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Heat loss in relation to plane of nutrition and thermal environment

Some of the valuable information which can be derived from the measurement of heat loss from the pig lies in the estimates which can be made of energy retention by the animal from the relation: ME intake = H+ER, where ME is metabolizable energy, H is heat loss, and ER is energy retention. Such measurements are most useful when they are made throughout 24 h periods, because then the mean energy intake and heat loss can be determined. Measurements made only at particular times during the 24 h may be affected markedly by feeding, activity or other relatively short-term factors (Mount, 1968; Neergaard & Thorbek, 1969). Consequently these observations may not be representative of the mean rates, and may therefore fail to give an accurate indication of energy retention. Short-term measurements are permissible for the determination of acute metabolic responses to given thermal environments or other stimuli, but when plane of nutrition is to be taken into account in addition to thermal environment, which is the present purpose, isolated measurements may be misleading. In this paper, therefore, all results are 24 h values. This longer period of measurement ensures also that any difference in heat stored in the animal between the beginning and end of the measurement period (due to difference in mean body temperature) is of decreasing significance. Such heat-storage effects are anyway minimized by 24 h measurements, since the latter are always made at the same phase of any cycles involved with feeding, activity and body temperature (Ingram & Mount, 1973).