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Diagnostic ultrasound imaging in domestic animals: two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography.

Two-dimensional (linear scanning) and M-mode echocardiography in normal cattle, horses, goats and dogs were examined to obtain fundamental information for clinical application. The cardiac window, which allows penetration of the ultrasound beam, was defined in the left and right 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces near the olecranon in cattle, goats and dogs, and in the area above the olecranon of the 4th and 5th spaces in horses. It was possible to identify the cardiac valves, cavities and walls, and to observe their configuration and motion by both methods. In particular, in cattle and horses, using real time two-dimensional imaging, in spite of the impossibility of observing the short-axis view due to ribs, it was relatively easy to visualize the morphology and movement of the intracardiac structures, and it was easy to choose the location and direction of the probe for M-mode imaging. However, obtaining the typical M-mode echotardiograms of cardiac valves was not as easy as that of the ventricles, especially in cows, in which the ossa cordis seemed to have an effect on imaging of the mitral and aortic valves. After observing the two-dimensional long-axis echocardiogram from the cardiac window of each structure, manipulation of the probe according to the tomogram readily produced the M-mode tracing of the target structure.