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Laser Capture Microdissection, Amplified Antisense Rna, and Highdensity Microarrays: The New Frontier for Gene Expression Profiling From Limited Amounts of Tissue

Because the genes in all somatic cells of an individual are identical, it is the differential expression of the proteins encoded by particular genes that determines a cell's phenotype. There is now increasing interest in relating the simultaneous expression patterns of multiple proteins to complex biological processes. The goal is to develop ‘expression profiles’ of the proteins that are active within a cell or tissue during a particular condition. The ultimate control of functional protein expression is quite complex and may involve transcriptional, combinatorial, and postranslational mechanisms, as well as differences in protein degradation rates that vary under different conditions. Although mRNA levels do not always predict functional protein levels, they are a useful first step in determining the expression profile. The evolution of three key technologies offers the promise of obtaining quantitative analysis of gene expression from restricted amounts of nervous system tissue. Laser capture microdissection can accomplish harvesting of identified cell populations from histologically processed tissue.