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Addiction: etiology and therapeutics.

Public views on recreational drug use have changed dramatically over the past decades. For example, attitudes in the USA have evolved from the mid-20th century view of any illicit drug use as a sure sign of moral depravity to the ‘just say no’ days of the Reagan presidency to the current movements that portend a widespread legitimization of the recreational or medicinal use of marijuana. Throughout this time and regardless of prevailing views on the recreational drug use, however, drug addiction – loosely defined as the habitual, often self-destructive, use of drugs in a manner that pre-empts personally or socially desirable behavior – has presented an unremitting public health challenge throughout the world. We have learned much about pharmacological, biological, and environmental determinants of drug addiction, and we can invoke theories of neurobiological derangement and point to the potentially remedial power of pharmacological or behavioral interventions. Yet, the sad reality is that, notwithstanding scientific advances, addiction persists as a chronic recurring disorder across many societies and the fundamental questions of ‘how did I get here?’ and ‘how do I get out?’ remain largely unanswered. This Special Issue of Behavioural Pharmacology entitled ‘Addiction: etiology and therapeutics’ was conceived to spotlight these latter questions and, as briefly summarized below, it includes a wide range of reviews and original reports from investigators committed to answering them.