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English in Singapore: Two Issues for the EIF Model

Observed similarities between postcolonial Englishes (PCEs) and non-postcolonial Englishes (non-PCEs) pose a challenge for attempts at modeling the global spread of English. The model of Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces (EIFM) aims to address this by arguing that both PCEs and non-PCEs develop along similar lines. Both present much the same five phases as those identified by Schneider’s Dynamic Model. While the EIFM’s strategy has its merits, it also faces some problems. This chapter suggests that a strategy of convergence might actually be more fruitful. Under a strategy of convergence, both PCEs and non-PCEs are acknowledged to have different histories rather than the similar histories that the EIFM emphasizes. Both PCEs and non-PCEs, however, converge in the era of late modernity.