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U.S. Foreign Policy and the USSR, China and India: Economic Reform in the Three Giants.

by law" (p. 88). Defined as such, the term differs from "agrarian reform" or developmental programs, which seek efficient land management and better use of such resources as water, fertilizer, seeds, and credit. The author considers these latter programs as a necessary complement to land reform but not a substitute for it. Chapter Four discusses the issue of farm size and productivity. El-Ghonemy's argument here is that productivity is not necessarily reduced when land reform involves the division of large estates. The author's evidence—perhaps one can add evidence gathered by others—makes this argument plausible. Chapter Five examines how the land tenure system in the developing countries is shaped and controlled by political and social institutions to perpetuate inequitable distribution of landownership and land use. Hence, market mechanism cannot be relied upon to ameliorate the situation. Chapters Six and Seven examine the post-World War II experiences of what the author calls "complete land reform countries" and "partial land reform countries," with the difference based on the scope of reforms. Altogether, fourteen countries— in different continents and with different ideological orientations—are studied. The evidence shows that the former group of countries has achieved a greater reduction of rural poverty as measured in terms of agricultural productivity, nutrition, longevity, and literacy. Chapter Eight concludes with a summation of the book's findings, which reaffirm the theme noted in the beginning. The author again emphasizes that though the developing world has recognized land reform as essential to the wellbeing of its vast rural population, the climate once favorable to reform is no longer present today. The author performs a useful service to the scholars and policymakers concerned with land reform by amassing a great variety of empirical evidence to substantiate certain patent—though at times ignored—truths about rural development. He is careful in his analysis, and his arguments are convincing. Two areas could perhaps use improvement. The first deals with the measurement of the effects of land reform. In Chapter Three, El-Ghonemy proposes an elaborate scheme to assess the consequences of reform; yet the task of differentiating the impacts of redistributive and developmental programs was not successfully tackled. Second, the book does not contain sufficient analysis on the political conditions affecting the initiation and implementation of reform. Yet, it is often these very conditions that determine the success or failure of redistributive programs.