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Control of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis During the Transition Period

The importance of gluconeogenesis, a metabolic pathway that results in formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates, is underscored in dairy cattle by to the lack of intestinal glucose absorption that occurs as a consequence of the extensive fermentation of free dietary carbohydrate in the rumen. In early lactation greater than 90 % of whole animal glucose requirements are met through endogenous glucose production and liver is the primary site of synthesis for glucose that is available for metabolism and mammary lactose synthesis. Lactation and gestation impose the greatest demands on glucose economy of ruminants and ketosis and pregnancy toxemia are commonly linked to gluconeogenic insufficiency. Transition to lactation in dairy cattle represents one of the most dramatic changes in glucose metabolism. Understanding of the control of gluconeogenesis in transition cows has the potential to yield management strategies to increase glucose supply for optimal milk production and to alleviate clinical diseases linked to glucose insufficiency. This review will provide background information on control of gluconeogenesis with a primary focus on emerging information on control of gluconeogenesis in transition dairy cows.