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BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN POPULATION BIOLOGY AND PALEOBIOLOGY1

If men are from Mars and women are from Venus (Gray 1992), what planets do paleobiologists and population biologists come from? Surely, they’re not studying evolution on the same planet! Paleobiologists describe a history of life dominated by unchanging species that appear in the fossil record as if formed in an instant. Population biologists describe relentlessly changing gene frequencies and phenotypes, which over the eons must add up to the phenotypic differences among species and phyla. After the emergence of neo-Darwinian theory in the 1940s, most evolutionists were content to ascribe the differences between paleobiology and population biology to an incomplete fossil record. It was generally accepted that a more complete record would reveal species transitions that reflect mechanisms observed in extant populations. Despite the subsequent growth of neo-Darwinian theory, many paleobiologists remained chronically, if quietly, dyspeptic about its adequacy to account for paleobiological pattern. This queasiness, forcefully expressed in 1960 by Everett Olson, a previous editor of Evolution, tended to be dismissed by ‘‘neontologists’’ (i.e., students of extant organisms) as narrow mindedness. Then Eldredge and Gould’s (1972) revered and reviled punctuated equilibria paper forced them to acknowledge the grumbling from the paleobiological wing of the profession. Encouraged by the impact of punctuated equilibria, paleobiologists resurrected other challenges to neo-Darwinian theory. The battle was joined, with broadsides by zealous advocates on one side (e.g., Stanley, 1979) and the other (e.g., Charlesworth et al. 1982). Now that the air