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Elemental Composition and associated health risk in honey obtained from Apiary Farms in Southeast Nigeria.

This study investigated the levels of lead, selenium, arsenic, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, chromium, cadmium and nickel in honey and their potential health risks to consumers using standard protocols. The honey samples were obtained from apiary farms at nine different locations in southeast Nigeria. They were digested at optimal conditions and analyzed using flame absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) (Buck scientific model 210VGP, USA). The results showed that the elemental levels in the honey varied relative to the sample source but were all below European commission maximum permissible limits except for lead whose level in some samples exceeded the recommended set limit. Estimated daily intake of the elements via ingestion of the honey studied were all below the maximum permissible limit set by European Food Safety Authority except for Arsenic whose values in some samples slightly exceeded the set limit. Estimated health risk values for the elements quantified in the honey studied were higher in children than adults in all the samples. The hazard quotient (HQ) for Arsenic, hence, hazard index (HI) for the elements pointed at significant risk (HQ or HI > 1) for children for some of the honey samples studied. Arsenic was the major contributor to incremental lifetime cancer risk (CR) as its estimated value for children in all the honey samples exceeded United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) threshold limit (CR > 1.0 x 10 -4 ), hence, total cancer risk (TCR) values for the carcinogenic elements indicated absolute unacceptable risk level for children based on USEPA threshold limit.