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Facilitators and Repressors of Transcription‐coupled DNA Repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Nucleotide excision repair is a well‐conserved DNA repair pathway that removes bulky and/or helix‐distorting DNA lesions, such as UV‐induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine (6‐4) pyrimidone photoproducts. Transcription‐coupled repair (TCR) is a subpathway of nucleotide excision repair that is dedicated to rapid removal of DNA lesions in the transcribed strand of actively transcribed genes. In eukaryotic cells, TCR is triggered by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). Rad26, a DNA‐dependent ATPase, Rpb9, a nonessential subunit of RNAP II, and Sen1, a 5′ to 3′ RNA/DNA and DNA helicase, have been shown to facilitate TCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast, a number of factors have also been found to repress TCR in the yeast. These TCR repressors include Rpb4, another nonessential subunit of RNAP II, Spt4/5, a transcription elongation factor complex, and the RNAP II‐associated factor 1 complex (PAFc). It appears that the eukaryotic TCR process involves intricate interplays of RNAP II with TCR facilitators and repressors. In this minireview, we summarize recent advances in TCR in S. cerevisiae.