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Validate the Correlation between Macular Thickness and Temporal Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Normal Eyes with Age and Refractive Status Using Stratus Optical Coherence Tomography

Macula is an oval yellowish area in the retina that surrounds the fovea and has the highest visual acuity due to the presence of cones. Many diseases like age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), cystoid macular edema, macular hole and maculopathy etc. could affect the normal morphology or structure of the macula and hence affect vision. The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is a sensitive retinal structure, formed by the retinal ganglion axons. It is thickest near the optic disc (also known as porusopticus), gradually diminishing toward the oraserrata. Diseases affecting the retinal nerve fibre layer are like glaucoma, peri-papillary atrophy, optic nerve head atrophy, optic neuritis etc.


Introduction
Macula is an oval yellowish area in the retina that surrounds the fovea and has the highest visual acuity due to the presence of cones. Many diseases like age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), cystoid macular edema, macular hole and maculopathy etc. could affect the normal morphology or structure of the macula and hence affect vision. The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is a sensitive retinal structure, formed by the retinal ganglion axons. It is thickest near the optic disc (also known as porusopticus), gradually diminishing toward the oraserrata. Diseases affecting the retinal nerve fibre layer are like glaucoma, peri-papillary atrophy, optic nerve head atrophy, optic neuritis etc.
How to cite this article: Ferdinand  cross-sectional scan of the retina and vitreo-retinal interface in micron meter resolution. Images produced by OCT are twodimensional data sets representing the optical backscattering in a cross-sectional plane through the tissue. It enables the non-contact, non-invasive imaging of the anterior part of the eye as well as imaging of morphologic features of the human retina including the fovea and optic disc. It is useful for the identification, detection, localization and quantification of the tissues and serves as an important tool in diagnosing and monitoring various diseases involving the retina because of its reproducibility and reliability [6].
Studies have shown the relationship between the macular and RNFL thickness in diseases such as glaucoma [7], and also changes in the two parameters with age and gender [8,9]. The purpose of this study is to look for any relation between the macular thickness and temporal RNFL thickness.

Methods
This is a cross sectional study conducted in the outpatient department of Bansara Institute of Ophthalmic sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India. Hundred and seven subjects including forty males and sixty seven females who underwent complete ophthalmic examination which includes detailed history, visual acuity, extra ocular motility (EOM), refraction (subjective and objective), slit-lamp bio microscopy, intraocular pressure taken with Goldman's applanation tonometer (GAT) and retinal fundus examination was performed after signing the informed consent. OCT scans were then conducted for both macula and RNFL thickness for both eyes of the same individual. Patient with age less than fifteen years of age and those who have history of any ocular diseases and systemic diseases were excluded from the study. Refractive corrections has been converted to spherical equivalent and were considered emmetrope if the spherical equivalent is Plano, Myopia if the spherical equivalent is -0.25 or more and Hyperopia if the spherical equivalent is +0.25 or more based on the subjective acceptance. For this study we used the time-domain Stratus OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, model 3000 and version 6.0.3). It comprises of 512 A-scans with a single A-scan of 1024 data points, an axial resolution of <10µm and a scanning acquisition of 1.25 seconds. The macular and RNFL thickness were measured. Four protocols were performed for each eye of every subject in the following order:

Line scan
It is a scan to acquire a line of different degrees and length. The default line is a horizontal line (0°) with a length of 5mm. We have used the 90° and 180° line scan with a length of 7mm for our scan.

Fast macular scan
It consists of a 6 radial scans centered on the fovea, with each scan formed by 128 single A-scans. The values are displayed in 3 rings-foveal area corresponds to the innermost 1mm diameter, the inner ring to 3mm diameter and the outer ring to 6mm diameter. This scan also gives the macular volume for each eye.

Fast RNFL scan
A 3.4mm circle protocol which consists of 256 individual A-scans in a path around the circumference of a circle of 3.46mm in diameter and centred around the optic nerve. It gives the average thickness value for each clock hour and 4 quadrants as well as overall average thickness value for the whole circumference.

Fast optic disc
This scan protocol gives a topographic map of the optic nerve and cup, giving an optic disc area, cup area, and rim area value. It combines the six optic disc scan into one scan by acquiring six 4mm radial line scans in 1.92 seconds of scanning.
All these scans were performed for each individual however, scan of Fast mac and Fast RNFL were considered for the purpose of analysis. The line and fast optic disc scans were done to rule out if any abnormalities were present in the retinal layers or the optic nerve head. Three scans were performed on each eye and the scan with the best signal strength and good centration were taken for analysis. The statistical analysis was done using the SPSS software version 20. Pearson's Correlation was done between right eye and left eye of retinal parameters, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for retinal parameters with age and refractive status, Post-hoc Bonferroni correction for retinal parameters with age and refractive status (if significant difference was found), and linear regression analysis was done to find out any association between the retinal parameters. Statistical significance was set to be p < 0.05.

Results
Two hundred and fourteen (214) eyes of one hundred and seven (107) subjects were included in this study, out of which forty subjects were males (37.38%) and sixty-seven were females (62.61%) with the age range between 15 to 88 years with a mean age of (29.21± 10.76).
Mean average macular thickness was 237.62 ± 12.94 µm, CPT was 149.94 ± 18.34 µm, CSF was 181.05 ± 18.80 µm, average RNFL thickness was 101.38 ± 9.96 µm and mean temporal RNFL thickness was 69.34 ± 11.79 µm and were given in Table 1. All the retinal parameters showed a strong positive correlation between the right and left eye of each individual (r ≥ 0.5, p<0.001). Therefore, data of right eyes were taken for further statistical analysis (  Both right (OD) and left (OS) eyes showed strong significant positive correlation (p<0.001) for all. Hence data of OD only are used for further analysis.
The mean values of male and female parameters are given in Table 3. No significant differences was found between males and females in all the retinal parameters by doing unpaired t-test with central point thickness (CPT), central sub field (CSF), Average macular thickness and average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness with (p= 0.09, 0.03, 0.24, and 0.94 respectively). Macular thickness and temporal RNFL thickness showed a significant difference (p=0.002) ( Table 4).  Linear regression analysis between the retinal parameters showed a significant difference for all (p < 0.05). The average macular thickness showed a significant difference throughout the age group from 15 to 25 years (p=0.04) between the age group of 26-35 years (p=0.03) and those more than 45 years of age (p = 0.03). The centre point thickness (CPT), central sub-field (CSF) and average RNFL thickness did not show any significant variation with age (p=0.76, 0.18 and 0.32 respectively).
The analysis of ANOVA variance between retinal parameters showed a significant difference between average macular thickness and age groups (p = 0.02). However, no variation with age was seen in the Centre point thickness, Central sub field thickness, and average RNFL thickness with (p=0.76, 0.18, 0.32 respectively). Therefore, Post hoc Bonferroni correction was done for the average macular thickness to find the specific variations between the age groups (Table 5). Post HOC Bonferroni shows that the difference is only between group 1 (15-26) and group 2(26-35), and between group 2 (26-35) and group 4 (≥ 45). No significant difference was found between retinal parameters with refractive status (p=0.83, 0.81, 0.37 and 0.56 for CSF, CPT, average macular thickness and RNFL thickness respectively). Retinal parameters did not show any difference with refractive status (p>0.05) when analyzed using ANOVA Variance

Discussion
The mean average macular thickness was found to be 237.62 ± 12.94 µm, mean RNFL thickness was 101.38 ± 9.96 µm, mean CPT was 149.94 ± 18.34 µm, mean CSF was 181.05 ± 18.80 µm, mean temporal RNFL thickness was 69.34 ± 11.79 µm. All the retinal parameters between right and left eye showed significant positive correlation (p<0.01). A study conducted by Lim MC et al. [10] found no variation in the macular thickness with degrees of myopia, similarly with coma. In this study we found no association of RNFL or macular thickness with changes in refractive status (p>0.05). However the average macular thickness showed a significant difference with increase in age (p<0.05) as found by Wong KS et al. [11] that macular thickness correlated negatively with age in their study.
Age below 15 years of age were not included only subjects above 15 years of age were taken, since it is difficult to obtain cooperation and maintain fixation from most of the pediatric age group. According to a study conducted by Duck JH et al. [12] there was a significant increase in global RNFL thickness with increase in the diabetic macular edema (DME) with a strong correlation, r = 0.576, p<0.001. Similarly, Oshitari T et al. [13] in 2009 found that the macular and RNFL thicknesses were altered in early stages of diabetic retinopathy. Linear regression showed that the macular thickness and RNFL thickness parameters showed a significant difference (p<0.05 for all). Hence in this study no association between the macular thickness and average RNFL and temporal RNFL thicknesses were noted or they are interdependent

Conclusion
From all the retinal parameters had a strong positive correlation between the right and left eyes. The retinal parameters showed no significant relationship with the degree of refractive status but had a specific significant difference between average macular thickness and different age groups. The average RNFL thickness including temporal RNFL thickness and macular thickness had a significant difference but this association was not strong. Therefore, these parameters can be interdependent on each other even in case of normal subjects. Further analysis of the study is required to understand the association between parameters of RNFL and Macular thickness.