{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.034623217922606926, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02172437202987101, 'mean_word_length': 5.63963963963964, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Cytotoxic and inflammatory responses of TiO2 nanoparticles on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NPs) have been widely used in many applications. Owing to their nanoscale size, interactions between cells and NPs have been expansively investigated. With the health concerns raised regarding the adverse effects of these interactions, closer examination of whether TiO2‐NPs can induce toxicity towards human cells is greatly needed. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of TiO2‐NPs towards human blood cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs]) in serum‐free medium, for which there is little information regarding the cytotoxic effects of TiO2‐NPs. Our results provide evidence that PBMCs treated with TiO2‐NPs (at concentrations ≥25 μg ml−1) for 24 h significantly reduced cell viability and significantly increased production of toxic mediators such as reactive oxygen species and inflammatory response cytokines such as interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α (P < 0.05). Cell apoptosis induction also occurred at these concentrations. Significant expressions of cyclooxygenase‐2 and interleukin‐1β were also observed in PBMCs treated with TiO2‐NPs at concentrations ≥125 μg ml−1. Our data presented here clearly indicate that the concentration of TiO2‐NPs (at size ~26.4 ± 1.2 nm) applied to human blood cells has a strong impact on cytotoxic induction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.