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Vitamin And Mineral Intake Relative To The DRIs In Young Adults

METHODS: A retrospective cohort design was employed. The Defense Medical Epidemiological Database and specific International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes were used to determine incidence rates for clinically-diagnosed vitamin and mineral deficiencies/disorders. Associations with demographic factors were examined. Cases were selected only if the deficiency/disorder was the primary diagnosis. RESULTS: The highest rates of vitamin and mineral deficiencies/disorders were for iron (104.3 cases/100,000 person-years [p-y]), vitamin D (53.7 cases/100,000 p-y), iodine (36.2 cases/100,000 p-y), other B-complex vitamins (20.2 cases, 100,000 p-y), vitamin B12 anemia (7.6 cases/100,000 p-y), deficiencies of ―other vitamins‖ (5.9 cases/100,000 p-y), and vitamin A (2.5 cases/100,000 p-y). Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin K deficiencies and hypervitaminoses A and D had <1 case/100,000 p-y. Incidence rates for vitamin D, other B-complex deficiency, ―other vitamin‖ deficiency, thiamin deficiency, iron, and iodine increased over time (1997-2015), while vitamin A and C deficiencies decreased. Women had higher incidence rates for all examined deficiencies/disorders except niacin and vitamin C, especially for iron which was 12-fold higher. Incidence rates rose with age in 10 of 18 deficiency/disorder categories and blacks had higher incidence rates in 13 of 18 deficiency/disorder categories. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically-diagnosed vitamin and mineral deficiencies/disorders in the military population were low, but higher in women and minorities. As for most illnesses, the diagnosed incidence of such disorders may be an underestimate of the actual incidence. These findings can be used to guide clinical decision making with regard to testing for nutritional deficiencies and delivering public health information to at risk military and civilian populations.