{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02280130293159609, 'fraction_numerical': 0.015635179153094463, 'mean_word_length': 5.453781512605042, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Estrogen receptor alpha activation modulates skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism in female rats

Previous studies suggest estrogen receptor α (ERα) is involved in estrogen‐mediated regulation of metabolism, however, little is known regarding the mechanisms of action of ERα in insulin‐responsive tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ERα activation on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. Ovariectomized 2 month‐old female Sprague Dawley rats were given subcutaneous injections of propylpyrazoletriyl (PPT; 10 mg/kg) or vehicle every 24 hours for 3 days. 24 hours after the final injection, muscles and adipose tissue were harvested for glucose uptake and Western blot protein analysis. Activation of ERα resulted in increased glucose uptake, insulin signaling (as measured by pAkt and PAS), and phosphorylation of AMPK in both soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Gonadal adipose weight was decreased concomitant with a decrease in body weight over the 3 day treatment. Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were also decreased in adipose tissue. These findings suggest ERα activation results in increased insulin action in skeletal muscle, while decreasing fat accumulation and proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis. Modulation of ERα may represent a powerful tool in the prevention of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, particularly in postmenopausal women at increased risk for the disease. Funded by NIH AG031575 and INBRE P20 RR016475.