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Enabling cargo-carrying bacteria via surface attachment and triggered release.

The use of microorganisms to ferry cargo, previously described as microoxen by Weibel et al.,[1] provides an attractive route to propel and guide microstructures. In principle, a multitude of microorganisms could be utilized to enable motility and guidance in response to specific stimuli. Amongst these microorganisms, bacteria are small (micron sized) and especially relevant for ferrying micro and nanoscale cargo. In addition, bacteria are motile, capable of exhibiting different types of motion such as run-and-tumble, swarming, gliding and twitching.[2–5] These modes play an important role in guiding the response of bacteria to external stimuli - in phenomena such as chemotaxis, phototaxis and magnetotaxis.[6–8] There has been considerable interest in harnessing the motion of bacteria in the creation of biological motors or bioactuators on account of their small sizes, ability to respond to environmental cues, ability to convert chemical energy to motion (obviating need for external power supply) and higher swimming speed as compared to several microscopic artificially engineered devices.[1, 9] These advantages have recently been realized and there has been growing interest in utilizing the motion of intact microorganisms in propulsion.[1, 7, 10–13] However, previous use of bacterial propulsion has focused mainly on the utilization of large numbers of bacteria to propel 10–100 μm scale cargo. It is noteworthy, that in these studies, conjugation of bacteria to cargo was effected by blotting.[14]