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Sociocultural and environmental influences on bladder health

The World Health Organization defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity’ (1). Compromised bladder function can impair physical, mental and social aspects of health, the effects of which are burdensome at both the individual and societal levels (2,3). Currently, the importance of bladder health in the context of overall health is not fully understood and acknowledged by healthcare providers and the public. There is a need to increase the reporting, diagnosis and treatment of bladder symptoms and disease, as well as primary prevention strategies. Worldwide public health initiatives aimed at raising awareness of and promoting bladder health have the potential to have a positive impact on overall individual and population health. However, factors influencing bladder health may differ across populations. For example, there are differences in the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among different ethnic and racial groups, both within and among countries (4–15). Sociocultural and environmental factors may contribute to some of these differences (16,17). Thus, pioneering initiatives to improve bladder health must take into account varying levels of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about bladder health and treatment among different populations and sociocultural and environmental factors that influence bladder health. In this article, we describe how these factors may influence bladder health and the treatment of bladder dysfunction.