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Firsthand clinical observations of hemorrhagic manifestations in Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire.

About 5 weeks after the beginning of the outbreak of Ebola virus fever in Yambuku, Zaire, several acute cases of the disease were observed. All of those affected had the following common signs and symptoms: sudden onset of high fever, with chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, sore throat, expressionless face, and profound prostration. In some cases, on around the fifth day of the acute phase, the appearance of an exanthematous rash on the trunk announced the hemorrhagic manifestations: hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, bleeding ulcerations in the mouth and on the lips, gingival bleeding, hematemesis, and melena; epistaxis, ear bleeding, hematuria, and postpartum hemorrhages were also reported. All these hemorrhagic cases had a fatal outcome within about a week. The hemorrhagic manifestations were less severe in the cases that occurred by the end of the outbreak than in the first reported cases. Hemorrhagic manifestations were less frequent and less severe, or even absent, in the nonfatal cases (convalescents, serologically confirmed). No biologic investigation of the hemostatic impairment could be performed under the emergency conditions of this field study.