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The State and Industrialization in Venezuela

There is an idealized view of the capitalist state that sets it above economic processes and believes it to be governed by "natural" laws. This view, originally advanced by classical European liberalism and imitated by the majority of proponents of Latin American liberalism,1 has remained prevalent throughout the development of capitalism. It is still upheld, at least at the level of ideological discourse, by certain sectors and social classes within both core and peripheral capitalist social formations.2 This view is a false one, however. It has never corresponded to reality, not even during the "long sixteenth century" when the socioeconomic regime of capitalism began its long march. According to Wallerstein (1974: 136), "we are faced with a secular increase in state power throughout the modern era. The capitalist world economy seems to have required and facilitated this secular process of increased centralization and internal control, at least within the core states." One of the functions of that bureaucracy was to stimulate the primitive accumulation of capital and thereby to promote the emergence of the bourgeoisie.3 Following the rise of capitalism, especially after the industrial revolution around 1750, the structures and apparatuses of the state adapted to the demands of capitalist accumulation and began to intervene frequently and forcefully in the