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An Emergence-based Approach to Designing

ABSTRACT The approach to systems thinking in design in this paper is based on the concept of emergence. Historically, emergence has been at the heart of nature's designs, producing living organisms on earth for several billion years. Emergence as a process occurs in systems with a multiple number of components, in which the components follow simple individual rules, as well as interact with other components. In this paper, well-established models of design thinking will be analysed and their limitations in terms of a variety of resultant designs will be demonstrated. Subsequently, it will be demonstrated how emergence-based systems thinking opens up the scope for exploration and a range of resultant design possibilities. The current design practice explores a small number of design options for making an optimum design solution, resulting in a large number of design possibilities unexplored and in opportunities missed. The approach based on emergence integrates the systems approach into design thinking, extending the boundaries of current design practice.