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Different Roles of Stem/progenitor Cells in Vascular Remodelling.

SIGNIFICANCE
Since the discovery of vascular stem cells, there has been significant progress in understanding the nature and functions of these cells. Due to their differentiation potential to repair endothelial cells and to participate in lesion formation during vascular remodelling, it is crucial to elucidate vascular stem cell behaviors and the mechanisms underlying this process, which may provide new possibilities for the development of clinical therapeutic application of stem cells. Recent Advances: Over the past decades, major progress has been made on vascular stem/progenitor cells in the field of cardiovascular research. Vascular stem cells are mostly quiescent in their niches, and can be activated in response to injury and participate in endothelial repair and smooth muscle cell accumulation to form neointima. Accumulating evidence has been shown recently, using genetic mouse models for cell lineage tracing, to specifically address the nature of vascular stem cells, and to monitor both cell migration and differentiation processes during physiological angiogenesis and in vascular diseases.


CRITICAL ISSUES
This article reviews and summarizes the current research progress of vascular stem cells in this field, and highlights future prospects for stem cell research in regenerative medicine.


FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Despite recent advances and achievements of stem cells in cardiovascular research, the nature and cell fate of vascular stem cells remain elusive. Further comprehensive studies using new techniques including genetic cell lineage tracing and single cell RNA sequencing are essential to fully illuminate the role of stem cells in vascular development and diseases.