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Laparoscopic ovariectomy in two standing llamas.

Laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed in 2 llamas that were sedated but remained standing, avoiding possible complications associated with general anesthesia. All incisions were made in the left paralumbar fossa. The only intraoperative complications encountered were difficulty in maneuvering the laparoscope ventral to the uterine body in 1 llama because of distension of the urinary bladder, and a tendency to lean on the sidebar of the stocks in the other llama. The only postoperative complication was subcutaneous emphysema, which could be minimized by suctioning excess CO2 from the abdomen at completion of surgery. Laparoscopic ovariectomy was successful in these llamas and allowed direct examination and manipulation of the ovaries even though llamas were standing during surgery.