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Bio-electrospraying living Xenopus tropicalis embryos: investigating the structural, functional and biological integrity of a model organism.

Bio-electrosprays, a recently pioneered direct cell engineering approach, have been demonstrated to handle living cells including stem cells for the development of active specialized and unspecialized microenvironments. This electric field driven technique is currently undergoing vigorous development where the technique is racing towards possible clinical utility. Although this direct cell engineering approach has been elucidated to have no significant effects on the processed cells from a molecular level upwards, the technique needs to demonstrate its potential for use with whole organisms (multi-cellular systems). We believe this is mandatory for whole organisms such as model embryos; developing multi-cellular biological structures are sensitive systems and could possibly be prone to a wide range of embryological disruptions during their dynamic development, post-treatment. Therefore our studies presented herein have investigated the effects on embryos in terms of their structure, function and biological integrity post-bio-electrospraying in comparison to several controls. Our investigations demonstrate the absence of any detectable gross effects on the embryos from a genetic level upwards on post-treated embryos. In fact, these studies clearly elucidate no significant disruptions on the dynamic development of these treated embryos in comparison to those respective controls, thus validating the utility of bio-electrosprays for the careful handling of dynamically developing multi-cellular organisms.