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Next-Generation Soil Moisture Sensor Web: High-Density In Situ Observation Over NB-IoT

Soil moisture is an essential variable both in environmental monitoring research and application. With the requirement of high-precision soil moisture data, it is highly necessary to construct in-situ soil moisture sensors Web in high density, in which the economics, complexity, and low-power consumption of sensor Webs should be essentially considered. However, most current existing soil moisture monitoring networks have limitations due to high power consumption, complex architecture, and expensive equipment. These issues are not conducive to high-density soil moisture observation. In view of the existing problems in the current soil moisture in-situ sites, an effective resolution for high-density soil moisture observation is needed. For the first time, we are bringing Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT), a low-power Internet-of-Things technology, into geospatial sensor Web for soil moisture observation. Moreover, we built a high-density in-situ soil moisture sensor Web via NB-IoT and compared it with ZigBee at the Baoxie experimental zone in Wuhan, China, there about 1 km2, and we acquired data for up to 12 months. We analyze the acquisition record of battery status, signals, and soil moisture. We analyzed the battery life, the impact of the signal on the battery performance, the signal quality, and data acquisition clearly and intuitively. This unprecedented study and application, we discovered and concluded that the low-power sensor Web of the NB-IoT communication protocol could be suitable for high-density soil moisture observation.