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A LITERATURE REVIEW STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLE, LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOUR, AND LEADERSHIP TRAITS

Purpose: This paper attempts to interpret and discuss leadership and the three contradicted terms to reveal the misuse of those three terms with leadership. Methodology: The study uses a systematic method to review the previous literature related to the leadership domain and the three contradicted terms related to leadership. These are leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits. In addition, this study provides the definitions of the three contradicted terms from a linguistic and management literature perspective. Main Findings: The study proposed a definition of each of the three contradicted terms. Additionally, the study suggested a conceptual framework that combined how the three contradicted terms can be related. The findings will contribute to the expansion of theoretical knowledge in the field of leadership. Applications of this study: This paper indicates that the review of the literature regarding what differentiates the three contradicted terms is an important aspect to deeply understand leadership concepts. The definition of each of the three contradicted terms will expand the understanding of junior leadership researchers and university students. The study's originality: This study will reveal the ambiguity and misinterpretation in the literature regarding the three contradicted terms of leadership. Moreover, it will present the definition of each of the three terms; leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits. Furthermore, the proposed conceptual framework will contribute to the expansion of theoretical knowledge in the leadership domain. Keyword: Leadership Definitions, Systematic Literature Review, Interactive Linguistic and Leadership Review.


INTRODUCTION
Leadership concept is considered as one of the most complex and challenging concepts (Alblooshi, Shamsuzzaman, & Haridy, 2020, Ford, & Polin, 2021; Sousa & van Dierendonck, 2021; Uhl-Bien, 2021) in the management study as general and the trait research as specific (Chemers, 2014;Laohavichien, Fredendall, & Cantrell, 2009;Stewart, 2006). Management studies concentrate on how leaders influence followers for better organisational performance. This view of leadership is process-based. In contrast, the concentration of the traits research concerns the characteristics, traits, and behaviours of effective leaders. The traits research views leadership as individual-based (Freedman, 2016;Horner, 1997).
The rationale behind the leader complexity and significance is their role in influencing subordinates where leader and subordinates are combined (Alblooshi et al., 2020;Uhl-Bien, 2021). This role of a leader's ability to influence subordinates has developed gradually over the past 50 years (Laohavichien et al., 2009). For instance, there are many examples of leader ability illustrated in diverse leadership styles. The influence of those styles plays a significant role in subordinates' effectiveness and an organisation's performance (Alimo-Metcalfe, 2013; Laohavichien et al., 2009). Furthermore, the dramatic change in the cultural, economic, historical, and political perspective forces to demand new leadership behaviours. Simply that, the style and skill that leaders acquired previously may not work in the current changes in our daily lifetime (Miao, Newman, Schwarz, & Xu, 2014;Van Wart, 2013).
Moreover, the significance of leadership is deliberate in global awards. Accreditation institutions such as The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) and Joint Commission International (JCI) consider leadership an essential and significant part of their accreditation process. Deming and Juran, two well-known quality gurus, emphasise the importance of top management support for the successful overall organisational performance (Alharbi & Yusoff, 2012;Hirtz, Murray, & Riordan, 2015). Deming's 14 Points clarify the significance of leadership support during the implementation of quality management practices. Furthermore, the religious literature has a significant additional input for leadership. For instance, considering the Islamic literature, Almighty Allah and the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and his followers highlight the significance of leadership on many occasions (Alshammari, 2014). Almighty Allah states in the Holy Qur'an, "And We appointed, from among them, leaders, giving guidance under Our command, so long as they persevered with patience and continued to have faith in Our Signs" (Qur'an, 32:24). Prophet Mohammad (PBUH advises that "when three people on a journey, they should appoint one of them as their commander ("Islam the modern religion," 1984).
Consequently, it's with no doubt that leadership is considered as the heart and an essential part of any institution, whatever its size and type (Alblooshi et Spinks & Wells, 1995). Nevertheless, there is an ambiguity and misinterpretation of three terms related to leadership. These are leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits. This paper aims to clarify this misunderstanding of the three terms by discussing the concept of leadership, and the three terms align with leadership.

THE THEORETICAL GAP
The concept of leadership is regularly used in a collocated pair of words, such as educational leadership and democratic leadership. (Ford et al., 2021). So it called in linguistics a "collocation", which is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than expected by chance to carry a different meaning in the same domain. In leadership literature, authors use "leadership word collocation" to express what they will focus on and discuss. The three most contradicted leadership collocations are "leadership style", "leadership behaviour", and "leadership traits". Some other examples of leadership collocations are "leadership skills", "leadership qualities", "leadership quotes", "leadership approaches", and others. Nevertheless, style, behaviour, and traits are the most common words aligned with leadership.
For example, (Huang, 1994) argue that the style and behaviour of leadership used as synonymous. The main goal of both leadership style and behaviour is the action of such a leader. In this regard, style and behaviour consider as an action that a leader performs. Additionally, (Freedman, 2016) describes that some behaviours define as a leadership style in their book. The leader uses both behaviour and style similarly when adopts the two concepts. Therefore, behaviour and style have no difference, and the two words will have one meaning either when used together or separately.
On the other hand, others used leadership style and behaviour contrarily ( France, 2008). They claimed that a style categorises as a combination of different patterns of behaviours. Style is considered an act of action. In this regard, they claim that a behaviour of a leader is what is discussed in the literature of the behavioural theories and a style comprise for many behaviours. This shows that the use of style or behaviour either separately or together in one sentence will totally mean a different set of definition.
Although the above discussion shows two clear augments regarding leadership style and behaviour, other researchers used leadership style and behaviour ambiguity (Joseph, Dhanani, Shen, McHugh, & McCord, 2015). Therefore an interpretation of the three contradicted terms is needed. To deeply understand the ambiguity of this study, a discussion of the leadership theories perhaps will be broadening the way to differentiate between the three contradicted terms. This discussion aims to answer the below research questions.
1 Are there any differences between leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits?
2 What is the definition of the three contradicted terms?
3 Can one of the three contradicted terms represent the remaining terms?

What is the Definition of Leadership?
The literature highlights the complexity of leadership and its definition in modern organisations as there are considerable numbers of stakeholders involved in the leading paradigm (Ali, 2012;Latham, 2014;Stewart, 2006; Vilegi-Peters, 2010). Although there is no such consent on the definition of leadership, it has nevertheless, that the broader meaning of leadership involves numerous processes which start from creating a vision to translating this vision into tangible achievement goals (Ali, 2012;Stewart, 2006; Ulle & Kumar, 2014; Vilegi-Peters, 2010). Therefore, leadership is defined as a leader who influences subordinates to achieve common objectives in organisations (Ali, 2012;France, 2008;Hirtz et al., 2015). In addition, James Mac Gregor Burns (1978), the founder of transformational and transactional leadership style, emphasises this influence of leadership on subordinates. He states that "Leadership as leaders inducing followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivationsthe wants and needs, the aspirations and expectationsof both leaders and followers ' (Burns, 1978).
Considering a linguistics perspective, the lexical definition of the word leader as a noun in the old English laedere is "one who leads, one first or most prominent," agent" noun from laedan "to guide, conduct (Audi, 1999;Blackburn, 2005).
On the other hand, the lexical definition of leadership as a noun is "the quality and ability that makes a person in the position of being a leader" (oxford dictionary, Cambridge dictionary). The leadership origin was in 1821. Position of a leader, command, from leader + ship. Sense extended by the late 19th century to "characteristics necessary to be a leader, capability to lead." (Audi, 1999;Blackburn, 2005)

History and Theories of Leadership
The concept of leadership has existed since early human history (Vilegi-Peters, 2010). A fundamental discussion in the history of leadership theories is the correlation between a leader's behaviour and its consequences by considering situations that moderate this relationship (Wofford, Goodwin, & Whittington, 1998). However, the concept and background of leadership have changed over time (Hewitt, Dahlen, Hartz, & Dadich, 2021). In the early times, the concept focused on production-oriented leadership (Kosicek, Soni, Sandbothe, & Slack, 2012) and on the tasks and process-based involved in leadership (Gordon, 2009) instead of considering the human factors (Gordon, 2009;Kosicek et al., 2012). Then the concept of leadership developed since the first empirical study that was published a study in 1904. It shifted gradually from behaviour, traits, and contingency approaches to our current leadership understanding (Bass & Stogdill, 1990;Lakshman, 2006).
As leadership history and theories are extremely rich, this paper will discuss the three most used categorisations of leadership theories (Bensimon, Neumann, & Birnbaum, 1989;Huang, 1994). These are the traits, behavioural, and contingency theory of leadership.
The concentration of leadership theories in the early periods was on the traits of leadership. The traits theories of leadership resulted from developing the Great Man Theory in the 19 th century that focuses on the traits with which a leader is born with (Bolden et al., 2003). This type of research takes advantage of those traits that the leader is born with to determine the successful traits of leadership. Traits theories attempted to answer the question of what attributes are great leaders born with and differentiate a leader from a follower. However, no such conformity was found that could identify the effective leadership traits as many traits of successful leadership were suggested (Bolden et al., 2003;Freedman, 2016;Horner, 1997;Huang, 1994). To reach an agreement on effective leadership traits, Stogdill (1974) suggested the most common leadership traits and skills which are listed in Table 1. Although the traits approach is still used in the military sector Bolden et al. (2003), a significant criticism worth mentioning for this type of research is that the environmental Freedman (2016) and situational aspects which considered vital determinants of effective leadership were not considered (Horner, 1997;Stogdill, 1974). These aspects are covered by other leadership theories, such as the behavioural and contingency theory of leadership.
As a result of the limitation of traits theories, the human relations approach emerged in the 1940s, and the book The Human Side of Enterprise was published in 1960 by Douglas McGregor's. This shifted our understanding of leadership research toward a behavioural based concept of leadership called behavioural theories (Bolden et al., 2003;Huang, 1994). These theories do not focus on the leader's traits but actions regarding their influence toward their subordinates (Freedman, 2016;Horner, 1997). One significant result of these theories was to change the view of the traits theories that claim great leaders are born to more sophisticated views of leaders as behaviours that can be taught (Horner, 1997;Huang, 1994). Because of the emergence of these theories, many studies conducted to examine behavioural aspects practically. Two well-known studies conducted by Michigan and Ohio State University reveal diverse dimensions categorised into four types (Freedman, 2016;Horner, 1997;Huang, 1994). These categorisations suggested by Freedman (2016) are task concern (production-oriented), concern for people (employee centred), directive leadership (authoritarian or autocratic), and participative leadership (democratic). Other categorisations worth mentioning are given by Derue, Nahrgang, Wellman, and Humphrey (2011), as shown in Table 2. Although the behavioural theories of leadership have expanded our understanding of leadership theories, it has limitations that prevent it from being a universal leadership style. Huang (1994) and Freedman (2016) listed limitations that mainly concern the environmental and situational aspects ignored in behavioural theories. Therefore, a shift toward contingency theories were suggested (Bolden et al., 2003;Freedman, 2016;Huang, 1994).
While the behavioural theories concentrated on the internal behaviour that can be learned and developed, contingency theories are about the external factors that an effective leader needs to deal with (Bolden et al., 2003;Huang, 1994). This concept started in the 1960s by assuming that effective leadership comprises a diverse combination of leader's traits and behaviours that deal and lead dependently according to each situation. Therefore, the situation factors play a vital role in deciding what leadership style a leader may practice. In addition, the contingency theories assume that the style that a leader uses in each situation is based on sort factors, including the nature of the task, subordinates and leaders qualities, subordinates maturity, the organisation, and other environmental factors (Bolden et al., 2003;Freedman, 2016;Huang, 1994 Knowing the history and definition of leadership theories will perhaps broaden the understanding of leadership to facilitate the interpretation and differentiate between the three contradicted terms.

RESULT
The result of this study discloses three contradictory terms. Those are leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits. To expand the study result and conclude the argument of the three contradicted terms, a definition of those terms will be discussed from both the management and linguistic perspective. This discussion of each of the three contradicted terms and their definition will respond to this paper's questions.

Leadership Traits
Leadership traits are the attributes of a leader that describe the common characteristics and personality among leaders and those in a position of authority. Typically, leadership traits encompass physical, emotional, social, and intellectual characteristics. In addition, they represent characteristics such as the ability to communicate effectively and motivate others, self-confidence, ambition, and high energy. These traits represent the individual characteristics that go into creating a specific leadership style (Bolden et al., 2003;Freedman, 2016) From a linguistics perspective, the lexical definition of traits as a noun is a particular quality in personality or a distinguishing feature of personal nature. This specific characteristic can produce a particular type of behaviour and biologically meaning. A trait is also a characteristic of an organism that is passed from parent to child. The synonyms of the word trait are feature and characteristic. (Audi, 1999;Blackburn, 2005)

Leadership Behaviour
The behavioural theories of leadership don't concentrate on the traits of leaders; instead, they study the activities of leaders to identify their behavioural patterns. Those behavioural patterns differ from leadership traits because those behavioural patterns can be learned and developed. Furthermore, integrating those behavioural patterns builds diverse themes that create a leadership style such as transformational, transactional, democratic, and others. The leader behaviour is the best predictor of leadership influences and the best determinant of leadership success. Therefore, the behavioural theories of leadership define a leader's behaviour that leads subordinates to reach the organisation goals. (Freedman, 2016;Horner, 1997;Huang, 1994).
From a linguistics perspective, the lexical definition of behavioural as an adjective comes from the verb behave, which is to do things in a particular way. The synonym of the word behavioural is act (Audi, 1999;Blackburn, 2005).

Leadership Style
A style perhaps defines from an architecture perspective as the design and way things have been combined and presented (Goodman, 1975). On the other hand, leadership style is the leader characteristic and approach of directing and motivating employees (Kendra, 2018;Newstrom, Davis, & Pierce, 1993;Zaccaro, Green, Dubrow, & Kolze, 2018). However, the terms style and behaviour are confusing, as they usually treat as synonymous words and interchangeable concepts (Huang, 1994). To conclude, leadership style combines both traits and behavioural theories that assist in constructing an individual style; this personal style aims to create an approach that influences followers for organisational success and guides future leaders.
From a linguistics perspective, the lexical definition of style as a noun is the way of doing something. The word origin: Middle English (denoting a stylus, also a literary composition, an official title, or a characteristic manner of literary expression. The synonym of the word style is the manner (Audi, 1999;Blackburn, 2005).

DISCUSSION
The above discussion highlight how significant is the integration of the three contradictory terms with leadership. Although this discussion responds to this paper question to some extent, it is still to discover how the style varies between leaders. Each leader perhaps will demonstrate some of the traits and behaviours. Nevertheless, how they will act/do is different. These are the hidden aspects behind the style. For instance, a chief in a kitchen can make different food from diverse integrated than other chiefs who have the same integration. It's not only to this extent, they can both do one set of dishes with the same sets of integration, but each of them will have a different style. Another example is painter artists. Those artists can draw one picture, but each of them has its style of painting.
Therefore, both traits and behavioural build leadership, but how leaders will lead will depend on their style. This individual style aims to create an approach that influences followers for organisational success and guides future leaders (Kendra,

CONCLUSION
Leadership is one of the riches and complex concepts in management theories. Since numerous stakeholders are involved in the leading paradigm, it's regularly used with a collocated pair of words. This paper attempts to discuss the ambiguity and contradiction of leadership, emphasising the three most used terms with leadership: leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits. This paper interprets leadership and the three contradicted terms to reveal the misuse of those three terms with leadership. Although this paper covers its intended about the three contradiction terms, future research would advance this research more practically through implementing methodological and analytical strategies. This is one of the limitations of this study where a quantitative and qualitative inquiry would enhance the result of this paper.

AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION
Wael Ibrahim Alsarrani 1* : Main Author. Ahmad Jusoh 2 : Supervisor for the complete study. Ayman Ahmed Alhaseri 3 , contribute to add the linguistics part for the definition of the three terms of leadership: leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits. Conduct literature review for the three terms. Amani Almeharish 4 : Principle investigator for data collection proofreading, referencing, general guiding for the article.