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An Explanation of High Death Rates among New World Peoples When in Contact with Old World Diseases

Almost all peoples brought into contact with the world's cosmopolitan culture since the beginning of the age of European exploration have suffered severe loss of number. This tragedy was not confined to the early phases of global integration, but continues in modern times. Half the Xikrin Indians of the Brazilian Amazon died in 1962 and 1963 when they tried to establish commercial links with the larger Brazilian society [1] and, farther west in the state of Rondonia, 600 of the 800 Surui who were alive when they were contacted in 1980 were dead by 1986 [2]. The immediate cause in these deaths was a wide variety of diseases. Tuberculosis had a major part in the Surui decline, but most deaths were caused by diseases that lack sufficiently distinctive symptoms to be diagnosed [1, 3]. Measles and smallpox were historically important [3—5], but probably more because they could be identified than because their impact was unique. Deliberate or negligent cruelty by the Old World invaders played, and in Guatemala still plays, a role, but it is not clear that this cruelty was worse than that common to the era, or worse than that suffered by imported Africans. If we accept the thesis that disease was the major proximal cause of the decline of New World