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How to create madness in prison

It's worth pausing for a moment to consider how we created as much madness as exists today in our prisons. Perhaps, after exploring how we arrived at this dreadful state of affairs, we can strive to reverse the process and foster sanity, at the same time developing humane and effective prisons. In the era of mental asylums, when individuals suffering from serious mental illness were confined in large public psychiatric hospitals, institutional dynamics came under the spotlight. Erving Goffman, Thomas Scheff and other " sociologists of deviance " hypothesized that institutional dynamics had a big part in driving patients to regress into impotent and bizarre aggressive behaviours while clinicians were sidetracked into self-fulfilling biases in diagnostics. (1 Goffman E ,1962 Scheff T , 1966) An example of their theory: A young man is brought to the asylum by family members who consider him " crazy, " he protests loudly that he is not crazy and in fact it is the parents who want him locked up who are actually the crazy ones, the psychiatrist interprets his increasingly loud protests as signs of the very mental illness being ascribed to him, he is involuntarily admitted to the asylum, as he realizes he is being deprived of his freedom his protests become louder and more desperate, the staff take his emotional protests as further evidence confirming the diagnosis of psychosis, he is placed on a locked ward and deprived of most familiar means of expressing himself, he does something irrational such as throwing a chair through a window in order to express his outrage over being deprived of his