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External fixation correction of the pediatric upper extremity

The use of external fixation to treat pathological conditions in the upper extremity has developed into a valuable treatment tool in the pediatric population. Among the various disorders that can be treated are correction of bone and joint angular deformities, stretching of certain types of soft-tissue contractures, and distraction lengthening of short or hypoplastic upper extremity segments. This review discusses the principles of external fixation use as well as the development of newer techniques for treatment of specific pediatric disorders in the upper extremity.