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Least squares optimized Doppler effect-based DoA estimation

This work presents the use of instantaneous frequency estimation allied with least squares minimization to find the direction of arrival of acoustic signals. The discrete-time Teager-Kaise Energy Operator is used, after circular sampling with a microphone array, to analyze the frequency shift due to Doppler effect of an emulated moving microphone. The proposed system uses a small circular array and can estimate the directon of arrival for both narrowband and wideband signals. Experimental results report accurate estimation with low absolute error mean and standard deviation.