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Time-resolved TEM beyond fast detectors

Timescales of dynamic processes in extended solids span many orders of magnitude owing to the large number of degrees of freedom. Additionally, scaling laws dictate that discrete temporal domains comprising the entire continuum consist of associated spatial domains within which specific dynamics are dominant. Ideally, one would be able to probe the entire spatiotemporal range on a single specimen spot with a single instrument. Modern TEMs are exceptionally versatile in this regard, providing access to spatial and energy ranges that span sub-Å to micrometres and sub-10 meV to 1,000s of eV, respectively. However, timescales of the associated physical phenomena span 100s of attoseconds (10 s) to minutes and longer, a range that cannot be fully covered by even the fastest direct detectors. Indeed, dynamics faster than ~0.1 ms are largely inaccessible to detector-based TEM approaches.