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Tactile Allodynia Initiated by Local Subcutaneous Endothelin-1 Is Prolonged by Activation of TRPV-1 Receptors

Subcutaneous endothelin-1 (ET-1; 200 μM, 2 nmoles/paw) injected into the rat hind paw, has been shown to cause robust hind paw flinching (HPF) and paw licking, and to induce impulses selectively in primary nociceptors. Here we report that a much lower [ET-1] sensitizes the paw to a nocifensive withdrawal response to tactile stimulation (by von Frey hairs, VFH), a sensitization that involves local TRPV1 receptors. Injection of 10 μM ET-1 (0.1 nmole/paw) causes only marginal HPF but rapidly (20 mins after injection) lowers the force threshold for paw withdrawal (PWT) to VFH, to ~30% of pre-injection baseline. Such tactile allodynia persists for 3 hrs. In rats pre-injected with the TRPV1-antagonists capsazepine (CPZ; 1.33 mM) or 5′-iodoresiniferatoxin (I-RTX; 0.13 μM), 15 min before ET-1, a fast initial drop in PWT, as with ET-1 alone, occurs (to 40% or to 19% of baseline, respectively), but this earliest reduction then regresses back to the pre-injection PWT value more rapidly than with ET-1 alone. The recovery of allodynia from the maximum value is about two times faster for ET-1+CPZ and about 4 times faster for ET-1+ I-RTX, compared with that from ET-1 +vehicle (t½ = 130, 60, and 250 mins, respectively). In contrast, spontaneous pain indicated by overt HPF from ET-1 is not attenuated by TRPV1 antagonists. Tactile allodynia is similarly abbreviated by antagonists of both ETA (BQ-123, 32 nmoles/paw) and ETB (BQ-788, 30 nmoles/paw) receptors, whereas HPF is abolished by this ETA antagonist but enhanced by the ETB antagonist. We conclude that low ET-1 causes tactile allodynia, which is characterized by a different time-course and pharmacology than ET-1-induced nociception, and that local TRPV1 receptors are involved in the maintenance of this ET-1-induced allodynia but not in the overt algesic action of ET-1.