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Depoliticizing the Volhynian Village

In the Volhynian countryside, Józewski and his supporters launched an apolitical civilizing mission. Their efforts were based on the idea that land reform, the removal of feudal practices, modifications to natural and built environments, and improved sanitation would lead to pro-state attitudes among the peasantry. Believing that Volhynia was experiencing modernization in a piecemeal and sometimes dangerous way, they sought to use rural sites, including elementary schools, military settlements, border guard outposts, and healthcare centers, to teach peasants how to become civilized citizens. Rural apoliticism, however, was itself characterized by political conflict. Power struggles occurred at the level of the village—for instance, between parents and schoolteachers and between Roman Catholic priests and more secular-minded officials. Moreover, elite women drew on traditional gender roles concerning domesticity, sanitation, and childcare in order to promote their role in a state that remained dominated by male-led institutions.