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Animal models for the study of drugs in ischemic stroke.

During the last decade there has been an increased recognition and detailing of central nervous system plasticity. More recently neuroscientists have de­ scribed those cellular, membrane, and biochemical events that characterize brain injury processes, including central nervous system stroke. These paral­ lel developments in neurobiology have created a climate in which the neuro­ scientist now actively explores the heretofore unexplored possibility that one can effectively treat brain injuries or pathologies by transplantation or phar­ macological intervention. Does the inherent plasticity of the mammalian central nervous system provide a foundation for efficacious pharmacological intervention as a treat­ ment for brain injury due to stroke? The need to test this hypothesis is clear since stroke is this nation's third leading cause of death (I). The functional losses sustained by the surviving stroke victim enact massive hospital, reha­ bilitative, and emotional costs. Medical research has made considerable progress in identifying factors that may assist in preventing its occurrence. Now, neurobiology has focused on determining what types of intervention may significantly aid in reducing the extent of central nervous system damage and thereby functional impairment that result after stroke. This increased effort and optimism is based upon research which has now identified certain pathological and biochemical events that characterize stroke. "Positron emis­ sion tomographic studies have demonstrated regions of low cerebral blood flow and preserved oxygen metabolism after cerebral infarction (1, 2), suggesting that strategies aimed at increasing perfusion (hemodilution or the