{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02029520295202952, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.615853658536586, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Effects of modular building services distribution on construction sequence , time and cost

The use of prefabricated or modular building services calls for a restructuring of the traditional construction procurement process. Project duration is affected by many factors, including a changed design, the introduction of a manufacturing process, differing resource demands, skill levels and costs. Risk management techniques are used to assess traditional and changed procurement routes and life cycles, identifying areas of greatest risk within the project, and the owners of that risk. The paper discusses two perceived construction procurement routes, concentrating on the building services – ‘traditional’ and ‘ideal’ – and their inherent risks. This allows for a fuller understanding of uncertainties present in the construction process, particularly those relating to building services. The risk management approach may be used to advise on the most suitable procurement route for particular types of project. The researchers would like to thank ESPRC for supporting this project.