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Scientists seek to sniff out diseases: electronic "noses" may someday be diagnostic tools.

ILLNESSES OFTEN HAVE THEIR OWN SIGnature odors, produced by their underlying pathologic processes. Diabetes in its late stages makes breath smell sweet, scurvy is marked by a putrid smell, and bacterial infections produce a variety of unique aromas. Given these odoriferous clues, it’s not surprising that the nose has served as a key medical diagnostic tool for centuries. In the 20th century, laboratory testing largely supplanted the physician’s sense of smell, but recent years have seen renewed interest in this ancient technique—with a modern twist. One promising technology uses gassensing devices to detect volatile compounds from breath or urine. Proof-ofconcept studies suggest that such devices may offer a relatively inexpensive, rapid, noninvasive method for detecting a variety of diseases, from pneumonia to lung cancer. Meanwhile, researchers recently reported on 2 different techniques to massproduce olfactory receptors, the sensory proteins responsible for the biological ability to smell. They are using these methods to create a sensor based on the mammalian nose that may replicate or even improve on the human sense of smell and might be used to increase the sensitivity of electronic devices.