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The British medical profession and the first audiometers

THE induction coil audiometers developed by Hartmann, Hughes and others in the late 1870s and early 1880s represented a significant technological advance as devices for the measurement of hearing. However, despite some initial enthusiasm shown by the medical profession, they were not adopted into clinical practise. This paper considers the reasons behind the lack of inpact made by these potentially useful devices. Initially the emergence of Otology as a speciality in the nineteenth century will be outlined, with particular emphasis on those individuals who played a part in the definition of attitudes to the audiometer. This will be followed by a short account of some other technological developments introduced into Otology in the latter part of the 19th century and the reactions of the profession towards these. The tests of hearing, available for use with hearing impaired patients will then be presented, leading up to and including the important developments of the audiometer. Following this will be a description of the audiometers' proposed and actual uses and, finally, a discussion of the reactions to the audiometer both in terms of Jawetz's (1954) model for the acceptance of new drugs and also in terms of the general and specific contexts outlined above.