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Effects of intratracheal exposure of 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) on the activation of CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBP) and its protection by antioxidant liposome

Exposure of 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) to guinea pigs causes lung injury by infiltration of neutrophils in interstitial lung spaces. A unique MAPK‐regulated transcription factor, C/EBP (CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein), regulates the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), involved in recruiting neutrophils in lung. The present study was to determine if CEES exposure causes activation of C/EBP, in particular the predominant β‐isoform and if so whether it can be prevented by intratracheal delivery of an antioxidant liposome containing N‐acetyl cysteine and tocopherols. Lung injury was developed in guinea pigs by intratracheal exposure of CEES (0.5 mg/kg). The antioxidant liposome was given intratracheally 5 min after CEES exposure, and the animals were sacrificed after 30 days. CEES exposure caused a 2.3‐fold increase in the activation of C/EBP accompanied with a 45% and 121% increase in the protein level of C/EBP β and ICAM‐1, respectively, and this effect was counteracted by the antioxidant liposome.