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The ecological role of sound in terrestrial and aquatic landscape: theories, methods and applications of ecoacoustics

Sounds –mechanical vibrations transmitted through an elastic medium – are generated by physical and biological agents and permeate every terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem on Earth. Noise pollution from human traffic networks and industrial activity occurs in vast areas of our planet (Watts et al. 2007) and potentially affects wildlife over both terrestrial and aquatic environments (Barber, Crooks, and Fristrup 2010). Underestimated by the ecological disciplines for a long time, human-created, unfamiliar noise is having dramatic impacts upon natural soundscapes, which invariably leads to altering the acoustic environments of marine and terrestrial habitats. The detrimental fallout of this is only escalating. If a natural soundscape is too dramatically altered, this invariably affects an animal’s ability to hear or find food, locate mates and avoid predators. It can also impair its ability to communicate, reproduce, navigate and participate in its normal behaviours, essential for its survival. Interest in the way sound affects wildlife has only intensified over the last decade as studies reveal how these changes in behaviour could have knock-on effects not only for individual animals and their populations, but for whole ecosystems. According to Dr. Kirsten Parris (2020), from the School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences at The University of Melbourne,