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Competing demands for irrigation water: golf and agriculture in Spain

In many countries where water resources are under stress, there is a perception that irrigating golf courses causes significant additional abstraction, and that this has major impacts on the environment and other abstractors, including irrigated agriculture. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of water use within the golf sector in Spain, and compares it with irrigated agriculture. It is based on literature review, a national survey of golf course irrigation practices, and a correlation of reported irrigation consumption against agroclimate. Using a geographical information system (GIS), the water consumption for all golf courses in Spain was modelled and mapped, and the total water consumption estimated.