{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.028706604437056454, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011508215587238668, 'mean_word_length': 4.706676395476103, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 3, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Short communication: Differences in local perceptions of Osteochilus spilurus (Cyprinidae: Labeoninae) from several islands in Indonesia

Kurniawan A, Pramono DY, Indrayati A, Hermanto, Triswiyana I. 2020. Short communication: Differences in local perceptions of Osteochilus spilurus (Cyprinidae: Labeoninae) from several islands in Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 3: 79-84. Osteochilus spilurus is native freshwater fish on the islands of Sundaland, Indonesia. No study has been reported on this fish utilization other than in the Belitung Islands, so another local perception of Indonesian island needs to be investigated. Local recreational fishing in Palangkaraya, Pontianak, and Pekanbaru and fishers in Palangkaraya, Eastern and western of Belitung, Southern and Central Bangka, and North Lampung were the sources of local knowledge. We obtained data using a Facebook app survey to see local recreational fishers' awareness, interviews with one fisherman in each region, and a literature review for Belitung public perception. There is a different awareness of people from East Belitung to other regions. In East Belitung, knowledge of O. spilurus has a link to the local culture. Fishermen have the most relevant fishing gear expertise for the catch of O. spilurus, based on environmental factors and fish behavior. Large-scale fishing, consuming, and trade of it only takes place in East Belitung. It has an impact on the use of non-environmentally sustainable mesh size nets that threaten their natural survival.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia, as a mega biodiversity country, is rich in ichthyofauna species in inland waters. The freshwater fish species were identified as many as 1243 species, with 16% of them are Cyprinidae (Fishbase 2020). As a part of Southeast Asia, the diversity of Cyprinidae in Indonesia is due to the Pleistocene Period (Dott and Prothero 1994). This period, which is often referred to as the ice age, has resulted in changes in river flow, the emergence of millions of lakes, sea-level changes, and the appearance of pluvial lakes. Sea level decline to 150 m in the last glaciation process connected the lands that have now been separated by oceans (Gradstein et al. 2004). The rise of seawater forms Indonesia's territory in the archipelago formation and has become one of the world's most ethnically diverse nations. There are more than 600 ethnic groups with over 400 languages in Indonesia (Nababan 1985). These differences have led to various naming of fish species in the local language.
Osteochilus spilurus is a member of the Cyprinidae, which is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. This fish was identified in the Malay Peninsula and Sabah in Malaysia, Province of South Sumatra, Lampung, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, and South Kalimantan in Indonesia (GBIF 2019). This species is not yet popular in Indonesia like other Osteochilus such as O. vittatus, O. hasselti, and O. waandersii developed as a fishery cultivation commodity. This fish does not even have an Indonesian name, so its naming depending on the local name dan allows the perception of different fish. That has happened in the Eastern of Belitung Island, where the people think that this fish is endemic on their island because it is not found in other areas (Saad 2012). This perception can be caused by economic value and large consumption in East Belitung .
Many publications only position this fish as one of the fish listed in the freshwater river. Understanding the distribution on average comes from reports on river biodiversity, so that community response to this species has not been recorded. It raises the possibility of the conventional use of this fish in other regions that have never been reported before. Information on fish utilization is essential as a basis for its development and conservation. For this reason, a study of community perceptions on O. spilurus was carried out in several islands that are part of its distribution area in Indonesia. It is hoped that new material may be available that will supplement the socioethno knowledge of O. spilurus.

Observation location
The observations were conducted to local recreational fishing and fishermen. Information from local recreational fishing was used online discussion in three locations, i.e., Palangkaraya and Pontianak regions of Borneo Island and Pekanbaru areas of Sumatra Island. Six places in the western part of Indonesia were interviewed by O. spilurus fisherman, namely Palangkaraya on Borneo Island, Eastern and Western of Belitung Islands, South Bangka, and Bangka on Bangka Island, and North Lampung on Sumatra Island. Overall, we did observations in eight regions in four Sundaland islands (Figure 1). The survey was completed between July and September 2020.

Methods
This research utilizes a stationary, camera, mobile, Facebook application, and questionnaire. Survey methodology and literature review were used to obtaining data. The survey was undertaken to collect locals information and to question fishermen about the opinion of O. spilurus. The survey was performed using the Facebook app to see local recreational fishers' awareness carried out on O. spilurus. Questions to locals recreational fishing are limited to their familiarization with the fish's photo shown ( Figure 2). Informants are group members who respond to questions. Responses are presented in graphical form to show the local awareness of a region towards O. spilurus.
We used secondary public perception data from the Gantung sub-districts, East Belitung (Kurniawan and Triswiyana 2019), and the Membalong sub-districts in the West Belitung (Kurniawan et al. 2020) for Belitung residents views. Both data are compared on introduction, consumption, how to get the fish, and catching season knowledge. The comparison results are showed in graphical form.
Meanwhile, interviews with one fisherman in each region were undertaken to find out more about knowledge of fish use and catch. Utilization, trading, economic value, and other things related to fishing become references for discussion with fishers. Observational data have been descriptively represented and illustrated in tables and images.

Local residents perception
There is a gap in people's understanding of O. spilurus, where more people talk about it on Belitung Island as opposed to Palangkaraya, Pontianak, and Pekanbaru. Belitung's people name this fish as Cempedik fish stands for "macem empedu di aik," meaning water-like bile. It is called Kepait on Bangka Island, which means bitter. Residents of Palangkaraya call Seluang Licin. Some citizens know it in Pontianak as Seluang Batu, and in Pekanbaru as Siburuk or Sibuok. Pulungan (2009) says that Siburuk fish is a local name of O. spilurus in Riau. The definition of Siburuk refers to the state of the fish that quickly rots and splits its intestine. The local name of O. spilurus in another region verified using the information of the fishermen interview. In areas beyond Belitung Island, awareness of O. spilurus is limited, with most respondents not understanding or mentioning various fish ( Figure 3).
The graph shows that although local respondents from Palangkaraya, Pontianak, and Pekanbaru are recreational anglers, which are often associated with rivers and fish in them, they have a lower familiarization of O. spilurus than the general public on Belitung Island. This fish is also known as being the same as other small fish outside of Belitung Island. Wader (Barbodes binotatus), Bantak (Osteochilus wandersii), Puyau (Osteochilus hasselti), Lelan (Diplocheilichthys pleurotaenia), and Seluang (Rasbora sp) are considered to be the same as O. spilurus because they have the same several characters, especially in size. These fish are often caught together because they swim in the same schooling ). This reaction explains that O. spilurus has little relationship with humans in regions outside of Belitung Island. Meanwhile, the high identification in Belitung is due to the increased strength of O. spilurus and humans' interaction.
There are two reasons for the familiarization of the Belitung community with O. spilurus. The first is the practice of eating it. People want to consume this fish (Kurniawan and Triswiyana 2019). Fish are processed with special handling to remove the bitter taste . They use a stick of coconut leaf to remove the stomach contents from the anus hole of fish. The use of a knife is not ideal because of the small size of the fish. The second reason is that this fish is considered close to the culture of the Belitung people. This local wisdom is demonstrated by the presence of a traditional song with the title "Ke Pice" (Fakhrurrozi 2015) depicting Cempedik fishing in the Pice dam and its flavor description and a modern Belitung batik with a Cempedik fish motif (Detiktravel 2015). In other regions, symptoms related to such a culture are not seen.

Belitung residents perception
The residents' reaction to O. spilurus in East Belitung and West Belitung shows a distinct perception based on analyzed data from the Kurniawan and Triswiyana (2019) and Kurniawan et al. (2020) surveys. This fish's consumption and trade are higher in East Belitung, while the people of West Belitung prefer individual catches. There are also differences after his capture between the two regions, where individuals in East Belitung feel it is more comfortable to be captured in the rainy season. By contrast, it is the dry season that the inhabitants of West Belitung say ( Figure 4).  The fishing season variation is due to the local awareness of fishing activities in the river setting, which is a community guide. The major sources of fish in Belitung are the Lenggang and Kembiri rivers, large rivers with different conditions. In East Belitung, the Lenggang River has a dam that has the capacity in the rainy season to trigger currents and does not dry out in the dry season. Meanwhile, in the dry season, the Kembiri River dries out, giving rise to water pools in the deeper portion of the river. Through their respective ethnic-technology, fish catchers adapt to the habits of O. spilurus. Fisherman East Belitung uses fish traps to capture fish on the river bank against the current . People from Western Belitung wait for low deep water to make it possible for successful fishing gear to catch fish. Fishing gear ethnictechnology is a breakthrough in fishing productivity for local communities (Nurdin and Ng 2013). Fishers' adaptation to the environment is their effort to get the best catch (Musinguzi et al. 2016).

Fisherman knowledge
The Fishermen recognize O.spilurus even though they only know its local name. The fisherman showed a similar fish to O.spilurus, as in Figure 5. These fish have the same morphological character of O. spilurus described by Weber and de Beaufort (1916), i.e., compressed body, snout cone, dorsal height gradually increasing in height before dorsal fin, lateral line with 28-30 scales, dorsal fin with 12-13 rays, the emarginate shape of the caudal fin, long maxillary barbels, and a large black blotch on the caudal peduncle.  Its use, which has economic importance, can only be seen in the region of East Belitung, while other areas are not traded or used (Tabel 1). Trade is only in East Belitung and Palangkaraya, but there is an imbalance from the price point of view, even though the sale and purchase system is in the same device, namely the non-standardized cup. In East Belitung, this fish's price is Rp. 10,000 per cup of an average one kilogram consisting of five cups, while the price in Palangkaraya is Rp. 3000 to Rp. 5000 in a bowl. The informant of Lampung fishermen usually uses O.spilurus for a feed of his predatory fish cultivation. However, when the catch of small fish is abundant, O.spilurus is trading in the mix with other fish with a small bowls trading unit.
The fishing gear used by fishermen varies according to the environmental conditions of the river as well. The Palangkaraya and North Lampung capture have the same tool, namely the lift net, while the fish traps and nets are used by others to get these fish. Passive fishing gear is more often used for capturing this fish ( Figure 6).
In West Belitung, fish in small rivers are collected using scoop nets constructed from a small mesh-size net (Figure 6a). When the water level is lowest or the fish are trapped in river pools during the dry season, this fish is more comfortable to capture. A long stick scoop net, which they call Tangguk (Figure 6b), were also found in the Pice dam portion of the Lenggang River, East Belitung. The fish that fell from the dam stream attempts to return up by jumping on the riverbank. The moment makes it possible for fishers to capture it .
Bubu, made of bamboo or rattan, are typically the fish traps used by fishermen in each area (Figure 6f). This tool is used in limited numbers to capture fish, but its compact size allows it to be mounted in several areas. Bubu is popularly used in rivers, swamps, and lakes as a tool to trap fish (Koeshendrajana & Cacho 2001). When the placement process does not harm the environment, Bubu is not a destructive fishing gear (Pet-Soede & Erdmann 1998).
Many catches are expected by the high demand for fish in East Belitung, so fishers make a large fish trap made of set nets called Sero (6c). Set nets are put in a schooling fish environment on the riverbank with the mouth opposite the river flow direction. They understand the behavior of O. spilurus swimming in groups against the current on the riverbank when the river is inflow (6d). Set net is generally used as fishing gear in marine waters (Madduppa et al. 2014) and used in Nujiang River, China (Pan et al. 2017). It is considered environmentally friendly fishing gears (Bubun et al. 2015;Salim et al. 2019). Nevertheless, the set nets forms applied in the Lenggang River also resemble aerial traps, which are categorized as fishing tools that are disturbing and damaging to the minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia No. 71 2016 (KKP, 2016). The use of 5 mm a mesh size nets as material fishing gear endangers fish's natural sustainability because of their low selectivity (Muthmainnah et al. 2014).
The use of nets is carried out in the form of throwing nets and lift nets. In the Lebak river, Bangka Regency, throwing nets is usually used to capture fish with the primary target other than O. spilurus. The use of the lift net in North Lampung be equipped with lights as an attractor at night. Early in the morning, the fisher raised the lift nets so that he would only pick the fish once one night. Meanwhile, in Palangkaraya, the use of lift nets is carried out during the day when fish are trapped in the fishing gear. Lift nets are fishing gear commonly used in rivers (Sugeng et al. 2019). If the attractor in the form of lights is neglected, catching fish using lift nets during the day is more effective than at night (Kirana et al. 2015). The selection of nets with a mesh size that allows the fish to grow up is necessary for sustainability in their natural habitat (Takar & Gurjar 2020).
This study's finding is that the individual's knowledge about O. spilurus of Belitung Island to other regions varies. In East Belitung, in particular, knowledge has a connection with the local culture. All fishermen know of the most appropriate fishing gear for O. spilurus depending on environmental conditions and fish behavior. Large-scale fishing, eating, and trading of it takes place in East Belitung. It impacts the use of mesh scale nets that are nonenvironmentally friendly and endanger their natural existence.