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Human and macaque pairs employ different coordination strategies in a dyadic decision game with face-to-face action visibility

Interactions of group-living primates range from cooperation to competition. Many corresponding real-world decisions critically depend on observing partner’s actions. In classical game theory studies, however, agents act without knowing the partner’s choices. To overcome these limitations, we developed a setup where two agents engage face-to-face in cooperative or competitive tasks on a shared transparent touchscreen display (“transparent games”), ensuring mutual action visibility. We compared human and macaque pairs in a transparent version of the coordination game “Bach-or-Stravinsky”, which entails the conflict about which of the two individually-preferred coordinated options to choose. Most human pairs developed coordinated behavior and adopted dynamic turn-taking to equalize the payoffs. All macaque pairs also converged on coordination, but in simpler, static ways. Remarkably, two animals that underwent training with a human confederate learned to coordinate dynamically, exhibiting turn-taking driven by temporal competition. The observed choices were captured by modeling the probability to see the other’s action before one’s own movement. Such competitive turn-taking is unlike the prosocial turn-taking in humans, who equally often initiated switches to and from their preferred option. Our results show that dynamic coordination is not restricted to humans, but it can be subserved by different social attitudes, and emphasize the importance of action visibility in studies of the emergence and maintenance of coordinated behavior.In real-time transparent interactions, both species show dynamic coordination, but macaques compete while humans strive for fairness by taking turns.