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Mapping the spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone and exploring its association with elevation and land cover over North Jordan

Abstract This study aims to map the spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone (O3) in the northern parts of Jordan and explore the types of the relationships between the observed spatial patterns and elevation and land cover. Summer and daytime tropospheric O3 data were procured following a stratified random sampling strategy. The collected data were corrected for temporal variations using piecewise linear regression. Empirical Bayesian Kriging showed that tropospheric O3 concentrations are high in the west, where agricultural and urban areas dominate, relative to the east, where rangelands and barren lands dominate. One-way analysis of variance followed by means comparison using Tukey–Kramer HSD. test emphasized the previous observation suggesting a proportional relationship between agricultural and urbanization activities and high tropospheric O3 concentrations. However, simple linear regression, polynomial regression, and geographically weighted regression showed that the relationship between elevation and tropospheric O3 is complex and not clear and not amenable to direct explanation.