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Manifestation of Reform: The Rearmament of the Prussian Infantry, 1806-13

The military reform movement in Prussia between 1806 and 1813 has generally been studied from psychological, institutional, or tactical perspectives. It is evaluated in terms of its influence on the attitudes, the organization, or the methods of the Prussian army.' But the Era of Reform can also be described as the Era of Rearmament. In the aftermath of Jena, the Prussian government was deluged with essays, articles, and memoranda concerning the reorganization of its army. But in the opinion of Johann von Scharnhorst, chairman of the newly created Military Reorganization Commission, Prussia needed weapons at least as much as paper schema for a new model army. Huge quantities of muskets, cannons, and ammunition had been destroyed, abandoned, or surrendered by demoralized troops. The remaining reserve stocks had equipped the expeditionary corps which went down to defeat with its Russian allies at Eylau. Most of the state's productive capacity had fallen intact into French hands. Prussia was starting from scratch.2 This essay focuses on one aspect of Prussia's rearmament: the design and procurement of the infantry's muskets and rifles. Most of the soldiers of the reformed Prussian army were infantrymen. The army's tactics were infantry tactics,3 whose evolution was linked to the changes in armament made by the reformers. The reformers' approach to small-arms production casts new light on their attitude toward private enterprise and the organization of labor. Finally, Prussia's mobilization in 18 13 depended to an extent previously