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Epigenetic Regulation in Leukemia Cell Differentiation

Epigenetic regulation may be one of the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling cell proliferation or differentiation. Here, we report on the use of proteomics‐based differential protein expression analysis in conjunction with quantification of histone modifications to decipher the interconnections among epigenetic modifications, their modifying enzymes or mediators, and changes in the associated pathways/networks that occur during cell differentiation. During phorbol‐12‐myristate 13‐acetate‐induced differentiation of U937 cells, fatty acid synthesis and its metabolic processing, the clathrin‐coated pit endocytosis pathway, and the ubiquitin/26 S proteasome degradation pathways were upregulated. In addition, global histone H3/H4 acetylation and H2B ubiquitination were down‐regulated concomitantly with impaired chromatin remodeling machinery, RNA polymerase II complexes, and DNA replication. Differential protein expression analysis established the networks linking histone hypoacetylation to the down‐regulated expression/activity of p300 and linking histone H2B ubiquitination to the RNA polymerase II‐associated FACT‐RTF1‐ PAF1 complex. Collectively, our approach has provided an unprecedentedly systemic set of insights into the role of epigenetic regulation in leukemia cell differentiation.