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The Congressional Medal of Honor in Three Wars

The Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest award for valor in the U.S. military, is ostensibly presented for action in combat, at risk of life "above and beyond the call of duty." This may, in fact, be the case. However, stories have come out of recent American wars to suggest that not all who deserve the award get it, nor do all who get it deserve it. This point was well made by S.L.A. Marshall (1953) in an article in Colliers. If there is any truth to these stories, a search for the reasons for it may be illuminating. A list of medal winners in Vietnam through September 11, 1971, is provided in Long (1972: 462-463). I categorized this list in terms of rank and whether or not the award was posthumously received (see Table 1). There are several items in Table 1 worthy of note. Most obvious, perhaps, is the huge discrepancy in posthumous awards between the enlisted men as a group and the captains, majors,