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Computer Simulation of Branching Pattern and Geometry in Terminalia (Combretaceae), a Tropical Tree

Terminalia-branching, a distinctive form of architecture found in many tropical trees, is described using a theoretical mathematical model. Real parameters and rules for bifurcations derived from measurements of Terminalia catappa L. are used to simulate trees of different sizes. Computer simulations of three-dimensional branching patterns are presented as top and side views. Changing parameters result in variations of tree form which would be useful to foresters and horticulturists in selecting seedlings. Simulations of leaf surface area show that rules limiting bifurcation in the model increase the effective surface area per leaf whorl and per combined leaf surface in lateral branches (= smaller leaf area index). However, unrestricted bifurcation results in larger values of total effective and combined leaf surface areas in equivalent branches and in a larger leaf area index. Simulations should also be useful in examining the effects of different parameters and rules upon leaf surface area and reproductive sites.