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Vibrational and structural properties of amorphous n-butanol: a complementary Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction study.

Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments were performed in the liquid, undercooled liquid, and glassy states of n-butanol. Clear correlated signatures are obtained below the melting temperature, from both temperature dependences of the low-wavenumber vibrational excitations and the intermediate-range order characterized by a prepeak detected in the different amorphous states. It was found that these features are related to molecular associations via strong hydrogen bonds, which preferentially develop at low temperature, and which are not compatible with the long-range order of the crystal. This study provides information on structural heterogeneities developing in hydrogen-bonded liquids, associated to the undercooled regime and the inherent glass transition. The analysis of the isothermal abortive crystallization, 2 K above the glass transition temperature, has given the opportunity to analyze the early stages of the crystallization and to describe the origin of the frustration responsible for an uncompleted crystallization.