{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0249003984063745, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01643426294820717, 'mean_word_length': 5.258566978193146, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Novel insights into the fundamentals of palatal shelf elevation dynamics in normal mouse embryos

Embryonic palate development involves bilateral vertical growth of palatal shelves – extensions from the maxillary processes – next to the tongue until embryonic day (E) 13.5. Following vertical growth, palatal shelves elevate and adhere above the tongue by E14.5. Current models indicate that this process of elevation involves a complex vertical to horizontal reorienting of the palatal shelves. While earlier studies have implied that this is a rapid process, the precise timing has not been resolved. To understand the dynamics of palatal shelf elevation, we employed time-restricted pregnancies with a one-hour resolution and magnetic resonance imaging of intermediate stages. Our data showed that in almost all C57BL/6J embryos, palatal shelves have not yet elevated by E14.0. However, six hours later at E14.25, palatal shelves have completed elevation in 80% of embryos. Interestingly, all E14.25 embryos with unelevated palatal shelves (20%) were female, suggesting a delay in female embryos. In FVB/NJ embryos, the elevation window started earlier (E13.875-E14.25) without any noticeable sex differences. We frequently captured an intermediate stage with unilateral elevation of either right or left palatal shelf. Magnetic resonance imaging of various stages showed that palatal shelf elevation began with the formation of bilateral bulges in the posterior. These bulges progressed laterally and anteriorly over time. During elevation, we observed increased cell proliferation in the lingual region of the palatal shelf. Within the bulge, cell orientation was acutely tilted towards the tongue and actomyosin activity was increased, which together may participate in the projection of the bulge in the horizontal direction. Thus, our data reveal novel insights into the rapid dynamic changes in palatal shelf elevation that lay the foundation for future studies of normal and abnormal palatogenesis.