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Formation and Variation: Woltereck’s Concept of Reaktionsnorm and the Potentials of Environment

Throughout the course of man’s development of a modern civilization he has had a propensity to seek control of his surroundings, to harness its powers and redirect them for his own use through the invention and implementation of various technologies. In the 1934 book Technics and Civilization the historian Lewis Mumford said: “The unwillingness to accept the natural environment as a fixed and final condition of man’s existence had always contributed both to his art and his technics: but from the seventeenth century, the attitude became compulsive, and it was to technics that he turned to fulfillment.”1 Mumford’s use of the word “technics,” as opposed to “technology” or “tools” described not just the mechanical products of technological innovation, but also its mechanized processes of organization, and perhaps most importantly reflected the underlying change in cultural values that made these advancements possible. This compulsive seventeenth century shift towards technics and away from art went hand-in-hand with a fundamental shift in the physical sciences towards a reductionist, predictable, and mechanically causal experimental method. This resulted in a simplified linear definition of environment and reinforced the idea that it could be rationally controlled. Heightened further by the industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century, this shift saw its most prolific effect on architecture in the development of Modernism, a movement that espoused itself as rational, functional, mechanically driven and totalizing. For Mumford what became most significant in separating modernity from past epochs was the dominance of technics over every aspect of human existence. Through the design and construction of localized environments intended for human occupation, architecture has effectively become the indispensable product of man’s unwillingness to accept the natural world, the synthesis of both art and technics towards the sustainment of the human organism. According