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Review of the latest treatments for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Chronic hyperglycemia leads to the development of the neurovascular disease known as diabetic retinopathy. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the most advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy and is diagnosed with the onset of neovascularization (NV). Understanding the pathophysiology of NV and monitoring the disease using advanced diagnostic instruments is essential in providing timely treatment. While the standard treatment for PDR is panretinal photocoagulation, new pharmaceutical approaches, such as anti-VEGF treatments, may promote rapid regression of NV. Recent enhancements in vitrectomy techniques have improved post-operative recovery and overall surgical outcomes for the late complications of PDR. This article is a comprehensive review of the latest treatments for the management of PDR.