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Unified Fields: Science and Literary Form by Janine Rogers (review)

political domination. In other words, the European notion of race, which eventually brought down the powerful Other, was a tool for reaping ‘‘economic, sexual, and prestige gains from their domination.’’ Reminding us that, in premodern and early modern times, it was only Europeans who ruled territories and exploited others in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, Kowner concludes, ‘‘This increasingly massive, corrupt, and often inhuman exploitation required an elaborate system of intelligence gathering alongside a moral justification based on the notion that humans are collectively unequal.’’ It becomes clear that racial discourses are, in the final analysis, an attempt to divide and rank different groups of people ‘‘for the practical ends of exploitation and domination.’’ Although it offers few specific historical instances of how Europeans sought these ends in Japan, From White to Yellow does help us to understand ‘‘the mechanisms that govern[ed] the rise and evolution of the concept of race in early modern times.’’ In doing so, it richly expands our perspective on the origins of race and racism.