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A Review of “Tourism, recreation and sustainability: linking culture and environment”

Reinforcing the concepts of culture and environment in sustainable tourism literature, this book contributes to the methods and frameworks of sustainable destination planning, social marketing and community participation. Although some of its case studies and investigations were conducted in the late 1990s, readers can still consult these survey results in sustainable tourism development and try to avoid repeating the common pitfalls in tourism development. The book proposes six pathways to sustainable destination planning, including recreation ecology, Tourism Opportunity Spectrum (TOS), the principle-based project, The Nature Step (TNS) framework, pro-poor tourism initiatives and the tourist-oriented approach. Leung et al. (Chapter 2) suggest that recreation ecology, which is used in parks and protected areas, can provide a scientific and on-site method in visitor management, and impact assessment and monitoring as well as visitor education and communication for sustainable tourism. However, this knowledge application is debatable, since the linkages and differences between recreation and sustainable tourism management are not identified in this study. The TOS assesses the development alternative in the region within six basic indicators, such as accessibility, visual characteristics, visitor environmental impact, on-site management, social interaction and visitor management. Even though Dawson (Chapter 3) suggests that these indicators would produce quantitative results for predicting tourism opportunity, the reader might be confused with the seemingly vague and qualitative analysis illustrated in Table 3.2 (p. 45). Johnston and Twynam (Chapter 6) explain the evolution of sustainable tourism principles in Arctic tourism project, and discuss how to develop and examine the codes of conduct based on these principles in the processes of initiation, development, implementation, establishment and monitoring. The TNS framework is another science-based approach, which aims at helping communities develop a comprehensive and user-friendly sustainability plan. Gill and Williams (Chapter 7) use the case of Whistler resort in Canada to exemplify the TNS process, and a chronicle description overlays the assumedly core-content-relating scientific techniques, such as the analysis of the physical degradation of nature. Based on case studies of Southern Africa nations, Spenceley (Chapter 12) suggests enhancing the pro-poor tourism initiative by expanding market access, domestic product, local ownership and employment as well by conducting long-term planning and policy. However, these approaches seemingly lack the strategic insights of the poor themselves. Strategic approaches are also part of the long-term experience of Yellowstone National Park, where the tourist perspective, including tourist sense of place and “historical appropriateness”, are integrated into destination sustainable management (Chapter 9).