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Fine-Tuning the Baby Brain By

Nature invented a remarkable way to create a human brain. First, provide it with far more cells and circuits than it will eventually need. Next, be sure that this neural equipment is supplied with abundant energy. Then, one by one, initiate functions such as eye-hand coordination, and let them lay claim to the brain pathways they need; other pathways, less used, will die. This way, brain circuits are created and strengthened, in part, by whatever environment and experiences the baby encounters. Here, then, is the master plot of brain development now emerging from research in a new era of neuroimaging technology. A pioneer in that research tells us how the brain brings the human mind “online”—a robust, resilient process, but one that can go seriously wrong for children deprived of basic social and emotional nurturing.