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Maintenance Feedback Mechanisms and Limiting Factors of Post-Occupancy Evaluation in Student Resident of Higher Education Institutions in Nigeria

A hostel facility's effective functioning and performance contribute significantly to advancing knowledge and technologies for a sustainable future. Therefore, post-occupancy evaluation (POE) offers the basis for promoting construction projects' future design and construction quality. The present study thereby examines the maintenance feedback mechanisms and limiting factors of POE to address future occupants' satisfaction in selected hostels in Nigerian universities. A quantitative research design method was adopted where 340 questionnaire instruments were administered to the student's occupants and facilities managers. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics using a mean score, relative importance index, and ranking. The research findings revealed that the maintenance feedback mechanisms utilised both by the student and facilities manager respondents have direct communication channels with the relevant stakeholders. The limiting factors of POE analysed showed that non-availability of information on building facilities, the persistence of maintenance challenges in building, lack of commitment from school management, and insignificant improvement on the maintenance challenges were severe factors to be tackled in the studied hostels. Therefore, it is recommended that Nigerian universities' regulating body conduct a building performance evaluation of existing hostel facilities in Nigerian universities and update the procedures guide and physical development manual for Nigeria's university system. evaluation and obtained from the factors of management information on the impact of on POE in Nigerian


INTRODUCTION
Globally, higher education institutions (HEIs) are instituted to develop human capacity and national growth (Strelets et al., 2016). To attain these goals, HEIs demand working facilities for their operations. Aside from the spaces and facilities that support teaching and learning in HEIs, the student hall of residence, otherwise called a hostel, provides students with housing needs. Busch-Geertsema and Sahlin (2007) define a hostel as a communal facility with shared spaces possessing supervision with limited access to access that aids in building students' intellectual capacity. Vital qualities of hostels come in the form of providing a conducive learning environment, which, in turn, helps in increasing the chances of academic success (Kobue, Oke, and Aigbavboa, 2017).
Similarly, well-designed, built, and maintained hostels would provide students with a quality and dynamic indoor environment supporting and appealing to better-qualified students' enrollment into the HEIs (Najib, Yusuf, and Sani, 2012).
The establishment of hostel accommodation is traceable to the University of Oxford in the fourteenth century and later embraced at Harvard University accommodation policy . The authors further opined that the "1963 Higher Education Facilities Act" also reinforces students' housing policy in the US." Accordingly, hostels' effective functioning and performance stay meaningful in expanding knowledge, technologies, and tools to initiate an environmentally sustainable future.
Every hostel design and construction's fundamental requirements support the most healthy and comfortable indoor environment suitable for student habitation. These requirements will be defeated if the general performance conflicts with users' expectations (Mustafa, 2017). It is reported that students spent over 50% of their time in the hostels . The primary space components include bedrooms that serve to study and sleep, washrooms with bathrooms and toilets, kitchen, laundry, recreational areas, and access to internet services . These components' technical, functional, and behavioural performances are prerequisites for a conducive, comfortable, and favourable learning environment. However, irrespective of regulating and standardising the works involved in hostels' development, undesirable results still emerged. The ills may be due to designers and other construction professionals' focus on buildings' physical outlook while neglecting buildings' suitability in line with occupant's satisfaction (Jiboye, 2013).
Hostel facilities' design and construction considerations should be deemed fit for an occupation to users and perform its function in line with user satisfaction. It is reported that the lack of feedback from occupants or end-users on their changing needs and preferences to design and construction is a significant problem confronting the performance of occupied buildings (Ibem et al., 2013).
Lack of maintenance of services and facilities in hostels brings reasons for the prevalence of sick building syndrome, treat to life and property from criminal invaders, overcrowding due to "squatters" and "floaters" (Adewunmi et al., 2011).
Furthermore, the authors lament that hostels' economic potentials are often compromised because they are managed as social goods rather than commercial products for a sustainable future. Therefore, evaluating the actual users of a building on the performance through post-occupancy evaluation (POE) remains essential for improving future design and construction quality.
There are two primary goals of this study: 1. To examine the maintenance feedback mechanisms (MFMs) utilised by hostel facilities users and 2. To ascertain the limiting factors of POEs in hostel facilities in selected universities within Ogun State, Nigeria. The limiting factors are referring to barriers to the implementation of POE in hostel facilities. Therefore, understanding the link between MFMs and limiting factors of POEs in hostel facilities will help address future occupants' satisfaction in the hall of residences.

LITERATURE REVIEW
There is growing literature on the appraisal of HEI buildings using the POE technique in recent times. State-of-the-art analysis and practice review by Li, Froese, and Brager (2018) of POE in buildings indicate that HEI buildings are among the most popular research interests besides residential and office buildings. Reasons given by the authors centred on the rising interest of people spending most of their time living, working, and studying in these buildings.
Researchers have evaluated indoor climatic conditions of operating temperature, relative humidity, daylight ratio luminance, air velocity, and indoor noise level as significant factors relating to POE in hostel facilities (Dahlan et al. 2009;Dhaka et al. 2013;Bonde and Ramirez,2015;Alborz and Berardi, 2015).
However, these factors are design-related issues but require continuous improvement during the building occupation. Hence the need for their assessment through the POE technique. The authors view that hostel building in HEIs and its environment should prioritise efficient functioning and productivity.
However, the rapid expansion and proliferation of academic programs in Nigerian universities without corresponding hostel facilities placed a considerable burden on achieving a good learning environment (Olatunji, 2013). This scenario has brought unethical methods of learning. At the same time, the prime cause of this menace, as posits by Olatunji (2013), is mismanagement of funds, lack of maintenance culture, and uprising student population in the Nigerian context.
Hostel facilities in various regions have been studied through the POE method to obtain satisfaction feedback from student occupants within the past decade.
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) parameters were chiefly studied either by objective or subjective measurements or by combining both methods (Dahlan et al., 2009;Dhaka et al., 2013). Several works of literature (Zuhaib, Manton, Griffin, Hajdukiewicz, Keane, and Goggins, 2018;Tang, Ding, and Singer, 2020;Akanmu, Nunayon, and Eboson, 2020;Sadick, Kpamma, and Agyefi-Mensah, 2020) have used the acronym "IEQ" to represent Indoor Environmental Quality in assessing the human comfort and satisfaction in buildings. Zuhaib et al. (2018) defined IEQ "as the suitable levels of thermal, visual, acoustic, and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) environments." The authors opined that four physical environmental factors that affect the thermal environment are air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, and relative humidity.
On the other hand, clothing value and metabolic rate are regarded as personal factors. The visual environment is measured subjectively based on illumination, luminance and brightness, luminous range, and menace of glare. Furthermore, the acoustic environment is a measure of speech privacy and satisfactory sound levels. Finally, IAQ is expressed in terms of ventilation and carbon dioxide concentrations. Thus, lack of attention to IEQ issues could lead to low academic performance and higher medical bills of students, and a poor reputation to the University.
In Malaysia, utilising the POE method in hostels, Dahlan et al. (2009)  In Hong Kong,  investigated the POE of a nine-year-old 22 storey hostel building in Hong Kong university using walkthroughs and focus group meetings while adopting theory-based gap analysis. Another study in this region by Dhaka et al. (2013) embraced the objective and subjective methods of investigation on students' thermal comfort residing in six naturally ventilated hostels in India.
The operating temperature was recorded as one of the thermal factors in conflict with Indian national standards and students' perceptions. In the US region, Bonde and Ramirez (2015) conducted a POE study using a semistructured interview that formed general questions for occupancy surveys administered online to students' occupants. Their study aimed to compare the differences in indoor environment between green and conventional halls of residence in the University of Arizona. A similar survey by Aborz and Berardi (2015) developed a framework for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED-certified higher education building in the US. Their study findings show that energy, water, and IEQ factors were the most adopted sustainability ratings in building without mandating occupants' feedback. Finally, a POE study by  assessed students' quality of housing facilities in top Saudi Arabian universities. Mixed research methods of walkthrough questionnaire surveys and focus group meetings were used to acquire data for students' satisfaction levels.
Nigerian researchers have also made useful contributions in POE studies towards hostel facilities. In this direction, Amole (2009) inferred that a student's hostel's morphological configuration significantly influences residential satisfaction. Similarly, Okolie and Shakantu (2012) substantiated that some HEI buildings in Nigeria are not fit for purpose, emanating from the lack of a structured system for measuring completed buildings' performance. In this paper, the term "fit for purpose" tends to be used to refer to non-value addition to the learning and working experience between users and buildings. Researchers have not treated MFMs utilised by hostel facilities users and the limiting factors of POEs in hostel facilities in much detail from the studies mentioned above. More of the POE studies on university buildings have been concentrated on the indoor climatic environment. This study pinpointed global MFMs and limiting factors of POEs concerning hostel facilities, thus obtaining pragmatic variables that can enhance students' satisfaction levels in Nigeria's tropical region. The present study's focus is not on the measurement of users' satisfaction levels. Still, there is a common notion that occupants are more satisfied in buildings with a high attribute of a maintenance management system.
Researchers have established a positive relationship between POE and MFMs in construction projects focusing on energy performance, IEQ, and users' comfort and productivity in the last five decades. Interestingly, there is a suggestion by Bordass and Leaman (2005) to make POE and feedback an important routine in every occupied building facility. Feedbacks provide insight into the operations of a building facility in use enabling the client to acquire more information for future project investment. Furthermore, the design and construction team learn what to do and how to deliver improved products to their clients through MFMs reports. The facilities managers are poised to master MFMs techniques which are pivotal in improving their services and helping to ensure professional competence. Therefore, the outcome of this study demonstrates that the studied MFMs factors addressed POE concerns in the hall of residences in the Nigerian universities. The data analysis allowed establishing a relationship evaluation between MFMs results and those obtained from the limiting factors of POEs in hostel facilities. Also, the study provided students, built environment professionals, university management relevant information on the impact of MFMs on POE practices in the Nigerian HEIS.

Concept of POE
POE is one of the widely discussed themes in the building maintenance and facilities management field. From the earlier publications by Preiser et al. (1978), the built environment scientists and other related disciplines have investigated this concept in numerous papers and projects, highlighting its benefits and likely development. However, to date, end-users satisfaction and requirements in occupied buildings are still neglected, arising from a lack of POE assessment. This setback may be linked to the unwillingness of construction stakeholders to advance the POE concept during the procurement stage, the absence of POE in HEIs and professional bodies curricula, financial burden responsibility, and professional liability (Hadjri & Crozier, 2009). Despite the challenges, it is well documented that POE presents a holistic approach towards gathering and disseminating information pertinent to all stakeholders within a building life cycle.
Therefore, the piece of information obtained could be beneficial to a particular stakeholder in various circumstances.
A popular definition is given by Preiser et al. (1988) defined POE "as a more specific process of systematic data collection, analysis, and comparison with explicitly stated performance criteria about the occupied built environment." Ishak, Martosenjoyo, Beddu, and Latif (2020) averred that POE understanding lies in understanding space's performance according to its technical aspect (spatial elements and space conditioning elements) and the functional aspects of end-user comfort regarding circulation and space planning. The diverse definitions of POE have generated fragmented interpretation of POE in academic and professional communities resulting in poor POE implementation in building projects. Thus, this study addresses POE as a detailed independent assessment of an occupied building's architectural, technical, and sociopsychological concerns via the end-users lens.
In achieving the POE concept, three major methodologies have been propagated in the literature. These methodologies include indicative, investigative, and diagnostic. Indicative involves the quick walkthrough evaluation involving the key personnel while adopting a structured interview, group meeting with end-users, and inspectors. The investigative POE requires an in-depth analysis of user's requirements using interviews and questionnaires on several similar buildings. Also, diagnostic POE tends to be broader when compared with indicative and investigative POEs. It considers some facilities having a similar feature while adopting various relevant technologies and human behavioural research methods. Further merits of this type of POE are its ability to produce high validity and generalizability of data and the potential to be converted to public guidelines (Hadjri & Crozier, 2009). Although various authors have suggested other methodologies in approaching POE, their identified methods are still a reflection of Preiser (1995) and Preiser et al. (1998) methods (see Hadjri & Crozier, 2009).
Evidence has shown that applying the POE methodologies in built environment facilities has given rise to improving the technical, functional, and behavioural performances of building facilities and end-users needs, respectively (Ishak et al., 2020). In specific terms, POE provides:  useful information that will argue the desire for continuous improvement;  improvement of design and construction skills;  improvement of the commissioning phase  improvement of user requirements;  improvement of management techniques; and  knowledge base for design and construction guides and regulatory practices (Hadjri & Crozier, 2009).
Therefore, POE will be beneficial to the users, owners of buildings, government, and built environment professionals working on a similar building.
In addressing POE, feedback remains a vital evaluation tool for improving future construction projects' services. The relevance of this tool was well emphasised in the RIBA handbook (RIBA, 1965). The broad use of the term "feedback" is sometimes equated to POE, emphasising the continual improvement of facilities and dexterity of built environment personnel in achieving the client's desire.
Cambridge Advanced Learners English Dictionary defined feedback as "information or statements of opinion about something, such as a new product, that can tell you if it is successful or liked." The opinion could be positive or negative obtained through forms, questionnaires, or surveys. For construction projects, feedback can be viewed as "learning from what you are doing or from what you and others have done to understand where you are and to inform and improve what you are about to do" (Bordass, Leaman & Eley, 2006). Thus, feedback mechanisms in the POE context are techniques by which information in an in-use construction project's requirements can be obtained.
In carrying out feedback in construction projects, Bordass, Leaman, and Eley (2006) explained four feedback mechanisms that can be adopted. These mechanisms are observation, questionnaires, interviews, facilitated discussions, physical monitoring, measurement, and performance statistics analysis.
Observation involves the walkthrough activity in a building either by an individual or as a group using subjective (discussions and visual inspection) and objective (physical measurement). Questionnaires and interviews expand the feedback mechanisms' scope by obtaining information through structured questionnaires and interviews, giving valuable insight into standards. Facilitated discussions are an organised forum where experience and insight at the start of a project can be shared and reviewed. Although the slight of this system lies in the ill-feeling, the discussions can generate. Physical measurement and analysis of performance statistics consist of objective measurement of factors pertinent to the assignment and subsequent interpretation of acquired results. These mechanisms are similar to the POE methodologies of Preiser (1995).
Ofide, Jimoh, and Achuenu (2015) utilised a questionnaire containing six grouped complaints channels and three grouped hostel users to which complaints can be channelled in examining maintenance practices of HEIs in Nigeria. The complaints channels studied are memo, telephone, job requisition cards/forms, memo and job requisition cards/forms, telephone, and memo. On the other hand, the hostel users to which complaints can be made are school secretary/faculty officer/hall officer; school secretary/faculty officer/hall officer and students; staffs and students; and head of department and school, secretary/faculty officer/hall officer. There are similarities between the identified variables and the POE methods found in the literature. Therefore, the current study expanded the variables used by  in arriving at fourteen MFM factors studied here.

Limiting factors to POE implementation
Studies have reported major setbacks militating against the proliferation of POE in building projects. Hadjri & Crozier (2009)  fear of no guarantee of no return on investment when POE is budgeted;  bureaucracy originating from top management that may impose unnecessary evaluation system rather than developing a system that will bring mutual understanding among the project team; and  lack of knowledge management that relies on POE that is still relatively new within the construction industry.
Furthermore, Okolie and Shakantu (2012) argued similar POE constraints while assessing Nigerian universities' building performance evaluation practices. The constraints of POE identified include:  the lack of POE in the Nigerian universities stemmed from the lack of awareness and low perception of POE by construction stakeholders;  lack of funding and skilled personnel to conduct POE assessment; and  absence of POE database. Therefore, the current study drew on the POE barriers identified by Hadjri andCrozier (2009), Stevenson (2009), and Okolie and Shakantu (2012) and adapted them in the current study.

RESEARCH METHODS
This section outlines the procedures adopted in achieving the aim and The data collected in this study were analysed using descriptive statistics. Initially, the descriptive statistics used were frequency distribution and percentages.
These effectively knew the respondents' delivery in line with their institution affiliations, years of working experience, and academic qualifications for facilities managers. On the part of student respondents, institution affiliations, the discipline of study, and the study level were characterised. Furthermore, mean scores, relative importance index, and ranking of the MFMs, and limiting factors of POE were used in measuring the performances of the hostel facilities. The results of these analyses are presented using frequencies, stacked bar charts, and tables for easier understanding by readers.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To examine the MFMs and limiting factors of POEs in hostel facilities in Southwestern Nigeria, it is pertinent to survey the real users of hostel facilities. An appraisal of the background characteristics of the hostel facilities users was carried out. Figure 1 shows the participation levels of students from the three studied universities. From Figure 1, most of the students came from BELLSTECH (44%) and FUNNAB (41%), while the least came from TASUED (15%). Figure 2 shows the discipline of the study of student respondents. Figure 2 shows that most students studied engineering (46%) and social science/ management (26%). The level of study is shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3, most of the students are in 100 level (37%) and 200 and 200 levels (27%), respectively. The discipline and level of studies analysed here highlight the discipline and level with dominance statistics in the present paper.

Demographic data of facilities managers
The characteristics of the facilities managers were evaluated. These categories of staff are the non-academic staff and professionals in the maintenance department of the universities. Figure 4 shows the highest educational qualification of the respondents. From Figure 4, most of the facilities managers had a higher national diploma and bachelor's degree (70%). This result indicates that the respondents had the required academic qualification to respond adequately to the research instrument's questions. The hostel work experience of the facilities managers is shown in Figure 5. In Figure 5, 45% had within 1-5 years of working experience, 30% had between 6-10 years of working experience, and 25% had between 11-15 years of working experience. The respondent's length of service was sufficient to have adequate knowledge about the maintenance works, and the building facilities' personnel can give reliable answers to the questions. Figure 6 shows the professional background of the facilities managers. From Figure 6, the facilities managers have experience in built environment training. Hence, an indication that they possess the required maintenance facilities knowledge across the three investigated universities. region to steer the effective and maintenance practices in hostel buildings to improve user satisfaction. This study's exceptionality uses actual users to identify the MFMs that will be incorporated in future renovation/maintenance works and hostel management.  with a mean score of 3.04 by FUNNAB and TASUED respectively, "the management involving occupants in observation reports on the status of the building," ranked first with a mean score of 3.36 by TASUED, fifth with a mean score of 3.05 by FUNNAB and seventh with a mean score of 3.04 by BELLSTECH.

MFMs utilised by hostel Users in the perspective of students'
The MFMs ranked lowest by the student occupants were "through email," ranked thirteenth with a mean score of 2.58 for BELLSTECH, eleventh with a mean score of 2.69 for TASUED. Similarly, "online maintenance portal" ranked thirteenth with a mean score of 2.58 by the BELLSTECH, ranked twelfth with a mean score of 2.95 by FUNNAB. The study wanted further to identify the MFMs factors that would have a higher impact on the maintenance of hostel facilities in the three universities. Extraction was done using cross-tabulation on the 14 MFMs. The cross-tabulation of the result from Table 2 revealed that all the student respondents ranked "occupants reports can help define the scope of maintenance works" first with a mean score of 3.15, "through the hall manager" and "verbal reports of faults" ranked second respectively with mean scores of 3.13. The lowest-ranked factors are "through suggestion box," ranked twelfth with a mean score of 2.90, "through email," ranked thirteenth with a mean score of 2.77, and "online maintenance portal" ranked fourteenth with a mean score of 2.65. These findings implied that the student occupants have direct communication with the facility's maintenance staff. This phenomenon could be a vital tool in promptly addressing faults and user's information in the evaluation process of maintenance works. The findings agree with Okuntade (2014) that the building's deterioration can be addressed with essential information on the defects and faults from users.  Table 3 presents the facilities manager's mean score rating of the MFMs for the adoption in hostel facilities based on the 5-point Likert scale used. The result in Table 4 was subsequently ranked accordingly. The result from Table 3 revealed that MFM, like " Verbal report of faults," ranked first for all the studied HEIs with mean scores of 3.80, 4.13, and 3.36 by BELLSTECH, FUNNAB and TASUED respectively, " Through the Hall Manager, "ranked second with mean scores of 3.40, 4.50 and 3.29 by BELLSTECH, FUNNAB, and TASUED respectively. "Occupants and facility management team should regularly have interactive forum" ranked fifth with a mean score of 3.36 by BELLSTECH, ranked third by FUNNAB and TASUED with mean scores of 3.38 and 3.14 respectively. The MFMs ranked lowest by the facility managers were through "email," ranked fourteenth by BELLSTECH and TASUED with mean scores of 2.20 and 2.00, respectively. FUNNAB facility managers ranked "through email" sixth with a mean score of 3.00. Similarly, "online maintenance portal" ranked thirteenth with a mean score of 2.20 by the BELLSTECH, ranked fourteenth with a mean score of 2.38 by FUNNAB, and ranked seventh with a mean score of 2.43 by TASUED. "Through other University Management Officers" ranked tenth by BELLSTECH with a mean score of 2.40, thirteenth by FUNNAB with a mean score of 2.50, and eleventh by TASUED with a mean score of 2.29. Extraction was done using cross-tabulation on the 14 MFMs to identify the MFMs factors that would significantly influence the studied HEIs. The cross-tabulation of the result presented in Table 4 revealed that all the facilities managers respondents ranked "verbal reports" first with a mean score of 3.95, "through the hall manager" ranked second with a mean score of 3.40, written reports of faults was ranked third a mean score of 3.25. The facilities managers ranked "defining the scope of maintenance works by occupants' reports and "The occupants and facility management team should regularly have interactive forum" factors fourth with mean scores of 3.20, respectively.

MFMs utilised by hostel Users in the perspective of facilities managers
The lowest-ranked factors are "through an interactive forum," ranked eleventh with a mean score of 2.50, "through email," and "through other university management officers simultaneously ranked twelfth with mean scores of 2.40, respectively. "Through an online maintenance portal" ranked the least with a mean score of 2.35 by BELLSTECH, FUNNAB, and TASUED. These findings implied that the end-users must have a physical communication channel for the report of any concern on the studied facilities and in line with those found in the literature (Hadjri & Crozier, 2009;Stevenson, 2009). The limiting factors to the POE of hostel facilities.
The study sought to know the limiting POE factors restricting the POE method's implementation in hostel facilities, as shown in Tables 5 and 7. Facilities managers and students were required to rate the 13 identified factors in the order of their agreement derived from a 5-point Likert scale. The results in Tables   5 and 7 were subsequently ranked accordingly. From the tables, most of the limiting factors of POE in the hostels greatly influence hostel facilities' maintenance outcomes in the selected Nigerian universities.

The limiting factors to the POE of hostel facilities in the student perspective
For the student respondents, the results in Table 5 revealed that out of 13 of the most identified limitations investigated, "major maintenance challenges persistence in building" ranked first with a mean score of 3.34 by FUNNAB, ranked second with a mean score of 3.59 by BELLSTECH and ranked fourth with a mean score of 3.62 by TASUED. "Poor feedback mechanism" was ranked fourth with a mean score of 3.10 by FUNNAB, ranked seventh with a mean score of 3.49 by BELLSTECH, and ranked ninth with a mean score of 3.38 by TASUED, "slow response to the rate of maintenance works" was ranked fifth with a mean score of 3.49 by BELLSTECH and FUNNAB and ranked sixth by TASUED Extraction was also done using cross-tabulation on the 13 limiting POE factors.
The cross-tabulation of the result in Table 6 showed that student respondents ranked "major maintenance challenges persistence in building" ranked first with a mean score of 3.49, "non-availability of information on building facilities" ranked second with a mean score of 3.40, and "insignificant improvement in the maintenance challenges experienced" ranked third with a mean score of 3.38.  The limiting factors to the POE of hostel facilities in the facilities managers perspective.
For the facilities managers respondents, the results in Table 7 revealed that out of 13 of the most identified limitations investigated, "non-availability of information on building facilities" ranked first with mean scores of 3.64, 3.86, and 4.25 by BELLSTECH, FUNNAB, and TASUED, respectively. "Lack of commitment from school management" ranked second with mean scores of 3.20 and 3.63 by BELLSTECH and TASUED, respectively, while FUNNAB ranked it fourth with a mean score of 2.71. "Ineffective maintenance work " was ranked fourth with a mean score of 3.00 by BELLSTECH, ranked second with a mean score of 3.14 by FUNNAB, and ranked third with a mean score of 3.50 by TASUED.
The lowest-ranked limiting factors are "lack of communication between the maintenance officers and occupants" simultaneously ranked eleventh by BELLSTECH, FUNNAB, and TASUED with mean scores of 2.20, 2.29 and 2.63, respectively. "unavailability of maintenance officers to retrieve occupants' reports" ranked twelfth with a mean score of 2.20, ranked seventh with a mean score of 2.57 by FUNNAB, ranked ninth with a mean score of 3.00 by TASUED.
Insufficient knowledge on the benefits of post-occupancy evaluation" ranked thirteenth with a mean score of 1.8 by BELLSTECH, ranked fourth with a mean score of 2.71, and ranked sixth with a mean score of 3.31 by TASUED. These findings established a lack of commitment for the advancement of POE on the studied hostel facilities. The findings conformed to Hadjri and Crozier (2009), and Stevenson (2009) identified POE limiting factors. The cross-tabulation of the result as seen in Table 8 showed that facilities manager respondents ranked "non-availability of information on building facilities" first with a mean score of 3.90, "major maintenance challenges persistence in buildings" ranked second with a mean score of 3.30, and "ineffective maintenance work" ranked third with a mean score of 3.25. In contrast, "lack of commitment from school management" ranked fourth with a mean score of 3.2. On the lowest-ranked POE limiting factors, facilities manager respondent's ranked "lack of communication between the maintenance officers and the occupants" eleventh with a mean score of 2.40, "insignificant improvement in maintenance challenges experienced in the new building" ranked twelfth with a mean score of 2.35 and "lack of records on users complaints and needs" ranked thirteenth with a mean score of 2.20 as lowest factors. The findings implied the need for proper awareness and interest of POE among built environment stakeholders. These results agree with Okolie and Shakantu (2012) on the POE database's effectiveness in building maintenance works.

Conclusion and Recommendations
The study examined the MFMs and limiting factors of POEs for addressing future occupant's satisfaction in the selected hall of residences in Nigerian universities.
The study revealed the MFMs that have a significant influence on the This study's input to knowledge is demonstrated in identifying MFMs relevant to hostel facilities needed for providing a conducive learning environment. It also discovers specific factors hindering the actualisation of the POE technique in hostel accommodation, leading to exploiting its benefits in the future design, construction, and maintenance of the hostels. Therefore, the findings of this study anticipated adding to the relevance of the verbal and written feedback channels of POE in addressing maintenance issues in hostel facilities. It furthers the gains of end-users involvement in achieving POE goals. It adds to the awareness of POE practices in the Nigerian HEIs and the growing literature on POE in hostel facilities from the standpoint of a developing country.