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The Editor recommends this issue's articles to the reader

Cow’s milk allergy is a general health problem, affecting 0.3–3.5% of young children. These children are advised to avoid exposure to milk to prevent allergic symptoms. As this has a major impact on their quality of life, preventive and curative treatments for cow’s milk allergy are highly desirable. In addition to previous studies stating that exposure to allergens is beneficial, mouse studies have demonstrated that preventive treatment with hydrolyzed whey proteins may induce tolerance to whey. This effect was stronger in combination with a diet containing specific non-digestible oligosaccharides (1). It remains to be elucidated which protein fragments (epitopes) are responsible for the observed effect. In this issue of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Meulenbroek et al. (2) describe human T cell epitopes of b-lactoglobulin. Moreover, based on these data and previous literature, they selected nine peptides, divided them over three mixtures and tested them in a diet with/without the previously described mixture of non-digestible prebiotic oligosaccharides in a mouse model for cow’s milk allergy. Preventive treatment with two of the three mixtures decreased significantly the acute allergic response to whey. In addition, the effect of one of the mixtures was stronger in combination with the prebiotic diet. Out of the four peptides in this mixture, one peptide showed the strongest tolerance-inducing effect. This peptide not only reduced the acute allergic response, but also tended to reduce whey-specific antibody levels. The effect seemed to be mediated by regulatory dendritic cells and T cells. These findings indicate that peptides can induce tolerance to intact proteins. Furthermore, they show that not only exposure to T cell epitopes but also the ‘immune’ environment in the intestine during exposure is important for tolerance induction.