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Clinical value and characteristic of absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a large-scale Hospital-Based Study


 Background

This research aimed to investigate the clinical value and characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in tuberculosis (TB) patients by flow cytometry.
Methods

The Absolute counts of T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK, NKT and B lymphocytes were detected in 217 cases of pulmonary TB (PTB), 163 cases of PTB & extra-PTB and 65 cases of extra-PTB patients. We analyzed the change characteristic of subset counts with the clinical parameters in PTB and compared the subsets differences among PTB, PTB with extra-PTB, and extra-PTB patients.
Results

The absolute counts of six subsets in 75.3% of PTB patients were lower than the normal reference range, and 44% patients showed lower CD4+ lymphocytes. (1) The absolute counts of T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T and B lymphocytes was significantly lower in patients older than 60 years old. (2) The NKT cell counts was significantly lower in female patients than the males; (3) 40.8% of patients with positive etiological results and 49.2% of extra-PTB patients showed lower CD8+ T and NK cell counts below the reference range respectively. (4) The T and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in PTB with positive IGRA were significantly higher than those with negative IGRA; (5) The T and CD8+ T cell counts in PTB with positive IgG antibody were decreased; (6) The T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T and B cell counts reduced with the increasing lesion lobe numbers, accelerated ESR, complications with anemia and low serum albumin, and NK cells also decreased in patients with anemia and low serum albumin; and the T, CD8+, and B cells significantly decreased in PTB patients with diabetes, while NKT increased.
Conclusions

The immune function in most TB patients is impaired and the absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets could be used as the evidence for immune intervention and monitoring the curative effect.

In recent years, it has been gradually recognized that TB is not only a kind of infectious disease, but also an immune disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) interacts with the host's immune system after infection. The occurrence, development and prognosis of TB are closely related not only to the number and virulence of invasive M. tb, but also to the immune status and immune responses of the host (2). Therefore, it is important to evaluate the infected hosts' immunity and their clinical immunological characteristics. However, only the following methods can be used to evaluate the immune function of TB patients in clinic at present: (1) humoral immune function analysis: mainly detecting anti-TB antibodies in sera; (2) cellular immune function analysis: mainly analyzing percentages and absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets, cytokines (Interferon Gamma Release Assays, IGRA), and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (tuberculin skin test). The immune response against TB is principally cell mediated. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets is one of the main methods for clinical evaluation of immune function of the subjects, which helps to understand the immune status, immune function and immune balance of TB patients, and provides the basis for immune intervention, curative effect observation and prognosis judgment of TB patients. This detection has been widely used in the patients with hematology, cancer, acquired immune de ciency syndrome, (AIDS) etc., but there are few reports on its application in the TB (3).
According to the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens on the cell surface, human peripheral blood lymphocyte could be routinely divided into three subsets in clinic: T lymphocyte (CD3 + ), B lymphocyte (CD19 + ) and natural killer lymphocyte (NK, CD3 − CD16 + CD56 + ). Normally, T cells account for more than 65% of the total lymphocyte count, consisted mainly of αβ T cells (90%-95% of the total T cells), which are the most important immune effector cells in human beings. T cells mainly include helper/inducible T cells (CD3 + CD4 + CD8 − , also known as CD4 + T cells), cytotoxic/inhibitory T cells (CD3 + CD8 + CD4 − , also known as CD8 + CD4 − , or CD8 + T cells) and NKT cells (CD3 + CD56 + CD16 + ), etc. Protective cellular immunity against TB is mainly mediated by CD4 + T lymphocytes with support from CD8 + T lymphocytes (4,5). The main functions of CD4 + T cells are production of cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and immunity reaction against M. tb infection by the Th1 response (4). NK cells provide innate protection against M. tb. It has been reported that NK cells may mediate the killing of intracellular M. tb via apoptosis (6). Natural killer T (NKT) cells, which can be identi ed by the phenotype CD3 + CD56 + , have also been shown to participate in the immunity against TB (7). B lymphocytes can transform into plasma cells secreting anti-M. tb antibodies after activation, and assist cellular immune response to play anti-TB role (8).
Despite the pivotal importance of lymphocytes in anti-TB immunity, most researchers studied the changes of lymphocyte subsets only by means of percentage method rather than the absolute counts in TB cases, which had obtained inconsistent results (9)(10)(11)

Results
Lymphocyte pro le in the peripheral blood from patients with pulmonary TB As showed in Fig. 2 Fig. 3 and Table 2. The absolute counts of T, CD4 + , CD8 + , NK, NKT, and B lymphocyte peaked at 26-44 of age, and then decreased gradually with the increase of age. Especially for T, CD4 + , CD8 + , and B lymphocyte, the declining trend was particularly obvious, their absolute counts in PTB patients over 60 years old were signi cantly lower than those of patients between 26 and 44 years old (p < 0.05, details showed in Table 2). Figures 4 showed that the absolute counts of all 6 subsets in male group were higher than those in female group, but the difference between male group and female group was signi cant only in NK cell group (p = 0.0257). Variation of absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets with etiological detection results in simple PTB patients The etiological detection results of M. tb included sputum smear, sputum culture, DNA, and RNA detection of M. tb in sputum. The patients with positive results in any detection above-mentioned were classi ed as the positive group and the others as the negative group. We compared the lymphocyte subsets absolute counts between the two groups. We found that there was no signi cant difference between the two groups, as showed in Table 2. But the percentages of patients with lower absolute counts of T, CD4 + , CD8 + , NK, and NKT lymphocyte than the reference ranges were higher Page 9/29 in the etiological positive group than in the etiological negative group. Especially for the CD8 + T lymphocyte, it was signi cantly different between two groups (p = 0.0295), as showed in Table 3. Association of absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets with IGRAs in PTB patients As showed in Fig. 5 and Table 2, the mean absolute counts of 6 subsets in PTB patients were higher in the IGRApositive group than those in the IGRA-negative group, especially for T and CD4 + lymphocyte, the difference were signi cant (p = 0.0462, P = 0.023 respectively). Table 3 showed that for all six subsets, the percentages of patients with absolute counts below the reference ranges in the IGRA-negative group were higher than those in the IGRApositive group. Especially for T and NKT cells, the differences were signi cant (p = 0.0362, 0.0079 respectively).

Association of absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets with serum anti-TB IgG tests in PTB patients
According to the results of serum anti-TB IgG antibody test, TB patients were divided into IgG-negative group and IgGpositive group. The absolute counts of T lymphocyte and CD8 + T lymphocyte in IgG-negative group were signi cantly higher than those in IgG-positive group (P = 0.0343, 0.0136 respectively), while the numbers of B lymphocyte did not increase signi cantly in IgG-positive group, as showed in Table 2 and Fig. 6.

Association of absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets with ESR in PTB patients
According to the ESR value, the PTB patients were divided into two groups: ESR-negative group whose ESR value was within the reference range (male, 0-15 mm/h; female, 0-20 mm/h) and ESR-positive group whose ESR value was higher than the reference range. After comparison, it was found that the absolute counts of T cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and B cells were signi cantly different between two groups, and the counts in ESR-negative group was signi cantly higher than those in ESR-positive group (P = 0.0003, 0.0065, 0.0034 and 0.0003 respectively). However, there was no signi cant difference between NK cells and NKT cells. The results were showed in Table 2 and Fig. 7.
Association of absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets with serum Albumin in PTB patients As showed in Table 2 and Fig. 8, we divided the PTB patients into two groups according to the results of serum albumin values. The normal group had normal albumin value (35-50 g/L) and the abnormal group had lower albumin value (< 35 g/L). After comparison, we found that the absolute counts of T lymphocyte, CD4 + T lymphocyte, CD8 + T lymphocyte, NK cell, and B lymphocyte were signi cantly lower in abnormal group than those in the normal group (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0034, P = 0.0003, P = 0.0446, P < 0.0001 respectively). But there was no signi cant difference in NKT cells between the two groups.

Association of absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets with chest radiography in PTB patients
The imaging data of patients were observed from two perspectives. Firstly, the patients were divided into three groups according to the numbers of lesion lobe: (1) one lobe group: lesions involving one lobe; (2) 2-3 lobes group: lesions involving 2-3 lobes; (3) 4-5 lobes group: lesions involving 4-5 lobes. The absolute counts of T lymphocyte, CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocyte were higher in one lobe group than those in 2-3 lobes and 4-5 lobes groups, and B lymphocytes in one lobe and 2-3 lobes groups were signi cantly higher than those in 4-5 lobes group (P values showed in Table 2). The absolute counts of NK and NKT cells also showed the decreasing trend with the severity of the lesion, but there was no signi cant difference among the groups (as shown in Figs. 9A and Table 2). Secondly, the patients were divided into four groups according to whether there were cavities and the numbers of cavities: (1) 0 cavity group; (2) 1-2 cavity group; (3) 3-4 cavities group; (4) ≥ 5 cavities group. The absolute counts of T lymphocytes, CD4 + lymphocytes, and CD8 + lymphocytes were the highest in the no cavity group and showed a downward trend with the increase of the number of cavities. The absolute count of T lymphocyte in 0 cavity group was signi cantly higher than that in ≥ 5 cavities group (P = 0.014), and the absolute count of CD8 + lymphocyte in the 0 cavity group was signi cantly higher than that in 1-2 cavity group and ≥ 5 cavities group (P = 0.001, 0.01 respectively), while there was no obvious change among the other four lymphocyte subsets. (as showed in Figs. 9b and Table 2).

Differences of lymphocyte subsets between initial-treated and retreated PTB patients
The absolute counts of T, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, NK, and B lymphocytes in retreated patients were lower than those in initial treated patients, and NKT cells in retreated patients were higher than those in initial treated patients, there were no signi cant difference (p > 0.05) (as showed in Figs. 10 and Table 2). Table 3 showed that the percentages of patients with absolute counts below the reference range were higher in the retreated group than those in the initial treated group for each of the six cell subsets.
In uence of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets Figure 11 and Table 2 showed that the absolute counts of T, CD8 + T, and B lymphocyte were signi cantly lower in PTB patients with DM than those without DM (P = 0.005, 0.022, 0.001 respectively), while the absolute count of NKT lymphocyte was just the reverse ( P = 0.0386). Table 3 showed that the percentages of patients with DM, whose T, CD4 + , CD8 + and B lymphocyte counts were below the reference range, were signi cantly higher than those of patients without DM (P = 0.0065, 0.0131, 0.0236, 0.0093 respectively).
In uence of Anemia on the absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets According to the hemoglobin value, we divided patients into two groups. The normal group had normal value (male, 120-165 g/L; female, 110-150 g/L) and the anemia group had lower hemoglobin value (male, < 120 g/L; female, < 110 g/L). Figures 12 and 2 showed that the absolute counts of all lymphocyte subsets in PTB patients with anemia were lower than those without anemia, in which T, CD4 + , CD8 + , NK and B lymphocytes showed signi cant differences ( P < 0.0001, P = 0.0018, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0499, P = 0.0005 respectively). Table 3 showed that the percentages in the patients with anemia, whose T, CD4 + , CD8 + , NK and B lymphocyte were below the reference ranges, were signi cantly higher than those in patients without anemia (P = 0.0002, 0.0016, 0.0052, 0.0032, 0.0000 respectively).
In uence of the lesion location on the absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets The mean absolute counts of six lymphocyte subsets showed no signi cant differences among PTB patients, PTB complicated with extra-PTB patients and extra-PTB patients (P > 0.05), as showed in Table 2. Furthermore, the absolute count of NK cells was maximal in PTB patients and minimal in extra-PTB patients. Table 3 showed that NK cell absolute counts in 49.2% extra-PTB patients were below the reference range, and the proportion was quite high.

Discussion
Lymphocyte pro les in the peripheral blood of TB patients Most researchers have studied changes of lymphocyte subsets by means of proportion method in peripheral blood of TB patients, and the results were inconsistent. In some studies, the percentages of CD4 + T cells were decreased, while the percentages of CD8 + T cells were unchanged (15). Some studies showed that CD4 + T and NK cells were reduced while CD8 + T and CD19 + B cells were increased, especially in advanced or disseminated TB (11). Morais-Papini et al.
reported that the absolute numbers of NK cells, NKT cells, CD4 + T cells and CD19 + B cells in the TB group decreased signi cantly when compared to the controls, the percentage of CD19 + B cells and NKT cells also reduced, but the percentage of CD4 + T cells increased (16). Guglielmetti et al. observed reduction in the absolute numbers of CD4 + T cells but no difference in the percentage of these cells (9). A study from Mexico reported that the percentages and absolute numbers of B cells were signi cantly lower in pulmonary TB patients than in healthy donors, the percentages and absolute numbers of T cells were similar in TB patients and healthy donors, and no signi cant differences in percentages of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells between TB patients and healthy donors (17). We have noted that high percentage of lymphocyte subsets does not mean a high absolute count. A false high proportion may be due to the reduction of other lymphocyte subsets, and the proportions can be completely kept in the normal rage when all the lymphocyte subset counts decreased or increased simultaneously. In our study, the absolute counts of T lymphocytes, CD4 + , CD8 + , NK, NKT, and B lymphocytes based on large clinical data were analyzed, and we found that the counts of each subsets hardly exceed the reference range, and 75.3% of TB patients had one or more of the six subsets below the reference range (14). These results showed that TB patients displayed an altered lymphocyte pro le in the peripheral blood. Therefore, we still need absolute counts of these subsets based on large data to draw a de nite conclusion.

Lymphocyte subsets and clinical features
Tollerud believed that the count uctuation of CD4 + , CD8 + T cells would not exceed 10% from 20 to 70 age years old in healthy people (18). But in our patients studied, the absolute counts of six cell subsets were at a high level in the 26-44 age group and then decreased with the increase of age after 45 years old, and the absolute counts of CD4 + T cell subsets was particularly affected by age. We speculated that the pathogenesis for young TB patients (< 26 years old) may be related to insu ciency of immune cells; for middle aged patients (26-44 years old), the pathogenesis may be increased infection opportunities; for old patients (> 60 years old), their immune function had decreased to a low level, which were manifested by the lowest absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets. Therefore, the old age was a key factor affecting the immune status of TB patients. The fth national TB epidemiological sampling survey in China found that the proportion of elderly TB patients (> 60 years old) was as high as 48.8% (19). Other study also manifested that T and B lymphocyte number in elderly TB patients were signi cantly decreased, and their immune function was lower than that in young and middle-aged patients, which directly affected the treatment effect and cure time of elderly patients (20). Therefore, during the treatment course of senile TB patents, in addition to using chemicals to kill M. tb, the clinicians should pay more attention to the immune regulation of patients, such as giving the immunoregulator to improve cellular immune function, which may be helpful to control disease. Gender factor also had a certain impact on the immunity of patients, the lymphocyte subset counts especially NKT cells in the males was higher than female, which was not completely consistent with that the male was susceptible to TB genetically and the TB incidence in the male was signi cantly higher than that in the female (19). This may be due to that the reduction of lymphocyte counts are not the only determinant leading to TB.
Although the average absolute counts of each subset were not signi cantly affected by the etiological factor, the percentage of TB patient with CD8 + T lymphocyte counts lower than the reference range was obviously higher in etiological positive patients (40.8%) than that in negative patients (25.4%), which may be due to that CD8 + T cells play an important part in protective immunity against M. tb and can limit pathogen growth by lysis of M. tb-infected cells (21). Therefore, we speculated that the patients con rmed with positive etiological detection results may have insu cient CD8 + T cell immune function, which brings challenges to the control on M. tb spread.
The IGRAs have been widely used in clinical auxiliary diagnosis of TB. However, IGRAs have certain false-negative rates in TB patients (22). In our study, the average count in each subset in PTB patients were higher in IGRA-positive group than in IGRA-negative group, especially T lymphocyte and CD4 + T lymphocyte. In IGRA-negative group, the T and NKT lymphocyte counts below the reference range were in 54.2% and 50.0% patients respectively. Therefore, in clinic, if there is a suspicious TB patient with negative IGRA result, it is necessary to distinguish whether it is truenegative, not infected with M. tb, or false-negative due to insu cient lymphocyte count or functional de ciency. It has been reported that lymphocyte subsets were strongly associated with immune response in both QFT-Plus and T-SPOT, and the patients with CD4 + T cell ≥ 650/ L and CD8 + T cell ≥ 400/ L had signi cantly higher positivity rates in both QFT-Plus and T-SPOT, which was a good evidence of our view (23).
Cellular immunity has been considered to play a key role in anti-TB immunity, however the roles of humoral immunity are unclear in regulating the immune response against M. tb (8), but some studies showed that B cells also played a role in anti-TB immunity by antibody interacting with cellular immunity (24). In our study the absolute counts of B lymphocyte did not show signi cant difference between the IgG-positive and IgG-negative group, but the absolute counts of T and CD8 + T lymphocyte decreased signi cantly in the IgG-positive group. We cannot fully explain this result, but previous studies (25) have shown that B lymphocytes induced by M. tb antigens can differentiate into e cient and short-lived plasma cells and secrete speci c antibodies to play an anti-TB role; some of them can differentiate into long-lived memory B cells, when they encounter pathogens again, they can differentiate into new plasma cells and memory B cells quickly, and produce a large number of antibodies. Therefore, when the immune response shifted from Th1 to Th2 in TB patients, B cells differentiated into plasma cells to secrete antibodies, which leaded to the reduction of B cell in peripheral blood.
Owing to the negative charge of sialic acid on the surface of erythrocytes membrane, erythrocytes can repel each other and keep the distance of about 25 nm between each other, and they can disperse, suspend and sink slowly ex vivo. The increase of brinogen and immunoglobulin in the plasma leads to a marked increase of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in TB patients. We found that the absolute counts of T cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells and B cells were lower in patients with elevated ESR, while NK and NKT cells were almost unaffected. Because the ESR of TB patients can re ect the severity of the infectious disease to some extent (26,27), we speculated that the counts of T, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B lymphocyte can better re ect the severity of the disease.
X-ray or CT lesion grading for pulmonary involvement was adopted for disease assessment. In our study, the absolute counts of T, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B lymphocyte decreased signi cantly with the increase of the numbers of pulmonary lobes involved; and the absolute counts of T and CD8 + T cell had a greater impact on whether there were cavities or not. It had been reported that the numbers of T, CD4 + (16,28), CD8 + , and B lymphocyte (16) in patients with unilateral pulmonary lobe lesions were higher than those in patients with bilateral pulmonary lobe lesions, which was consistent with our results. Thus, insu ciency of lymphocyte count has a great impact on the progression and severity of TB and the lymphocyte subset detection is important for TB patients with extensive lesion.
NK cells are not only the rst barrier of anti-TB immunity in human, but also play an important regulatory role in the anti-TB immune responses (29). In our study, the NK cell absolute counts below the reference range were in 49.2% extra-PTB patients, which was higher than the PTB patients. We speculated that the insu cient number of NK cells may be associated with the extrapulmonary dissemination of TB.

Lymphocyte subsets and complications
Among 22 PTB patients with six subset counts all lower than the reference ranges, most of them had diabetes mellitus, hypoproteinemia, anemia and liver injury. Therefore, we further studied the lymphocyte subsets changes in uenced by diabetes, anemia and low serum albumin.
Diabetes mellitus and active TB interact with each other through blood glucose level, immunity and other factors, forming a reciprocal vicious circle (30,31). On one hand, the metabolic disorder and immune injury in patients with diabetes mellitus promote the incidence and development of TB (30); on the other hand, TB also aggravate metabolic disorder of diabetic patients (30), nearly 13% of pulmonary TB patients complicated with diabetes (32), which poses a serious threat to the lives of patients (33). We found that the TB patients complicated with diabetes mellitus had lower T, CD4 + , CD8 + , and B lymphocytes counts, and other study also showed that coincident diabetes altered the cellular subset distribution of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and monocytes in active TB (34). We also found that the NKT cells were higher in TB patients complicated with diabetes. NKT is a unique subset of T lymphocytes, having both T cell receptors and NK cell receptors on their cell surfaces. NKT cells are functionally distinct from conventional CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, responding rapidly to lipid rather than peptide antigens, and secreting large amounts of Th1 and Th2 cytokines (35). It was reported that NKT cells signi cantly increased in TB patients complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (36), which was consistent with our results. The reason may be due to the high bacillary burden existed in these patients (37).
In this study, the T, CD4 + , CD8 + , NK, and B cells in TB patients with anemia and low serum albumin were signi cantly decreased. The albumin was synthesized and secreted to extracellular by liver cells instead of being reserved in liver.
Normal albumin level can represent the normal liver function and re ect the nutrition and health status of the host to a certain extent.
Based on all the data above, we think that it is necessary to evaluate the immune status of TB patients by lymphocyte subsets detection. Especially for those complicated with diabetes mellitus, hypoproteinemia, anemia, and liver injury, the lymphocyte subsets detection can help clinicians make comprehensive judgments and formulate treatment plans suitable for individuals. If necessary, immune intervention can be provided to these patients to promote the recovery of immune function.

Conclusion
The absolute counts of T, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B lymphocyte in TB patients decreased with aging, high ESR, the aggravation of imaging lesions, and complications with diabetes, low Alb and anemia; the absolute counts of T and CD4 + T cells obviously decreased in IGRA-negative TB patients; the absolute counts of NK cells decreased signi cantly in TB patients complicated with low Alb and anemia. These results con rm that the immune defense function in most TB patients is impaired, and the absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets could be used as the Availability of data and materials All the data from this manuscript is publicly available.
Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital. The signed informed consent was obtained from all participants before the investigation.

Consent for publication
Not applicable

Competing interests
All authors of this paper declare that there is no con ict of interest in this study or in reporting the ndings described in this manuscript.    Comparisons of lymphocyte subset absolute counts among four age groups in simple PTB patients. The blue bars marked the signi cant differences among different groups (p<0.05). The Y axis represented the mean values of the lymphocyte subsets counts (cells/µl) and the X axis represented the lymphocyte subsets in four age-groups.