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Cytogenetic and other biological effects of 239PuO2 inhaled by the rhesus monkey.

Sixteen immature rhesus monkeys were exposed via inhalation to an insoluble, polydisperse 239PuO2 aerosol labeled with 169Yb which had an activity median aerodynamic diameter of 1.6 gm and a (0g of 1.6. Four groups with three monkeys per group were exposed to achieve initial 239pu lung burdens of 1000-2000, 200-300, 20-65, and 2-10 nCi, respectively. To determine early retention and distribution of the aerosol, four additional monkeys were exposed with initial lung burdens of 200-600 nCi and were sacrificed 4 hr and 30 days after inhalation exposure. Two monkeys were sham exposed and served as controls. Using data derived from external whole-body counting of the 169Yb label, it was estimated that the inhaled 239PuO, was retained in the body with an average effective half-life of 1000 days with some translocation from the lung to the pulmonary lymph nodes. Chromosome aberrations were scored in blood lymphocytes cultured 1, 3, 7, 19, 31, and 43 months after inhalation. Only in animals with cumulative lung doses greater than 1000 rad was there a significant increase in the frequency of rings and dicentrics when compared to the controls. An animal with an estimated initial lung burden of 1000 nCi showed marked alterations in respiratory function 30 days prior to his death from pulmonary fibrosis 990 days after inhalation exposure. Only slight respiratory changes were detected in the other animals evaluated. To date, three monkeys have died, two with initial lung burdens of 1800 and 1000 nCi '3"Pu which died from radiation pneumonitis and the third with an initial lung burden of 20 nCi which died of gastric torsion presumably not related to Pu exposure. Comparison of survival data from rhesus monkeys with those obtained from baboons and beagles indicates that rhesus monkeys, baboons, and dogs are similar in their early response to inhaled 39"PuO2.