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Nonbubble-Propelled Biodegradable Microtube Motors Consisting Only of Protein.

This paper describes the synthesis of protein microtube motors having a urease interior surface and highlights their nonbubble-propelled behavior driven by enzyme reaction (urea → NH3 and CO2). The precursor microtubes were prepared by layer-by-layer assembly using a track-etched microporous polycarbonate membrane. Immobilization of a urease on the internal wall was accomplished using avidin-biotin interaction. The tubules swam smoothly in an aqueous media containing a physiological concentration of urea. Each tubule was rotating laterally while moving forward. It is remarkable that the microtubes were digested completely by proteases, demonstrating perfect biodegradability.