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Port cities – dynamic landscapes and global networks

get a grip on real policy formation and implementation, where many other options have to be considered. It also meant that the spaces resulting from lobby-work were bound to be very different from what was intended, and also from what residents and voters appreciated. The TCPA cannot be held responsible for the eventual design and spatial quality of the New Towns, but its relentless lobbying for New Towns as such, made ‘planning’ responsible for undesirable places in the eyes of many citizens, and this undermined the influence of the organization. If everything is in implementation, as we believe, a lobby for a single concept can never be good for the community in planning issues, and it can never be good for the lobbying actor in a democratic society. Continuous testing, combining of concepts and broad discussion of implementation and design strategies is necessary to make planning deliver the goods and, this, I believe, is only possible within a framework of democratic governance, where citizens and other policy-makers are ideally exposed to a variety of planning perspectives. After reading Hardy’s excellent analysis of the policy landscapes the organization operated in, I believe Britain can be happy that the TCPA was around for so long, as it is by no means clear whether its absence would have led to the adoption of more context-sensitive planning and design strategies within the governance system.