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Distinct roles for dietary protein and amino acids in health and disease.

DOI:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000702 Dietary protein and amino acids are of vital importance for growth and to maintain tissue size and homeostasis throughout all life-stages. Amino acids should not only be seen as building blocks of protein as some of the amino acids have distinct signaling roles and metabolic properties [1]. Although amino acids are classically divided into indispensable (i.e. need to be consumed through foods) and dispensable or conditional indispensable amino acids, this classification does not differentiate amino acids on their important functions. For example, recent work has highlighted the important role of amino acids serine, and glycine as modulators of one-carbon metabolism and cell proliferation [2]. The digestibility and amino acid composition dietary proteins are important factors that modulate postprandial amino acid availability and metabolism. More effective dietary protein digestion and absorption rates in the intestine rapidly enhances plasma amino acid availability, thereby stimulating protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism. The assessment of protein digestibility of protein sources has been limited because of methodological constraints; however more recently developed stable isotope based approaches (e.g. intrinsically labelled protein) are now increasingly used in nutrition research [3]. Using these technical innovations researchers are now able to further interrogate how amino acids, derived from different dietary sources (plant vs. animal protein), modulate health and determine the effect of food processing on digestibility and amino acid delivery. Gaudichon and Calvez (pp. 55–61) summarize studies that demonstrate that plant proteins in their original food matrix are generally less digestible than animal proteins. To date, most of the studies on protein digestibility have been performed in healthy volunteers. Clearly, a there is a need to better assess the effect of gut disorders (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease) on protein bioavailability. Indeed the need to study protein digestion and metabolism is emphasized in patients with inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism. Sulfur amino acid metabolism undergoes complex regulation and in-born errors in these amino acids lead to