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Leveraging leptin for type I diabetes?

The discovery of insulin in 1922 is one of the miracles of modern medicine, and it turned a once deadly disease—insulin-deficient (autoimmune) type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)—into a manageable one. It is now clear that insulin is a key metabolic regulator that is vital to glucose and lipid homeostasis and affects many aspects of growth and development. Insulin’s fundamental importance in biology is underscored by the conservation of insulin-like hormones and their receptors from flies and worms to humans. In PNAS, Wang et al. (1) extend previous findings (2–4) to suggest that another hormone, leptin, may substitute for or be used in combination with insulin to treat T1DM more effectively.