{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04432432432432432, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01718918918918919, 'mean_word_length': 4.733188720173536, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 2, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 2, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Quasiparticle states driven by a scattering on the preformed electron pairs

We analyze evolution of the single particle excitation spectrum of the underdoped cuprate superconductors near the anti-nodal region, considering temperatures below and and above the phase transition. We inspect the phenomenological self-energy that reproduces the angle-resolved-photoemission-spectroscopy (ARPES) data and we show that above the critical temperature, such procedure implies a transfer of the spectral weight from the Bogoliubov-type quasiparticles towards the in-gap damped states. We also discuss some possible microscopic arguments explaining this process.

Preformed pairs are correlated above T c only on some short temporal τ φ and spatial l φ scales [21][22][23]. For this reason, the superconducting fluctuations are manifested in very peculiar way [24]. Their influence on the single particle spectrum is manifested by: a) two Bogoliubov-type branches and b) additional in-gap states that are over-damped (have a short life-time). Temperature has a strong effect on the transfer of the spectral weight between these entities. In the underdoped cuprate superconductors, such a transfer is responsible for filling-in the energy gap [16,25], instead of closing it (as in the classical superconductors). Some early results concerning superconducting fluctuations have been known for a long time [26,27], but they attracted much more interest in the context of cuprate superconductors [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and ultracold fermion superfluids [37,38].
In this work, we study qualitative changeover of the single particle electronic spectrum of the underdoped cuprate oxides for temperatures varying from below T c (in the superconducting state) to above T c , where the preformed pairs are not long-range coherent. In the superconducting state, the usual Bogoliubov-type quasiparticles are driven by the Bose-Einstein condensate of the (zero-momentum) Cooper pairs. We find that above T c , the Bogoliubov quasiparticles are still preserved, but the scattering processes driven by the finite momentum pairs contribute the in-gap states whose life-time substantially increases with increasing temperature. We discuss this process on the phenomenological as well as microscopic arguments. Roughly speaking, a feedback of the electron pairs on the unpaired electrons resembles the long-range translational and orientational order that develops between the amphiphilic particles in presence of the ions at solid state surfaces studied by S. Sokołowski with coworkers [39].

Microscopic formulation of the problem
To account for the coherent/incoherent pairing we consider the Hamiltonian describing the mobile electrons of kinetic energy ε k (where µ is the chemical potential) interacting via the two-body potential V k,k ′ (q). We assume a separable form V k,k ′ = −g η k η k ′ of this pairing potential (with g > 0). In the nearly two-dimensional cuprate superconductors with the prefactor η k = 1 2 cos (ak x ) + cos (ak y ) (where a is the unit length in CuO 2 planar structure), such pairing potential induces the d-wave symmetry order parameter [40,41].
The Hamiltonian (2.1) can be recast in a more compact form, by introducing the pair operatorŝ andb † q = (b q ) † , when the two-body interactions simplify to 1 Using the Heisenberg equation of motion (ħ = 1) we immediately notice that the single-particle properties of this model (2.1): a) are characterized by the mixed particle and hole degrees of freedom (because the annihilation operatorsĉ k↑ couple to the creation operatorsĉ † q−k↓ ), b) depend on the pairing fieldb q (appearing in the equation of motion d dtĉ k↑ ). Both these features manifest themselves in the superconducting state, when there exists the Bose-Einstein (BE) condensate 〈b q=0 〉 0 of the Cooper pairs. They also survive in the normal state, as long as the preformed (finite-momentum) pairs are present below the same characteristic temperature T * marking an onset of the electron pairing. In the next section we explore their role in the superconducting state (T T c ) and in the pseudogap region (T c < T < T * ).

Pairs as the scattering centers
The Heisenberg equation of motion (2.4) indicates that the electronic states are affected by the pairing fieldb q . Let us consider the generic consequences of such Andreev-type scattering, separately considering: the BE condensed q = 0 and the finite-momentum q 0 pairs.

The effect of the Bose-Einstein condensed pairs
We start by considering the usual BCS approach, when only the zero momentum pairs are taken into account. This situation has a particularly clear interpretation within the path integral formalism, treating the pairing field via the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation and determining it from the minimization of action (the saddle point solution). The same result can be obtained using the equation of motion (2.4), focusing on the effect of q = 0 pairs the equations (3.1), (3.2) can be solved exactly using the standard Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation. In such BCS approach, the classical superconductivity has close analogy with the superfluidity of weakly interacting bosons, whose collective sound-like mode originates from the interaction between the finitemomentum bosons and the BE condensate.
In the present context, the zero-momentum Copper pairs substantially affect the single particle excitation spectrum (and the two-body correlations as well). The single-particle Green's function G(k, τ) = −T τ 〈ĉ k↑ (τ)ĉ † k↑ 〉, whereT τ is the time ordering operator, obeys the Dyson equation (3.4) with the BCS self-energy .
The self-energy (3.5), accounting for the Andreev-type scattering of the k-momentum electrons on the Cooper pairs, can be alternatively obtained from the bubble diagram. The related spectral function with the Bogoliubov-type quasiparticle energies E k = ± ε k − µ 2 + ∆ 2 k and the spectral weights u 2 k . Let us remark that these quasiparticle branches are separated by the (true) energy gap |∆ k |. In classical superconductors, ∆ k implies the off-diagonal-long-range-order (ODLRO) that quantitatively depends on concentration of the BE condensed Cooper pairs. ODLRO is responsible for a dissipationless motion of the charge carriers and simultaneously causes the Meissner effect via the spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking.

The effect of the non-condensed pairs
In this section we shall study effect of the finite-momentum pairs existing above T c , which no longer develop any ODLRO because there is no BE condensate. Nevertheless, according to (2.4), the single and paired fermions are still mutually dependent. This fact suggests that the previous BCS form (3.5) should be replaced by some corrections originating from the finite momentum pairs. Let us denote the pair propagator by L(q, τ) = −T τ 〈b(r, τ)b † (0, 0)〉 and assume its Fourier transform in the following form where E q stands for the effective dispersion of pairs and Γ(q, ω) describes the inverse life-time. Taking into account the equation (2.4), we express the self-energy via the bubble diagram where ξ q−k = ε q−k − µ and iν n is the bosonic Matsubara frequency. Since above T c the preformed pairs are only short-range correlated [21][22][23], we impose Following T. Senthil and P.A. Lee [22,23], one can estimate the single particle Green's function G (k, ω) using the following interpolation where ∆ is the energy gap due to pairing and the other parameter Γ is related to damping of the subgap states. In the low energy limit (i.e., for |ω| ≪ ∆) the dominant contribution comes from the in-gap quasiparticle whose residue is Z ≡ 1 + ∆ 2 /(πΓ 2 ) −1 , whereas at higher energies the BCS-type quasiparticles are recovered. This selfenergy (3.10) can be derived from the microscopic considerations [42] within the two-component model, describing itinerant fermions coupled to the hard-core bosons [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50].
The other (closely relative) phenomenological ansatz [31,32] has been inferred considering the "small fluctuations" regime [26]. Experimental lineshapes of the angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy obtained for the cuprate superconductors at various doping levels and temperatures (including the pseudogap regime) amazingly well coincide with this simple formula (3.11). The gap and the phenomenological parameters Γ 0 , Γ 1 are in general momentum-dependent, but for a given direction in the Brillouin zone one can restrict only to their temperature and doping variations. From now onwards we shall focus on such antinodal region.
In the overdoped samples, Γ 0 can be practically discarded from (3.11) and the remaining parameter Γ 1 simply accounts for T -dependent broadening of the Bogoliubov peaks until they disappear just above T c . Physical origin of Γ 1 is hence related to the particle-particle scattering. On the contrary, in the underdoped regime, there exists a pseudogap up to temperatures T * which by far exceed T c . To reproduce the experimental lineshapes, one must then incorporate the other parameter Γ 0 (nonvanishing only above T c ) which is scaled by T − T c as shown in figure 1 reproduced from references [31,32]. Since Γ 0 enters the self-energy (3.11) through the BCS-type structure, its origin is related to the particle-hole scatterings.
We now inspect some consequences of the parametrization (3.11) applicable for the pseudogap regime T > T c in the underdoped cuprates. Since neither the magnitude of Γ 1 nor ∆ seem to vary over a large temperature region above T c , it is obvious that the qualitative changes are there dominated by scatterings in the particle-hole channel, i.e., due to Γ 0 . Roughly speaking, these processes are responsible for filling-in the low energy states upon increasing T as has been evidenced by ARPES [16] and STM [25] 13701-4 (T c = 83 K) sample. This fitting is adopted from references [31,32]. measurements. On a microscopic level, such changes can be assigned to scattering on the preformed pairs.
For analytical considerations, let us rewrite the complex self-energy (3.11) as where the imaginary part is In what follows we indicate that above T c the excitation spectrum can consist of altogether three different states, two of them corresponding to the Bogoliubov modes (signifying particle-hole mixing characteristic for the superconducting state) and another one corresponding to the single particle fermion states which form inside the pseudogap. These states start to appear at T = T + c and initially represent heavily overdamped modes containing infinitesimal spectral weight (see reference [22,23] for a more detailed discussion). Upon increasing temperature, their life-time gradually increases and simultaneously the ingap states absorb more and more spectral weight at the expense of the Bogoliubov quasiparticles. Finally (in the particular case considered here, this happens roughly near 2T c ) the single particle fermion states become dominant.
Anticipating the relevance of (3.11) to the strongly correlated cuprate materials, one can determine the single particle Green's function G(k, ω) and the corresponding spectral function A(k, ω). Quasiparticle energies are determined by poles of the Green's function, i.e., provided that the imaginary part Γ k (ω) disappears. We clearly see that the latter requirement cannot be satisfied for Γ 1 0 regardless of Γ 0 . Formally this means that the life-time of herein discussed quasiparticles is not infinite. Let us check these eventual (finite life-time) quasiparticle states determined through (3.14). Using the self-energy (3.11), the condition (3.14) is equivalent to   [31,32]. We notice three different crossings (3.15), two of them related to the Bogoliubov modes and additional one appearing in between.
figure 1), the broadening of these peaks increases upon approaching T c from below, albeit A(k, ω = 0) = 0.
Experimentally this process can be observed as the smearing of the coherence peaks [1].
Pseudogap regime. With the appearance of Γ 0 0 above T c , the real part of the self-energy becomes a continuous function of ω (see figure 3). Consequently, besides the Bogoliubov modes, we now obtain an additional crossing located in-between. Figure 2 shows the representative dispersion curves obtained for 1.1T c , 1.5T c , 2T c and compared with the superconducting state (dotted line). We observe either the three branches or just the single one at sufficiently high temperatures when the spectral function A(k, ω) evolves to a single peak structure.
(3.18)  Since Γ 1 does not vary above T c , the temperature dependence of Γ −1 k (ω i ) is controlled by Γ 0 . Using the experimental estimations [31,32], we thus find the qualitatively opposite temperature variations of Γ k (ω ± ) and Γ k (ω 0 ) shown in At a first glance, our conclusions seem to be in conflict with the ARPES data, which have not reported any pronounced in-gap features. Nevertheless, various studies of the pseudogap clearly revealed a rather negligible temperature dependence of ∆(T ) upon passing T c (at least for the anti-nodal areas). Instead of closing this gap, the low energy states are gradually filled-in [25]. Such a behavior can be thought as an indirect signature of the in-gap states, which for increasing temperatures absorb more and more spectral weight. To support this conjecture, we illustrate in figure 6 an ongoing transfer of the spectral weights between the Bogoliubov quasiparticles and in-gap states. Using (3.11), we show the spectral function A(k, ω) subtracting its value at T c in analogy to the detailed experimental discussion by T. Kondo et al. [16]. In-gap states emerge around ω 0 and gradually gain the spectral weight (figure 7) simultaneously increasing their life-time.
Intrinsic broadening of the in-gap states [53] unfortunately obscures their observation by the spectroscopic tools at temperatures close to T c . These states might be, however, probed indirectly. T. Senthil and P.A. Lee [22,23] suggested that such states could be responsible for the magnetooscillations observed ex-   perimentally by N. Doiron-Leyraud et al. [51,52]. They indicated that pair-coherence extending only over short spatial-and temporal length naturally implies the pair decay (scattering) into the in-gap fermion states. This line of reasoning has been also followed by some other groups [53,54].

Microscopic toy model
Pairing of the cuprate superconductors occurs on a local scale, practically between the nearest neighbor lattice sites. To account for an interplay between the paired and unpaired charge carriers taking place in the pseudogap regime we consider here the following simplified picturê σ correspond to the unpaired fermions andb ( †) to the pairs (hard-core bosons). We assume that in the pseudogap state, neither the fermions nor the hard-core boson pairs are long-living because of their mutual scattering by the Andreev charge exchange term. The same type of scattering, although in the momentum space, has been considered in reference [22,23] within the lowest order diagrammatic treatment. On a microscopic footing, the Hamiltonian (4.1) can be regarded as the effective low energy description of the plaquettized Hubbard model [47,48]. Neglecting the itinerancy of the charge carriers, we can obtain a rigorous solution for a given local cluster (not to be confused with the individual copper sites in CuO 2 planes [50]). Exact diagonalization of the Hilbert space yields the following single particle Green's function [42] Let us notice that the second term on rhs of (4.2) acquires the same structure as imposed by (3.11). In the present case, no imaginary terms appear but the structure of the Green's function (4.2) mimics the role of Γ 0 . Formally, it describes the bonding and antibonding states originating from the Andreev scattering and besides that we also have a remnant of the non-interacting propagator [ω − ε 0 ] −1 whose spectral weight is given by Z QP . The quasiparticle weight Z QP depends on occupancies of the fermion and boson levels. As an example, we explore here the symmetric (i.e., half-filled) case with ε 0 = 0 and E 0 = 0 when Z QP = 2/[3 + cosh(|∆|/k B T )] . Assuming the typical ratio |∆|/k B T c = 4, we plot in figure 7 the temperature dependence of the unpaired states contribution Z QP to the spectrum. We find a very good agreement between our simple treatment and the estimations using the self-energy (3.11). It means that the parameter Γ 0 introduced in references [31,32] and the local Andreev-type scattering considered here account for the very same particle-hole processes inducing the in-gap states. Transfer of the spectral weight from the paired to unpaired states (figure 7) confirms the qualitative agreement over a broad temperature region and the indication for the same critical point.
For more realistic comparison of the present study with the experimental data [16], one obviously has to consider the itinerant charge carriers. As a natural improvement of the local solution (4.2) we would expect the following type of Green's function where T -dependent coefficients f (q, k) should be determined via the many-body techniques. Approaching T c from above the predominant influence comes from q → 0 bosons and then we notice that (4.3) reduces to the ansatz (3.11). Such results have been recently reported from the dynamical mean field calculations for the Hubbard model [55,56].

Conclusions and outlook
We have shown that the pairing ansatz (3.11), widely used for fitting the experimental ARPES profiles, above T c corresponds to the pair scattering inducing the single particle fermion states inside the pseudogap. Temperature dependent phenomenological parameter Γ 0 is found to control the transfer of the spectral weight from the Bogoliubov quasiparticles to the unpaired in-gap states. To model such a process on a microscopic level, we have considered the scenario in which the local pairs are scattered into single fermions via the Andreev conversion [22,23,47,48,50]. We have found a unique relation between the transferred spectral weight (from the paired to unpaired quasiparticles) with the non-bonding state Z QP . It would be instructive to extend the present analysis onto the case of k-dependent energy gap. Such a problem would be closely related to the issue of Fermi arcs, i.e., partially reconstructed pieces of the Fermi surface, and to nontrivial angular dependence of the pseudogap [1].