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Madness and folly: Peter Bruegel the elder's Dulle Griet.

Provocative and puzzling, the iconography of Peter Bruegel the Elder's Dulle Griet has been explained in a number of different ways. The large, striding female near the center of the painting has been seen as a figure of Fortune,1 a “personification of covetousness,”2 and even simply as a depiction of the quarrelsome woman as she appeared in folklore.3 Painted in mid-career, just before his move from Antwerp to Brussels in 1563,4 the Dulie Griet is one of Bruegel's most complex pictures—reminiscent of the fantastic paintings of Hieronymus Bosch—and composed of dozens of seemingly unrelated details (Fig. 1). In the following contextual analysis it will be suggested that underlying this complexity there is, in fact, a comprehensive scheme that unites all these details in a coherent and rational way.