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Life, Death, and E2F: Linking Proliferation Control and DNA Damage Signaling via E2F1

Proper regulation of cellular proliferation is critical for normal development andcancer prevention. Most, if not all, cancer cells contain mutations in the Rb/E2F pathway,which controls cellular proliferation. Inactivation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family ofproteins can occur through Rb loss, mutation, or inactivation by cellular or viraloncoproteins leading to unrestrained proliferation and, often times, results in apoptosis.The loss of growth control occurs primarily by derepression and activation of the E2Ftranscription factors. E2F1 in particular, serves as the primary link between loss of Rbfunction and activation of p53-dependent apoptosis. E2F1 function is crucial forresponding to loss of proper Rb-mediated growth control to activate p53 and theapoptotic program. Recently, we described the requirement for the DNA damageresponse proteins Atm, Nbs1, and Chk2 in the E2F1 apoptosis pathway. These findingssuggest that there may be a more intimate relationship between the apoptosis pathwaysresulting from loss of proper Rb-mediated growth control and apoptosis resulting fromthe accumulation of DNA damage.