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Phylogenetic studies on the bacterial phylum ‘ Verrucomicrobia

The phylum‘Verrucomicrobia’(Hedlund et al., 1997) is one of the primary lineages within the domain Bacteria. A lot of molecular phylogenetic approaches and culture-independent studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the members of this phylogenetic group have been detected in a very wide range of quite different habitats within the global ecosystem. These lineages have been informally classified into five subdivisions numbered 1 to 5 and have also been classified into six monophyletic subdivisions numbered 1 to 6 of which three are recognized in the second edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology as the families Verrucomicrobiaceae (subdivision 1) , O p i t u t a c e a e ( s u b d i v i s i o n 4 ) a n d ‘Xiphinematobacteriaceae’(subdivision 2). Since the six informal monophyletic subdivisions of this phylogenetic group were first proposed, the names of only a few species belonging to subdivisions 1 and 4 have been validly published. The class Opitutae, comprising two orders: Puniceicoccales containing the fami ly Punice icoccaceae and Opi tuta les containing the family Opitutaceae, was formally proposed recent ly for the c l ass i f i ca t i on o f subdivision 4. However, in spite of wide ecological distribution of representatives of the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’in nature, owing to relatively few pure cultivated and characterized species, the classification of this phylum is still ambiguous and informal. For this reason, for formal classification of the phylum‘Verrucomicrobia’, it is recommended that many verrucomicrobia that thrives in a wide range of terrestrial, aquatic and marine habitats should be isolated andtaxonomically investigated. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of thirty novel strains isolated from various marine environments using a polyphasic taxonomic approach including 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analyses, together with mo l ecu l a r , phys i o l og i ca l , b i o chemica l and chemotaxonomic analyses to characterize the novel isolates.