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31 P NMR Studies of Enzymatic Reactions

Phosphate compounds are ubiquitous in living cells. Almost all of the chemical energy derived from metabolic processes is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or other nucleoside triphosphates. Subsequently these triphosphates are utilized in all energy-requiring functions of the organism such as the biosynthesis of macromolecules, mechanical work, and transport of metabolites. In addition, the phosphorylation of neutral molecules such as glucose to form negatively charged molecules such as glucose-6-phosphate, ensures that the metabolite will be retained inside the cell. Thus, for example, every reaction in the universal glycolytic pathway of glucose metabolism involves phosphorylated substrates and products. Lastly, phosphorylated compounds, including many nucleotides and particularly 3',5' cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphates, are important regulators of metabolism. Phosphorus has a single natural isotope P that has a nuclear spin and a substantial magnetic moment (ca 40% of 'H). Among the isotopes of atoms that are commonly present in biological molecules (H, C, N, O, P, and S), P combines a unique set of properties that