{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03225806451612903, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.532894736842105, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Comparative study and improvement of battery open-circuit voltage estimation methods

Due to the steadily-increasing demands on more powerful electronic devices, an accumulator's operating lifetime plays an essential role for the usability of battery-powered devices. To avoid an insufficient utilization of a cell's energy and/or lifetime, a reliable and reasonably accurate knowledge of its internal parameters like the state-of-charge (SoC) is indispensable. The determination of the SoC is often directly related to the estimation of a battery's open-circuit voltage (OCV). In this work, various OCV estimation methods are compared with respect to their inherent accuracy. Additionally, the observability-Gramian-based OCV estimation method is extended to deal with expanded kinds of cell currents. Moreover, interpolation-based methodologies are presented which considerably reduce the average OCV estimation error over the entire SoC range, compared to state-of-the-art implementations.