{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.024475524475524476, 'fraction_numerical': 0.004079254079254079, 'mean_word_length': 4.503205128205129, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Constructing the Inner Citadel: Recent Work on the Concept of Autonomy

The metaphor of an "inner citadel" was not used approvingly when Isaiah Berlin invoked it as part of his attack on the notion of positive liberty (Berlin 1969, pp. 135 ff.). And although he scoffed at the idea that there loomed within us all an inner structure representing our "true" selves, he was moved to admit that the idea of self-government that positive liberty is meant to capture is a value to be counted among the various elements of a free society. After all, can a person be said to be free or acting freely if the desires which produce those actions do not bear the pedigree of authenticity-the person's "true desires"? What account can we give of the self-critical and self-mastering capacities of a person utilized to form the desires which motivate free action? What such an account would amount to, then, is a theory of individual autonomy. And while a great deal of attention has been paid recently to this notion, much of the work done on the ideas of self-government and autonomy avoids the use of the term 'autonomy.' Nevertheless, what I wish to do in this survey is to touch on the various attempts at constructing such theories of autonomy (or what amounts to autonomy), and the resulting controversies that these have spawned. After asking whether it makes sense to talk of a single or central notion of individual autonomy at all, I will discuss some of the most influential recent theories of autonomy and the criticisms that these have faced. In Section II, I will touch on the relation of autonomy to other values (in particular utility and rights) and turn finally to the question of the value of autonomy itself.