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The Philippines in ASEAN: reflections from the listening room

workers, gardeners, cooks and drivers who had to live in proximity to the city’s formal growth nodes. This occurrence speaks to Roweis and Scott’s (1980, cited in Serote 1992) urban land nexus theory, which views urban land development as an offshoot of the contrasting processes of spontaneous urbanization and deliberate urban intervention. The aggregate actions of individual firms and households and the intervention of the state (Serote 1992) shape the urban spatial patterns in many cities in the Philippines. Lastly, it would have been better if published materials cited in the text and endnotes were likewise listed in the bibliography section. At least five authors were missed out in the list of references.