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DESCRIPTION OF THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY OF JOHN STEINBECK’S ADVENTURE IN NOVEL TRAVELS WITH CHARLEY IN SEARCH OF AMERICA 1960s Abbas University of Hasanuddin Makassar

This article aims at describing the social life of the American people in several places that made the adventures of John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America around the 1960s. American people’s lives are a part of world civilizations that literary readers need to know. This adventure was preceded by an author’s trip in New York City, then to California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Saint Lawrence, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, North Dakota, the Rocky Mountains, Washington, the West Coast, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, New Orleans, Salinas, and again ended in New York. In processing research data, the writer uses one of the methods of literary research, namely the Dynamic Structural Approach which emphasizes the study of the intrinsic elements of literary work and the involvement of the author in his work. The intrinsic elements emphasized in this study are the physical and social settings. The research data were obtained from the results of a literature study which were then explained descriptively. The writer found a number of descriptions of the social life of the American people in the 1960s, namely the life of the city, the situation of the inland people, and ethnic discrimination. The people of the city are busy taking care of their profession and competing for careers, inland people living naturally without competing ambitions, and black African Americans have not enjoyed the progress achieved by the Americans. The description of American society related to the fictional story is divided by region, namely east, north, middle, west, and south. The social condition in the eastern region is dominated by beaches and mountains, and is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The comfortable landscape in the northern region spends the people time as breeders and farmers. The natural condition in the middle region of American is very suitable for agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. Many people in the western American region facing the Pacific Ocean become fishermen. The natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the southern region suitable for plantation land.


INTRODUCTION
Literary works have an inner and outward strength in influencing readers to assess the social conditions of certain societies. History is able to show social facts, but not necessarily able to lead people to the inner closeness with the atmosphere in a historic event. It is different from literary works that are able to awaken the soul

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There are many reasons for a person to express his ideas and views on society, especially criticism related to injustice and inequality of social classes. One of the media commonly used in social criticism that is able to influence readers is literary work. A literary author with his social sensitivity is able to feel a reality in a community, ethnicity, and nation. The social reality that is understood then poured in an imaginative story is expected to be able to influence or herd the opinion of the readers.
The author absorbs social reality through three spaces, namely personal life experience, observation of events, receipt of oral information from other people or written sources.
It indicates that the author's existence in literary imagination can be considered as a reflection of the author's knowledge of the social conditions that occur around him. It is also confirmed by Faruk's statement (2014, p. 43-44) Abbas (2020). The relevance of this article to the three studies is the author's involvement in his literary works so that an author is not a sleeper who dreams, but he is a person who acts and thinks while imagining. The author's involvement in a fictional story is the dynamic of this literary work as John in the folklore story of Genji Monogatari. He is a hero character who reflects the prince of the Japanese Empire who is adored by many women for his good looks, kindness, and courage.

METHOD
Literary works are the result of the author's imagination documented in the form of fiction. Imagination is not just a hollow story, but has hidden social facts. For example, John Steinbeck is an American realist literary author who has a lot of experience exploring American territories. He then reconstructed the experience into a fictional story that caught the reader's attention in knowing America as a nation. It shows that the author of literature has a relationship with his work so that a literary reviewer needs to know the position of the author in the imaginary world of literature. It becomes the basis of the study of literature that the structure of literature does not stand alone, but it also involves the author as the dynamics of literary meaning. Goring, et al. (2001, p. 163-165) informs that structuralism progressed in the 1950s and 1960s by opening space for readers to involve the author's experience in his work and this is said to be part of modern structuralism in the study of literature.
Dynamic structuralism as an approach in the study of literature opens the space for literary readers or reviewers to explore the life of the author. The author's involvement is built from the thought that literary works are made by someone in a conscious state of social spaces, he is not a person dreaming in a sleep state, but he is a conscious person who imagines. Literary structure is the world of imagination that is realized by the author of the results of its absorption in the surrounding social environment according to Endraswara (2013, p. 62)

says that Dynamic Structural
Approach in the literary studies always emphasizes literary works as objects of analysis which are then supported by the involvement of the author through the awareness of his subjectivity. The author's awareness is influenced by the history and social environment around him.
Literary reviewers remain focused on the structure of literary works in conducting analysis, then the authors are involved to complete the fictional facts in literary stories. Ratna (2015, p. 93-95)  to build equality and justice as Steinbeck (1986, p. 210) describes it as follows: If I found matters to criticize and to deplore, they were tendencies equally present in myself… For all of our enormous geographic range, for all of our sectionalism, for all of our interwoven breeds drawn from every part of the ethnic world, we are a nation, a new breed. Americans are much more America than they are Northerners, Southerners, Westerners, or Easterners.  Oregon just during the rainy season, "That happened on Sunday in Oregon in the rain" (Steinbeck, 1986, p. 187). He entered the Long Island region watching giant trees of having hundreds years old. Next, he headed to Northern California, San Francisco, to see the beautiful, clean, and comfortable beaches on the Monterey Peninsula, "It is a beautiful place, clean, well run, and progressive" (Steinbeck, 1986, p. 205 (Steinbeck, 1986, p. 277).
After visiting various regions of America, the fictional character I or Mac discovered facts about the real America, "I went out to find the truth about my country and I found it" (Steinbeck, 1986, p. 209). He concluded that the identity of the American nation is a country of various nations in the world. The diversity of ethnic backgrounds, races, religions, cultures, languages, and other aspects of social life, that is actually the American nation. They come from different backgrounds, but their souls are one in America. American democracy grows from this diversity and unity in difference can only be maintained by prosperity and justice. To know the identity of America must go through knowledge of America from all corners of the region.
America cannot be concluded by just one region. America's geographical situation stretching from valleys to mountains, from rivers to lakes, and from sea to oceans, is an extraordinary natural wealth with amazing views.

Eastern region of United States
Natural conditions in the Eastern region are dominated by beaches and mountains facing directly the Atlantic Ocean, which has weather that sometimes changes rapidly. The dominant society is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. High life competition and individualism also mysterious soul are a description of the character of this community. Roads in big cities are filled with congestion due to crowded vehicles. Their social conditions are typical of modern societies that are busy, individualistic, and capitalist at heart. Each individual takes care of himself, interests, and life goals. The main controllers to America's economic, government, defence and vital sectors are in this region.
The Eastern region which has a regional history as a New England colony is dominated by British followers of the Protestant group. They built a spirit of Anglo-American solidarity which called itself the Yankee community. They are commonly named this area as New London. Besides them, there are also other dominant national communities which are the French, Italians, Dutch, Jews, and Indian aristocrats as the indigenous community. They tried to do acculturation, but it was less successful and could even be said to be acculturation without form.

Picture 4. Industries and acculturation without form among national communities in New York
1960s Source: https://www.history.com accessed on April 21, 2020 at 01.21 p.m.

Northern region of United States
The Northern region is a beautiful and comfortable landscape. This area is very good to be a hunting area because it has a diversity of birds and animals. The community generally spends their time as breeders with the main commodities being meat and milk. There are also people who work in the fields of potatoes and tomatoes.
The Northern region is a description of the structure of a new society that is plural and tolerant of various nations, including the people of France, Canada, Philippines, Mexico, Indians, Negroes, and others. They also have different religions, namely Catholicism, Protestantism, Hinduism, and Animism/Dynamism beliefs. These various ethnic and national backgrounds bring together a diversity of customs, traditions, behaviours, myths, and life goals. Although they are diverse, but they are able to build a social life that is organized, peaceful, and harmonious. The social life of people in this area can be said to be the unity in diversity.

Middle region of United States
Valleys, mountains, streams, and waterfalls are the views that dominate the

Western region of United States
The Western American region facing the Pacific Ocean is a beautiful stretch of beach with rows of rocks that block the waves. This area also has natural forests that still hold giant trees. Many people become fishermen who use the sea as a place to find fish, shellfish, and pearls. This region has a unique social description because the Negroes whose ancestors used to be slaves, apparently many are successful in the economic sector. They successfully opened a trading and doing business with French people. Immigrants from East Asia such as Japan and China also inhabited this area and were successful in business and commerce. Their population is increasing fast and making several developing cities become crowded. Another reality is the fate of Indians who are not as successful as Negroes and Asian immigrants. Indians continue to fight for a decent life in order to obtain their rights in the economic, educational and health sectors.

Picture 7. Amazing coast of California facing the Pacific Ocean is a beautiful stretch of beachand Negroes and Asian immigrants were successful in business and commerce in Western Region 1960s
Source: https://www.history.com accessed on April 21, 2020 at 01.28 p.m.

Southern region of United States
Varied natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the

Conclusion
The exploration of the American nation through literary studies shows that John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America has a subjective involvement in his work. This research is able to prove the author's subjective involvement in his fictional works by opening up structural spaces in literary works as the basic principles developed in the Dynamic Structural Approach. This approach is a literary study method that involves the author in tracing the orientation of a fictional story so the character of the story are no longer seen as an autonomous figure, but he carries the mission of the author.
Novel Travels with Charley in Search of America is a work of fiction that documents America's social and geographical conditions as a unique nation. John Steinbeck as the author describes the diversity of nations, languages, cultures, races, ethnicities, skin colors, religions, ideas, and ideals which gather in a region of nation and country called America. He explored his country to find his national identity.
America cannot be defined only by one particular region, but this country is a whole community with diversity in it. He is a nationalist-minded writer who is critical and sensitive to his country America. The American identity is a country of various nations in the world. The diversity of backgrounds in social life, that is actually the nation of America. They come from different backgrounds, but their souls are one in America.
American democracy grows from this diversity and unity in difference can only be maintained by prosperity and justice. To know the identity of America must go through knowledge of America from all corners of the region, from East, North, Middle, West to South. America's geographical situation stretching from valleys to mountains, from rivers to lakes, and from oceans to oceans, is an extraordinary natural wealth with amazing views. They are unity in diversity.

Suggestion
John Steinbeck was a realist author who criticized the conditions of American society in the early and mid-twentieth century. It means that the literary works that he produces having a documentation of the conditions of American society which are imagined with typical rural communities. The writer thinks about comparing the reality of rural society in some of John Steinbeck's works with the reality of urban society from the literary works of other American authors such as Francis Scott Fitzgerald.
Thus, the writer suggests other literary researchers to make a comparative study of American social conditions as a reflection of a number of literary works.