysis and five plumose setae; exopod 2-articled, article 2 with five plumose setae; basis ~ 2.4× as long as broad, with one subdorsal proximal apophysis near exopod, ventral margin with one subproximal apophysis, two subdistal simple setae, four distal simple setae and one distal spiniform seta; ischium with one short dorsodistal simple seta and four short ventrodistal simple setae; merus 2.2× as long as broad, with one dorsodistal spiniform seta and a row of ~ 11 lateral simple setae, ventral margin with a row of ~ 11 simple setae on distal half, one distal spiniform seta and two short distal simple setae; carpus short and thick, dorsally extended, 0.7× as long as merus, 1.3× as long as broad, dorsal margin with a row of ~ 12 long simple setae on distal half, one short and three longer distal simple seta, and one large distal spiniform seta, ventral margin with six simple setae midway and one large distal spiniform seta; propodus ca. as long as carpus, slightly thinner than carpus, dorsal margin with ~ 11 simple setae on distal half, and one large distal spiniform seta, ventral margin with six simple setae and four large spiniform setae; dactylus plus unguis 0.9× as long as propodus, slightly curved, dorsal margin with one simple seta midway, ventral margin with one subdistal spinule.
Pereopod 2 (Fig. 4E) coxa with one plumose seta; basis 4× as long as broad, dorsal margin with two short simple setae on proximal half, ventral margin with one short and two longer simple setae on proximal half, three short and one longer simple seta on distal half, and a cluster of five distal simple setae; ischium with one dorsodistal and three ventrodistal simple setae; merus ~ 0.5× as long as basis, 2.3× as long as broad, with one subdorsal simple seta on proximal half, a row of six dorsodistal simple setae, one long and slender dorsodistal spiniform seta, ventral margin with eight simple setae along distal half, one long slender subdistal spiniform seta and one shorter subdistal spiniform seta; carpus 0.8× as long as merus, 2× as long as broad, dorsal margin with a row of ca. seven simple setae on proximal half, ca. six simple setae on distal half, and two distal simple setae, distal margin with a row of three lateral spiniform setae, ventral margin with eight simple setae, one long and slender spiniform seta, and two shorter spiniform setae; propodus slightly longer than carpus, 2.9× as long as broad, with ~ 12 simple setae along distal half of dorsal margin, one long and slender dorsodistal spiniform seta, and one lateral spiniform seta, ventral margin with ~ 11 simple setae, one long and slender spiniform seta midway and one distal spiniform seta; dactylus plus unguis thin and curved, nearly as long as propodus, with one doral seta midway, unguis ~ 0.7× as long as dactylus.
Pereopod 3 (Fig. 4F) basis 3.7× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one short simple seta on proximal half, ventral margin with one broom and one short simple seta on proximal half, one broom seta on distal half, and three simple distal setae; ischium with one dorsodistal and three ventrodistal simple setae; merus 0.4× as long as basis, 2.2× as long as broad, with one dorsodistal simple seta, one distolateral simple seta, and one distolateral spiniform seta, ventral margin with four simple setae on distal half, one small spiniform seta midway, and one long and slender distal spiniform seta; carpus slightly longer than merus, 2.1× as long as broad, with three long simple setae on proximal half, a row of ca. seven simple setae on distal half of dorsal margin, and a row of six lateral spiniform setae, distal one longer, ventral margin with six simple setae and one spiniform seta along distal half; propodus slightly longer than carpus, 2.8× as long as broad, with ~ 11 simple setae and two long and slender spiniform setae on distal half of dorsal margin, three longer and one very short lateral spiniform seta, ventral margin with 11 simple setae and one distal spiniform seta; dactylus plus unguis thin and curved, ~ 0.7× as long as propodus, unguis 0.5× as long as dactylus.
Pereopod 4 (Fig. 5A) coxa with one plumose seta; basis 2.9× as long as broad, dorsal margin with two short proximal simple setae and two broom setae midway, ventral margin with two longer and one short distal simple seta; ischium with one dorsodistal simple seta and one ventrodistal simple seta; merus ~ 0.4× as long as basis, 2.3× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one distal simple seta, ventral margin with three simple setae midway, four spiniform setae and two simple setae on distal half; carpus ~ 1.2× as long as merus, 2.7× as long as broad, with ~ 11 spiniform setae and > 17 simple setae along ventral to distal margin; propodus shorter and thinner than carpus, 0.8× as long as carpus, 2.9× as long as broad, with a comb-like row of numerous short and fine dorsodistal serrate setae and a cluster of numerous longer dorsodistal simple setae, ventral margin with ~ 11 longer simple setae and ca. seven short simple setae; dactylus plus unguis slender and slightly curved, 0.6× as long as propodus, dorsal margin with one seta midway, unguis 0.5× as long as dactylus.
Pereopod 5 (Fig. 5B) basis dorsal margin with one broom seta on proximal half, ventral margin with one short midway and one longer distal simple seta; ischium with one dorsal and three ventrodistal simple setae; merus 2.4× as long as broad, with one dorsodistal, one subventral, two ventrodistal simple setae, and three ventrodistal spiniform setae; carpus slightly longer and thinner than merus, 2.6× as long as broad, with ca. ten spiniform setae and > 19 simple setae along ventral to distal margin; propodus slender, 0.8× as long as carpus, 3.2× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one broom seta midway and five strong distal simple setae, ventral margin with seven simple setae on proximal half, two distal simple setae, one strong spiniform seta midway, one distal spiniform seta, and a comb-like row of ~ 20 short and fine serrate setae between those two spiniform setae; dactylus plus unguis slender and slightly curved, 0.8× as long as propodus, dorsal margin with one simple seta midway, unguis 0.6× as long as dactylus.
Pereopod 6 ( Fig. 5C) coxa with three simple setae; basis 4× as long as broad, with one lateral and one subdorsal circumplumose seta on proximal half, dorsal margin with 11 circumplumose setae along distal half, ventral margin with one small spiniform seta midway and 12 circumplumose setae; ischium with three ventrodistal circumplumose setae; merus 0.6× as long as basis, 3.1× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one shorter and two very long circumplumose setae on proximal half, three very long circumplumose setae on distal half, ventral margin with two circumplumose setae on proximal half, one small spiniform seta midway, five circumplumose setae and three small spiniform setae on distal half; carpus slightly shorter than merus, 2.9× as long as broad, dorsal margin with two midway and one distal very long circumplumose seta, ventral to distal margin with ~ 13 circumplumose setae and one distal spiniform seta; propodus 0.8× as long as carpus, 2.9× as long as broad, with two ventroproximal circumplumose setae, a comb-like row of numerous serrate setae along ventral to distal margin, one dorsodistal and two ventrodistal circumplumose setae; dactylus plus unguis slender and slightly curved, 0.9× as long as propodus, dorsal margin with one short simple seta midway, unguis 0.6× as long as dactylus.
Pleopods (Fig. 5D, all setae plumose, setules omitted in figure) basal article elongate, 2.7× as long as broad, with four inner plumose setae; exopod slender, 3.6× as long as broad, outer to distal margin with 33 plumose setae, inner margin with seven short simple setae; endopod longer and slender than exopod, 1.2× as long as exopod, 5× as long as broad, with 25 plumose setae and one stronger plumose seta on proximal half of inner margin. Uropod (Fig. 5E) basal article 1.6× as long as broad, outer margin with one midway and three distal circumplumose setae, inner margin with two distal setae; exopod not examined; endopod 36-articled, articles 3, 8, 13, and 18 with 1-3 broom setae and 1-5 simple distal setae, other articles without seta or with at most six simple setae.
Remarks. According to Bamber ( , 2008, only three species of the genus Apseudes have been recorded from South China Sea region previously: A. manna Bamber, 2008 (Hong Kong), A. nagae Shiino, 1963 (Vietnam, Sabah and Brunei), and A. nhatrangensis Shiino, 1963 (Vietnam). Among these three, A. manna is the  Bamber 2008Shiino 1963Shiino 1963 geographically closest to Apseudes spinidigitus sp. nov.; the new species, however, is conspicuously distinguished from A. manna in morphology, by having the spine-like apophyses on carapace, pereonites, merus, carpus, and fingers of cheliped, and pointed epimera on each pleonite (Fig 2A, 4A, B, Table 1; Bamber 2008: figs 1A, 2A). Apseudes spinidigitus also closely resembles A. nhatrangensis in morphology. Among all known species of Apseudes, only A. nhatrangensis and the new species have the combination of features of a cordiform and distally pointed rostrum, one large spine-like anterior apophysis on lateral margin of carapace, a pair of wide but short eye lobes without visual elements, one large and curved spine-like anterolateral apophysis on pereonites 3-6, similar numbers of antennule and antenna flagella, uropod exopod and endopod articles, one large spine-like subdistal apophysis on ventral margin of cheliped merus, and one subproximal apophysis on ventral margin of pereopod 1 basis. Nevertheless, there are still several differences between these two species: 1) having two coupling hooks on maxilliped endite in A. spinidigitus, vs. four in A. nhatrangensis, 2) having a distinct spiniform seta midway on ventral margin of cheliped basis in A. spinidigitus, vs. a large apophysis in A. nhatrangensis, 3) the presence of one dorsodistal spine-like apophysis on cheliped carpus in A. spinidigitus, absence in A. nhatrangensis, 4) the presence of one conspicuous apophysis on incisive margin of cheliped dactylus in A. spinidigitus, vs. absence in A. nhatrangensis, 5) the presence of one ventrodistal spiniform seta on pereopod 1 merus and carpus each in A. spinidigitus, vs. absence in A. nhatrangensis, 6) having only one dorsodistal spiniform seta on pereopod 1 carpus and propodus each in A. spinidigitus, vs. two in A. nhatrangensis, 7) having only four plumose setae on inner margin of pleopods basal articles in A. spinidigitus, vs. more than four plumose setae on both sides of pleopods basal articles in A. nhatrangensis ( In addition to the features mentioned above, the presence of circumplumose setae on the antennule, antenna, maxilliped, pereopod 6 and uropod of A. spinidigitus is also a rare feature only found in a few species among Apseudes, i.e., A. fecunda (Guţu, 2006), A. nagae, A. nhatrangensis, A. nipponicus Shiino, 1937, A. sculptus Pfeffer, 1888(Lang 1953, and A. spectabilis Studer, 1884 (Shiino 1978).
Key to the species of Apseudes from the South China Sea (see also Etymology. The name is derived from Shandong, where the species was collected around Shandong Peninsula.
Description. Female (non-ovigerous paratype MBM287294). Body (Fig. 6A) dorsoventrally flattened, 6.9 mm long, 5.8× as long as broad. Carapace less than 0.2× as long as total body length, as long as broad, rostrum rounded, lateral margin with one simple seta midway. Pereon half as long as total body length, each pereonite in similar width, slightly broader than carapace, anterolateral margin with one simple seta and several setules; pereonites 1-6 0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 0.7, 0.4× as long as broad, respectively. Pleon 0.2× as long as total body length, each pleonite in similar width, slightly broader than pereonites, with eight or nine plumose setae on blunt lateral margin, one anterolateral simple seta on dorsal surface. Pleotelson posteriorly tapering and distally bifurcate, ca. as long as three pleonites combined, slightly broader than long, with two distal plumose setae.
Antennule (Fig. 7A) peduncle article 1 ~ 0.4× as long as total antennule length, 2.7× as long as broad, with ten simple setae and four broom setae along outer margin, inner margin with six simple setae on proximal half, two simple setae, and a row of five spiniform setae on distal half, and two long ventral subdistal spiniform setae; article 2 0.3× as long as peduncle article 1, 1.7× as long as broad, distal half with three outer, five inner simple setae, and two ventral broom setae; article 3 half as long as article 2, with three distal simple setae; article 4 0.7× as long as article 3, with one distal simple seta; outer flagellum longer than peduncle article 1, 11-articled, each article with at most four distal simple setae, articles 4, 6, and 7 each with one distal aesthetasc; inner flagellum 6-articled, articles 1-4 each with one distal simple seta, article 5 naked, article 6 with three distal setae. Antenna (Fig. 7B) article 1 outer margin with one distal simple seta, inner extension long, covered with setules, with six distal plumose setae; article 2 inner margin covered with setules, squama with six simple setae along outer to distal margin, and spinules along inner margin; article 3 very short, with two inner plumose setae; article 4 nearly half as long as antenna, with one outer broom seta midway, a row of ten plumose setae along inner margin, and a row of 20 ventral plumose setae; article 5 inner and outer margin both with four simple setae, distal margin with five dorsal simple setae and two ventral plumose setae; articles 6 and 7 both with five distal simple setae and two ventral plumose setae; article 8 with one distal simple and two ventral plumose setae; article 9 with two ventral plumose setae; article 10 with five distal simple setae.
Labrum (Fig. 7C, figure and description based on non-ovigerous female paratype, MBM287296, 6.5 mm long) distal margin rounded, covered with numerous setules; clypeus with two robust and two smaller cusps.
Maxillule (Fig. 8B) inner endite covered with numerous long setules, with four distal plumose setae; outer endite covered with numerous long setules, with a row of spinules along outer margin, ten spiniform setae on distal margin, two subdistal plumose setae, and one distinct concavity (arrow) on outer distal corner.
Maxilla (Fig. 8C) outer lobe of movable endite with five plumose setae; inner lobe of movable endite with row of 15 distally blunt setae, and two comb-like setae along distal margin; outer lobe of fixed endite with a row of 15 simple setae, four plumose setae, and two robust and one smaller serrate seta; inner lobe of fixed endite with five distally serrate setae and a row of 17 plumose setae; outer margin and sub-outer surface covered with spinules, with one sub-outer spiniform seta (arrowed).
Maxilliped (Fig. 8D) basis with a row of 25 plumose setae along outer margin; endite (Fig. 8E) covered with setules entirely, with ten plumose setae on distal margin, two robust coupling hooks on inner margin, and eight setulose and distally serrate setae on inner fold; palp article 1 with four simple setae on inner margin and one simple seta on outer margin; article 2 with two rows of numerous long plumose setae along inner margin, and four subdistal simple setae on outer margin; articles 3 and 4 both with two rows of numerous long plumose setae along inner margin.
Epignath not examined. Cheliped (Fig. 9A) exopod 3-articled, article 3 with two distal plumose setae; basis ~ 1.5× as long as broad, ventral margin with one spiniform seta midway, three meddle simple setae, one subdistal spiniform seta, and two subdistal simple setae; merus with one ventral simple seta, anterior corner protruded and rounded, anterior margin crenulate,  with three simple setae; carpus ~ 3.5× as long as broad, with two rows of long plumose setae along ventral margin, both rows with ~ 40 setae, dorsal margin with three short and one longer simple setae on distal half, anteroventral corner with four outer simple setae; propodus and fixed finger combined nearly as long as carpus, 2.2× as long as broad, palm 1.6× as long as broad, with a row of 15 inner plumose setae and a cluster of 11 simple setae on anterodorsal corner near insertion of dactylus, fixed finger with 17 simple setae on ventral margin or subventral surface, 17 simple setae and an intensive row of small denticles along incisive margin, a row of 12 outer and four inner simple setae near insertion of dactylus; dactylus plus unguis 4.5× as long as broad, slightly curved, with nine outer and four inner simple setae, and a row of 15 small spiniform setae along incisive margin.
Pereopod 1 (Fig. 9B, figure and description based on MBM287296) exopod 3-articled, article 3 with two distal plumose setae; coxa with one simple seta on blunt apophysis; basis ~ 2.2× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one simple and two broom setae on proximal half, ventral margin with one midway, two subdistal simple setae, and one robust subdistal spiniform setae, and one simple seta on subventral surface; ischium with one ventral simple seta; merus 0.8× as long as basis, 1.9× as long as broad, distal margin with one dorsal simple seta, one dorsal spiniform seta, one outer simple seta, and one ventral spiniform seta, ventral margin with eight simple setae; carpus short, ca. half as long as merus, slightly longer than broad, dorsal margin with a cluster of six subdistal simple setae and one robust distal spiniform seta, ventral margin with seven subdistal simple setae and two spiniform setae, outer surface with a cluster of three short simple setae; propodus 0.7× as long as carpus, 1.3× as long as broad, dorsal margin with a row of seven subdistal simple setae and two distal spiniform setae in unequal size, ventral margin with eight simple setae and six spiniform setae, outer surface with four short subproximal simple setae; dactylus 0.7× as long as propodus, covered with intensive long sensory setae.
Pereopod 2 (Fig. 9C) basis 2.5× as long as broad, dorsal margin with two simple setae and one broom seta, ventral margin three simple setae and one broom seta; ischium with three ventrodistal simple setae; merus 0.4× as long as basis, 1.7× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one subdistal simple seta, ventral margin with one subdistal simple seta and one subdistal spiniform seta; carpus slightly shorter than merus, 1.5× as long as broad, dorsal margin with a cluster of two longer and two short distal simple setae, and one outer distal spiniform seta, ventral margin with four simple setae and four spiniform setae on distal half; propodus slightly shorter than carpus, 2.1× as long as broad, with one dorsal broom seta midway, and a row of two distal simple setae and six spiniform setae, ventral margin with three long and three shorter simple setae, and a row of five spiniform setae on distal half; dactylus plus unguis long and slender, 2.2× as long as propodus, without sensory lobe.
Pereopod 3 (Fig. 9D) basis 2.7× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one simple and two broom setae midway, ventral margin with one distal simple seta and one distal spiniform seta; ischium with four ventrodistal simple setae; merus 0.4× as long as basis, 1.6× as long as broad, ventral margin with three simple setae and two spiniform setae on distal half, outer surface with one subdistal simple seta; carpus slightly shorter than merus, 1.4× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one distal spiniform seta and three distal simple setae, ventral margin with three simple setae and four spiniform setae on distal half; propodus and dactylus similar to those of pereopod 2.
Pereopod 4 (Fig. 10A) basis 2.4× as long as broad, dorsal margin with three subproximal broom setae, one midway and two subdistal simple setae, ventral margin with one subproximal broom seta; ischium with four ventrodistal simple setae; merus short, 0.3× as long as basis, 1.3× as long as broad, ventral margin with three subdistal simple setae and two subdistal spiniform setae; carpus 1.4× as long as merus, 1.9× as long as broad, with two dorsodistal simple setae, a row of eight outer spiniform setae, a row of eight inner spiniform setae, and three ventral simple setae, ventral half covered with setules; propodus slightly shorter than carpus, 2.7× as long as broad, with one large dorsoproximal broom seta and a row of five small dorsodistal leaf-like spiniform setae (Fig. 10B), a row of eight outer, eight inner spiniform setae and six simple setae along ventral to distal margin, ventral margin covered with setules; dactylus 0.4× as long as propodus, with nine distal simple setae.
Pereopod 5 (Fig. 10C) basis 2.5× as long as broad, dorsal margin with three broom setae on proximal half and three simple setae on distal half, ventral margin with a cluster of three distal simple setae, and two simple setae on distal half; ischium, merus, propodus and dactylus very similar to those of pereopod 4 but merus with seven inner spiniform setae.
Pereopod 6 ( Fig. 10D) basis 3.7× as long as broad, with nine dorsal and three ventral plumose setae, and three ventral subdistal simple setae; ischium with two ventrodistal simple setae; merus short, 0.2× as long as basis, slightly as long as broad, with three dorsal plumose setae and one ventral simple seta; carpus 2.7× as long as merus, 2.4× as long as broad, with six dorsal plumose setae and four ventral simple setae, ventral margin covered with setules; propodus (Fig. 10E) ~ 0.7× as long as carpus, almost twice as long as broad, with five long ventral spiniform setae, a row of 27 short serrate setae along ventral to distal margin, and one dorsodistal spiniform seta; dactylus (Fig. 10E) long and slender, 3.8× as long as propodus.
Male (allotype MBM287295). Similar to female with following variations: body (Fig. 6B) less slender, 6.1 mm long, 4.8× as long as broad. Carapace ~ 0.2× as long as total body length, slightly broader than long, lateral margin with one simple seta midway. Each pereonite with 1-3 anterolateral simple setae, pereonites 1-5 each with one hyposphenia (Fig. 6C), and one robust spiniform seta on each hyposphenia, pereonite 6 with genital cone; pereonite 1 conspicuously broader than subsequent pereonites, 1.2× as broad as pereonite 2, 0.4× as long as broad; pereonites 2-6 in similar width, relatively short, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.3× as long as broad respectively. Each pleonite ca. as wide as pereonite 1, with one hyposphenia, one dorsolateral simple seta and 6-10 lateral plumose setae. Antennule (Fig. 7G) peduncle article 1 robust, 0.4× as long as total antennule length, 2.2× as long as broad, outer margin with eight simple and five broom setae, inner margin seven simple and three broom setae, and one small ventral spiniform seta near inner distal corner; article 2 0.4× as long as article 1, 1.4× as long as broad, with six inner simple setae, two simple and two broom ventral setae; peduncle article 3 0.5× as long as peduncle article 2, slightly as long as broad, with one outer subdistal and three inner distal simple setae; peduncle article 4 0.7× as long as article 3, distal margin with two inner simple setae; outer flagellum longer than peduncle article 1,  11-articled, article 1 with 15 distal aesthetascs; article 2 with ~ 15 distal aesthetascs and two distal simple setae, article 3 with 11 distal aesthetascs and two distal simple setae, articles 4 and 5 both with six distal aesthetascs and two distal simple setae, articles 6, 7 and 9 each with one distal aesthetasc and two distal simple setae, articles 8 and 10 naked, article 11 with four distal simple setae; inner flagellum 5-articled, articles 1-3 each with one distal simple seta, article 4 with two distal simple setae, article 5 with four distal simple setae.
Antenna article 1 inner extension with six distal plumose setae. Cheliped (Fig. 9E) exopod 3-articled, article 3 with two distal plumose setae; basis ~ 1.4× as long as broad, with two long outer setae, ventral margin with one spiniform seta midway, two distal short simple setae and one distal spiniform seta; merus with three ventral simple setae, anterior corner protruced and rounded, anterior margin crenulate, with three simple setae; carpus 2.6× as long as broad, dorsal margin with four subdistal simple setae, ventral margin with two rows of long plumose setae, outer row with 35 plumose setae, inner row with 32 plumose setae; propodus large and robust, combined with fixed finger nearly as long as carpus, 1.8× as long as broad, palm 1.3× as long as broad, with a row of 15 inner plumose setae, a cluster of 17 anterodorsal simple setae and a row of 13 outer simple setae near insertion of dactylus, fixed finger with five ventral simple setae, incisive margin with two strong triangular apophyses, a row of eleven simple setae, and a row of seven small spiniform setae; dactylus plus unguis 3.7× as long as broad, slightly curved, dorsoproximally expanded, with nine outer setae and a row of ten small spiniform setae along incisive margin.
Pereopod 6 ( Fig. 10I) basis ~ 4.1× as long as broad, dorsal margin with seven plumose setae, ventral margin with three plumose setae midway and four subdistal simple setae; ischium with three ventral subdistal simple setae; merus short, 0.2× as long as basis, slightly longer than broad, with three dorsal plumose and two ventral simple setae; carpus 2.3× as long as merus, 2.1× as long as broad, with seven dorsal plumose and four ventral simple setae; carpus 0.7× as long as merus, 1.8× as long as broad, with three (on left pereopod 6) or four (on right pereopod 6) long ventral spiniform setae, a row of 24 short serrate setae along ventral to distal margin, and one dorsodistal spiniform seta; dactylus very long and slender, 4.6× as long as propodus.
Some other morphological characters of males given in Table 2.
Among Phoxokalliapseudes species, only P. shandongensis and P. gobinae have one inner distal spiniform seta on uropod basal article. However, the male of P. shandongensis have two large triangular (conical) apophyses on incisive margin of cheliped fixed finger, easily distinguished from the male of P. gobinae with one distal square and one triangular (conical) apophysis. In addition, the presence of two ventral spiniform setae on female cheliped basis can also differentiate the new species from P. gobinae (Fig. 9A, E, Table 2   Shiino 1966 Family Parapseudidae Guţu, 1981 Subfamily Pakistanapseudinae Guţu, 2008 Genus Swireapseudes Bamber, 1997 Type species. Swireapseudes toloensis Bamber, 1997 Remarks. This genus has once been synonymised with Pakistanapseudes by Bamber and Sheader (2003) but revalidated by Guţu (2006). The main morphological features that distinguish these two genera are: 1) the presence of ventrodistal prolongation on pereopods 2, 3, 5 and 6 in species of Swireapseudes, compared to the presence of a ventrodistal prolongation on pereopods 2 and 3 in some species of Pakistanapseudes but never on pereopods 5 and 6; 2) the presence of sexual dimorphism of cheliped in species of Swireapseudes (Guţu 2008). Two species of Swireapseudes have been previously recorded at very distant locations: Swireapseudes birdi Guţu & Iliffe, 2008 (Eleuthera Island, Bahamas) and Swireapseudes toloensis Bamber, 1997 (Tolo Channel, Hong Kong).
Type locality. Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin planula (flat) and frontis (forehead), referring to the wide and flat rostrum.
Diagnosis. Ovigerous female. Rostrum rounded, with wide and flat distal margin. Antennule article 1 inner margin with one strong spiniform seta midway. Antenna article 2 with one inner distal spiniform seta. Labium palp without inner distal expansion. Cheliped slightly dimorphic; left cheliped more setose; right cheliped more slender, exopod article 3 small and naked. Pereopod 1 merus with one short and strong ventrodistal spiniform seta; carpus with two short and strong ventral spiniform setae; dactylus with six pointed ventral denticles and one small ventrodistal spiniform seta, together with unguis subchela-like. Pereopods 2, 3, 5, and 6 with chela-like dactylus. Pereopod 4 dactylus with particularly long ventrodistal prolongation, > 2× as long as unguis. Male. Similar to female except: Antennule outer flagellum proximal articles short and wide, covered with numerous aesthetascs. Antenna article 2 without inner distal spiniform seta, flagellum inner half covered with numerous aesthetascs, proximal articles very wide and short, distal articles narrower. Cheliped relatively robust; left and right cheliped dimorphic or not; fixed finger incisive margin with or without one large and blunt apophysis.
Antennule (Fig. 11B, figure and description based on non-ovigerous female paratype MBM287304, 6.8 mm long) peduncle article 1 2.8× as long as broad, outer margin with three broom and 12 simple setae, inner margin with nine simple setae and one strong spiniform seta midway; article 2 half as long as article 1, twice as long as broad, with 11 outer setae and six inner simple setae; article 3 short, half as long as article 2, 1.2× as long as broad, with seven outer and six inner simple setae; article 4 naked; outer flagellum 16-articled, longer than peduncle, each article naked or with at most five distal simple setae; inner flagellum 13-articled, slightly shorter than outer flagellum, each article with two to five distal simple setae.
Antenna (Fig. 11C) peduncle article 1 not examined; article 2 proximal half not examined, distal margin with one short outer simple seta and one inner spiniform seta, squama elongate, with five outer, five inner, and two distal simple setae; article 3 short and naked; articles 4 and 5 not well separated, naked; flagellum 14-articled, each article with 1-8 setae.
Left mandible (Fig. 11E) outer margin denticulate and covered with setules; incisor and lacinia mobilis (Fig. 11F) four-denticled, setal row with one simple and five trifurcate or multifurcate setae; molar (Fig. 11G) crenulate; palp 3-articled, article 1 short, 0.9× as long as broad, with nine simple setae along distal and inner margin, article 2 2.5× as long as article 1, with one simple seta on inner margin, article 3 ca. as long as article 2, with five distal simple setae. Right mandible (Fig. 12A) outer margin covered with setules; incisor (Fig. 12B) five-denticled, without lacinia mobilis, setal row similar to that of left mandible; molar not examined; palp similar to that of left mandible but article 2 with two inner simple setae, and article 3 with three distal simple setae. Labium (Fig. 12C) palp covered with setules, with two distal simple setae. Maxillule (Fig. 12D) outer endite with ten distal spiniform setae and two subdistal setae, inner and outer margins covered with setules; inner endite with one distal trifurcate seta and four distal plumose setae, inner and outer margin covered with setules; palp 2-articled, article 2 with five distal simple setae. Maxilla (Fig. 12E) outer lobe of movable endite with eight long distal simple setae; inner lobe of movable endite with ~ 12 distal simple setae; outer lobe of fixed endite distal margin with seven blunt, one leaf-like, four trifurcate, two simple setae, and one seta with several spinules on single side; inner lobe of fixed endite distal margin with a row of ~ 25 "articulate" setae (with distinct demarcation on midway of each seta), a cluster of seven simple setae, and four blunt setae with a row of short setules and serrations on distal one third; inner margin with spinules.
Maxilliped (Fig. 12F) basis outer margin covered with setules covered with setules, distal margin with one seta; endite covered with setules, distal margin with five simple setae and six spiniform setae, inner margin with three coupling hooks, inner fold with six plumose setae; palp article 1 outer margin with one distal simple seta, distal margin with three simple setae, article 2 outer margin with seven long distal simple setae, inner margin with five long simple setae and a row of 45-50 shorter simple setae, article 3 outer margin with one distal simple seta, inner margin with ~ 12 simple setae, article 4 with ~ 12 distal simple setae.  (Fig. 13A, B) left and right slightly dimorphic, differences in size and setal pattern. Left cheliped (Fig. 13A) exopod 3-articled, article 3 with four plumose setae; basis 3× as long as broad, dorsal margin with two simple setae on distal half, ventral margin with five long simple setae and four shorter simple setae; merus 0.7× as long as basis, 2.3× as long as broad, covered with totally ~ 25 simple setae; carpus long, ~ 1.9× as long as merus, 4.6× as long as broad, covered with totally ~ 44 simple setae; propodus palm 0.5× as long as carpus, 2.4× as long as broad, with three dorsal simple setae, one outer simple seta near insertion of dactylus, and two inner simple setae, fixed finger 0.8× as long as palm, ~ 4× as long as broad, with six ventral and two short distal simple setae; dactylus plus unguis 6.5× as long as broad, slightly curved. Right cheliped (Fig. 13B) slenderer and less setose than left cheliped, ~ 0.7× as long as left cheliped; exopod 3-articled, article 3 small and naked; basis ~ 3× as long as broad, ventral margin with one subdistal simple seta; merus 0.7× as long as basis, ~ 3× as long as broad, with two outer and two ventral setae; carpus long and slender, 1.9× as long as merus, ~ 5× as long as broad, with one outer subdistal simple seta, dorsal margin with one subdistal simple seta, ventral margin with three midway and one subdistal simple seta; propodus palm 0.4× as long as carpus, 2.1× as long as broad, with one outer simple seta near insertion of dactylus, dorsal margin with one subdistal simple seta, fixed finger 0.7× as long as palm, 3× as long as broad, with two ventral and two distal simple setae, incisive margin with one proximal simple seta; dactylus plus unguis 4.9× as long as broad, slightly curved, with seven subdistal simple setae.

Chelipeds
Pereopod 1 (Fig. 13C) exopod 3-articled, article 3 with six plumose setae; basis 2.7× as long as broad, dorsal margin with three short, two longer simple setae and a few setules, ventral margin with six simple setae midway and a cluster of eight distal simple setae; ischium with four ventrodistal simple setae; merus 0.6× as long as basis, 1.4× as long as broad, dorsal margin with a cluster of seven distal simple setae and one spiniform seta, ventral margin with a cluster of four simple setae midway, eight simple setae along distal half, three distal simple setae, and one distal short but strong spiniform seta; carpus 0.9× as long as merus, 1.3× as long as broad, distal margin with one long dorsal spiniform seta, a cluster of ca. eight dorsal simple setae and two outer setae, ventral margin with nine simple setae and two short but strong spiniform setae; propodus 1.2× as long as carpus, 1.6× as long as broad, dorsal margin with three shorter simple setae on proximal half, six long simple setae and three long spiniform setae on distal half, ventral margin with 11 simple setae and four strong spiniform setae, distal margin with one short subventral simple seta; dactylus (Fig. 13D) plus unguis 0.7× as long as propodus, 5.7× as long as broad, ventral margin with six pointed denticles and one small distal spiniform seta, spiniform seta much shorter than unguis, together subchela-like.
Pereopod 2 (Fig. 13E) basis 3.5× as long as broad, with two short dorsal simple setae, one dorsal broom seta, three subventral distal simple setae, and a cluster of five ventrodistal simple setae; ischium with one dorsal simple seta and a cluster of six ventrodistal simple setae; merus 0.4× as long as basis, 1.7× as long as broad, with one outer subdistal and three outer distal simple setae, ventral margin with seven simple setae and one long spiniform seta on distal half; carpus 1.2× as long as merus, 2.2× as long as broad, outer surface with a row of ten simple setae and two long spiniform setae from midway to dorsodistal corner, ventral margin with eight simple setae and two long spiniform setae on distal half, distal margin with three inner simple setae; propodus 0.9× as long as carpus, ~ 3× as long as broad, distal half with a row of five subdorsal simple setae and three spiniform setae, ventral margin with seven simple setae and three spiniform setae; dactylus (Fig. 13F) plus unguis 0.8× as long as propodus, ~ 6× as long as broad, dactylus slightly curved, with one indistinct demarcation midway and one pointed ventrodistal prolongation, unguis curved, slightly longer than prolongation, together chela-like.
Pereopod 3 (Fig. 13G) basis 3.2× as long as broad, with a cluster of six ventrodistal simple setae; ischium with a cluster of seven ventral subdistal simple setae; merus 0.3× as long as basis, 1.8× as long as broad, with eight ventral or subventral simple setae and one ventral spiniform seta on distal half, ventral margin slightly denticulate; carpus 1.4× as long as merus, 2.6× as long as broad, ventral to distal margin and subventral surface covered with ~ 16 simple setae and three spiniform setae, ventral margin slightly denticulate; propodus 0.7× as long as carpus, 2.7× as long as broad, with one dorsoproximal broom seta and a row of six simple setae and three spiniform setae from outer midway surface to dorsodistal corner, ventral margin with four simple setae and three spiniform setae on distal half; dactylus (Fig. 13H) attached to propodus subdistally, similar to that of pereopod 2 but not articled.
Pereopod 4 (Fig. 14A, figure and description based on non-ovigerous female paratype MBM287305, 7.1 mm long) basis 3.2× as long as broad, with a cluster of five ventrodistal simple setae; ischium with a cluster of six ventrodistal simple setae; merus 0.3× as long as basis, 1.6× as long as broad, with one dorsodistal, two outer subdistal, and three ventral simple setae, ventral margin slightly denticulate; carpus 1.8× as long as merus, 2.5× as long as broad, ventral to distal margin covered with ~ 17 simple setae and six spiniform setae, ventral margin slightly denticulate; propodus 0.6× as long as carpus, 3.2× as long as broad, ventral margin with ca. eight simple setae and 10 spiniform setae; dactylus (Fig. 13B, figure and description based on MBM287305) attached to propodus subdistally, nearly as long as propodus, > 9× as long as broad, with three ventral spinules and one long ventrodistal prolongation that is 2.3× as long as unguis, together subchela-like.
Pereopod 5 (Fig. 14C) basis 3.2×as long as broad, dorsal margin with two broom setae midway, ventral margin with a cluster of five distal simple setae; ischium dorsal margin with one short subdistal simple seta, ventral margin with a cluster of five distal simple setae, merus 0.3× as long as basis, 1.8× as long as broad, with one dorsodistal simple seta, ventral margin denticulate, six simple setae on distal half; carpus 1.7× as long as merus, ~ 3× as as long as broad, ventral to distal margin covered with ~ 17 simple setae and eight spiniform setae, the distal two spiniform setae very long, ventral margin denticulate; propodus 0.8× as long as carpus, 3.2× as long as broad, ventral margin denticulate, covered with ca. ten simple setae and nine spiniform setae; dactylus similar to that of pereopod 3. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 14D) basis long, 4.8× as long as broad, dorsal margin with one subproximal broom seta, ventral margin with two subdistal simple setae; ischium with two dorsal and three ventral subdistal simple setae; merus 0.3× as long as basis, nearly 2× as long as broad, with one dorsodistal simple seta and one simple seta on inner surface, ventral margin with six simple setae on distal half; carpus 1.7× as long as merus, 3.3× as long as broad, with three dorsodistal simple setae, ventral to distal margin with ~ 17 simple setae and five long spiniform setae, ventral margin slightly denticulate; propodus 0.8× as long as carpus, 3.6× as long as broad, with one dorsodistal, one ventrodistal simple seta, two long and one shorter dorsodistal spiniform setae, ventral margin with one proximal simple seta and a row of ~ 28 serrate setae along ventral margin to distal margin; dactylus similar to that of pereopod 5.
Uropod basal article with four or five distal and subdistal simple setae; exopod and endopod not examined.
Antennule (Fig. 15A, most aesthetascs represented by fine lines) peduncle article 1 ~ 3× as long as broad, outer margin with 11 simple setae, inner margin with seven simple setae and one strong spiniform seta midway; article 2 ~ 0.5× as long as article 1, 1.6× as long as broad, with one ventral simple seta, outer margin with six simple setae, inner margin with one simple seta on proximal half and a cluster of three subdistal simple setae; article 3 short, 0.4× as long as article 2, 0.7× as long as broad, distal margin with three outer and two inner simple setae; article 4 with one inner simple seta; outer flagellum 21-articled, ca. as long as peduncle, proximal articles shorter and broader, covered with numerous aesthetascs, distal articles longer and slenderer, each article without or with at most four distal simple setae; inner flagellum 12-articled, slightly longer than outer flagellum, articles 5 and 7 with one distal broom seta, each article without or with at most four distal simple setae.
Antenna (Fig. 15B, most aesthetascs represented by fine lines) peduncle article 1 naked; article 2 with two short outer simple setae, squama elongate, with three outer, three inner, two longer and one short distal simple seta; article 3 very short, naked; article 4 longest, 0.8× as long as broad, with three short outer simple setae; article 5 similar to flagellum articles, covered with aesthetascs, with one outer distal simple seta; flagellum 20-articled, each article very short, proximal articles broader, outer half covered with numerous aesthetascs, each article without or with at most four distal simple setae.
Left cheliped (Fig. 15C, figure and description based on male paratype MBM287307, 4.2 mm long) basis proximal part missing, dorsal margin with one short subdistal simple seta, ventral margin with one short and two longer simple setae; merus 2.2× as long as broad, outer surface with one subdistal simple seta, inner surface with two dorsodistal simple setae, ventral margin with four subdistal simple setae; carpus 2.1× as long as merus, 3.5× as long as broad, with seven ventral simple setae, inner surface with ca. ten subdorsal simple setae; propodus palm and fixed finger combined ~ 0.8× as long as carpus, palm 1.8× as long as broad, with one long outer simple seta near insertion of dactylus, dorsal margin with one subproximal and three subdistal simple setae, inner surface with two long subdistal simple setae, fixed finger 2.7× as long as broad, with six ventral, one outer and one inner simple seta, incisive margin with one large and blunt apophysis, and six distal simple setae; dactylus curved, 4.7× as long as broad. Right cheliped (Fig. 15D) exopod 3-articled, article 3 with four plumose setae; basis 2.3× as long as broad, ventral margin with one longer and three short but strong simple setae on proximal half, and one longer simple seta on distal half; merus 0.6× as long as basis, 2.4× as long as broad, ventral margin with four simple setae on proximal half, four longer and one short but strong simple setae on distal half, distal margin with two outer and three inner simple setae; carpus 1.7× as long as merus, 3.4× as long as broad, with one inner subventral simple setae, ventral margin with five simple setae and three subdistal simple setae; propodus attached to carpus subdistally, palm half as long as carpus, almost 2× as long as broad, with one outer simple seta near insertion of dactylus, dorsal margin with one proximal simple seta, a cluster of three simple setae on proximal half, one midway and a row of five subdistal simple setae, fixed finger distal part missing, with six ventral and three distal simple setae, incisive margin crenulate; dactylus plus unguis as long as palm, with three outer simple setae, unguis long and slender.
Remarks. The specimens of Swireapseudes planafrontis sp. nov. are extremely fragile, with appendages frequently missing. This phenomenon was also found in species of some other parapseudid genera, e.g., Parapseudes, Pakistanapseudes and Saltipedis, and considered to be autotomy (Guţu 1996). As a result, the morphological description of S. planafrontis could only be made up by the sum of parts of the several paratypes and allotype. It may be a novel discovery that the chelipeds of the present species not only display sexual dimorphism but also exhibit a little dimorphism between left and right chelipeds of a single female individual. Unfortunately, no male specimens were collected with complete left and right chelipeds, so it is not possible to confirm that the morphological differences between right cheliped of the allotype and left cheliped of the male paratype MBM287307 are the results of dimorphism or simply the result of variation (Figs 13A, B, 15C, D).
Apart from the dimorphism of female left and right cheliped, there are several other unique morphological features that easily distinguish Swireapseudes planafrontis sp. nov. from the two previously recorded species, S. birdi and S. toloensis: 1) rostrum distally wide and flat; 2) the presence of one strong spiniform seta midway on the inner margin of the antennule peduncle article 1; 3) the presence of one inner distal spiniform seta on the female antenna article 2; 4) the presence of one small ventrodistal spiniform seta (rather than  Table 3; see also Guţu and Iliffe 2008: figs 1A-D, 2D, 3C, 4A;Bamber 1997: figs 7A, B, 8A, B, 9H).
Key to the species of Swireapseudes (see also  Iliffe 2008 Bamber 1997