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China Enters the Twentieth Century: Chang Chih-tung and the Issues of a New Age, 1895-1909

himself, for example, "Give me a few more years in which to learn the Book of Change, and I may be spared many glaring faults." The Wang Yang-ming school of Neo-Confucianism would support the meliorist belief even more vigorously, and would extend its application to the masses, following the Confucianized notion of popular Buddhahood. In discussing the contemporary Chinese view that man's "being" depends on his social environment, Munro sees it as running contrary to the "orthodox Confucian" doctrine regarding human nature (p. 83). This certainly goes against our ordinary understanding of the orthodox Confucian (or, for that matter, Chinese) tradition. The belief in the molding effects of the environment can be traced to the story of Mencius' mother, who, during the sage's childhood, moved her household three times to make sure that the young boy would be brought up in the environment most salutary to his mental well-being. One could also question Munro's choice of the word "malleability," which tends to imply a sense of helplessness on the part of the individuals being subjected to the perpetual Maoist thought remolding. Munro considered and rejected a few alternatives such as "perfectibility," but did not consider the word "corrigibility," which would be more neutral in its connotations and more expressive of Munro's point. A more serious weakness is the book's preoccupation with the "being" of individuals as opposed to collective "becoming" or group dynamics, on which the book offers little or no discussion. It overlooks the actual interaction of human behavior (within the group milieu) and the social relationships carefully structured to confine and define behavior. Here is an area where philosophy and social science can complement each other. However, as a study of the Maoist concept of man's social nature and the process of its purification within the Maoist system, Munro's is a definitive work which commends itself to all students of contemporary China.