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Meal-specific dietary patterns and their relation to metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults.

OBJECTIVE
Evidence on the association between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome (MetS) focused on habitual intake without considering dietary intake at specific eating meals. We aimed to examine the association between meal-based dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome and the odds of MetS in Iranian adults.


METHODS
This cross-sectional study performed on 840 healthy subjects aged 20-59 years in Tehran, Iran. Food intake was assessed by the three 24-hour recall method. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we identified three major dietary patterns per meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner). We used logistic regression analysis to compute the overall trend of odds ratios (ORs) across increasing tertiles of meal-specific pattern scores.


RESULTS
We identified three specific patterns for meals. Our results showed an inverse association between adherence to breakfast pattern (BP) 1 (rich in bread and grains, fat, and meat products) and MetS (OR: 0.65, 95%CI: 50.46-0.93; P for trend: 0.02). Also, adherence to BP3 (rich in fruits and vegetables, egg and potato) was inversely associated with lower fasting blood sugar (OR: 1.52, 95%CI: 1.08-2.14; P for trend: 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (OR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.41-0.99; P for trend: 0.04). Our results also indicated that adherence to a lunch rich in fats, bread and grains, poultry associated with lower triglyceride (TG) (OR: 0.60, 95%CI: 0.41-0.88; P for trend: 0.01) and higher HDL (OR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.42-0.87; P for trend: 0.006). Besides, it was found that LP2 (rich in egg and potato) associated with lower odds of MetS (OR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.41-0.90; P for trend: 0.02).


CONCLUSION
The results suggest that the meal-specific dietary patterns might be associated with decreased odds of MetS and its components.