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Sex differences in response to hepatitis B virus. I. History.

Sex differences related to responses to hepatitis B infection are reviewed. In most human populations there is a higher prevalence of chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (persistently HBsAg+) among males than females. Females are more likely than males to produce anti-HBs in response to infection. Diseases associated with increased frequencies of carriers are more prevalent among males. The response of parents to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection appears to affect the sex ratio at birth of their offspring. Couples in which either parent is a carrier have higher sex ratios (higher proportion of males) compared with couples in which neither parent is HBsAg+. Couples in which the mother is anti-HBs+ have children with lower sex ratios than either carriers or uninfected couples.