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Confronting the Job Shortage: The Commercialization of Personnel Information in Song China

The late thirteenth-century literatus Zhou Mi 周密 (1232–1298) once recounted a story about a man named Mister Shen (Shen guanren 沈官人) who “sold position vacancies” (maique 賣闕) to those who were waiting for government appointments. According to Zhou, Shen was capable of knowing all of the personnel information across the entire country, and his data were even more detailed and comprehensive than those assembled by government clerks. Zhou explained the reason for Shen’s success: