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Light scattering of nanocrystalline TiO2 film used in dye-sensitized solar cells

This paper studies the light scattering and adsorption of nanocrystalline TiO2 porous films used in dye-sensitized solar cells composed of anatase and/or rutile particles by using an optical four-flux radiative transfer model. These light properties are difficult to measure directly on the functioning solar cells and they can not be calculated easily from the first-principle computational or quantitative theoretical evaluations. These simulation results indicate that the light scattering of 1–25 nm TiO2 particles is negligible, but it is effective in the range of 80 and 180 nm. A suitable mixture of small particles (10 nm radius), which are resulted in a large effective surface, and of larger particles (150 nm radius), which are effective light scatterers, have the potential to enhance solar absorption significantly. The rutile crystals have a larger refractive index and thus the light harvest of the mixtures of such larger rutile and relatively small anatase particles is improved in comparison with that of pure anatase films. The light absorption of the 10 μm double-layered films is also examined. A maximal light absorption of double-layered film is gotten when the thickness of the first layer of 10 nm-sized anatase particles is comparable to that of the second larger rutile layer.