{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.026148564750566067, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00854575998831349, 'mean_word_length': 4.960818458859382, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Oil Industry’s Technological Impact on Russian Economy based on an Input-Output Model

The purpose of this study is to determine the role and extent of the oil industry’s contribution to other sectors of the economy, as well as track the impact of oil production on all value chains up to the production of the final product. The novelty of the research is the fact that, in contrast to the traditional approach, which considers only natural indicators, due to the combination of data from the intersectoral and fuel balances, the authors calculate the role and importance of the oil industry in the development of other industries in value terms. The result of the study is the conclusions about the mechanisms for creating added value in the process of the movement of raw materials along the production chain. The results obtained can be used for a more detailed analysis of the dependence of national economies on the level of development of technologies and innovations in the oil industry. Key-words: Input-output Model, Fuel Balance, Power Balance, Oil Production, Cross-sectoral Balance.


Introduction
The oil industry certainly has an impact not only on related sectors of the national economy, such as energy, petrochemicals, mechanical engineering, transport, and geological exploration, but also on all sectors of the economy as a whole. Most industries and sectors of the modern economy depend on decisions taken by the government regarding oil industry regulation. In the modern world, the industries interpenetration in the production process is very high, both due to the complexity of the latter, and due to cluster approach implementation to the territories development. One wrong decision not foreseen by the state in relation to one industry can lead to negative consequences and even a recession in another one. The oil industry is particularly sensitive to these changes. First, oil is a basic resource for the petrochemical industry. Secondly, oil products are used both in the energy sector and in biopharmaceuticals. Finally, given the size and geographical scale of our country the expenses on logistics are substantial. Thus, the cost of a huge number of final products depends on transport costs, i.e. prices for gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, kerosene. To define the role and assess oil industry importance in the development of other industries of Russia's economy, we studied the input-output and fuel and energy balances of the Russian Federation.
The input-output balance methodology is quite popular with various authors. Some authors consider this concept in terms of performance measurement (ten Raa: 2012; ten Raa: 2019; Balk: 2008;Amores, ten Raa: 2014). Other authors consider the input-output tables from the point of view of the formation of regional models of intersectoral balance (Flegg, Tohmo: 2013;Kowalewksi: 2015;Tobben, Kronenberg 2015). A number of authors have studied the influence of intersectoral interactions on the development of specific industries (Caliendo et al.: 2018;Burstein, Cravino: 2015;Foerster et al.: 2011). I n our paper, we used a similar approach and, based on the combination of input-output and fuel balance data, we examined the impact of the oil industry on specific sectors of the economy.

Methods
At the first stage, the purpose of the study was to determine the changes in the cost and price of energy in the fuel and energy complex of Russia during the transition through the stages of the technological cycle -from production to processing and final use of fuel and energy resources. All this will allow to correlate the productivity of the domestic market and exports, and compare weighted average prices for different end users by fuel type.
The source data for the analysis were tables of resources and use of goods and services in the Russian Federation for 2015 (Federal State Statistics Service: n.d) (Appendix 1), fuel and energy balance of the Russian Federation for 2015 (IEA: 2018) (Appendix 2), as well as data from International Energy Agency in the form of Sankey charts and tables (IEA: n.d).
The peculiarity of the analysis is to compare the data of fuel and energy balance and intersectoral one. It is important to note that this problem has not yet been investigated in the Russian scientific and expert literature. Due to the fact that the inter-sectoral balance of the Russian Federation is published once in 5 years, the latest statistics on it is dated by 2015. To compare the inter-sectoral and fuel and energy balances, we have identified indicators with data either available or calculated in both balances, determined their values in rubles and tons of oil equivalent, and calculated relative indicators in rubles/t.o.e., which characterize the cost and price of fuel or energy. Then the indicators are ranked by the technological cycle of production stages, conversion and use of energy.
The research methodology is grounded on assessing region energy efficiency indicators taken from fuel and energy balance. It includes models for forecasting the fuel and energy complex of the region based on the calculation of the fuel and energy balance under various scenarios that characterize the volume of fuel production and consumption (Saneev et al.: 2013).
In turn, inter-sectoral models based on input-output tables of the Russian regions were used in scenario calculations and such indicators forecasting as electricity demand and freight traffic volumes.
In the first stage, the prediction was carried out in monetary units, and then the forecasts have been adjusted for tariff changes with the use of expert assessments (Yershov et al.: 2009).
In the first decade of 2000, Russia began to apply the practice of forming a unified fuel and energy balance, which is built as a result of integrating the balances of electric and thermal energy, natural gas, coal, liquid fuel, and other solid fuels into one table. This practice corresponds to the international one, and the unified fuel and energy balance in its structure corresponds to the energy balances formed by the International Energy Agency. As a result of the unified fuel and energy balances analysis of Russia for the period from 2000 to 2010, it was found that the largest increase in fuel consumption occurred in the transport sector, which can be explained by the increase in the number of vehicles used by individuals (Bashmakov: 2012).
There are certain problems associated with providing reliable information at the stage of forming the fuel and energy balance, and these problems are even more obvious when trying to combine the fuel and energy and inter-sectoral balance, for example, in the context of economic activities (products) by fuel and energy consumption in natural and monetary terms. Experts note that when compiling the fuel and energy balance, the cases double accounting, inconsistency of information, and incomplete coverage may take place. In addition, the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities divides various fuel and energy complex organizations activities within a certain energy resource into several branches. Rather indicative in this connection are such industries as "Land Transport Activities" and "Petroleum Products Production". The former consumes fuel from the latter as intermediate demand products, but a significant part of the produced petroleum products is sold in retail to meet the final demand of the population. It brings up the question: how to distinguish in the fuel and energy balance the share of petroleum products consumed by the transport sector and by the population. It is likely that such accounting cannot be done directly, since gas stations do not divide customers into private and corporate, at least in the context of statistical data for the Russian Federation, there is no such information, and any corporate analytics of this kind is commercially sensitive information. The same issue concerns electricity and heat consumption in the residential sector. In monetary terms, part of the energy consumption is related to final demand, while the other part is related to intermediate demand from the "Real Estate Transactions" sector. As a result, it is quite difficult to correlate the physical and monetary volumes of fuel and energy consumption for each type of activity.

Results
Energy resources consumption is presented directly as a result of economic activity and indirectly as consumption of goods and services produced for other industries use. The energy contribution to the total industry output consists of the amount of energy consumed to produce goods and services that are later used in the production process, as well as energy that is employed directly in the production process. The calculations are based on objective economic data -the Input-Output Tables of the Russian Federation inter-sectoral balance matrix for 2015. The information is presented in the context of 22 aggregated industries; there are three types of primary energy: products of the oil and gas industry, coal, oil shale and peat.
The energy sector includes four types of activities (products): 1. Coal and brown coal (lignite); peat (Inter-Sectoral Balance Code 10) 2. Oil and natural gas; services associated with oil and gas extraction, except exploration works (Inter-Sectoral Balance Code 11) 3. Coke-oven products and petroleum products (Inter-Sectoral Balance Code 23) 4. Electricity, gas, steam and hot water (Inter-Sectoral Balance Code 40) Products (1) and (2) are classified as extractive industries of the inter-sectoral balance and resources of the fuel and energy balance.
Product (3) is produced based on primary energy resources transformation into petroleum products. Product (4) is based on primary energy resources transformation into electrical, thermal energy, or by producing these types of energy.
Consumers of fuel and energy in the economy are: • Primary energy resources are consumed by industries (3) and (4) for converting to other fuels/energy.
• Primary energy resources, as well as fuel/energy after processing, are products of intermediate consumption by economic sectors. In the fuel and energy balance, their consumers are industry, transport, non-energy use, and other sectors besides residential.

1720
• Exports of fuels/energy is the same in the inter-sectoral balance and energy one.
The inter-sectoral balance allows to identify what industries consume primary products and to what extent. In this case, we are interested in mineral resources. Table I shows an excerpt from the inter-sectoral balance for the first three product groups only for the industries where these products are involved. The data is taken in millions of rubles in the buyers prices for 2015.

Discussion
A number of indicators need to be calculated in order to superimpose data from the inter-sectoral balance on the fuel and energy balance. To do this, we use the following indicators in millions of rubles. ErX -electricity and heat export Table II. shows the fuel and energy balance data on the final energy use. To combine data from the fuel and energy and inter-sectoral balances, some indicators must be calculated.
Cost of fuel for extractive industries with extra charges: , for ∈ Input cost of fuel and energy for transforming industries: , for ∈ , ∈ , ∈ Output cost of fuel and energy for transforming industries:  Price change during the transition by stage-this indicator reflects the difference in the price for 1 / t.o.e. fuel/energy: • For oil products at the inputthe difference between the price of oil purchased by the refinery and the cost of oil produced; • For oil products at the outputthe difference between the selling price of oil products, without extra charges, and the price of oil purchased by the refinery; • For electric(heat)energy at the inputthe difference between the cost of supplying purchased fuel for power plants and boilers and the cost of extracting it; • For electric (heat)energy outputthe difference between the selling price for consumers of electric and heat energy, and the price of fuel consumed; • In final consumption of FER for economy sectors -the difference between the price of fuel/energy supply and the purchase price by households, public and non-profit sectors, taking into account the structure of fuel/energy consumed; • Exportthe difference between export prices and selling prices of fuel/energy, including export margins.

Conclusion
Thus, based on the combination of data from the inter-industry and fuel and energy balances of the Russian Federation, the structure of consumption of primary hydrocarbon raw materials by production stages is analyzed, not only in natural terms, but also in cost terms. The costs of production and conversion of oil and petroleum products were allocated, and both total margins and margins per 1 ton of oil equivalent were calculated.
This analysis allows us to trace in more detail the dependence of the national economy on the Russian oil industry, and draw conclusions about the mechanisms of creating added value in the process of movement of raw materials along the production chain. As we can see from the above analysis, all industries use oil or its derivatives directly or indirectly in their production cycles.
For this reason, effective inter-sectoral production and regulatory interaction is crucial. It is important to evaluate the regulatory impact of new tools implementation to regulate the industry that will directly influence the oil industry and organizations included in it, but will also effect related industries, whose activities directly depend on management decisions taken in the sphere that is an "anchor" one for them.