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Slow-Flow Vascular Malformations

The pathological term malformation is based on the clinical and histological appearance of the vascular channels. These channels are histologically representative of arteries, capillaries, veins, lymphatics, or a combination of these structures. Molecular studies suggest that vascular anomalies are caused by dysfunctional signaling processes that regulate proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, maturation, and adhesion of vascular cells. Malformations are structural anomalies based on inborn errors of vascular morphogenesis. These lesions are noted to have high endothelial cell turnover. Malformations are further categorized into low-flow and high-flow lesions. This review will focus on the presentation and treatment of low-flow vascular malformations. In general, the majority of vascular malformations are sporadic. Conversely, heritable forms can be found in Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, Fabry’s disease, and ataxia-telangiectasia.