{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.027895181741335588, 'fraction_numerical': 0.024513947590870666, 'mean_word_length': 4.431192660550459, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A Ramp-Up Technique for Chopper-Stabilized DC-Coupled Fully Differential PGAs suitable for Current Measurements with High Dynamic Range

This paper presents a fully differential chopper-stabilized programmable gain amplifier (PGA) for shunt-based measurement of DC and AC currents in high-power applications. A consistently high gain over a comparatively wide bandwidth (DC to 50 kHz) is achieved by using a staggered series connection of amplifier stages, each with fixed gain settings at a comparatively low level. For offsets and 1/f-noise cancellation, the chopper technique is used. Due to the optionally adjustable very high overall gain of the amplifier chain and a certain start-up time until the local chopper stabilization takes effect, a novel rampup technique is presented here. The circuit is fabricated in a 0.18 µm standard CMOS technology with a chip size of 0.16 mm2. Measurements show that the PGA has a variable gain range of 0 to 69.56 dB from DC to 50 kHz. The root-mean-square input noise at maximum gain does not exceed 810 nV at a total bandwidth of 10 kHz. The DC offset is less than 12µV for 12 Die-to-Die samples. The PGA dissipates 20mW from a 5-V supply.