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A Review of Psychological Well-Being and Mortality Risk

Psychological well-being (PWB) is associated with lower chronic disease and mortality risk and may be enhanced with relatively low-cost interventions. Such interventions target specific dimensions of PWB (e.g., optimism, purpose in life), although distinct PWB dimensions may differentially impact physical health outcomes. The effectiveness of PWB interventions to improve physical health will be limited and difficult to assess without attention to these dimensions. Research has considered multiple PWB dimensions in relation to mortality risk, but a comparison of findings across studies has not been done. The authors summarize the relationships between all-cause mortality and multiple dimensions of PWB (e.g., life purpose, mastery, positive affect, life satisfaction, optimism). They then review biological (e.g., inflammation, antioxidants) and behavioral (e.g., smoking, physical activity) mechanistic pathways that could explain these associations. The authors discuss methodological considerations targeting the protective role of PWB in risk of mortality (and other health-related outcomes) and offer recommendations for future directions.