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Long Night's Journey into Day: Prisoners of War in Hong Kong and Japan, 1941-1945 (review)

and why diseased people sometimes had no bacilli in their sputum. The varying arguments of veterinarians, MOsH, pathologists, and clinicians could be reconciled under the umbrella of seed and soil; thus useful, this concept also became an important precursor to bacteriology and immunology. Spreading Germs makes other contributions. It emphasizes continuity in ideas over time along with the importance of localized professional and intellectual debates; it places the consolidation of the laboratory sciences later than some other historians have. The book’s strengths may invite challenges, however. The author’s determination to expose complexities might concern some scholars whose views of Lister’s or Koch’s contributions stand to be revised.Others may find Worboys’ attempt to characterize whole groups of individual actors as problematic or decry the absence of farmers, housewives, and other laypeople concernedwith health and disease. Yet these concerns only point to the importance of this book as a springboard for future scholarly work. For example, the differing viewpoints between Scottish and English scientists deserve further study; Americanists will be interested in understanding what shape the British debates took in the United States. Scholars should also explore post-Darwinian practitioners’ ideas about nature, its role in fomenting health or disease, and the human responses appropriate to its actions. Spreading Germs provides an important new contextual and methodological interpretation of developing germ ideas and is a crucial text for scholars and graduate students of modern medical history.