{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0466704610130905, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01195219123505976, 'mean_word_length': 4.979591836734694, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
N-desmethyl-Loperamide Is Selective for P-Glycoprotein among Three ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier

[11C]N-desmethyl-Loperamide ([11C]dLop) is used in positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the in vivo activity of efflux transporters that block the passage of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. The three most prevalent ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier are P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mrp1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). We sought to measure the selectivity of dLop among these three transporters. The selectivity of dLop at low concentrations (≤1 nM) was measured both as the accumulation of [3H]dLop in human cells that overexpress each transporter and as the uptake of [11C]dLop in brains of mice that lack genes encoding P-gp, Mrp1, or BCRP. The selectivity of dLop at high concentrations (≥20 μM) was measured as the inhibition of uptake of a fluorescent substrate and the change in cytotoxicity of drugs effluxed at each transporter. Accumulation of [3H]dLop was lowest in cells overexpressing P-gp, and the uptake of [11C]dLop was highest in brains of mice lacking P-gp. At high concentrations, dLop selectively inhibited P-gp function and also decreased the resistance of only the P-gp-expressing cells to cytotoxic agents. dLop is selective for P-gp among these three transporters, but its activity is dependent on concentration. At low concentrations (≤1 nM), dLop acts only as a substrate; at high concentrations (≥20 μM), it acts as both a substrate and an inhibitor (i.e., a competitive substrate). Because low concentrations of radiotracer are used for PET imaging, [11C]dLop acts selectively and only as a substrate for P-gp.