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Discovery of the Major Mechanism of Global Warming and Climate Change

Statistical analysis of the number of destructive earthquakes versus global temperature and greenhouse gases revealed very significant correlations. The motion of the North Pole, deduced from the geomagnetic polar shift data, is highly correlated with major earthquakes. This is an indication that the frequent occurrence of major earthquakes had increased earth’s obliquity and induced global warming and possibly emission of greenhouse gases. It was shown by a simple model developed here that seismic-induced oceanic force could enhance the obliquity leading to increased solar radiative flux on earth. The increase of the absorbed solar radiation due to polar tilt was also confirmed by SOLRAD model which computed a net gain of solar radiative forcing due to enhanced obliquity. SOLRAD also revealed a poleward gain of solar radiative flux which could have facilitated the observed polar amplification of global warming. Multiple regression analysis also showed that polar shift and solar irradiance played a major role in the temperature rise and CO2 increase in recent years. The analysis showed that obliquity change due to North Pole shift and total solar irradiance accounted for 63.5% and 36.4% respectively, while CO2 changes accounted for 0.1% of the observed global warming. Preliminary simulations conducted with EdGCM climate model also showed that enhanced obliquity increases the absorbed solar radiative flux, surface air and ocean temperatures, and decreases ocean ice cover. This study confirmed in several ways that earthquake-perturbed obliquity change, and not greenhouse effect, is the major mechanism governing the present global warming and climate change problem.


INTRODUCTION
Many disasters presently occurring on earth are climate-related. Few people realize that earthquakes, and their potential impact on the rotation of the earth on its axis, have something to do with the global warming and climate change problem. Early in the 19th century [1], studied the possible impact of earth's tilt (i.e. obliquity) on the global climate and found that several 'thermal days' would result when the earth is tilted further and this would cause the global temperature to rise with associated changes in sea level and vegetation near the poles. At present, rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) due to anthropogenic sources had been blamed as the major factor triggering the global warming and climate change problem [2]. However, the anthropogenic input of CO 2 is a mere 3% of the global load as compared to the 97% input of natural sources emanating from the permafrost regions, oceans and the continents [3]. In addition, the observed increase of CO 2 concentrations from anthropogenic and natural sources cannot explain the increasing number of destructive earthquakes and volcanic eruptions *Address corresponding to this author at the Hymetocean Peers Co. Antipolo City, Philippines; Tel: +632-646573; Fax: +632-6465730; E-mails: paulcrivera2@yahoo.com, pcrivera@gmail.com presently occurring in many regions on earth. Recent studies also found that global warming could be the cause of the increasing CO 2 concentrations due to increasing respiration flux of surface soils as temperature rises [4]. Using Global Climate Models, it was shown that natural forcing due to volcanic activity and solar radiation cannot account for the observed global warming after 1970 [5]. It was pointed out that the observed warming during the last part of the 20 th century could not be explained by natural sources alone and that the combined influence of greenhouse gases and natural factors including volcanics, solar radiation, and sulfate aerosols could explain the observed warming trend. However, the possible change of the earth's tilt on its axis (i.e. short-term obliquity change), as a natural cause of global warming was neglected in the global climate simulations. A major part of the problem can be traced from the accepted 41,000-year periodicity of the obliquity as previously established under the Milankovitch astronomical theory of climate change. The cyclical change of obliquity is thus too long and global climate models do not assume short-term annual variability and generally consider a constant obliquity.
It is a long-established fact that the obliquity of the earth causes the seasons to change leading to shortterm seasonal variability of the climate. The obliquity of the planet earth had been estimated in the early 20 th century by Milankovitch to vary from 22.1-24.5° and that the present trend is a declining phase from the average tilt of 23.44°. However, more accurate astrophysical modeling conducted in [6] suggested that the earth's obliquity ranges from 19-28.4° from the ecliptic. The new planetary model is based on the Hermite Integrator with Individual Time-step Scheme (HITS), a numerically more accurate method as compared with the conventional method used in the early 20 th century by Milankovitch. It was pointed out that the moon, sun and the planets of the solar system can affect the obliquity of the earth through external torques. Laskar et al. found that the moon can regulate the global climate by limiting the value of the earth's obliquity [7]. It is possible however, that the obliquity of the planet earth can change in the short-term as a result of the dynamic variation of oceanic pressure within the planet itself. The Chandler wobble, which puzzled scientists for a century, proves that the polar motion and small planetary tilt can change almost every year (i.e. once every 1.2 years) due to physical changes in the oceans. NASA confirmed that changes in the earth's obliquity due to the Chandler wobble is largely due to the changing pressure and salinity distribution at the bottom of the oceans (www.jpl.nasa.gov) [8]. It is therefore possible that earthquake-induced tsunamis and the associated strong pressure and force in the oceans could also alter the planetary obliquity. A major earthquake (e.g. the December 2004 temblor off western Sumatra) could impart a very strong pressure in the ocean bottom and trigger a series of destructive tsunami waves [9]. The seismic-generated oceanic pressure, torque and force due to the great earthquake could change the planetary obliquity by altering the lunar force of attraction on earth.
The main objective of this study is to determine the major cause of the global warming and climate change problem and to determine the relative contributions of the climate predictors using available observations. The impact of forced axial tilting of the earth and the possible cause of the enhanced obliquity are considered. A new theoretical model of obliquity change is presented in this paper. Available observations of major earthquakes and motion of the geomagnetic poles are used to determine the change in the earth's obliquity. To prove the enhanced planetary obliquity, a simple measurement technique is proposed. Coupled with observed changes in solar irradiance, time-series analysis of the dataset is performed using multiple regression to determine the relative contributions of the major factors affecting the global climate. The impact of the enhanced obliquity on the global climate was also simulated using the EdGCM global climate model (www.edgcm.columbia.edu) [10]. The model results are compared to available observations to determine if the assumed natural forcing could indeed be the major cause of the temperature rise and abrupt climate change problem presently occurring on earth.

Data Sources and Statistical Analysis
A simple measurement technique is proposed in this study to determine the enhanced obliquity of the planet. To determine the effect of enhanced obliquity, a theoretical solar radiation model (SOLRAD) was also applied. The model was run with different obliquity values to determine the associated change in the radiative flux received by the earth. Preliminary climate simulations using the Education Global Climate Model (EdGCM) were also conducted to determine the impact of enhanced obliquity on the major climate parameters particularly surface air temperature. The results are compared with available observations. Data on the number of major earthquakes were obtained from the public domain (www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki) [11,12]. On the other hand, data on global temperature, CO 2 and other GHG concentrations, and Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) were obtained from the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (www.ncdc.noaa.gov) [13]. The motion of the geomagnetic North Pole and estimated obliquity was obtained from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of NOAA (www.ngdc.noaa.gov) [14]. Statistical analyses such as linear correlation and multiple regression were used on the various climate parameters. Strength of relationships between the various climate parameters was deduced from the resulting correlation coefficients and standard errors. The absolute contributions (i.e. attribution) of the major climate factors on global warming were determined using multiple regression.

The Role of Major Earthquakes on Obliquity Change and Polar Shift
Time-series analysis of earthquake count revealed that the number of destructive earthquakes showed an abrupt rise before the turn of the millenium. In addition, the geomagnetic polar shift data showed a possible increase of the planetary obliquity which coincided with the increase of major earthquakes. The data on the motion of the geomagnetic poles had been derived from ship log data since 1590 and recorded by the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The observed shift of the geomagnetic North Pole since 1880 is indicative that the geographic North Pole may have actually shifted southwards. Because of the suddenness of the polar shift (i.e. 14º from 1900-2010), the proposed northward motion of the geomagnetic North Pole from Arctic Canada towards Russia might actually indicate that the geographic North Pole has shifted southwards. Thus, the obliquity might have increased and reversed the Milankovitchpredicted trend. The planetary obliquity from the conventional Milankovitch theory should show a very gradual decreasing trend from the present mean of about 23.45°. The polar shift data, however, showed a very abrupt change in the location of the geomagnetic North Pole. From the polar shift data, the obliquity change was estimated from the annual and decadal changes of the recorded latitude position of the geomagnetic North Pole. The obliquity change which was computed from the decadal change of the latitudinal position of the magnetic North Pole and the number of major earthquakes (EC) are shown together in Figure 1 (left). The result revealed that the obliquity change started to increase dramatically since 1970. This obliquity change is linearly related to the number of major earthquakes plus a constant (Figure 1, right). As the data showed, the recorded number of major earthquakes increased abruptly during the same period. Since 1995, the increase in the obliquity change is very evident and so is the number of major earthquakes. It should be noted that an 'internal' torque is exerted during an earthquake within the lithosphere and the hydrosphere including the oceans (i.e. the rise in tsunami occurrence since 1990 is obvious). Therefore, major earthquakes could perturb the earth's axis and might have caused the sudden polar motion as shown by the polar shift data. With an everincreasing number of destructive earthquakes, the effect of external torques from distant planets on the motion of the earth's axis could be outweighed by internal torques.
Based on the NGDC data, the annual obliquity values were then computed from the sum of the mean obliquity of 23.4º and the decadal change of the latitudinal position of the geomagnetic North Pole. As shown in Figure 2, the estimated obliquity and the latitudinal shift of the geomagnetic North Pole is highly correlated with the number of major earthquakes (r 2 = 0.978 and r 2 = 0.90). Chao and Iz was the first to conduct a statistical test to correlate the occurrence of earthquake with polar motion but only a weak correlation was found during the period 1977-1991 [15]. With a longer data set used in this study, the relationship between the earth's obliquity (OBL) and the number of destructive earthquakes (EC) was found to be highly correlated (Figure 2, left) and represented by a simple equation of the form: Remarkably, the obliquity is equal to the presentday value of 23.4º if there were no major earthquakes (i.e. EC = 0). This implies that a major shift in the geomagnetic North Pole and consequently the geographic North Pole, could have resulted from internal torques during earthquakes. The effect of external torques from other planets on the planetary obliquity has been shown by Milankovitch to vary within a period 41,000 years.
where NP is the observed latitudinal shift of the magnetic North Pole in degrees. Similar to the estimated obliquity, the NP shift reverts to an average constant value, if there were no major earthquakes (e.g. EC = 0). It is very likely therefore, that the polar motion (geomagnetic and geographic North Pole) was largely driven by major earthquakes. The geographic North Pole has shifted southwards and so the planetary obliquity has increased. The enhanced obliquity of earth is shown below to have a considerable influence on the global climate due to the associated net gain in the solar radiative flux absorbed by the planet.
Since major earthquakes were shown to have triggered the polar motion and obliquity change of the planet, the data do not show any clear periodicity. Major earthquakes were just shown by the data to have occurred more frequently during the second half of the 20 th century. The sudden increase in the number of destructive earthquakes must have triggered the abrupt change in the earth's obliquity owing to the altered angular momentum and oceanic torques imparted by earthquakes and tsunamis on the predominantly fluid earth, leading to a reversal of the Milankovitch-trend in the planetary obliquity.

New Earthquake-Perturbed Obliquity Change (EPOCH) Model
Earthquakes produce a counteracting force against the earth's normal rotation which is manifested in certain ways including the generation of trans-oceanic mega-tsunamis and the release of tremendous pressure at the seabed. Using a new tsunami generation model [9,16], a very strong oceanic force and associated torque or angular momentum was calculated from the giant submarine quake that generated the Asian Tsunami of December 26, 2004 in the Indian Ocean. The strong pressure from the submarine quake generated a horizontal water current motion whose strength was dictated by the earthquake moment magnitude and focal depth, the oceanic buoyancy frequency, and the slope of the ruptured seabed across the fault line (Figure 3). The seismicinduced total oceanic force is equivalent to the sum of the hydrostatic force and the earthquake-induced lateral collision force. The newly proposed tsunami generation mechanism was corroborated and concluded that the great tsunami was largely generated by a strong lateral collision force of the continental slope and the ocean column as shown by independent evidence from seismographs, satellite radar altimeters, and tide gauges in the region [17,18]. The series of tsunami waves that were generated initially rushed westward and subsequently encircled the globe through the major oceans. This created an imbalance on the existing lunar force of attraction on earth and acted to tilt the earth further, reversing the Milankovitch-predicted decreasing obliquity trend.  Figure 3: A strong westward oceanic force during major earthquakes counters the normal rotation of the earth. The seismic-induced total oceanic force is equivalent to the sum of the hydrostatic force and the lateral collision force that triggers a mega-tsunami [9,16].

Computed Obliquity Change Due to Earthquake-Induced Oceanic Force
The great Asian earthquake and tsunami of December 2004 occurred during a period of earth's maximum tilt from the sun and towards the moon (i.e. December 26, 2004 was a full moon). Since the earth's radius is very small (1.67%) compared with the earthmoon distance, a balance of forces exists as shown in Figure 4. The earth and its moon, though spherical in shape, are small dots in the universe but are magnified here to show what happens to the earth's axis with a strong lateral oceanic force and associated oceanic torque produced by a major earthquake. Using Newton's law of gravitation, the gravitational force exerted by the moon with mass m, on the earth with mass M, separated by a distance r is given by This is equivalent to about 2.0 x 10 20 N and is normally directed towards the moon. The earth has an equivalent gravitational force which could also 'pull' the moon and affect its orbit around the earth. Humlum et al. recently found that natural cyclic variation of the moon's orbit around the earth affects the global climate [19]. The quake-induced tsunami near the equator off Sumatra generated a very strong lateral force that countered the earth's rotation. The induced oceanic torque (clockwise when viewed from the north pole) countered the regular rotation of the earth from west to east, leading to the increased axial tilt or obliquity of the planet. This is one major means whereby an 'internal' torque from the earth itself could alter the planetary obliquity.
The magnitude of the total seismic-induced oceanic force during the giant tsunami is equivalent to the product of the displaced water mass along the ruptured fault and the total oceanic acceleration due to gravitational acceleration and the seismic-induced ocean acceleration. The earthquake-generated oceanic acceleration can be determined from the currentinduced tsunami generation model [9,16] and is strongly dependent on the slope of the perturbed seabed. Off the island of Sumatra, the abrupt increase of water depths towards the west and southwest was responsible for the strong collision force between the continental slope and the oceanic water mass that triggered the tsunami. The total oceanic force can be calculated using the α-parameter introduced in [9], namely; Here, ρ is the ocean water density (kg/m Using the law of cosine in Figure 4, the perturbed lunar force represented by the resultant force R was estimated to be about 2.162 x 10 20 N. The oblique angle opposite of R (=156.55°) is the difference between 180° and the initial obliquity of earth (23.45°). The angle of tilt A was then computed from the law of sine; Plugging the values obtained above, it can be shown that the strong westward oceanic force and associated torque generated a small rotational displacement of Z and consequently of the original N-S axis of the earth. The tilt of the earth has been increased by A = 3.31° due to the giant quake and tsunami of December 2004. It should be noted that another strong quake with a magnitude of about M w = 7.1 occurred in the same place about 3 hours later. Assuming that the area affected by the strong pressure at the ocean bottom is smaller than the previous one (600km x 150km), an additional tilt of the earth's axis of about 0.421° would result. This leads to a total increase in the planetary obliquity of about 3.73°. Hence, the earth's obliquity could have been tilted further to about 27.18° due to the giant Sumatra earthquake and tsunami of December 2004. It is remarkable that the estimated obliquity change of 3.73º is very close to the observed obliquity change of 3.88º from the NGDC polar shift data after the 2004 earthquake and tsunami. The lower obliquity change computed above could be due to the exclusion of earthquake-perturbed motion within the lithospere. In addition, the disturbed oceanic area could be underestimated leading to a lesser oceanic mass that was forced into motion during the mega-tsunami. The occurrence of other earthquakes and tsunamis right after the great tsunami of Dec. 2004 could also account for the higher obliquity change (i.e. 4.27º in 2008) given by the polar shift data.
It should be noted that the oceanic angular momentum generated by the magnitude 9.3 earthquake of December 2004 within the ruptured fault amounted to about 4.46 x 10 27 kg-m 2 /s, which is an order of magnitude (about 35 times) greater than the global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM). This indicates that major earthquakes and tsunamis can have a considerable impact on the motion of the predominantly fluid-covered planet and are capable of enhancing the planetary obliquity by overall movement within the oceans alone (exluding perturbations in the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere). As shown by the observed polar motion and the newly estimated obliquity (below), it is possible that major earthquakes could have started to tilt the planet even before the end of the 20 th century. The enhanced tilt, which is within the newly simulated earth's obliquity [6], cannot be easily restored by the gravitational force of the moon and distant planets leaving the earth with enhanced obliquity that reversed the Milankovitch-predicted decreasing trend.
The newly proposed seismic-generated obliquity change and overall motion of the North Pole can also have significant impact on the occurrence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The polar shift data showed significant obliquity change that occurred every decade. The decadal change was shown in this study to have significant correlation with global temperature rise. Thus, this could be the major cause of the PDO and ENSO events. Kosek et al. showed a significant correlation between the polar motion and the occurrence of ENSO during the period 1982-83 and 1997-1998 [20].

Observed Planetary Obliquity at Sunrise and Sunset
Due to the obliquity of the earth on its axis and the rotation of the planet around the sun, the declination angle of the sun varies seasonally. If the earth were not tilted on its axis (i.e. obliquity = 0°), the declination would be 0°. The earth is initially tilted by about 23.45°, and the declination angle of the sun originally spans about 46.9° in the horizon throughout the year.
To determine if the earth's obliquity has indeed increased, a simple measurement technique was conducted. An observer can use a magnetic compass and a straight rod for the simple experiment which can be done before sunset or at sunrise. By fixing the rod vertically upwards and measuring the angle that the shadow of the rod makes on the compass (i.e. make sure that the compass arrow points towards the north), one can determine the value of the enhanced obliquity of the planet. The obliquity and declination angle should attain a maximum negative value of about -23.45° on December 21 as the maximum declination of the sun during the winter solstice is about -23.45°. The obliquity is then found by subtracting 90° before sunset (or 270° at sunrise) from the observed angle in the compass. If the resulting angle is about -23.45° during the winter solstice, this implies that the earth has not been tilted further. However, if the resulting angle is less than -23.45°, this proves that the earth has tilted further.
Using a magnetic compass, the simple experiment was conducted before sunset during the period 14-17 December 2010 and the observed angle was about 62.5° giving an obliquity of about -27.5°. Similar experiment was also conducted at sunrise during the winter solstice of December 21, 2010. The observed obliquity angle was about -27.5°. Another experiment was conducted before sunset during the summer solstice of June 2011. The observed angle was about 117.5 giving an obliquity of about 27.5° (e.g. 117.5°-90°). The same experiment was conducted at sunset in December 20 and December 31, 2011 and the observed obliquity angle was about -27.5°. Due to the curvature of the earth, the actual obliquity could be slightly smaller since measurement was done when the sun is slightly above the horizon (i.e. the horizon was partly covered with clouds at 0600 and 1800 hours). It should be noted that the estimated obliquity from the NGDC data set in the year 2010 is about 27.37°. Thus, the obliquity is no longer on a gradual declining phase but has increased from the mean obliquity of 23.45º. The Milankovitch-trend of obliquity is thus reversed. The observed and computed departure of the planetary obliquity from its mean value of 23.45° can have a profound effect on the safety of aviation and navigation.

Enhanced Obliquity and Altered Global Solar Radiation
Changes in the planetary obliquity have a considerable impact on the global climate by altering the absorbed global solar radiation. As shown by the observed and computed values above, the obliquity of the earth could be enhanced during the occurrence of major earthquakes and tsunamis. This could affect the earth's climate in several ways including an increase in the radiative flux received by the earth and associated surface heating and potential release of greenhouse gases. To further confirm this hypothesis, a theoretical solar radiation model (SOLRAD) with altered obliquity values was run.
SOLRAD (version 1.2) which was written by Pelletier is a simplified solar radiation model that is based on clear sky conditions and therefore does not take into account the dynamics of cloud formation and other complex atmospheric processes [21]. The solar position calculations in this Excel/VBA application are a translation of NOAA's solar position calculator. Solar radiation calculations were based on the models [22][23][24]. For convenience, only the results of the Bird and Hulstrom model are presented and discussed. The potential change in the global solar radiation due to enhanced obliquity as computed with this model was almost similar with the other models. The computed solar radiative flux with an obliquity value of 23.4° was subtracted from computed radiative flux with enhanced obliquity of 26.15° and 28.4°. For the later, the computed changes for each latitude circles are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that the monthly change is all negative at the equator, whereas positive and negative changes representing gain and losses in radiative fluxes occur at higher latitudes. At latitude 30-45°N, the reduction of solar radiation due to enhanced obliquity ranges from -60W/m 2 to -80W/m 2 from November to February which could easily explain the occurrence of (early and late) extreme winters nowadays. Above the Arctic circle (and also at the Antarctic circle), the gain in radiative flux is so high that the loss is so small in comparison. This could explain the accelerated melting of polar ice sheets and exposure of permafrost in recent years.
When the daily radiative fluxes are averaged over a year, the existence and major cause of global warming becomes more evident. The computed latitudinal variation of the annual global solar radiation and the net changes of the solar radiative flux with enhanced obliquities (on a horizontal surface on earth with clear sky conditions) are shown in Figure 6. The result showed a positive gain in solar radiative flux beyond -45° and +45°. When these were averaged from North to South Poles, a positive gain in the solar radiative flux amounting to over 4 W/m 2 was obtained with enhanced obliquity of 27°. This is the same amount of absorbed radiation being attributed to the decrease of Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR) assumed to be trapped by increasing greenhouse gases [2]. Assuming that the total cloud cover is about 67%, this would result to a net gain in the solar radiative flux of about 2.8 W/m 2 absorbed by the earth. It should be noted that the estimated solar radiative flux here is equivalent to the infrared radiative (IR) climate forcing being attributed to greenhouse gases. The enhanced obliquity and associated changes of solar radiative flux on earth could therefore be the real cause of accelerated melting of polar ice caps and glaciers in recent years and not greenhouse effect, since the earth's poles now experience more direct radiation from the blazing sun (which also consists of a strong infrared component). The infrared radiation reflected by the earth and trapped by greenhouse gases is quite small in terms of energy magnitude as compared to the energy of the infared solar radiation.
The obliquity of the earth could have been enhanced by the giant Sumatra quake and tsunami to about 27° and the present obliquity as estimated by SOLRAD is about 27.67°. This implies that other major earthquakes could be responsible for the additional tilt of the earth's axis. With the frequent occurrence of major earthquakes at present, the obliquity of the planet could be very close to the maximum obliquity of 28.4° as predicted [6].

Climate Change Attribution using Multiple Regression
For a more comprehensive climate change attribution, data on total solar irradiance were incorporated in this study. The TSI data set was taken from Steinhilber et al. as compiled by NCDC-NOAA [25]. These were derived using open solar magnetic field and extended during the holocene period. In this study, only the recent data set starting from 1880 were used. Since the data set was originally presented every 5 years, simple averaging was implemented to interpolate the yearly TSI data. The annual TSI data are plotted with the original TSI data (in red squares) in Figure 7.
The data on total solar irradiance showed a gradual and oscillatory increase of solar radiation from 1901-1994. During this period, there was a gradual increase from about 1365.5 W/m 2 to about 1366.01 W/m 2 in 1993. The solar irradiance suddenly decreased during the years from 1960-1974 but began to increase again thereafter until it reached the maximum value. Since 1995, the irradiance data showed a gradual decrease until the present time with a minimum value that is a bit lower than the minimum in 1973.
A solar radiation tide appeared from the solar irradiance data since 1900 with a noticeable inequality between the two maximum values and the two minimum values. The first peak occurred in 1958 and the second peak appeared in 1988 when global warming was first declared. There appeared a solar periodicity of about 33 years from the new TSI data which is not related to the well-known 11-year sunspot cycle. A third peak, which could be higher than the second, could occur in the future (ca. 2021). It is quite fortunate that the maximum solar irradiance did not coincide with the increase in planetary obliquity. If this happened, the resulting increase of solar radiative flux absorbed by the earth could have been much higher leading to extreme changes in the weather and the climate. As the data showed, when the solar irradiance began to decrease in 1994, major earthquakes appeared to have increased in number with the associated increase in planetary obliquity and polar tilt, and dramatic rise of global temperature. A statistical test that would show the relative contributions of increased obliquity, total solar irradiance and GHG concentrations on the global temperature rise was performed on the data sets using multiple regression in MS Excel. The data set on earthquake count was smoothed by taking the 7-year moving average. All the other data on temperature anomaly and GHG concentrations were not smoothed since they already represent yearly averaged values from monthly observations.
The multiple regression analysis of the observed data revealed a rather strong positive contribution of polar shift and associated enhanced obliquity on the observed increase of global temperature and CO 2 concentration [26]. Similar to Fang et al., the regression analysis showed that the annual increment of CO 2 concentration is not significantly correlated with global temperature. However, the regression analysis showed that CO 2 and global temperature were largely dictated by obliquity and TSI changes. This shows the possibility that the global warming problem is not dictated by increasing CO 2 concentrations but rather by the enhanced obliquity and changes in solar irradiance. Multiplying the CO 2 anomaly with the global temperature anomaly and subjecting the product to a 30-year running average revealed a very significant correlation with TSI and obliquity changes as shown in Figure 8 (left). Similar regression analysis of the ratio of CO 2 and global temperature versus TSI and North Pole Shift showed a significant correlation with r 2 = 0.99 (Figure 8, right).
The impact of obliquity change on the global temperature and CO 2 concentrations were also analyzed individually using the observed polar shift data from NGDC since 1880. The regression analysis in Figure 9 revealed that the rising global temperature and CO 2 concentrations are largely dictated by the changes in obliquity and TSI. Both analyses yielded very high correlation (r 2 = 0.97 -0.99) and low standard errors. These showed the big impact of the obliquity change on the global warming problem, and possibly on the rise of greenhouse gases. The correct timing in the changes of both the global temperature and GHG rise together with the obliquity change and TSI variation was not coincidental. It should be noted that TSI started to decrease after attaining its peak in 1990, but the North Pole shift (and planetary obliquity) was abruptly enhanced after that period possibly due to increased number of major earthquakes, resulting to an accelerated warming since then. The regression analyses also yielded very low standard errors. This proves that variations in the TSI and North Pole shift (or obliquity change) are the major cause of the observed global temperature including CO 2 rise. The individual analysis clearly showed that the observed rise of CO 2 concentrations is due mainly to the tilting motion of the north pole (Figure 9, right). Since CO 2 respiration fluxes also increase due to increasing temperature and solar heating, the result proves that both global warming and the rise in greenhouse gases are directly related to the enhanced planetary tilting and TSI changes.
The individual regression analyses conducted for global temperature versus CO 2 concentration (and vice versa) did not show better results with lower r 2 values and higher standard errors. The regression analysis for global temperature versus CO 2 was compared with the analysis made for global temperature versus the annual increment of CO 2 in Figure 10. The regression result for global temperature versus CO 2 (Figure 10, left) showed a seemingly good correlation with r 2 = 0.81 and low standard error of 0.11. However, the regression analysis for global temperature versus the annual increment of CO 2 (Figure 10, right) showed poor statistics with very low correlation (r 2 = 0.52) and high standard error (SE = 0.17). The results imply that the overall increase in the global temperature cannot be due largely to CO 2 increases since the correlation is very low. As concluded by Fang et al. [26], the temperature change has not always been consistent with the change of CO 2 concentration, since for several periods the global temperatures decreased or were stable while the atmospheric CO 2 concentration continuously increased.
A direct computation of the contributions of CO 2 , North Pole shift (or obliquity change), and TSI to global warming was done using multiple regression against the observed global temperature variation since 1880. The analysis made use of the annual increment of CO 2 , decadal change of the North Pole Shift, and TSI anomaly. The result showed that since the start of the new millenium, the relative contribution of the North Pole shift or planetary tilt outweighed the combined effects of both TSI and CO 2 changes (Figure 11, left). The tilt of the North Pole contributed about 63.5% while TSI change contributed 36.4% to the observed temperature rise. The annual increment of CO 2 showed   (Figure 11, right). The effect of polar shift outweighed the combined contribution of TSI and CO 2 changes after 1995 when global temperatures exceeded existing records.

Preliminary Global Climate Simulations
The Global Climate Model-EdGCM simulates global processes on a coarse horizontal resolution of 8° x 10° x 9 vertical layers in the atmosphere. However, the use of EdGCM in simulating climate change due to planetary-scale changes on earth (i.e. increased planetary obliquity) and solar changes can help elucidate the major mechanism of the present global climate problem. The large-scale climate determines the environment for microscale (1 km or less) and mesoscale (from several kilometers to several hundred kilometers) processes that govern weather and local climate [27]. Hence, even the EdGCM could be used to understand the impact of important physico-chemical processes on earth or basic mechanisms that are external in nature. For instance, changes in solar irradiance or the increase of destructive earthquakes and the concomitant tilting of the earth on its axis (i.e. enhanced obliquity) could now be simulated. The possible axial tilting of the earth as a result of the great Sumatra earthquake that triggered the Asian Tsunami in 2004, and the great Chile earthquake of February 2010 had been documented by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA). In addition, changes in the solar constant (luminosity) had also been observed using open solar magnetic field [25]. Slight changes in the solar output had also been detected by NASA using estimations of the solar meridional circulation and the associated magnitude of its velocity. The potential impact of enhanced obliquity on the global climate is evaluated in this modeling study while the solar output was assumed constant.
The average obliquity used by global climate models at present is about 23.44° and is normally assumed constant throughout the simulation. This value however, can be varied in the climate model EdGCM. To get an appreciable impact on the earth's climate, the model assumes that the earth's tilt has been forced to increase from 23.4° to about 28.4°, or an increase of 5° from the average value. The improved astronomical model of Girkin showed that the maximum axial tilt of the earth could be higher than the Milankovitch-predicted obliquity [6]. A 1-million year simulation that included the gravitational interaction between the earth, moon, sun and the other planets of the solar system showed that the earth's obliquity may vary from 19-28.4° about the ecliptic plane and not 21-25° as initially estimated by Milankovitch.
To determine the potential impact of planetary tilting on the global climate, the concentrations of various greenhouse gases (GHG) had been assumed constant in the EdGCM climate model. Constant GHG concentrations (fixed for 1970, 1988 and even during the pre-industrial era) had been assumed in the model simulations. This was done to isolate the impact of enhanced obliquity on the global climate.
Assuming that the planetary obliquity has been forced to a maximum value of 28.4°, the EdGCM climate model was run with constant CO 2 and constant Although fluctuating, the climate model also simulated a general increase in global precipitation and evaporation. It should be noted that the simulated slight increase is averaged for the whole planet and that higher temperature rise and greater precipitation can occur regionally. Furthermore, the model simulated a decrease in ocean ice and snow cover. A decrease of ocean ice cover of about 3% has been simulated by the model for the period of 1988-2008. This is not far from observed reduction of ice sheet in the northern hemisphere (i.e. about 4% decrease in ice cover within the same period). Again, the predicted reduction of ice cover is averaged throughout the whole planet. The general decrease of snow cover due to melting of ice caps (and glaciers) and the associated exposure of organic soil in the polar regions could have facilitated the emission of a vast storage of carbon and methane. In addition, sinking icy water can pump out stored carbon dioxide beneath the cold ocean surface. Thus, the observed poleward increase in GHG concentrations and polar amplification of warming can be explained solely by the forced axial tilting.
The enhanced planetary obliquity and its profound effect on the reduced ice cover can now explain the global warming problem, with the poles warming at a faster rate than other regions on earth. Global temperature anomaly record from NCDC shows a 0.5°C increase during the period simulated. While the simulated increase of 0.7°C is slightly higher, this is largely due to overestimated effect of CO 2 (via feedback on water vapor increase) since it cannot be zeroed. The simulated higher temperature as compared to the observed global temperature rise could only be explained by the forced axial tilt of the planet due to the concomitant increase in the absorbed solar radiative flux.
Even if CO 2 is fixed at pre-industrial values, EdGCM model results showed that the absorbed global radiation and net heating increases due to axial tilting alone. The model result showed an increase in the solar radiative forcing of about 1.1 W/m 2 even if CO 2 concentration did not increase since the pre-industrial period. It should be noted that the observed radiative forcing within a period of about 30 years (1975-2005) is about 0.6-1.7 W/m 2 and the modeled radiative forcing is just within this range.

Comparison of Observed and Simulated Global Temperature
Assuming that the planetary obliquity has been enhanced to a value of about 28.4°, EdGCM was run and the model result revealed a close approximation of the observed global temperature anomaly (Figure 12). Only the short period from 1988-2008 was simulated since abrupt obliquity change started to occur only from the 1990's when major earthquakes increased in frequency of occurrence. The UAH data set (satellitederived) was taken from the University of Alabama in Huntsville (www.vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/data) [28]. They represent global temperature anomalies in the lower troposphere and are therefore slightly lower than the NCDC temperature anomalies obtained from surface stations on land and over the oceans.
From 1992 onwards, the model result showed close agreement between the observed and simulated global temperature anomaly. This corresponds to the period when earthquake count (and planetary obliquity) started to increase rapidly. The small discrepancy between the observed and simulated values before this period could be attributed to the additional GHG impact as the EdGCM model could not be run without the GHG forcing (e.g. zero GHG concentrations did not work). The slightly steeper increase in the simulated global temperature could be attributed to the slightly higher obliquity assumed in the model as compared to the actual value. It should be noted that the observed obliquity value is now about 27.5º. This value could not be varied annually in the model and was increased immediately from the start of simulation.
The model results using the EdGCM also showed realistic increases of sea surface temperatures (SST), evaporation and precipitation, while snow cover was shown to decrease when the obliquity is increased. It was shown by the climate model that even if CO 2 and other gases do not increase, the absorbed global radiation and net heating of the planet increases due to axial tilting alone. Even if CO 2 is fixed at pre-industrial values, the global radiation and heating of the planet was simulated to increase due to enhanced obliquity.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Analysis of the observed number of major earthquakes, geomagnetic polar shift and estimated obliquity, total solar irradiance, global temperature, and greenhouse gases showed that the major factor affecting the global warming and climate change problem is obliquity change. This is consistent with Drysdale et al. which found that obliquity changes have caused previous global warming events [28]. The present study showed in several ways that the present global warming problem including GHG rise is due mainly to earthquake-perturbed obliquity change and changes in the total solar irradiance. First, the observed motion of the geomagnetic poles showed that the North Pole has abruptly shifted since 1970. Evidently, this has caused the temperature and CO 2 concentrations to rise dramatically since then. The polar shift data showed that major earthquakes and associated forces and applied torques within the earthocean interface proved to be the major cause of enhanced planetary tilt as shown by the sudden obliquity change when the frequency of major earthquakes started to increase. Second, the obliquity change was computed from the perturbed lunar force of attraction during the occurrence of great earthquakes (e.g. giant Sumatra quake and tsunami of December 2004. It was shown by the EPOCH model developed here, how the obliquity was enhanced by a strong oceanic pressure during the gian earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean in December 2004. This also corroborated the hypothesis of Drysdale et al. that the current deglaciation might have started in the South Pole as it tilted towards the sun during the winter solstice when the North Pole tilted away from the sun [28]. Third, measurements of the solar positions at sunrise and sunset during the summer and winter solstices of 2010-2011 revealed that the obliquity of the earth has indeed increased to 27.5°. Fourth, the solar radiation model SOLRAD also revealed a net gain in solar radiative flux on earth due to enhanced obliquity. This simplified model clearly showed that the enhanced planetary tilt was the cause of the poleward amplification of climate change due to the poleward increase of net solar radiative flux absorbed by the planet. The estimated increase in the planetary tilt, which is within the newly computed obliquity of Girkin, was also shown by SOLRAD to be the cause of the observed net gain in the solar radiative flux of about 2.8 W/m 2 which has been wrongly attributed to greenhouse gases [6]. Finally, global climate simulations using EdGCM also showed that enhanced planetary obliquity could lead to increased atmospheric and sea surface temperatures, increased evaporation and precipitation, and decline of snow and ocean ice cover in agreement with global observations. Using constant GHG concentrations, the simulated increase in the global temperature was shown to agree well with observations from the NCDC. The observed polar amplification of climate change is a strong manifestation that seismicenhanced obliquity through oceanic pressure forces and the concomitant increase of absorbed solar radiation by higher latitudes, is the real cause of the global warming problem and GHG rise presently occurring on earth. As major earthquakes occur in the future, the obliquity could reach the maximum value of 28.4° which would further increase the net radiative flux on earth resulting to faster decline of polar ice mass, more forest fires and GHG emission during the summer, and a considerable impact on the weather and climate on earth. The warming of the earth's surface itself due to increased solar radiative flux from enhanced obliquity could have started the increasing amount of high clouds and water vapor concentration in the atmosphere. The results of this study differ from Trenberth & Fasullo which concluded that global warming from increasing absorbed solar radiation was due to decreasing cloud amount [29].
The climate simulations showed that when CO 2 concentration is increased at present day values and held constant throughout the simulation, the surface temperature, evaporation and precipitation all increased. The climate model appears to yield results that show overestimated global warming due solely to CO 2 and GHG increases. Decreasing the CO 2 concentration to pre-industrial values resulted to unrealistic cooling and decreased evaporation and precipitation. It is therefore recommended that the atmospheric chemistry module on GHG be temporarily removed from existing Global Climate Models and could be run with variable obliquity. It is further recommended that more observational studies be conducted to determine the change in planetary obliquity. More studies should also be conducted to determine the relationship between GHG emission and seismic disturbances as the data analysis suggested that even CO 2 increase was significantly correlated with the North Pole shift and obliquity changes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was fully funded by Hymetocean Peers Co., Antipolo City, Philippines. The tilting of the earth on its axis by the Great Sumatra Quake and Tsunami of December 2004 was revealed in the 7 th Secret of Emmitsburg (www.centeroftheimmaculateheart.org). Meaningful discussions concerning the global warming and climate change problem with Professor Mariano A. Estoque (1997 IMO Awardee) of the Manila Observatory is gratefully acknowledged.