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Emergence and Evolution of Multiply Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B D -Tartrate-Utilizing Strains Containing SGI1 (cid:1)

The ﬁrst Australian isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B D -tartrate-utilizing (dT (cid:1) ) that is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ﬂorfenicol, streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracy- cline (ApCmFlSmSpSuTc) and contains SGI1 was isolated from a patient with gastroenteritis in early 1995. This is the earliest reported isolation globally. The incidence of infections caused by these SGI1-containing multiply antibiotic-resistant S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT (cid:1) strains increased during the next few years and occurred sporadically in all states of Australia. Several molecular criteria were used to show that the early isolates are very closely related to one another and to strains isolated during the following few years and in 2000 and 2003 from home aquariums and their owners. Early isolates from travelers returning from Indonesia shared the same features. Thus, they appear to represent a true