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Peter Olivi and Franciscan Poverty

In the tenth study of his Quaestiones de perfectione evangelica,1 written in late 1279, Peter of John explained at length that, if engaged in spiritual pursuits, it is more perfect to beg for one’s sustenance than to acquire it by labor.2 To the study he tacked a second question.3 He considered critically the proposition that Franciscans owned nothing and did not touch money; they could live well, however, even very well, on the holdings of others.4 Brother Peter offered seven arguments in favor of the proposal. Before he set each aside, however, he looked at six sections of Exiit qui seminat.5 With Exiit, he said, Pope Nicholas III confirmed all his past Studies as well as the present one. (Well, yes, in a way.) Peter also pointed out that he had not used the papal bull Exiit in his texts on usus pauper because it had not yet been written. Brother Peter began drawing papal support into his Studies by quoting the opening lines of Exiit V.6 After a simple and clear sentence, curbing use of things, the Exiit lines continue in a way that challenges parsing. There are, however, two Latin words in the lines that help. One is enim, spelling out with detail what the author means. The other is quinimmo, which abandons the effort at detail and simply sums matters up. At the end, Exiit V gets to the simple point which the authors (Nicholas and Franciscan advisers) had been trying to concretize. With Rule VI in mind,7 Nicholas pleaded with the Franciscans to “let shine the poverty laid on them by the Rule.” The brief sentence settled dutifully on the brothers. They knew the centrality of the line in their life. They knew as well the challenge. They understood their Rule. At least, they thought