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Muscarinic receptor subtypes: implications for lung disease.

Dale in 1914 first showed that acetylcholine produced two types of response, which were mimicked by nicotine and by muscarine, and that the muscarinic action was blocked by atropine.' Only very recently, however, have muscarinic receptors been subdivided. This has been made possible by the development of selective drugs, and muscarinic receptor subtypes have now been identified in several tissues.23 The evidence for muscarinic receptor subtypes was initially challenged, but advances in molecular biology have confirmed their existence and as many as five different receptor subtypes have now been cloned and expressed." The precise relation between these cloned receptor subtypes and receptors identified pharmacologically, however, is still not clear and the drugs that differentiate receptor subtypes lack a high degree of selectivity.