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Improving the quality of service in wireless sensor networks using an enhanced routing genetic protocol for four objectives

Multi-objective algorithms are used to achieve high performance for quality of service (QoS) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an important field for researchers because these algorithms improve two or more conflicting objectives and present the best trade-off between the conflicting objectives to solve multi-objective problems (MOPs). Previous research proposed an algorithm that relies on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm 3 (NSGA-III), namely enhanced non-dominated sorting genetic routing algorithm (ENSGRA). This algorithm is used to optimise three objectives, which include number of worked sensors, energy consuming and node covering area. The fourth objective, which is node load balancing, is added in the current research. Such an addition aims to improve node distribution around cluster heads and decrease network congestion, thus decreasing energy consumption and increasing network lifetime. The ENSGRA algorithm is compared with multi-objective multi-step particle swarm optimisation (MOMSPSO), non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm 2 (NSGA-II), and NSGA-III. The proposed algorithm ENSGRA exceed to MOMSPSO, NSGA-II, and NSGA-III in the proposed QoS model in the final outcomes, as the proposed approach achieved (38%) average combination (optimisation) percentage. Which is the highest percentage over other methods.