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Energy storage in lead-acid batteries: the Faraday way to sustainability

Food, warmth, standards of living, transport and future prospects - all depend on society’s ability to continue supplying itself with the energy that it has grown to need. This energy is derived mainly from fossil fuels and must be harnessed without harmful disturbance to the ecological and geophysical systems of the biosphere. But— now amplified by a growing population—energy use has become a destructive force: locally, because emissions contaminate air, water and soil; globally, because emissions enhance the greenhouse effect. Moreover, society must look beyond these environmental concerns to the inevitable decline in the availability of fossil fuels and the need to find substitutes. This paper examines how lead-acid batteries might assist the transition towards a more sustainable balance between energy, the economy and the environment. Particular emphasis is placed on the advances in materials and cell designs that are required for battery performance to meet this challenge.