{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02207792207792208, 'fraction_numerical': 0.003896103896103896, 'mean_word_length': 5.425, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Public-Private Partnerships in Toll Motorways in Poland: A Comparison of Financing, Exploitation and Fiscal Risks

The paper describes three different public-private partnership schemes implemented in connection with toll motorways in Poland and the fiscal risks related to them. While A1 Motorway is a typical BOT with public subsidies, A4 Motorway bases on a concession model (also known as asset-exploitation or French model) and A2 Motorway is more likely to be seen as a partnership with mixed public-private capital expenditures, and risk and revenues sharing. Public financial exposure seems to be, paradoxically, positively correlated with private capital involvement. The research also exposes the lack of a coherent long-term infrastructure development policy.