{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.035302104548540394, 'fraction_numerical': 0.028513238289205704, 'mean_word_length': 5.32618025751073, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Moisture-tolerant and high-quality α-CsPbI3 films for efficient and stable perovskite solar modules

All-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting considerable attention due to their excellent thermal stability. However, their unsatisfactory power-conversion efficiency and moisture instability lead to challenges for practical commercialization. Here, a facile but effective strategy is demonstrated to stabilize/passivate the cubic phase of CsPbI3 by inhibiting the moisture invasion using 18-crown-6 ether (Crown). The strong interaction between Crown and surface Cs+ ion not only effectively improved the moisture tolerance, but also simultaneously reduced surface defects and related migrations, thus accordingly improving the phase and operation stability of the CsPbI3 films and devices. Based on the obtained high-quality CsPbI3–Crown films, PSCs with up to 16.9% efficiency were fabricated. The devices readily maintained ∼91% of the initial PCE for more than 1000 h (85 °C, N2) and even ∼90% for up to 2000 h (relative humidity 20%) without encapsulation. More importantly, the developed strategy has been successfully used to fabricate large-area CsPbI3 modules, showing an efficiency of up to 11.8% with the 16 cm2 total area. A stability performance that can retain ∼95% of the original value for over 500 h (operating conditions, relative humidity 60%) with encapsulation has also been achieved in the first PSC module based on the CsPbI3 system.