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The Antarctic Treaty System: History, Substance, and Speculation

Over the past two years Antarctica has received closer attention from a larger number of national governments and from the media than ever before. Pressures for change in the present regime have been exerted with increasing regularity by various interest groups, including governments from a handful of Third World nations. This paper first sketches out the genesis of the Antarctic Treaty and then analyses the circumstances that have surrounded its successful implementation to this date. Pressures for change and proposed alternatives to the Antarctic regime are next explored, and the final section of the paper reflects upon the strength of these pressures for change and the likely future of the Antarctic regime. Although the ancient Greeks and Maoris believed that a large southern continent existed to balance the land masses of the north, it was not until Captain James Cook circumnavigated Antarctica between 1772 and 1775 that documentation of the continent's existence began. Despite efforts to sight land, Cook was repeatedly turned back by heavy pack ice. Cook eventually discovered South Georgia Island and proved that if Terra Australis did exist, it would be found south of the 60th parallel. He believed that such a land mass would be so bleak that the world