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Landslide-tsunamis along the flanks of Mount Epomeo, Ischia: propagation patterns and coastal hazard for the Campania Coasts, Italy

Ischia Island has been repeatedly affected by mass collapses, which are mainly caused by the steepness of the main peak (Mt Epomeo) and by phenomena related to its volcanic activity. The most relevant cases of mass failure studied in the literature and postulated to be tsunamigenic cover a wide spectrum of sizes, from sector collapse to small-volume mass transports. Tsunamis generated by landslides in Ischia may affect the coast of the Campania mainland, including the Gulf of Naples. The focus of this work is an evaluation of the pattern of the maximum tsunami energy. To this purpose, we perform a series of numerical simulations by moving the same landslide source in different hypothetical positions around the island. The landslide dynamics are computed through the code UBO-BLOCK, and the tsunami propagation by employing the code UBO-TSUFD, both developed in-house. The final goal is to characterize the coastal areas of the Campania mainland most exposed to tsunami attack from Ischia sources. It is found that the position of the landslide deeply influences the distribution of the tsunami elevation in the coastal stretch north of the Procida Mt, while, remarkably, it is irrelevant inside the Gulf of Naples where the bathymetric effect prevails.