{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02653301886792453, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00884433962264151, 'mean_word_length': 5.193430656934306, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Oestrogens, Via Transforming Growth Factor α, Modulate Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Synthesis in Hypothalamic Astrocytes: In Vitro observations

The data presented here show that, in cultures of type 1 astrocytes obtained from the hypothalamus of neonatal female rat, 17β‐oestradiol is able to increase both the mRNA and the protein levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). In particular, after 24 h of exposure to 17β‐oestradiol (10−9 and 10−10 m), an increase of messenger levels of bFGF appears in hypothalamic type 1 astrocytes. Similarly, an induction of bFGF protein is also evident at this time of exposure. The effect on the mRNA and protein levels of bFGF is blocked by the presence in the medium of an antibody raised against the transforming growth factor α (TGFα) receptor. This observation indicates that, TGFα, whose synthesis is modulated by oestrogens in hypothalamic astrocytes and which is able to increase, both the mRNA and the protein levels of bFGF in our experimental model, may act as the mediator of the oestrogenic induction of bFGF. Hypothalamic astrocytes, together with hypothalamic neurones synthesizing and secreting luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH), form the LHRH network in conjunction with other neuronal systems. Gonadal steroids in general, and oestrogens in particular, play an important role in the control of the activity of this network. In addition, bFGF and TGFα, two growth factors released from astrocytes, are able to influence the activity of LHRH neurones. The present observations suggest that oestrogens may also act on LHRH neurones in an indirect fashion (i.e. by modulating the expression of bFGF and TGFα in glial cells).