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Partial Correlation between Spatial and Temporal Regularities of Human Mobility

The regularity of human mobility has been extensively studied because of its prominent applications in a considerable number of important areas. Entropy, in addition to many other measures, has long been used to quantify the regularity of human mobility. We adopt the commonly used spatial entropy and develop an analogical temporal entropy to separately investigate the spatial and temporal regularities of human mobility. The underlying data are from an automated transit fare collection system operated by a metropolitan public transit authority in China. The distributions of both spatial and temporal entropies and their dependences on several widely used statistics are examined. The spatial and temporal entropies present a statistically significant correlation, which has not previously been reported to the best of our knowledge.

It's of great importance to understand origin-destination (OD) flows for public transit planning and operations. We visualize the OD matrix in the following Fig. 2. It is color-coded according to the flow on each OD pair. Panel (a) exhibits flows from stops with smaller numbers to those with larger ones, whereas panel (b) exhibits flows oppositely. No loop or ring trip is considered, hence there is no OD pair from an arbitrary stop to itself. It is readily seen that the two graphs are not identical, i.e., the OD matrix was not symmetric. Moreover, the graphs illustrate that traffic in the BRT system was far away from uniformly distributed among the stops. Certain stops, e.g., stop 20 and 29, attracted major traffic both entering and exiting the system. Stops located in southern and southwestern part of the system served the highest portion of demand compared to other stops. It provides hints for further planning and possible operational improvements such as operating express routes to bypass some less used stops, or providing short run routes to only serve those stops with high loads especially in rush hours.

Passenger transit patterns
Entropy has been extensively used to measure regularities of human mobility. It provides a simple and easy-to-use quantitative metric for many applications. Recalling the definition of either spatial or temporal entropy in the section Method of the main body, any one of the two entropies is in fact a function mapping passenger transit patterns into nonnegative real numbers. Some detailed information may be dropped during the mapping process. And regarding a specific value of entropy, multiple passenger transit patterns may present. However, for the purpose of our research, spatial or temporal entropy is good to describe the regularities of human mobility due to their conciseness, whereas passenger transit patterns is pretty cumbersome.
Passenger transit patterns behave better, however, in describing human mobility in a clear and striking manner. In the main body of the manuscript, we reported some major passenger transit patterns of those whose spatial or temporal entropy equals the median value over the whole population. Here we provide detailed information in the following two tables. Table 1 exhibits spatial transit patterns, and Table 2 exhibits temporal transit patterns.

Passenger behaviours in weekdays and weekends
Difference between passengers transit behaviours in weekdays and weekends has been extensively investigated in literature. Sun et.al. (2013)    In the main body of the manuscript, we focused on general spatial or temporal regularities of human individuals, and do not intend to distinguish difference in regularities between weekdays and weekends. Therefore, we did not separate our dataset to conduct analysis depending on weekdays and rest days. The approach is also common in literature, e.g., Yan et.al. (2013);Palchykov et.al. (2014) ;Zhao et.al. (2015). The separation, however, brings more information which may benefit our readers. Hence, we present detailed results on separated datasets here.
The following Table 3 shows some summary statistics of the entropies in all days and in weekdays. Each of the three statistics (population median, mean and standard deviation) of either spatial entropy or temporal entropy in all days and in weekdays are of comparable quantities. We next illustrate individual level data and calculate correlations between entropies in all days and in weekdays. 194,520 passengers ever travelled in weekdays. The following Fig. 3 illustrates the dependence of their entropies in all days on those in weekdays. As shown in the panel a, a remarkable number of passengers have their spatial entropies in all days (SA, for short) equal to those in weekdays (SW), and a notable linear trend presents between SA and SW. And panel b exhibits similar phenomenon regarding to temporal entropies in all days (TA) and in weekdays (TW). The OLS method reports that SA has a significantly linear dependence on SW (p-value p = 0, coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.8540), and TA has a significantly linear dependence on TW (p-value p = 0, coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.7328). Furthermore, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between SA and SW is ρ = 0.9204 with p-value p = 0, and that between TA and TW is ρ = 0.8618 with p-value p = 0.
Since either spatial entropies or temporal entropies in all days are significantly correlated with those in weekdays, the results we reported based on unseparated dataset in the main body of the manuscript are highly similar as those based on separated datset which only include passengers' transits in weekdays.