{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04940564635958395, 'fraction_numerical': 0.030460624071322436, 'mean_word_length': 4.997772828507795, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 5, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Validation of a new metabolic marker to assess the vascular viability of vitrified whole sheep ovaries.

BACKGROUND
Whole ovary cryopreservation has been suggested as a means to preserve fertility. In animal models, autologous cryopreserved ovary transplants frequently undergo thrombosis and a method to assess the vascular viability of cryopreserved ovaries would be valuable. We developed a staining method using methylthiazolyl blue tetrazolium (MTT, a metabolic marker) to assess the pedicle metabolism of whole ovaries vitrified using cryoprotectant called 'VS4'.


METHODS
Whole sheep ovaries were perfused with MTT (1 g/l). In one group, ovarian tissue lesions were induced by immersing the ovarian pedicle in medium at 53°C or 65°C or in liquid nitrogen prior to MTT perfusion. In the second group, several metabolic substrates (d-glucose, l-glucose and pyruvic acid) and inhibitors [2-deoxy-d-glucose for d-glucose metabolism, azide for mitochondrial respiration and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) for NADPH oxidase (an effector of the pentose phosphate pathway)] were added to the MTT stain. The third group was subjected to VS4 ± vitrification/warming prior to MTT perfusion. Pedicle MTT staining was assessed qualitatively by histological examination of frozen sections or quantified at 564 nm after solubilization in alcohol.


RESULTS
MTT strongly and reproducibly stained the vascular smooth muscle. Heating at 53°C or 65°C or cooling in liquid nitrogen significantly diminished MTT staining by 48% (P = 0.001, n = 10), 94% (P = 0.0002, n = 10) and 94% (P = 0.0002, n = 10), respectively. MTT staining was affected by d-glucose metabolism: absence of d-glucose, substitution of unmetabolized l-glucose for d-glucose or addition of 2-deoxy-d-glucose significantly decreased MTT staining by 44% (P < 0.01, n = 10), 45% (P < 0.01, n = 10) and 29% (P < 0.01, n = 10), respectively. Pyruvic acid failed to correct the MTT staining decrease induced by d-glucose deprivation and azide did not decrease MTT staining, suggesting that MTT staining could be independent of mitochondrial metabolism. Adding DPI significantly inhibited MTT staining by 25% (P < 0.001, n = 10), suggesting involvement of the pentose phosphate pathway's effectors. Compared with controls, VS4-vitrified/warmed pedicles showed significantly less MTT staining (-30%, P < 0.005, n = 10), with unstained foci, whereas unvitrified VS4-exposed pedicles showed no difference.


CONCLUSIONS
MTT can serve as a qualitative and quantitative vascular viability marker.VS4 vitrification caused alterations in ovarian vascular metabolism. MTT staining should allow accurate comparisons of whole-organ cryoprotection protocols.