{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014803849000740192, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.828282828282828, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Model reference adaptive control of a series–parallel hybrid electric vehicle during mode shift

Mode shift, as an essential transient state of series–parallel hybrid electric vehicle, might generate torque variation and intensive vehicle jerk due to the discontinuity and nonlinearity of dynamics of the powertrain topology, which results in an unpleasant driving comfort. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a proper control strategy and ensure a smooth transition process for the series–parallel hybrid electric vehicle during mode shift. This article presents a model reference adaptive controller to manage clutch engagement so as to decrease vehicle jerk and clutch frictional loss in a series–parallel hybrid electric vehicle. To design a clutch-coupled transmission system in this article, dynamic equations of a series–parallel hybrid electric vehicle are derived. To avoid the friction-induced discontinuity of clutch frictional torque during mode shift, a model reference adaptive controller based on hyper-stability theory is proposed that coordinately manages the clutch frictional torque. The simulation and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model reference adaptive controller in this article can effectively decrease the vehicle jerk and clutch frictional loss when compared with the conventional control method.