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Sensitivity Based Power System Protection Algorithm

The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has transformed the distribution system from radial to distributed architecture, impacting the operation of inverse time-current graded relays. Despite the evolving structure of the power network, the protection zoning arrangements have not changed and protection strategies reported in recent literature for mitigation of the impact of DER integration maintain the traditional zoning arrangements. This paper presents the application of a voltage-based protection algorithm that operates over a new type of protection zone. The paper investigates the application of the algorithm to a typical power network operating at different voltage levels coupled through transformers. The algorithm requires conversion of a given power network to the per unit equivalent circuit in which the network components are represented by the equivalent resistance and/or reactance. The algorithm operates over this equivalent circuit which does not distinguish between transformer and line elements. The results show that the algorithm can provide effective protection to a network of any topology.