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Alloantibodies after simultaneous liver‐kidney transplant: A story of primary nonfunction, retransplantation, and antibody‐mediated rejection

Simultaneous liver‐kidney transplant (SLKT) in the presence of antihuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) donor‐specific antibodies (DSA) is a well‐accepted practice. Herein, we describe the evolution of alloantibodies in a patient who received an SLKT. The pre‐SLKT serum sample showed multiple strong DSA. As expected, all DSA cleared in a sample collected 4 days after the SLKT. Because of the primary nonfunction of the liver in the SLKT, the patient had a second liver transplant 4 days later. An abrupt increase in DSA levels against the kidney was detected 10 days after the second liver transplant. These DSA were refractory to treatment, and the transplanted kidney was lost due to antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR). A detailed study of the HLA epitopes recognized by DSA and, after normalization with third‐party alloantibodies to address the effect of multiple transfusions and liver allograft neutralization, showed that the elimination of these antibodies depended on the HLA antigens expressed by the transplanted liver cells. The return of DSA after removal of the first transplanted liver was associated with AMR in the transplanted kidney.