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Foundational essays as ‘mestizo-criollo acts’: the Bolivian case

ABSTRACT This paper engages Alcides Arguedas’s ‘Pueblo enfermo’ and Franz Tamayo’s ‘Creación de la pedagogía nacional’, two key foundational essays of early 20th-century Bolivia, as ‘mestizo-criollo acts’ rooted in the debates on the ‘Indian problem’ as a racial obstacle to nation-building and identity formation. The paper contends that both essays actually conceal the presence of European wild men, and construct a reality influenced by their interpretation of books and visual representations entrenched in the European imagination. They thus create an insurmountable ambiguity: a self-exotization brimming over with metaphors that actually deploy European wild imaginary sources to explain its Andean roots.