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The social construction of homosexuals in the nineteenth century: the shift from the sin to the influence of medicine on criminalizing sodomy in Germany.

Psychiatry and forensic medicine developed a medical model of deviance locating the source of homosexual behavior within the individual and postulating a physiological condition that is assumed to cause the deviant behavior. The shift in deviance designation from sexually sinful behavior to sexually unhealthy individuals affected social control and sexual criminal law in Germany during the second half of the 19th century. This research project analyzes the process of legislation and the application of sexual law in the German Reich during the period between 1860 and 1920.