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Theories underpinning the intervention

Researchers have theories about how the interventions they are evaluating achieve effectiveness (mechanisms of action) and how best to implement them in complex environments. It is recommended that these theories are made explicit, either by drawing on existing theories from organizational, psychological, improvement science, or sociological research, or displaying programme theories specific to the intervention that show the proposed causal pathways from content of intervention to long term outcomes. These theories can shape the research questions, sampling, data collection, analysis, interpretation and reporting of any qualitative research undertaken with RCTs. Some relevant theories are introduced, with examples of how researchers have used them with qualitative research and RCTs.