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Modern Science, Philosophical Naturalism, and a De-Trivializing of Human Nature

Are humans exceptional in the animal kingdom? Both ‘yes’ and ‘no’ may be correct answers to this question. According to ordinary intuitions, we are special: (apparently) no other living organism uses smartphones or holds academic conferences. Our life seems to be by far the most complicated and sophisticated of all of the lives lived on Earth. Yet, according to the Darwinian theory of evolution through natural selection and random genetic variation, it is not differences of kind, but of degree, that exist between humans and other living creatures. Humans are a biological species with genetic inheritance that behaves within the confines of physical laws: we are no more special than, say, bats or elephants are in this sense.