{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01585288522511097, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0006341154090044388, 'mean_word_length': 5.982300884955753, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Chapter 1. Introduction to Nanocatalysts

The first chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to nanocatalysts. First, the role of catalysis in sustainable chemistry is highlighted. Researchers and those working in industry are continually searching for highly active, efficient and stable catalysts. Nanoscience and nanotechnology have undoubtedly contributed to this, and have gone beyond the classic homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, developing catalysts that exhibit unprecedented properties and performances. The mechanisms behind these nano-effects remain unclear, and there is still space for improvement in the design of nanocatalysts. Current design strategies are based on the synthesis of highly active sites at the nanoscale and also on tuning the micro-environment by hosting them in confined spaces in porous nanomaterials. Advanced characterization of nanoparticles is essential to making the design and synthesis more rational. Nano-effects include structural changes and confinement and have a considerable impact on the energy levels, which can alter the physical, electronic and optical properties of nanomaterials. Prominent catalytic applications in sustainable chemistry include the production of bulk and fine chemicals in classic petroleum-based refineries and in biorefineries starting from biomass, carbon dioxide conversion, photocatalytic water splitting, reformation and the development of advanced sensor materials. These applications fields are highlighted as an introduction to the research topics presented in the following chapters.