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Employee Ownership in the USA: A Four-frame Perspective

This paper classifies and analyzes the major findings of the literature concerning employee ownership in the USA utilizing Bolman and Deal's four-frame classification of the literature on organization theory, management and behavior structural, human resource, political and symbolic. It is intended to serve as a basis on which to build a comprehensive theory of employee ownership and tentatively concludes that, although employee ownership is enhancing employee participation programs at a growing number of US firms, it is not likely to have any fundamental transformative impact on a significant number of US organizations unless the USA undergoes major cultural and political changes.