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Understanding coupling mechanism in fused fiber coupler-based components: role of core and cladding modes

We present an analysis of fused fiber couplers by simultaneously considering the coupling of guided modes through the overlap of the evanescent fields in the weakly interacting 'taper transition' region as well as the beating of cladding modes in the strongly interaction 'taper waist' region. We have incorporated geometrical parameters to account for the 'degree of fusion' and the 'shape of taper', thus representing a realistic coupler structure. The results of our model are in very good agreement with the measured characteristics of coupler components fabricated in our laboratory.