{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.025051712250057458, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00666513445185015, 'mean_word_length': 5.624048706240487, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Family History for Neurodegeneration in Multiple System Atrophy: Does it Indicate Susceptibility?

Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, and Pediatric Biochemistry, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

Family History for Neurodegeneration in Multiple System Atrophy: Does it Indicate Susceptibility?
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, rapidlyprogressive neurodegenerative disorder, neuropathologically characterized by oligodendroglial α-synuclein aggregates. 1 While in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neuronal α-synucleinopathy, both monogenic forms and a polygenic risk profile are known, 2 MSA is generally considered a sporadic disorder. 1 A family history (FH) for parkinsonism or other neurodegenerative disorders may in fact occur in people with MSA, but the contribution of genetic factors to MSA pathogenesis is not fully understood to date. 3,4 Here we retrospectively assessed the frequency rates of FH for parkinsonism, dementia, tremor, ataxia, or motor neuron disease within first-to-third-degree relatives of people included in the Innsbruck MSA Registry (n = 144), and compared them with historical MSA cohorts (cumulative n = 1173), Innsbruck-based PD cases (n = 226), and published population-based controls (cumulative n = 20,784). A detailed methodological description is provided in Supplementary Document 1.
The ultimate mechanisms underlying MSA pathogenesis remain largely unknown. 1,5 The high frequency of FH for parkinsonism in people with MSA, close to that of PD and exceeding the one observed in population-based elderly controls, supports the contention that multiple, yet unidentified genetic variants might contribute to MSA pathogenesis. It also suggests a shared genetic susceptibility to the development of MSA and PD.
Our study has limitations. FH history was collected retrospectively, carrying the risk for a documentation bias, and with the FH method, which obtains information on FH exclusively from patients and may both under-and overestimate FH rates. 6 In the age of genomic medicine, however, FH still represents a valuable tool to assess the heritability of a given disorder, especially if genetic methods fail to disclose a causal relation. Non-neurodegenerative causes of tremor, dementia, or parkinsonism were also not systematically excluded in the relatives of our patients; genetic testing was available in a small percentage of patients only; and neuropathological confirmation in none. We also did not include an age-and sexmatched control group, but compared our data with the cumulative results of historical MSA cohorts and large population-based studies in aging individuals.
Similar to PD, genetic susceptibility variantsif discovered for MSAmay be exploited for identifying persons at risk of developing the disease or in very early stages thereof, when putative neuroprotective strategies should ideally be most effective. 7 Understanding the genetic underpinnings of the MSA pathological cascade might ultimately point out new therapeutic targets for this currently untreatable condition.

Financial Disclosure Related to Research Covered in this Article
Academic study without external funding. Dr Leys was supported by the Stichting ParkinsonFonds, US MSA Coalition and Dr Johannes & Hertha Tuba Foundation.

Ethical and Regulatory Aspects
Due to its retrospective nature and initiation before July 2020, neither written informed consent nor ethic approval was required for the present study. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the current European Data Protection Regulation. We confirm that we have read the Journal's position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this work is consistent with those guidelines. The first and last named authors take full responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from any qualified investigator.