{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.043478260869565216, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01681159420289855, 'mean_word_length': 5.120567375886525, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The subunits of glutamate cysteine ligase enhance cisplatin resistance in human non-small cell lung cancer xenografts in vivo.

Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a key enzyme in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and is thought to play a significant role in the intracellular detoxification of anticancer drugs, especially of cisplatin (CDDP). GCL is composed of a modifier or light chain subunit (GCLM) and a catalytic or heavy chain subunit (GCLC). It was unclear whether the subunits are essential to CDDP-resistance. We examined the gene expression of GCLM and GCLC in 39 xenografts of human non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC; 10 adenocarcinoma (Ad), 17 squamous cell carcinoma (Sq) and 12 large cell carcinoma (La)] by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with human-specific primers. Drug sensitivity to CDDP was evaluated in the 9 xenografts (4 Ad, 2 Sq and 3 La) using an in vivo drug sensitivity test. There was a significant association between the expression of GCLM and GCLC mRNA in each xenograft (Fisher's test, p<0.045). Squamous cell carcinoma xenografts significantly showed higher expression of GCLM gene than adenocarcinoma xenografts (p=0.023, t-test), while there was no significant difference in GCLC gene expression levels between each histopathological xenograft. Three of nine xenografts were sensitive to CDDP (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.01, one-sided), while the other 6 xenografts were resistant. There was a significant relationship between drug sensitivity to CDDP and the co-overexpression of GCL subunits (chi2 test for independence, Yates' correction, p=0.014). These results suggested that the co-overexpression of GCL subunits correlated with CDDP-resistance in human NSCLC xenograft in vivo.