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Additive and Interactive Effects of Victimization on Adolescent Aggression Across Social Settings

Considering that children and adolescents can face multiple exposures to violence due to their involvement in different socialization domains, this study aimed to analyze additive and interactive effects of physical and verbal victimization by parents, peers, and schoolteachers on adolescent aggression across social settings. With regard to parent–child and teacher–adolescent relationships, physical and verbal forms of aggression were differentiated, whereas aggression by and toward peers was assessed by a composite measure of overt and indirect aggression. Data were drawn from three large secondary school surveys of ninth-grade students within one federal German state conducted in the years 2013, 2015, and 2017. Based on a sample of 8,458 adolescents (mean age = 14.9 years), results provided evidence for additive as well as interactive effects of victimization across settings. Controlling for a range of risk factors associated with victimization and aggression, victimization by parents, peers, and teachers was uniquely related to adolescent aggression across social settings. In addition, three significant interaction effects were identified between different combinations of victimization: Students exposed to earlier parent-to-child physical aggression perpetrated more physical aggression toward parents within the last 12 months if they were also recently victimized by peers. Furthermore, parent-to-child physical aggression exacerbated the positive relationship between teacher-to-adolescent physical aggression and adolescent-to-teacher physical aggression. In contrast, exposure to teacher-to-adolescent verbal aggression reduced the positive link between peer-to-adolescent aggression and aggression toward peers. Findings suggest that intervention should be particularly sensitive toward multiple exposure to violence across socialization contexts, as well as toward the interdependence of cross-setting victimization.