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Aspects of multilingual aphasia

The number of bilingual and multilingual individuals in the world clearly outnumbers that of monolinguals. However, despite including typologically different languages and broadening the focus from English, it was not until the turn of the century that research on aphasiology consistently paid attention to multilingual contexts. The complexity and implications of multilingualism turns Aspects of Multilingual Aphasia into an ambitious project that aims at providing the reader with “a broad-based look” (p. xix) at multilingual aphasia. Gitterman, Goral, and Obler structure the 18 chapters of this volume into five main thematic areas, blending experimental work with a theoretical overview. Beginning with some traditional unresolved questions in the field, discussed in Part 1: Broad Considerations, the book covers current research on assessment and treatment (Part II), bilingual language phenomena (Part III), data for language pairs (Part IV), and the role of cultural contexts (Part V). The internationally renowned chapter contributors come from multidisciplinary backgrounds including biomedical sciences, psychology, and linguistics, making the volume of interest to all readers of Aphasiology, including researchers and practitioners, as well as students. Part 1 synthesises the major unsettled matters in the study of multilingual aphasia, reminding the reader of the Socratic paradox. Many open questions that, despite the increasing number of studies and the advances in neuroimaging techniques, cannot be answered with absolute certainty yet are discussed. It is this overview of key topics such as recovery and generalisation patterns, organisation of language in the brain, cognitive control, and language switching and mixing mechanisms, discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, that sets the framework for the ensuing sections. Part 2, Assessment and Treatment, includes six chapters focused on current research in clinical practice. It deals with issues such as proficiency, cross-domain and cross-language generalisations— recurrent topics in this publication—and their importance for the design of adequate therapies for multilingual individuals. However, as noted in the introduction, this section does not strive for the creation of a therapeutic guide. On the contrary, beginning with variability, especially in relation to the patients’ premorbid performance, the inadequacy of normative frameworks is put forth in favour of open-ended tasks (Chapter 3) and holistic models of intervention (Chapter 6). Additionally, Part 2 deals with new specific tools such as the Morphological Assessment Project (Chapter 4), aimed at delving into the bilingual morphological systems, and a patient-specific oriented use of previously existing measures of lexical access (Chapter 5). These tools are found to be fundamental for