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Community-Driven Specifications: XCRI, SWORD, and LEAP2A

This paper explores the issues and opportunities for specifications that develop outside of the traditional governance processes of industry consortia or formal standards organisations through a discussion and comparison of three specifications developed in the education sector: XCRI eXchanging Course-Related Information, SWORD Simple Web service Offering Repository Deposit, and LEAP2.0 Learner Portfolios 2.0. In each case study, there are challenges, opportunities, and accomplishments, and the experiences of each project are compared to identify commonalities and differences. Based on these case studies, the paper applies the framework developed by Wilson and Velayutham 2009 to position the specifications against similar specifications from established consortia and formal standards. Finally, the topic of incubating specifications is discussed, with implications for funding agencies with an interest in supporting interoperability.