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Self-powered CMOS active rectifier suitable for low-voltage mechanical energy harvesters

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a self-powered full-wave active rectifier for low-voltage energy harvesting applications. The proposed concept is fabricated in a 0.35 μm low-threshold-voltage CMOS technology and features two stages, namely a negative-to-positive converter and an active diode stage. A rail-to-rail nonlinear comparator forms the backbone of the active diode and attains high gain using very little current due to a positive feedback mechanism. The proposed concept achieves voltage and power efficiencies over 90% for output power levels in the range of 1–100 μW. The rectifier is able to rectify voltages in the range of 0.5–1.5 V with a maximum measured power efficiency of 96% at 0.9 V. Inputs up to a frequency of 6 kHz, well above the needs of most harvesters, could be rectified. The active area of the fabricated chip is 0.064 mm2.