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Functional Analysis of the Gibberellin 2-oxidase Gene Family in Peach

Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees grow vigorously and are subject to intense pruning during orchard cultivation. Reducing the levels of endogenous gibberellins (GAs) represents an effective method for controlling branch growth. Gibberellin 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) deactivate bioactive GAs, but little is known about the GA2ox gene family in peach. In this study, we identified seven PpGA2ox genes in the peach genome, which were clustered into three subgroups: C19-GA2ox-I, C19-GA2ox-II, and C20-GA2ox-I. Overexpressing representative genes from the three subgroups, PpGA2ox-1, PpGA2ox-5, and PpGA2ox-2, in tobacco resulted in dwarf plants with shorter stems and smaller leaves than the wild type. An analysis of the GA metabolic profiles of the transgenic plants showed that PpGA2ox-5 (a member of subgroup C19-GA2ox-II) is simultaneously active against both C19-GAs and C20-GAs,which implied that C19-GA2ox-II enzymes represent intermediates of C19-GA2oxs and C20-GA2oxs. Exogenous GA3 treatment of shoot tips activated the expression of all seven PpGA2ox genes, with different response times: the C19-GA2ox genes were transcriptionally activated more rapidly than the C20-GA2ox genes. GA metabolic profile analysis suggested that C20-GA2ox depletes GA levels more broadly than C19-GA2ox. These results suggest that the PpGA2ox gene family is responsible for fine-tuning endogenous GA levels in peach. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for appropriately controlling the vigorous growth of peach trees.


INTRODUCTION
Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most widely cultivated deciduous fruit trees worldwide. According to FAOSTAT data, the global cultivation area of peach and nectarine reached 1712.4 ha in 2018. Peach trees must be pruned to keep the tree size manageable and to facilitate harvesting, but most cultivated peach varieties grow vigorously, increasing the labor costs required for orchard management. One effective way to inhibit the rapid growth of peach branches is to treat the trees with paclobutrazol (PBZ), an inhibitor of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis, indicating that endogenous GA is at least one of the phytohormones that promote the vigorous growth of peach branches.
The expression levels of GA2ox genes vary in response to environmental changes and phytohormones. In Arabidopsis, bioactive GA is deactivated in the hypocotyls of light-grown seedlings via the activation of GA2ox1 transcription (Achard et al., 2007). Blue light-mediated hypocotyl elongation is promoted by repressing the transcription of GA2ox1 and GA2ox8 (Wang et al., 2011). Low temperature deactivates GA by activating the transcription of GA2ox genes in rice (Wang et al., 2018). GA2ox6 genes are upregulated under water-limiting conditions (Dubois et al., 2013). GA2ox7 is upregulated by high salinity, which results in lower levels of active GAs (Magome et al., 2008). Finally, GA2oxs are significantly upregulated in response to treatment with exogenous GA 3 (Thomas et al., 1999;Tan et al., 2018). Therefore, regulating the expression of GA2ox genes is a vital way to control the levels of endogenous GAs in response to environmental changes.
The biosynthesis of GA produces intermediates (GA 12 , GA 15 , GA 24 , GA 9 , GA 53 , GA 44 , GA 19 , and GA 20 ) in addition to bioactive GAs (GA 1 and GA 4 ). GAs are classified into different groups based on their number of carbon (C) atoms, including C 20 -GAs (such as GA 12 , GA 15 , GA 24 , GA 53 , GA 44 , and GA 19 ) and C 19 -GAs (such as GA 9 , GA 20 , GA 1 , and GA 4 ). GA2ox proteins are classified as C 20 -GA2ox or C 19 -GA2ox based on their preference for C 20 -GA or C 19 -GA substrates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of GA2ox proteins further divided the C 19 -GA2ox group into two subgroups (Lee and Zeevaart, 2005;Lo et al., 2008;Wuddineh et al., 2015), suggesting that members of these two C 19 -GA2ox subgroups do not have exactly the same functions.
In the current study, we identified seven PpGA2ox genes in the peach genome. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these genes into three subgroups: C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I. The overexpression of representative PpGA2ox genes from the three subgroups in tobacco resulted in a typical dwarf phenotype, with shorter stems and smaller leaves than the wild type. PpGA2ox5, a member of the C 19 -GA2ox-II subgroup, encodes an enzyme with activity against C 20 -GAs and C 19 -GAs. Our findings suggest that C 19 -GA2ox-II enzymes might be intermediate forms that arose during the divergence of the C 20 -GA2ox and C 19 -GA2ox lineages. Exogenous GA 3 treatment of peach branches activated the expression of all seven PpGA2ox genes but with different time courses. PpGA2ox subgroup C 19 -GA2ox-I members were the earliest to be upregulated by this treatment, while PpGA2ox genes in subgroups C 19 -GA2ox-II and C 20 -GA2ox-I were activated later.

Identification of Seven PpGA2ox Genes in the Peach Genome
We identified seven putative GA2ox genes in the peach genome: PpGA2ox1, PpGA2ox2, PpGA2ox3, PpGA2ox4, PpGA2ox5, PpGA2ox6, and PpGA2ox7. These genes are distributed on Chromosomes 1, 3, and 4 ( Figure 1). All PpGA2ox genes contain three exons and two introns, which is similar to the structure of GA2ox family members in Arabidopsis (Han and Zhu, 2011). PpGA2ox1 and PpGA2ox2 on Chromosome 1 share 26% sequence identity and have opposite gene orientations. PpGA2ox4, PpGA2ox5, PpGA2ox6, and PpGA2ox7 are located on Chromosome 4. The pairs PpGA2ox5-PpGA2ox6 (65% identity) and PpGA2ox4-PpGA2ox7 (52% identity) share the highest sequence identity among the GA2ox genes ( Supplementary  Table S1). PpGA2ox4, PpGA2ox6, and PpGA2ox7 are oriented in the same direction, while PpGA2ox5 is oriented in the opposite direction. These results suggest that intricate patterns of gene duplication occurred during the evolution of the peach GA2ox gene family.
Analysis of the conserved domains in the encoded enzymes revealed that the PpGA2oxs belong to the 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily. All seven PpGA2oxs contain conserved amino acid residues that are thought to bind Fe 2+ and 2-oxoglutarate (Supplementary Figure S1).

Classification of the PpGA2oxs Into
Three Subgroups: C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I GA2oxs are usually active against C 19 -GAs (such as GA 9 , GA 20 , GA 1 , and GA 4 ) or C 20 -GAs (such as GA 12 and GA 53 ), placing them into the C 19 -GA2ox or C 20 -GA2ox class (Rieu et al., 2008). To predict the functions of the PpGA2oxs, we collected reported GA2ox sequences from different plants and constructed a phylogenetic tree of the GA2ox family (Figure 2). The GA2ox family members fell into three groups: C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I. The reported members of C 19 -GA2ox-I and C 19 -GA2ox-II use C 19 -GAs as substrates, while the members in C 20 -GA2ox-I are mainly active against C 20 -GAs. PpGA2ox1 and PpGA2ox3 belong to subgroup C 19 -GA2ox-I; PpGA2ox5 and PpGA2ox6 belong to subgroup C 19 -GA2ox-II; and PpGA2ox2, PpGA2ox4, and PpGA2ox7 belong to subgroup C 20 -GA2ox-I. This clustering pattern predicts that PpGA2ox1, PpGA2ox3, PpGA2ox5, and PpGA2ox6 are active against C 19 -GAs, while PpGA2ox2, PpGA2ox4, and PpGA2ox7 are active against C 20 -GAs.
To determine whether the three subgroup division is conserved in other species, the reported GA2ox families from rice, grapevine, peach, tomato, and cucumber were selected and the number of GA2ox genes in each of the three subgroups was analyzed ( Table 1). All species carry representatives of the C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I subgroups, suggesting that simultaneously possessing C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I genes is a highly conserved feature of both monocots and dicots.
Analysis of the Evolutionary Relationships Among C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I Genes The functional divergence of genes is a common occurrence during evolution. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on GAox genes from liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha), the bryophyte Sphagnum fallax, and the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii and GA2ox genes from the flowering plants rice (Oryza sativa), peach (Prunus persica), and Arabidopsis thaliana (Supplementary Figure S2). The first three species represent basal clades, with Selaginella representing the earliest vascular plants. All GAoxs from M. polymorpha, Sph. fallax, and Sel. moellendorffii clustered with the C 20 -GA2oxs from monocots and dicots. This result implies that C 20 -GA2ox is a basal clade of the GA2ox family that possesses more ancient gene functions.
Motif analysis of GA2ox, GA20ox, and GA3ox proteins uncovered an amino acid sequence in the N-termini of these proteins that is the signature motif of GA2oxs (Han and Zhu, 2011), pointing to a close relationship between the signature motif and the functions of GA2oxs. To identify the possible cause of the functional divergence within the GA2ox family, we analyzed the signature motifs of the proteins in the C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I subgroups (Figure 3). The most highly conserved amino acids in C 19 -GA2ox-II proteins are the same as those in C 19 -GA2ox-I proteins, except for tryptophan (W; at position 16 in the wider multiple sequence alignment), which is highly conserved among C 20 -GA2ox-I proteins. This observation suggests that the C 19 -GA2ox-II subgroup is intermediate between the C 19 -GA2ox-I and C 20 -GA2ox-I subgroups.

Transcriptional Profile of PpGA2ox Genes in Different Tissues
To investigate the expression profile of PpGA2ox genes in different tissues, we analyzed their transcript levels in six tissues (young fruit, flower bud, flower, young leaf, mature leaf, and shoot tip tissue) ( Figure 4); PpTEF2 was used for normalization. PpGA2ox7 was expressed at the lowest level in all tissues analyzed compared to the six other PpGA2ox genes. PpGA2ox1 was expressed at higher levels in flowers and sepals than in other tissues. PpGA2ox2 and PpGA2ox4 were expressed at higher levels in sepals compared to other tissues. PpGA2ox1, PpGA2ox2, and PpGA2ox4 were expressed at relatively high levels in flower tissue. PpGA2ox3 and PpGA2ox5 were expressed at higher levels in young fruits compared to other tissues. PpGA2ox6 was expressed at lower levels in shoot tips compared to other tissues.

Overexpressing PpGA2ox Genes in Tobacco Causes a Dwarf Phenotype
To clarify the function of a representative peach GA2ox gene from each of the three subgroups (C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I), we generated the 35S:PpGA2ox1, 35S:PpGA2ox5, and 35S:PpGA2ox2 constructs and introduced FIGURE 2 | Phylogenetic tree of the predicted amino acid sequences of the GA2oxs from different species using MEGA5.1 program. The amino acid sequences formed three subgroup (C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I) and highlighted in different colors. Gene accession numbers of the sequences used in this tree are listed in Supplementary Table S2. them into tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. For each construct, more than three independent transgenic tobacco lines were obtained, which were confirmed by PCR and qRT-PCR (Supplementary Figure S3). All transgenic plants exhibited dwarf phenotypes compared to the non-transgenic tobacco control (WT) ( Figure 5A). The heights of the transgenic plants were no more than 30% that of the WT (Figure 5B). In addition, the mature leaves of the transgenic plants were crinkled and smaller than those of the WT (Figures 5C,D). These results suggest that PpGA2ox1, PpGA2ox5, and PpGA2ox2 negatively regulate plant height and strongly affect leaf development.
PpGA2ox5 Is Active Against Both C 20 -GAs and C 19 -GAs Based on our phylogenetic analysis (Figure 2), we predicted that PpGA2ox1 and PpGA2ox5 would be active against C 19 -GAs, while PpGA2ox2 would be active against C 20 -GAs. To elucidate the different metabolic functions of these enzymes, we analyzed the responses of the PpGA2ox1-OE, PpGA2ox5-OE, and PpGA2ox2-OE tobacco lines to exogenous GA 1 , a C 19 -GA (Figures 6A,B). GA 3 , which is resistant to enzymecatalyzed degradation by GA2ox due to the presence of a double bond between C-2 and C-3 (Kanno et al., 2016), was used as a positive control. The wild type and all transgenic plants showed rapid growth after GA 3 treatment. By contrast, after GA 1 treatment, wild-type plants and plants overexpressing PpGA2ox2 showed rapid growth, whereas plants overexpressing PpGA2ox1 showed no significant difference in growth from the negative control (PpGA2ox1-OE with 0 mg/L GA 1 treatment). These results strongly suggest that PpGA2ox1 is a C 19 -GA2ox and that PpGA2ox2 is a C 20 -GA2ox. Interestingly, plants overexpressing PpGA2ox5 showed an intermediate phenotype compared to the PpGA2ox1-OE and PpGA2ox2-OE lines. These results suggest that PpGA2ox5 is active against GA 1 . However, PpGA2ox5 is less efficient than FIGURE 3 | Graphical representation of the signature motif of GA 2-oxidases generated by WebLogo. Letter size is proportional to the degree of amino acid conservation. The 16th amino acid was highlighted in red font.
FIGURE 4 | Expression of PpGA2ox genes in organs harvested from 3 year old "QMH" peach trees. Total RNA was isolated and analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the PpTEF2 was used as a reference gene. Results are plotted as the ratio to the lowest detected level (PpGA2ox7 in sepal). Note that the y-axis is on a logarithmic scale. All data are means of three replicates with error bars indicating standard deviation.
PpGA2ox1, suggesting that PpGA2ox5 might not be a classical type of C 19 -GA2ox.
To determine how PpGA2ox5 may differ from PpGA2ox1 and PpGA2ox2, we analyzed the GA metabolic profiles in shoot tips with young leaves from wild-type tobacco plants and transgenic lines overexpressing PpGA2ox1, PpGA2ox2, or PpGA2ox5 ( Figure 6C). We measured the contents of four C 20 -GAs (GA 15 , GA 24 , GA 44 , and GA 19 ) and seven C 19 -GAs (GA 5 , GA 8 , GA 9 , GA 20 , GA 29 , GA 34 , and GA 51 ) using HPLC-MS/MS. The levels of the four C 20 -GAs (GA 15 , GA 24 , GA 4 , and GA 19 ) were higher in the PpGA2ox1-OE line and lower in the PpGA2ox5-OE and PpGA2ox2-OE lines vs. the wild type. GA 24 and GA 44 levels were significantly higher in the PpGA2ox1-OE line, whereas the levels of all four C 20 -GAs were significantly lower in the PpGA2ox5-OE and PpGA2ox2-OE lines compared to the wild type. Only PpGA2ox2-OE plants showed significantly lower levels of both C 19 -GAs (GA 9 and GA 20 ) compared to the wild type. GA 8 and GA 29 levels were significantly higher in all transgenic plants compared to the wild type. GA 5 levels were significantly higher in all three transgenic lines vs. the wild type as well. Moreover, GA 5 contents were 30.3-fold higher in PpGA2ox5-OE than in the wild type. GA 12 , GA 110 , GA 97 , GA 51 , and GA 34 were not detected in any of the plants. These results suggest that PpGA2ox5 is active not only against C 19 -GAs, but also against C 20 -GAs. Surprisingly, there were no differences in GA 8 content among PpGA2ox1-OE, PpGA2ox5-OE, and PpGA2ox2-OE plants, but PpGA2ox1-OE plants showed higher activity against GA 1 compared to PpGA2ox5-OE and PpGA2ox2-OE. The main bioactive GA in tobacco is GA 4 , whereas GA 1 levels are low in this plant (Xiao et al., 2016). This paradoxical result could be due to the different concentrations of GA 1 (endogenous vs. exogenous GA 1 ) in the plants.
C 19 -GA 2-Oxidases Are Transcriptionally Activated More Rapidly Than C 20 -GA 2-Oxidases After GA 3 Treatment Increased levels of bioactive GA significantly activate the transcription of GA2oxs in Arabidopsis (Rieu et al., 2008). In the current study, overexpressing a C 20 -GA2ox reduced the levels of GA 15 , GA 24 , GA 44 , GA 19 , GA 9 , and GA 20 in tobacco, while overexpressing a C 19 -GA2ox promoted the accumulation of GA 24 and GA 44 (Figure 6C). These findings suggest that C 20 -GA2oxs and C 19 -GA2oxs play different roles in regulating the levels of bioactive GAs. We therefore investigated the responses of C 20 -GA2ox and C 19 -GA2ox genes in shoot tips to treatment with GA 3 for 0.5, 2, and 4 h (Figure 7). The  The type 3 reached to the peak transcript level at 4 h. Green, blue and pink columns represent the genes from the C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I subfamilies, respectively. TAH, treatment after hours. CK was the control treatment sprayed with distilled water. The values are presented as the means ± standard deviation. * Significantly different from the control (P < 0.05). * * Significantly different from the control (P < 0.01).
seven PpGA2ox genes were divided into three types based on their transcriptional responses. The type 1 response, which was observed only for PpGA2ox3, was the most rapid response to GA 3 treatment, with peak expression at 0.5 h followed by a reduction at 2 and 4 h after GA 3 treatment. The type 2 response, which was observed for PpGA2ox1, PpGA2ox6, and PpGA2ox7, was characterized by peak transcript levels at 2 h after GA 3 treatment that remained high at 4 h after treatment. The type 3 response to GA 3 , as observed for PpGA2ox2, PpGA2ox4, and PpGA2ox5, was slower, with gradually increasing transcript levels at the first two time points and a peak at 4 h. These results suggest that the transcription of the C 19 -GA2ox genes is activated more rapidly than the transcription of C 20 -GA2ox genes after GA 3 treatment.

DISCUSSION
GAs are important phytohormones that control diverse aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, stem elongation, leaf expansion, and flower and seed development (Yamaguchi, 2008). The homeostasis of bioactive GA levels is crucial for plant growth and development. GA2ox enzymes catalyze the deactivation of GA, thereby helping to maintain GA homeostasis. In the current study, we identified seven PpGA2ox genes in the peach genome. Our findings suggest that C 19 -GA2ox-II enzymes might be evolutionary intermediates between C 20 -GA2oxs and C 19 -GA2oxs and that the PpGA2ox family is responsible for maintaining the delicate balance of GA homeostasis.

C 19 -GA2ox-II Enzymes Might Be
Intermediates Between C 20 -GA2oxs and C 19 -GA2oxs The GA2 oxidase family is divided into three groups: C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I. These groups are highly conserved in monocots and dicots ( Table 1), suggesting there are likely functional differences among the groups. Here, we demonstrated that PpGA2ox5 belongs to subfamily C19-GA2ox-II and is simultaneously active against both C 20 -GAs and C 19 -GAs. Tobacco plants overexpressing PpGA2ox5 contained lower levels of four C 20 -GAs (GA 15 , GA 24 , GA 44 , and GA 19 ) than the wild type, which was similar to the results for PpGA2ox2-OE (a predicted C 20 -GA2ox) but opposite to those for of PpGA2ox1-OE (a predicted C 19 -GA2ox). These changes in C 20 -GA levels in the PpGA2ox5-OE lines were consistent with those in Arabidopsis c 19 -ga2ox and c 20 -ga2ox mutants (Magome et al., 2008;Rieu et al., 2008). In addition, PpGA2ox5-OE contained significantly higher levels of GA 5 and GA 29 than the wild type. These results suggest that PpGA2ox5-OE is active against C 19 -GAs. PpGA2ox1-OE showed higher levels of GA 15 , GA 24 , GA 44 , and GA 19 than the WT. Perhaps these plants exhibited increased GA 20-oxidase activity resulting from feedback regulation due to reduced levels of bioactive GAs. PpGA2ox2-OE also contained significantly higher levels of GA 5 and GA 29 than the wild type, suggesting that PpGA2ox2 also has activity against C 19 -GAs. While PpGA2ox2-OE plants had a dwarf phenotype, they grew rapidly after GA 1 treatment. These results suggest that PpGA2ox2-OE might also have two activities against C 20 -GAs and C 19 -GAs, although its major activity is against C 20 -GAs. VvGA2ox7, a member of C 20 -GA2ox-I in grapevine, is also active against C 19 -GAs (GA 9 , GA 20 , GA 4 , and GA 1 ) (Giacomelli et al., 2013). Understanding the evolutionary relationships among gene subfamilies can uncover information about the course of functional divergence of genes. C 19 -GA2oxs, C 20 -GA2oxs, and GA biosynthetic oxidases (GA20ox and GA3ox) are all members of the 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily (Han and Zhu, 2011). Although the evolutionary relationships among the C 19 -GA2ox, C 20 -GA2ox, GA20ox, and GA3ox subfamilies is unclear, the four subfamilies likely share a common ancestor (Giacomelli et al., 2013;Huang et al., 2015). Our results suggest that C 20 -GA2ox-I is an older clade of the GA2ox family compared to C 19 -GA2ox. Indeed, several studies have suggested that C 19 -GA2ox genes were derived from C 20 -GA2ox genes (Han and Zhu, 2011;Giacomelli et al., 2013;Huang et al., 2015). In an addition, only ent-kaurenoic acid, a gibberellin precursor, was detected in Physcomitrella patens, and ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), GA20ox, and GA3ox were absent in this moss (Hirano et al., 2007;Miyazaki et al., 2018). ent-kaurenoic acid contains 20 carbons and can be converted into the bioactive GAs by KAO, GA20ox, and GA3ox. This observation suggested that C 20 -GA arose before C 19 -GA during evolution, implying that enzymes active against C 20 -GAs evolved earlier than enzymes active against C 19 -GAs.
Since PpGA2ox2 showed activity against C 19 -GAs, perhaps the ancient GA2ox was able to catalyze the 2β-hydroxylation of both C 19 -GAs and C 20 -GAs but was mainly active against C 20 -GAs and was only weakly active against C 19 -GAs. Perhaps once the ancient GA2ox evolved into two clades, one of the clades kept the original activity and formed the C 20 -GA2ox-I subfamily, while the other clade gradually gained increased activity against C 19 -GAs, resulting in the formation of the C 19 -GA2ox clade. The C 19 -GA2ox-II clade, containing PpGA2ox5, might have retained the ancient function of catalyzing the 2β-hydroxylation of C 20 -GAs (Figure 8).
Our analysis showed that the conserved tryptophan (W) in the signature motif of GA2ox is highly conserved in both C 19 -GA2ox-II and C 20 -GA2ox proteins, while a glutamic acid (E) is highly conserved in C 19 -GA2ox-I proteins. This tryptophan is also highly conserved in four clades of the 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily (GA20ox, GA3ox, GAox-A, and GAox-C) (Huang et al., 2015). We speculate that this tryptophan is important for the ancient function of catalyzing the 2β-hydroxylation of the C 20 -GAs. More work is needed to verify this hypothesis.

PpGA2ox Family Members Help Maintain the Delicate Balance of Endogenous GA Levels
Plants must cope with variable environmental conditions and are subjected to daily variations in light and temperature FIGURE 8 | Hypothesis for the evolution of GA2 oxidases in higher plants. Light and dark gray box represents the activity of GA2ox against C 20 -GAs and C 19 -GAs, respectively. The area of box is proportional to the degree of enzyme activity. along with various biotic and abiotic stresses. Endogenous phytohormones help regulate plant growth and development and function in plant responses to the variable environment. GAs generally stimulate organ growth by enhancing cell elongation and cell division (Hedden and Thomas, 2012). The regulation of endogenous GA levels is important for regulating plant growth and development. The deactivation of GAs by GA2 oxidases is an important mechanism that influences GA responses. For example, bioactive GAs accumulate in the hypocotyls of dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings and are deactivated in the hypocotyls of light-grown seedlings via the activated transcription of GA2ox1 (Achard et al., 2007). Low temperature (15 • C) promotes GA deactivation by activating the transcription of GA2ox genes in rice (Wang et al., 2018). High salinity upregulates GA2ox7 in leaves, hypocotyls, and roots, resulting in reduced levels of active GAs (Magome et al., 2008). GA2ox7 is also upregulated by cold stress (Zhou et al., 2017).
In the current study, we treated tobacco shoot tips with a high concentration of GA 3 , which appeared to be responsible for increasing the expression of GA2ox genes over time. The different response times of different PpGA2ox genes coupled with the different GA targets of the subgroups within the GA2ox family (C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I) illustrate how these enzymes fine-tune GA levels. Three PpGA2ox genes, one each from the C 19 -GA2ox-I, C 19 -GA2ox-II, and C 20 -GA2ox-I subgroups, were significantly upregulated after GA 3 treatment at similar time points, whereas one gene from C 19 -GA2ox-II and one from C 20 -GA2ox-I were significantly upregulated more slowly after GA 3 treatment. After GA 3 treatment, the C 19 -GA2oxs were activated first, followed by the C 20 -GA2oxs. Six C 20 -GAs and four C 19 -GAs are intermediates in the GA biosynthesis pathway. The C 20 -GA2oxs significantly depleted the C 20 -GAs and some of the C 19 -GAs, while the C 19 -GA2oxs significantly depleted the C 19 -GAs but increased the levels of some of the C 20 -GAs (Figure 6). Ultimately, the C 20 -GA2oxs were activated, thereby blocking GA biosynthesis. These findings indicate that the plants employed an active response to cope with high GA 3 treatment. Together, these results suggest that the PpGA2ox family contributes to the fine-tuning of endogenous GA levels via the different response times and different enzymatic activities of the individual PpGA2 oxidases.

Plant Materials and Growth Conditions
The peach cultivar used in this study, "QiuMiHong" (QMH), was provided by the Fruit Tree Germplasm Repository of Henan Agricultural University (Henan Province, China). For RNA extraction, young fruits, flower buds, flowers, sepals, petals, young leaves, mature leaves, and shoot tips were collected from 3 year old "QMH" trees in the spring, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 • C for subsequent experiments. Tobacco variety "K326" seedlings were grown in vitro in a temperature-controlled growth chamber at 24 ± 2 • C under a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle. To calculate the leaf aspect ratio, a digital Vernier caliper was used to measure the distance from the bottom to the top of the leaf (length) and the maximum width of the leaf (width).

Sequence Analysis and Cloning
To identify GA2ox genes in the peach genome, a BlastP with default parameters of the Phytozome database 1 was performed based on the conserved domain of genes in the 2-oxoglutaratedependent oxygenase family using the amino acid sequences of seven Arabidopsis GA2oxs as queries. The search results were aligned by ClustalW algorithm with default parameters to reduce duplicate and redundant sequences (Larkin et al., 2007). Gene information from the JGI database was then used to predict the genomic positions of the PpGA2ox genes. The PpGA2ox genes were renamed, plotted on the peach chromosomes, and visualized with MapGene2 Chrom 2 (Jiangtao et al., 2015).
The amino acid sequences of all GA oxidases used in this study were downloaded from the Phytozome and NCBI databases 3 . Sequence logos were generated using the online WebLogo platform 4 (Crooks et al., 2004). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method (NJ) method in MEGA (version 5.1) (Tamura et al., 2011). The main parameters were set as follows: the model was set to "p-distance, " the GAPs was set to "pairwise deletion, " and bootstrapping was performed with 1000 replicates. Default parameters were used for all bioinformatics analyses, except for those specifically mentioned.
The full-length sequences of the PpGA2ox genes were cloned from RNA obtained from peach shoot tips using specific primers and ligated into the pEASY R -Blunt Vector (TransGen Biotech). PCR products that produced a single band on the gel were purified and sent to Sangon Biotech (Shanghai 5 ) for sequencing. All primers used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table S3.

Construction of the Overexpression Vector and Transformation of Tobacco
The full-length sequences of the PpGA2oxs were amplified from the pEASY R -Blunt Vector (TransGen Biotech) using specific primers containing restriction sites and inserted into the pSAK277 vector containing the CaMV35S promoter. The plant overexpression vectors 35S:PpGA2ox1, 35S:PpGA2ox5, and 35S:PpGA2ox2 were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 and used to transform tobacco leaf discs as described previously (Horsch et al., 1985;Lee and Zeevaart, 2005). Briefly, the leaves of aseptic tobacco seedlings were cut into small pieces (∼1 cm × 1 cm), pre-cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium for 2 days, incubated with A. tumefaciens (OD 600 = 0.6) harboring the chosen construct for 5 min, and transferred to MS medium. After 2 days of co-culture in the dark, the leaf discs were transferred to selection medium (MS, 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.1 mg/L NAA, 50 mg/L kanamycin, and 400 mg/L cefotaxime). When shoots appeared, individual shoots were cut and transferred to root-inducing medium (MS, 0.1 mg/L NAA, 50 mg/L kanamycin, and 400 mg/L cefotaxime). After rooting, the plantlets were grown in pots in a greenhouse and used for phenotypic analysis and further experiments. A pSAK277-GFP vector was transformed into tobacco in our lab and the transgenic lines showed no dwarf phenotype and smaller leaves.

RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR Analysis
Total RNA was extracted from the samples using a Column-type Plant Total RNA Extraction and Purification Kit (Sangon Biotech. Shanghai, China). Purified total RNA (0.5-2 µg) was reverse transcribed into first-strand cDNA using a PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa Biotechnology, Beijing, China). The cDNA product was used for semiquantitative RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analysis. qRT-PCR analysis was conducted using SYBR Select Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, United States) according to the manufacturer's protocol on an ABI PRISM 7500 FAST Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Madrid, CA, United States). All experiments were conducted in triplicate. To quantify relative transcript level, TEF2 (Peach EST database accession number: TC3544) and β-tubulin (accession number: U91564) were used for data normalization (Tong et al., 2009;Schmidt and Delaney, 2010).

Exogenous GA 3 Treatment
One year old branches of "QMH" peach trees were sprayed with GA 3 (100 mg/L) or with distilled water (as a control). Three biological replicates were performed for all treatments. Shoot tips were collected at 0.5, 2, and 4 h after treatment for RNA extraction to analyze GA2ox transcript levels.

Quantification of Endogenous GAs
To measure endogenous phytohormone contents, approximately 1.0 g of young leaf tissue was collected from transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants and frozen in liquid nitrogen.
The concentrations of different GAs were measured by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as described previously (Cheng et al., 2019). Three biological replicates were used to measure the level of each hormone.
Treating Tobacco With GA 1 and GA 3 The shoots of transgenic tobacco were cultivated in MS medium containing 0.4 mg/L GA 1 or 0.4 mg/L GA 3 . Changes in growth were observed 10 days after treatment. The lengths of 8-10 leaves were measured and averaged. The experiments were performed three times.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
JF, XZ, and JC conceived and designed the experiments. JM, HL, and MZ performed the experiments. JF and JC wrote the manuscript. BT, XY, and WW performed the GA metabolic analysis. LZ, ZL, and JL revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.