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Translating viral vaccines into immunity

How adenoviral vaccines orchestrate adaptive immunity from innate responses is uncovered Viral vector–based vaccines use relatively harmless viruses as delivery vehicles of encoded antigens. Adenovirus vector–based vaccines are popular because they infect a wide variety of cell types, are replication incompetent, and use host cell machinery to produce the foreign protein. Understanding the mechanism by which adenovirus vector–based vaccines generate protective immunity to the expressed foreign antigen is essential for further developing this class of vaccines. On page 521 of this issue, Provine et al. (1) demonstrate that the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by adenovirus vector–based vaccines relies on mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Their data provide evidence that MAIT cells act as a link between the innate antiviral immune response and the generation of adaptive antiviral immunity for vaccines, such as the chimpanzee adenovirus Ox1 (ChAdOx1) nCoV-19 vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).