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Human lateral Frontal Pole contributes to control over social-emotional behaviour

Emotion regulation is essential for human social interactions. Recent work has exposed its cognitive complexity, as well as its unexpected reliance on portions of the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) also involved in relational reasoning, rather than on dorsolateral and medial prefrontal areas involved in several forms of cognitive control. This study anatomically qualifies the contribution of aPFC territories to the regulation of social-emotional actions, relating emotional regulation to other cognitive processes that have been associated with the aPFC, and explores a possible structural pathway through which emotional regulation might be implemented. We provide converging evidence from task-based fMRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and resting-state connectivity fingerprints for a novel neural element in emotion regulation. Task-based fMRI differentiated, within the same participants, aPFC territories involved in social-emotional regulation from territories known to support relational processing. Connectivity fingerprints, based on diffusion-weighted imaging and resting-state connectivity, localized those task-defined frontal regions to an anatomically-defined portion of the aPFC, the lateral frontal pole (FPl). Probabilistic tractography indicated that a fifth of inter-individual variation in social-emotional regulation abilities is accounted by the strength of structural connectivity between FPl and amygdala. These findings provide novel neuroanatomical evidence for incorporating FPl in models of social-emotional regulation.