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Persistence of persulfate in uncontaminated aquifer materials.

Batch and stop-flow column experiments were performed to estimate persulfate decomposition kinetic parameters in the presence of seven well-characterized aquifer materials. Push-pull tests were conducted in a sandy aquifer to represent persulfate decomposition under in situ conditions. The decomposition of persulfate followed a first-order rate law for all aquifer materials investigated. Reaction rate coefficients (k(obs)) increased by an order of magnitude when persulfate concentration was reduced from 20 g/L to 1 g/L, due to ionic strength effects. The column experiments yielded higher k(obs) than batch experiments due to the lower oxidant to solids mass ratio. The kinetic model developed from the batch test data was able to reproduce the observed persulfate temporal profiles from the push-pull tests. The estimated k(obs) indicate that unactivated persulfate is a persistent oxidant for the range of aquifer materials explored with half-lives ranging from 2 to 600 d.