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Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ursolic Acid and Derivatives

Ursolic acid, an important bioactive compound, was isolated from ethanol extract of aerial parts of Sambucus australis. In order to develop bioactive ursolic acid derivatives, two semi-synthetic compounds were obtained through modification at C-3. The antibacterial activity of the ursolic acid and its derivatives was investigated. The microdilution method was used for determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), against twelve bacterial strains. The influence of ursolic acid and its derivatives on the susceptibility of some bacterial pathogens to the aminoglycosides antibiotics neomycin, amikacin, kanamycin and gentamicin was evaluated. The most representative synergistic effect was observed by 3β-formyloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid at the concentration of 64 μg/mL in combination with kanamycin against Escherichia coli (27), a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate from sputum, with reduction of MIC value from 128 μg/mL to 8 μg/mL. Ursolic acid and its derivatives were examined for their radical scavenger activity using the DPPH assay, and showed significant activity.


Introduction
Ursolic acid (1), an ursane-type pentacyclic triterpene, is a constituent of certain medicinal herbs and is also found in fruits [1]. This triterpenoid is the major secondary metabolite isolated from the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl (Caprifoliaceae), a shrub, popularly known as "sabugueiro".
Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem in the area of public health. The search for new therapeutic agents that can help patients infected by bacterial agents is a challenge for all professionals in the field. The use of natural products is an alternative that can produce good results.
The production of oxygen and free radicals in the body, probably involves the development of many diseases such as inflammation, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases [15]. The natural antioxidants cause less toxic side effect and can provide protection against oxidative degradation by decrease free radicals in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food.
The aim of the present study was to prepare derivatives of ursolic acid (1), and to investigate the antibacterial and scavenger activities using DPPH assay of one 1 and its derivatives 1a and 1b. The influence of the compounds 1, 1a and 1b on the susceptibility of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria towards the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin, amikacin, kanamycin and gentamicin was also evaluated.

Synthesis
Ethanol extract of the aerial parts of S. australis (SAEtOH) was fractionated and purified by classical chromatographic methods to isolate the triterpenoid ursolic acid (1) [16]. In order to develop bioactive ursolic acid derivatives, two semi-synthetic compounds were obtained through modification at C-3. The structural changes involving the hydroxyl group were acetylation and formylation (Scheme 1). The structures of all compounds were established by 1D 1 H and 13 C (and DEPT) and 2D HSQC and HMBC NMR spectral data and by comparing their spectroscopy data with the literature [16][17][18].
The treatment of (1) with acetic anhydride and pyridine at room temperature afforded 3β-acetoxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (1a) in quantitative yield. The 1 H-NMR spectrum of 1a showed a signal at δ H 2.05 typical of hydrogen of acetyl group. The presence of this group was further confirmed by the appearance of the signal at δ C 170.9 in the 13 C-NMR spectrum [17]. Analysis of the 1 H-NMR spectrum of 3β-formiloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (1b) showed a signal at δ H 8.12 for the formyl group confirmed by the presence of a signal at δ C 161.3 attributed to a carbonyl [18].
Although the antibacterial activity of ursolic acid (1) against several bacterial strains has been reported in the literature [8,[10][11][12], in our case compound 1 showed activity against six bacterial strains, and the best result was found against S. aureus (ATCC 6538), with a MIC value of 32 μg/mL. Ursolic acid (1) was also effective against E. coli (ATCC 25922), K. pneumoniae and S. flexneri with a MIC value of 64 μg/mL in the three cases.
3β-Acetoxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (1a) showed significant activity (in terms of clinical MIC ≤ 1,024 μg/mL) against all tested strains except for S. aureus (ATCC 12624). The best results were found against E. coli (ATCC 25922) and S. flexneri with a MIC value of 32 μg/mL in both cases, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus (ATCC 6538) with MIC values of 64 μg/mL and 128 μg/mL, respectively ( Table 1). The literature reports activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 6305) for compound (1a) [11], however, this is the first report on the antibacterial activity of the derivative 1a on the bacterial strains used.
Interestingly, among all evaluated bacterial strains in this study, S. aureus (ATCC 12624) was the most resistant to the tested compounds 1, 1a and 1b.
The effects on the MIC values of the association of compounds 1, 1a and 1b with aminoglycoside antibiotics are shown in Table 2. In these assays the compounds that showed MIC ≤ 1024 μg/mL in the MIC determination were used. Table 2 indicate a synergism between ursolic acid (1) and the aminoglycoside antibiotics in almost all microorganisms, except for gentamicin and amikacin against E. coli (ATCC 25922), and kanamycin against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Ursolic acid (1) was found to enhance the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Listeria monocytogenes to the β-lactam antibiotics ampicilin and oxacilin [14], but there is no report in the literature about this compound acting synergistically with the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin, amikacin, kanamycin and gentamicin.
The association of 3β-acetoxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (1a) with the aminoglycoside antibiotics increased the effect of these antibiotics against the strains evaluated; thus 1a may be considered an excellent enhancer of the mechanism of action of these aminoglycoside antibiotics.

General
Melting points were determined on a digital Mettler Toledo FP82HT apparatus and are uncorrected. The IR spectra were measured in KBr pellets using a Perkin-Elmer FT-IR Spectrum 1000. A Bruker ® Avance DRX 500 and a Bruker ® Avance DPX 300 spectrometers, operating at 500 MHz and 300 MHz for 1 H-NMR, and 125 MHz and 75 MHz for 13 C-NMR were used for experiments 1D and 2D with chemical shifts given in ppm. The spectra were run using CDCl 3 and pyridine-d 5 as the solvent. Chemical shifts, measured on the δ scale. The absorptions in the region of the ultraviolet (UV) visible were obtained on a Varian Cary 50 Conc spectrophotometer. The low resolution mass spectra were obtained by electron impact at 70 eV spectrometer with Shimadzu a QP 5000, DI-50 instrument. Silica gel 60 (70-230 mesh) was used for column chromatography, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on precoated silica gel G60 F 254 by detection by spraying with vanillin in perchloric acid/ethanol. All solvents used for chromatography were from Synth. The microbiological culture media were purchased from Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Plant Material
The aerial parts of Sambucus australis were collected in Guaramiranga County, State of Ceará, northeast Brazil. A voucher specimen (#EAC15002) has been deposited at the Herbarium Prisco Bezerra, Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.

Extraction and Isolation
Aerial parts including leaves and flowers of Sambucus australis were extracted with ethyl acetate (1,000 g/1,500 mL) for 72 h at 25 °C, followed by ethanol (1,000 g/5,000 mL) for 72 h at 25 °C to yield: SAEtOAc, (3.9 g, 0.39%) and SAEtOH, (1.0 g, 0.1%), respectively. The ethanol extract (SAEtOH) (1.0 g) was chromatographed on a silica gel column running a gradient of 100% ethyl acetate to 100% methanol. The fraction eluted with 100% ethyl acetate yield a solid material, which was further recrystallized in ethyl acetate to afforded ursolic acid (1,180

Synthesis 3β-Formiloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic Acid (1b)
A solution of ursolic acid (1, 50 mg, 0.109 mmol) in 89.9% HCO 2 H (1.5 mL) and 70% perchloric acid (6 drops) was heated in an H 2 O bath at 60 °C for 4 h. The solution was removed from the bath and allowed to cool to about 40 °C. Ac 2 O was then added dropwise while the temperature was maintained between 55 and 60 °C until a large quantity of bubbles appeared (1 mL of Ac 2 O was required). The solution was then cooled to room temperature and poured into 10 ml of H 2 O, with stirring [19].

Antibacterial Activity and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
The antibacterial activity of the ursolic acid and its derivatives were investigated employing a microdilution method, recommended by National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards M7-A6 [20]. In tests were used eight standard strains of Gram (−) and four Gram (+), and two clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (27) (from sputum) and Staphylococcus aureus (6538) of the surgical wound. The brain heart infusion (BHI 3.8%) broth was used for the bacterial growth (24 h, 35 ± 2 °C). The inoculum was an overnight culture of each bacterial species in the BHI broth diluted in the same medium to a final concentration of approximately 1 × 10 8 CFU/mL (0.5NTU -McFarland scale). After this, the suspension was dilluted to 1 × 10 6 CFU/mL in 10% BHI. A total of 100 μL of each dilution was distributed in 96-well plates plus substance, achieving 5 × 10 5 CFU/mL as the final concentration of the inoculums [21][22][23].
The initial solution of the ursolic acid and its derivatives were performed using 10 mg of each extract dissolved in 1 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain an initial concentration of 10 mg/mL. From this concentration, several dilutions were made in distilled water in order to obtain a stock solution of 1,024 μg/mL. Further serial dilutions were performed by the addition of the BHI broth to reach a final concentration in the range of 8-512 μg/mL). All experiments were performed in triplicate and the microdilution trays were incubated at 35 ± 2 °C for 24 h. The antibacterial activity was detected using a colorimetric method by adding 25 μL of the resauzurin staining (0.01%) aqueous solution in each well at the end of the incubation period [24]. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the lowest extract concentration able to inhibit the bacteria growth, as indicated by resauzurin staining (dead bacterial cells are not able to change the staining color by visual observation-blue to red).

Evaluation of the Modulatory Activity by Direct Contact
In order to evaluate of the ursolic acid and its derivatives as modulators of antibiotic resistance, the MICs values of aminoglycosides antibiotics neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, and gentamicin against the analyzed strains were determined in the presence or absence of the extracts using the microdutiltion test. Subinhibitory concentrations (MIC 1/8) in 10% BHI were used. The antibiotic solutions (1024 μg/mL) were prepared in distillated water for use on the same day. A total of 100 μL of the antibiotic solution, using serial dilutions (1:2), was added to the wells containing 10% BHI and the diluted bacterial suspension (1:10). Microplates were incubated at 35 ± 2 °C for 24 h and the antibacterial activity was determined as described before [25].

Antioxidant Activity
The antioxidant activities of ursolic acid (1), and derivatives 1a and 1b were evaluated by measuring the reduction of the free radical 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The samples (1.0 to 1000.0 μg/mL) were dissolved in methanol and then added to a methanol solution of DPPH (60 mM) [26]. After 30 min, the UV absorbance of the resulting solutions was recorded at λ 517 nm. The experiment was performed in triplicate and the average absorption was noted for each concentration. Trolox and Vitamin C were used as the positive control. The free radical scavenging activity was calculated as a percentage inhibition of the DPPH radical by the sample or positive control. The IC 50 value is the concentration required to scavenge 50% DPPH.

Conclusions
This study showed that ursolic acid (1) and some of its derivatives have significant antibacterial activity against several bacterial species, and that these compounds show synergistic activities with the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin, amikacin, kanamycin and gentamicin. These results suggest that Sambucus australis could be a potential natural source of free radical scavengers.