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Looking Earlier in the Life Course for the GVA

Holtzworth-Munroe and Meehan provided an excellent example of programmatic research. They review an influential taxonomy of men who are maritally violent that posits three types: family only, dysphoric or borderline, and generally violent and antisocial (GVA). They go on to address some important basic issues regarding the robustness of these types, their stability across time, and the underlying nature of these types. Finally, they close with suggestions for further developmental research and a call for matching offenders to treatment. As a psychopathologist who studies crime across the life course, I was particularly intrigued by the findings regarding the GVA group. This is a group that has been studied by a number of different researchers, in a variety of fields, under a variety of names. Moffitt (1993) calls them life-course persistent offenders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) would diagnose them with antisocial personality disorder. I study them under the rubric of psychopathy. Based on that research, I want to suggest two things: (a) GVA men are identifiable early in the life course using psychopathic traits and (b) early intervention holds the best hope for treatment. Psychopathy is a form of personality disorder (Cleckley, 1941). Behaviorally, the psychopath is an impulsive, risk-taking, sensation seeker. Interpersonally, he is grandiose, egocentric, manipulative, and coldhearted. Affectively, he displays shallow emotions and lacks empathy, anxiety, and remorse. It is not surprising to note that the psychopathic offender is among the most prolific, versatile, and violent of offenders. Psychopathic individuals also use