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A Study to Investigate Fluid-Solid Interaction Effects on Fluid Flow in Micro Scales

Due to micro-nanopores in tight formation, fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow in porous media cannot be ignored. In this paper, a novel model which can characterize micro-fluid flow in micro scales is proposed. This novel model has a more definite physical meaning compared with other empirical models. And it is validated by micro tube experiments. In addition, the application range of the model is rigorously analyzed from a mathematical view, which indicates a wider application scope. Based on the novel model, the velocity profile, the average flow velocity and flow resistance in consideration of fluid-solid interaction are obtained. Furthermore, the novel model is incorporated into a representative pore scale network model to study fluid-solid interactions on fluid flow in porous media. Results show that due to fluid-solid interaction in micro scales, the change rules of the velocity profile, the average flow velocity and flow resistance generate obvious deviations from traditional Hagen-Poiseuille’s law. The smaller the radius and the lower the displacement pressure gradient (∇P), the more obvious the deviations will be. Moreover, the apparent permeability in consideration of fluid-solid interaction is no longer a constant, it increases with the increase of ∇P and non-linear flow appears at low ∇P. This study lays a good foundation for studying fluid flow in tight formation.


Introduction
With the development of petroleum industry, tight oil is gradually becoming one of the main fields to improve oil recovery [1][2][3]. However, there are large numbers of micro-nanopores in tight formation [4][5][6][7]. The large specific surface area and surface effect exhibiting in micro-nanoscales cause micro scale flow different from fluid flow in macro scales [8,9]. Therefore, figuring out microscopic flow law in consideration of micro scale effect is of great importance to the development of tight oil reservoirs. The research of micro-machining technology and micro-electro-mechanical system triggers a new field for the study of micro scale flow, which provides a new insight for studying fluid flow in tight reservoirs [10][11][12][13].
Recently, many micro flow experiments have been carried out and results show obvious deviations from traditionally theoretical prediction, which indicates that fluid flow in micro tubes no longer abides by traditional N-S equation [14][15][16][17][18]. Pfaler et al. [19] found that the experimental result is consistent with theoretical prediction when the micro channel size is large enough. However, an obvious deviation occurs when the size is reduced to 0.8 µm. Makihara et al. [20] conducted a water flow experiment in micro tubes with Silica and stainless steel and found that the relationship of the Reynolds number versus displacement pressure gradient did not obey theoretical values when the micro-tube diameter is set along the flow direction in micro tubes, while r-axis is set vertically to the flow direction with its origin located in the center of micro tube. The radial and circumferential velocity component is zero. The velocity component parallel to the micro tube axis is ux (only depends on r) and the pressure gradient along X-axis is a constant. The fluid viscosity is μ. The radius and the length of the micro tube is R and l respectively. The boundary layer thickness is h (caused by fluid-solid interaction). The modified Hagen-Poiseuille's formation is derived in terms of Newton's law of viscosity. The detailed derivation process is shown as follows.
Based on the element of cylindrical fluid, the pressure difference in the horizontal direction is, 2 F P r     (1) The viscous force of the surrounding fluid acting on the surface of the cylindrical fluid is, With the increase of micro tube radius, the velocity decreases. Therefore, the velocity gradient 0 dv dr  .
As fluid flow in micro tube belongs to steady flow, the resultant force above is zero. That is, Equations (1) and (2) are then incorporated into (3). After simplification, the expression is, Integrate the Equation (4) from r to R−h, The velocity distribution in micro tube in consideration of boundary layer effect is obtained, Integrate (6) along the flow section and the flow flux expression is acquired, The modified Hagen-Poiseuille's formation is derived in terms of Newton's law of viscosity. The detailed derivation process is shown as follows.
Based on the element of cylindrical fluid, the pressure difference in the horizontal direction is, The viscous force of the surrounding fluid acting on the surface of the cylindrical fluid is, With the increase of micro tube radius, the velocity decreases. Therefore, the velocity gradient dv dr < 0. As fluid flow in micro tube belongs to steady flow, the resultant force above is zero. That is, Equations (1) and (2) are then incorporated into (3). After simplification, the expression is, Integrate the Equation (4) from r to R−h, The velocity distribution in micro tube in consideration of boundary layer effect is obtained, Energies 2018, 11, 2197 4 of 20 v = (R − h ) 2 − r 2 4µ ∇P (6) Integrate (6) along the flow section and the flow flux expression is acquired, The average flow velocity can be calculated as follow, If boundary layer effect is ignored, the Equations (7) and (8) degenerate into classical Hagen-Poiseuille's law.
Boundary layer thickness should be known in advance so as to predict the velocity and flow flux in micro tubes.

Establishment of Boundary Layer Thickness Expression
In this section, the expression of boundary layer thickness is developed from a new perspective based on Li 's micro tube experiment [31].

Micro Tube Experiment
The system of micro tube experiment and micro-flow parameters are satisfied with the assumption of micro fluid flow in Section 2.1. The micro tube system mainly consists of three parts: pressure supply unit, micro flow unit and measurement unit (See Figure 2). Every unit is specially designed to guarantee the accuracy of the experimental results.
If boundary layer effect is ignored, the Equations (7) and (8) degenerate into classical Hagen-Poiseuille's law.
Boundary layer thickness should be known in advance so as to predict the velocity and flow flux in micro tubes.

Establishment of Boundary Layer Thickness Expression
In this section, the expression of boundary layer thickness is developed from a new perspective based on Li 's micro tube experiment [31].

Micro Tube Experiment
The system of micro tube experiment and micro-flow parameters are satisfied with the assumption of micro fluid flow in Section 2.1. The micro tube system mainly consists of three parts: pressure supply unit, micro flow unit and measurement unit (See Figure 2). Every unit is specially designed to guarantee the accuracy of the experimental results.

Pressure Supply Unit
In core scale displacement experiment, high precision displacement pump is usually chosen as the driving source. However, the actual pressure presents periodic fluctuations within a certain range in micro tube experiment. Constant pressure nitrogen is selected as the driving source after many experiments and screening, which guarantees the constant pressure boundary conditions at both ends of the micro tube.

Micro Flow Unit
Micro tube is the most important part in the experimental system. A fused silica micro tube made in the world's most advanced micro capillary manufacturing company-Polymicro Technologies, Inc.

Pressure Supply Unit
In core scale displacement experiment, high precision displacement pump is usually chosen as the driving source. However, the actual pressure presents periodic fluctuations within a certain range in micro tube experiment. Constant pressure nitrogen is selected as the driving source after many experiments and screening, which guarantees the constant pressure boundary conditions at both ends of the micro tube.

Micro Flow Unit
Micro tube is the most important part in the experimental system. A fused silica micro tube made in the world's most advanced micro capillary manufacturing company-Polymicro Technologies, Inc. (Phoenix, AZ, USA)-is used. The micro tube is coated with polymide on the outer wall, which guarantees its flexibility and intensity. Quanta200 environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) made in the company of FEI (Eindhoven, The Netherlands) is used to measure the radius of micro tube with its measurement accuracy 0.05 µm. And the measured radius is used for further calculation rather than nominal size. Fluid flow in micro tubes cannot be considered as Hagen-Poiseuille flow when roughness is large enough. After measurement through atomic force microscope, the relative roughness is much lower than 5%, which can be considered as hydraulic smooth pipe.
In micro tube experiment, deionized water is used as the flow medium. As the flow scale is extremely small, a small amount of impurity may lead to pipeline jam. Therefore, the deionized water must experience the process of sterilization, filtration and degassing before the experiment.

Measurement Unit
In order to reduce the error of measurement, capillary glass tube made in Sutter instrument Company is used as the measuring tube. The tube is treated with quenching and polishing. And its radius is uniform and the character is stable. As the flow rate in micro tube is rather small, photoelectric sensor is used to measure the process of displacement.
The process of the experiment is as follow. N 2 is expelled out from high pressure nitrogen cylinder. Through the pressure relief valve, the pressure reduces to required value. Then, N 2 flows into liquid storage device to displace deionized water to micro tube and measurement tube. Photoelectric sensor is used to record the time that is elapsed after a period of distance in measurement tube.
Fluid flow in micro tubes with the nominal radius of 10 µm, 7.5 µm, 5 µm and 2.5 µm (the measured radius is actually 10.03 µm, 6.79 µm, 5.62 µm and 2.62 µm) is respectively carried out. The experimental velocity can be calculated by Equation (9), where l is the distance of deionized water in measurement tube; ∆t represents the time that deionized water travels through l.
The Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity can be calculated by Equation (10), The deviation is defined as follow, Through data processing, the relationship of flow velocity versus displacement pressure gradient is obtained (See Figure 3).  As can be seen from Figure 3, the deviation between experimental velocity and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity becomes larger with the decrease of micro-tube radius, which indicates that boundary layer effect (caused by fluid-solid interaction) on micro fluid flow cannot be ignored.

Representation of Boundary Layer Thickness
In this part, we will develop a representative boundary layer thickness model from the perspective of deviation between the experimental and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity.
As can be known, boundary layer forms near the wall surface due to fluid-solid interaction. When the displacement pressure gradient is zero, it can be reckoned that the boundary layer thickness is equivalent to the radius of the micro tube since there is no fluid flow in micro tubes. With the increase of the displacement pressure gradient, the shear force of the wall fluid becomes larger and the proportion of movable fluid grows, indicating a thinner boundary layer [22] (See Figure 4). From Equations (8), (10) and (11), the expression of boundary layer thickness can be obtained.
From Equation (12), we can know that boundary layer thickness can be obtained through determining the expression of deviation between the Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity and experimental velocity.
According to the above analysis of boundary layer thickness and Equation (12), the deviation (Sv) reaches the maximal value 1 when the displacement pressure gradient is zero. And the deviation declines in the form of exponential function with the increase of ∇ P (See Figure 3). So as to reflect the   Figure 3. Relationship of velocity deviation versus displacement pressure gradient in different radial micro-tubes.
As can be seen from Figure 3, the deviation between experimental velocity and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity becomes larger with the decrease of micro-tube radius, which indicates that boundary layer effect (caused by fluid-solid interaction) on micro fluid flow cannot be ignored.

Representation of Boundary Layer Thickness
In this part, we will develop a representative boundary layer thickness model from the perspective of deviation between the experimental and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity.
As can be known, boundary layer forms near the wall surface due to fluid-solid interaction. When the displacement pressure gradient is zero, it can be reckoned that the boundary layer thickness is equivalent to the radius of the micro tube since there is no fluid flow in micro tubes. With the increase of the displacement pressure gradient, the shear force of the wall fluid becomes larger and the proportion of movable fluid grows, indicating a thinner boundary layer [22] (See Figure 4).  As can be seen from Figure 3, the deviation between experimental velocity and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity becomes larger with the decrease of micro-tube radius, which indicates that boundary layer effect (caused by fluid-solid interaction) on micro fluid flow cannot be ignored.

Representation of Boundary Layer Thickness
In this part, we will develop a representative boundary layer thickness model from the perspective of deviation between the experimental and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity.
As can be known, boundary layer forms near the wall surface due to fluid-solid interaction. When the displacement pressure gradient is zero, it can be reckoned that the boundary layer thickness is equivalent to the radius of the micro tube since there is no fluid flow in micro tubes. With the increase of the displacement pressure gradient, the shear force of the wall fluid becomes larger and the proportion of movable fluid grows, indicating a thinner boundary layer [22] (See Figure 4). From Equations (8), (10) and (11), the expression of boundary layer thickness can be obtained.
From Equation (12), we can know that boundary layer thickness can be obtained through determining the expression of deviation between the Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity and experimental velocity.
According to the above analysis of boundary layer thickness and Equation (12), the deviation (Sv) reaches the maximal value 1 when the displacement pressure gradient is zero. And the deviation declines in the form of exponential function with the increase of ∇ P (See Figure 3). So as to reflect the   Figure 4. Schematic diagram of boundary layer thickness versus displacement pressure gradient (∇P 1 < ∇P 2 ).
From Equation (12), we can know that boundary layer thickness can be obtained through determining the expression of deviation between the Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity and experimental velocity. According to the above analysis of boundary layer thickness and Equation (12), the deviation (S v ) reaches the maximal value 1 when the displacement pressure gradient is zero. And the deviation declines in the form of exponential function with the increase of ∇P (See Figure 3). So as to reflect the physical meaning when ∇P is zero and changing trend of deviation. The deviation model can be expressed as follow, Parameters (b and c) in Equation (13) need to be determined so as to obtain S v . Here, single variable method is used to obtain the parameters. Through fitting the experimental result of S v by Equation (13) (See Figure 5), the parameters versus radius of micro tubes are obtained (See Table 1).
Parameters (b and c) in Equation (13) need to be determined so as to obtain Sv. Here, single variable method is used to obtain the parameters. Through fitting the experimental result of Sv by Equation (13) (See Figure 5), the parameters versus radius of micro tubes are obtained (See Table 1).  In order to make the model appropriate to wilder range, the exponential form is used to represent the relationship between the parameters and radius. The fitting result is shown in Figure 6.  In order to make the model appropriate to wilder range, the exponential form is used to represent the relationship between the parameters and radius. The fitting result is shown in Figure 6. The exponential expression is shown as follow, Through substituting Equations (13) and (14) into (12)

Validation of the Model
As there exists some deviation in fitting the relationship of Sv versus ∇ P and the parameters (b and c) versus radius, we will firstly use the modified model to predict Li's micro-tube experimental results in turn. The predictive results in contrast with Li's experiments are shown in Figure 7. We can see that the predictive results are consistent with the experimental ones, indicating the accuracy of the modified model. The exponential expression is shown as follow, Through substituting Equations (13) and (14) into (12), the boundary layer expression is eventually obtained, Finally, the modified Hagen-Poiseuille's Formula can be expressed as,

Validation of the Model
As there exists some deviation in fitting the relationship of S v versus ∇P and the parameters (b and c) versus radius, we will firstly use the modified model to predict Li's micro-tube experimental results in turn. The predictive results in contrast with Li's experiments are shown in Figure 7. We can see that the predictive results are consistent with the experimental ones, indicating the accuracy of the modified model. Furthermore, micro-tube experimental experiments at low ∇P conducted by Wu [22,40] are used to validate the accuracy and reliability of the novel model (See Figure 8). The predictive values by the novel model are still in agreement with the experimental results.
Through validation by the experimental results of Li [31] and Wu [22,40], it can be seen that the novel model can accurately characterize fluid flow in micro tubes. In addition, it has a definite physical meaning, which provides a good foundation for studying fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow in porous media. Furthermore, micro-tube experimental experiments at low ∇P conducted by Wu [22,40] are used to validate the accuracy and reliability of the novel model (See Figure 8). The predictive values by the novel model are still in agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, micro-tube experimental experiments at low ∇P conducted by Wu [22,40] are used to validate the accuracy and reliability of the novel model (See Figure 8). The predictive values by the novel model are still in agreement with the experimental results. Through validation by the experimental results of Li [31] and Wu [22,40], it can be seen that the novel model can accurately characterize fluid flow in micro tubes. In addition, it has a definite physical meaning, which provides a good foundation for studying fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow in porous media.

Application Range Analysis of the Model
As there exist different sizes of pores and throats in tight formation, the model's application range and change rule must be discussed in advance when applied to microscopic flow in porous media. Otherwise, there may appear some singular values in some pores and throats, which may

Application Range Analysis of the Model
As there exist different sizes of pores and throats in tight formation, the model's application range and change rule must be discussed in advance when applied to microscopic flow in porous media. Otherwise, there may appear some singular values in some pores and throats, which may lead to inaccurate flow law in porous media. In this part, the application range and change rule of this novel model will be analyzed mathematically.
From the novel model (16) and Equation (12), we can obtain its range and change rule through analyzing the range of the deviation between experimental and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity. By taking the partial derivative of Equation (13) with respect to ∇P, the following equation can be obtained, As b > 0, c > 0 and ∇P ≥ 0, then ∂S v ∂∇P ≤ 0. That is to say S v declines with the increase of ∇P. When ∇P equals to zero, both S v and the ratio of the boundary layer thickness arrive at the maximal value 1, which obeys to the physical meaning. When ∇P tends to infinite, almost all the fluids in micro tubes start to flow, S v and the ratio of boundary layer thickness tend to zero, which is also consistent with common sense. The detailed changing rule of the ratio of boundary layer thickness versus ∇P is shown in Figure 9.
As can be seen from Figure 9, the ratio of boundary layer thickness declines sharply with the increase of ∇P at first and then goes down as ∇P increases further. The larger the radius is, the quicker the decline rate will be. In addition, the boundary layer thickness will not be out of range at any ∇P as long as the radius is given and the flow pattern belongs to laminar flow. From the above analysis, the novel model has a broader application range than traditional empirical models. And singular values can be avoided in flow simulation in porous media with various sizes of pores and throats.

Fluid-Solid Interaction Effects on Microscopic Flow
In this section, the novel model will be applied to study fluid-solid interaction effects on microscopic flow from three aspects: the velocity profile, the average flow velocity and flow resistance. Furthermore, we will incorporate the novel model into porous media to study fluid-solid interaction in tight formation.

Velocity Profile
Micro-tube radii of 2.62 μm, 5.62 μm, 6.79 μm and 10.03 μm are selected to study fluid-solid interaction effects on velocity profile. The viscosity and displacement pressure gradients are From the above analysis, the novel model has a broader application range than traditional empirical models. And singular values can be avoided in flow simulation in porous media with various sizes of pores and throats.

Fluid-Solid Interaction Effects on Microscopic Flow
In this section, the novel model will be applied to study fluid-solid interaction effects on microscopic flow from three aspects: the velocity profile, the average flow velocity and flow resistance.
Furthermore, we will incorporate the novel model into porous media to study fluid-solid interaction in tight formation.

Velocity Profile
Micro-tube radii of 2.62 µm, 5.62 µm, 6.79 µm and 10.03 µm are selected to study fluid-solid interaction effects on velocity profile. The viscosity and displacement pressure gradients are respectively set to be 0.92 mPa·s and 0.1 MPa/m.
As can be inferred from Figure 10, the velocity in the micro tube is smaller than that predicted by the traditional Hagen-Poiseullie's formula due to fluid-solid interaction while the velocity profile is still parabolic. The closer fluid is away from the wall surface, the stronger the fluid-solid interaction will be, which results in an immovable layer (boundary layer) near the surface. The velocity profile in consideration of fluid-solid interaction is consistent with the simulation result of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) [41], which further confirms the accuracy of the model. In order to see the influence degree of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow at different positions in micro tubes quantitatively, a velocity deviation which is described by Equation (18) where V'HP represents Hagen-Poiseullie's velocity in the micro tubes; V'model represents the velocity, in consideration of the fluid-solid interaction in the micro tubes.
The calculated velocity deviations in different radial micro tubes are shown in Figure 11. As can be seen from Figure 11, the velocity deviation at different positions in every radial micro tube varies a lot. When the fluid is close to the wall surface, the fluid-solid interaction is strong enough to adsorb the boundary fluid to the wall and generates an immovable layer, which results in  In order to see the influence degree of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow at different positions in micro tubes quantitatively, a velocity deviation which is described by Equation (18) is defined, where V' HP represents Hagen-Poiseullie's velocity in the micro tubes; V' model represents the velocity, in consideration of the fluid-solid interaction in the micro tubes. The calculated velocity deviations in different radial micro tubes are shown in Figure 11. As can be seen from Figure 11, the velocity deviation at different positions in every radial micro tube varies a lot. When the fluid is close to the wall surface, the fluid-solid interaction is strong enough to adsorb the boundary fluid to the wall and generates an immovable layer, which results in the maximal deviation 1. As the distance away from the wall surface increases, the decline rate of velocity deviation goes down quickly at first and then slows down, which indicates that the forces of the fluid-solid interaction belong to a short-range force. With the increase of the distance away from the wall surface, fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow decreases significantly. The fluid-solid interaction is the weakest in the center of the micro tube, which leads to minimal deviation. The smaller the radius of micro tube, the stronger the fluid-solid interaction, the larger the deviation will be.

The Average Flow Velocity
In this part, fluid-solid interaction on average flow velocity will be studied under the same micro tube radius and the same displacement pressure gradient respectively. The parameters used are shown in Table 2. The calculation results are shown in Figure 12.

The Average Flow Velocity
In this part, fluid-solid interaction on average flow velocity will be studied under the same micro tube radius and the same displacement pressure gradient respectively. The parameters used are shown in Table 2. The calculation results are shown in Figure 12. As shown in Figure 12a, the average flow velocity in consideration of fluid-solid interaction (V new model ) is smaller than traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's velocity (V HP ) at the same micro tube radius. With the increase of displacement pressure gradient, fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow decline and the boundary layer thickness is reduced, resulting in larger effective flow space and smaller deviation between V new model and V HP . It can be known from Figure 12b that V new model is smaller than V HP and decreases with the increase of radius at the same displacement pressure gradient, which indicates that the effect of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow declines as micro-tube radius increases. tube radius and the same displacement pressure gradient respectively. The parameters used are shown in Table 2. The calculation results are shown in Figure 12.

Flow Resistance
As can be seen from the above analysis, the flow law in micro scale is different from traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's law due to fluid-solid interaction. In this part, the flow resistance in micro tubes in consideration of fluid-solid interaction will be further analyzed. The Reynolds number (R e ), Resistance coefficient (f ) and Poiseuille number (P o ) after considering fluid-solid interaction can be respectively calculated as, where D is diameter of micro tubes; ρ is fluid density. The relationships of R e and f versus ∇P are shown in Figure 13. With the increase of displacement pressure gradient, the fluid initially adsorbed on solid wall begins to flow reducing the boundary layer thickness. The average flow velocity increases which eventually leads to the increase of R e and decrease of resistance coefficient. Since the fluid-solid interaction effects on micro fluid flow weaken with the decrease of flow scale at the same displacement pressure gradient, the deviations of R e and f between the novel model and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's Formula becomes smaller and smaller as flow scale increases. In addition, we notice that the Reynolds number in micro fluid flow is far less than 2300 which suggests that the fluid flow in micro tubes belongs to laminar flow. This phenomenon further declares the reality of the novel model's assumption. It can be seen that the resistance coefficient is always larger than 1, which demonstrates the non-negligible effects of fluid-solid interaction on micro scale flow.
In terms of classical laminar flow, the Poiseuille number is a constant with the value of 64 when fluid flow in horizontal circular tube is fully developed. However, some researchers hold the idea that the Poiseuille number is no longer a constant as the flow scale becomes smaller. Here, the change rule of Poiseuille number in micro tubes is analyzed based on the novel model. And the calculated results are shown in Figure 14.
f between the novel model and traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's Formula becomes smaller and smaller as flow scale increases. In addition, we notice that the Reynolds number in micro fluid flow is far less than 2300 which suggests that the fluid flow in micro tubes belongs to laminar flow. This phenomenon further declares the reality of the novel model's assumption. It can be seen that the resistance coefficient is always larger than 1, which demonstrates the non-negligible effects of fluidsolid interaction on micro scale flow.  As can be seen from Figure 14, the Poiseuille number is indeed no longer a constant when considering fluid-solid interaction. It declines with the increase of ∇ P. When ∇ P is large enough, the effect of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow is reduced and the boundary layer thickness becomes thinner. As a result, the Poiseuille number in consideration of fluid-solid interaction is more and more close to traditional Poiseuille number. The deviation between the Poiseuille number considering fluid-solid interaction and traditional one increases with the decrease of micro-tube radius at the same displacement pressure gradient.

Pore Scale Network Model
The above investigation of fluid-solid interaction effects on microscopic flow mainly focuses on micro tubes. In this part, we will apply this novel model to pore scale network model which can represent the complex structure of tight formation to study fluid-solid interactions on fluid flow in porous media. Pore-throat radii and throat lengths are assumed to obey the truncated Weibull distribution in the pore network model.
where R represents pore and throat radii; Rmax and Rmin represent respectively the maximal throat and the minimal throat radius;  represents scale distribution parameters;  represents shape distribution parameters; , which is a random number. Detailed parameters in the pore network model are shown in Table 3. As the aspect ratio (the value of pore radius divided by throat radius) is large, the fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow will be only considered into throats. As can be seen from Figure 14, the Poiseuille number is indeed no longer a constant when considering fluid-solid interaction. It declines with the increase of ∇P. When ∇P is large enough, the effect of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow is reduced and the boundary layer thickness becomes thinner. As a result, the Poiseuille number in consideration of fluid-solid interaction is more and more close to traditional Poiseuille number. The deviation between the Poiseuille number considering fluid-solid interaction and traditional one increases with the decrease of micro-tube radius at the same displacement pressure gradient.

Pore Scale Network Model
The above investigation of fluid-solid interaction effects on microscopic flow mainly focuses on micro tubes. In this part, we will apply this novel model to pore scale network model which can represent the complex structure of tight formation to study fluid-solid interactions on fluid flow in porous media. Pore-throat radii and throat lengths are assumed to obey the truncated Weibull distribution in the pore network model.
where R represents pore and throat radii; R max and R min represent respectively the maximal throat and the minimal throat radius; δ represents scale distribution parameters; η represents shape distribution parameters; x ∈ [0, 1], which is a random number.
Detailed parameters in the pore network model are shown in Table 3. As the aspect ratio (the value of pore radius divided by throat radius) is large, the fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow will be only considered into throats. The conductance in consideration of fluid-solid interaction in pore network model can be modified as, Fluid flow through every pore satisfies mass conservation law at every displacement pressure gradient (See Figure 15a), where q jk represents the flow flux between pore i and a neighboring pore j. The flow flux between two neighboring pores can be calculated as follow, where g jk represents the conductance between pore j and k. It can be calculated by the harmonic mean of the conductance of the throat and two neighboring pores (See Figure 15b).
where L jk is the distance between pore j and k; P j and P k represent fluid pressure in pore j and k respectively.
Fluid flow through every pore satisfies mass conservation law at every displacement pressure gradient (See Figure 15a), where qjk represents the flow flux between pore i and a neighboring pore j. The flow flux between two neighboring pores can be calculated as follow, where gjk represents the conductance between pore j and k. It can be calculated by the harmonic mean of the conductance of the throat and two neighboring pores (See Figure 15b).
where Ljk is the distance between pore j and k; Pj and Pk represent fluid pressure in pore j and k respectively. The apparent permeability in the pore network model in consideration of fluid-solid interaction can be calculated by Equation (27), The detailed calculation flow chart considering fluid-solid interaction is shown in Figure 16. The apparent permeability in the pore network model in consideration of fluid-solid interaction can be calculated by Equation (27), The detailed calculation flow chart considering fluid-solid interaction is shown in Figure 16.  The calculation results are shown in Figure 17. As is known from Figure 17a, the apparent permeability is no longer a constant when considering fluid-solid interaction. The effect of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow weakens with the increase of displacement pressure gradient, the boundary layer thickness declines and the effective flow space is enlarged. As a result, the deviations of the apparent permeability grow smaller. When the displacement pressure gradient is large enough, the apparent permeability is basically consistent with the one ignoring fluid-solid interaction. From Figure 17b, we can see that nonlinear The calculation results are shown in Figure 17.  The calculation results are shown in Figure 17. As is known from Figure 17a, the apparent permeability is no longer a constant when considering fluid-solid interaction. The effect of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow weakens with the increase of displacement pressure gradient, the boundary layer thickness declines and the effective flow space is enlarged. As a result, the deviations of the apparent permeability grow smaller. When the displacement pressure gradient is large enough, the apparent permeability is basically consistent with the one ignoring fluid-solid interaction. From Figure 17b, we can see that nonlinear As is known from Figure 17a, the apparent permeability is no longer a constant when considering fluid-solid interaction. The effect of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow weakens with the increase of displacement pressure gradient, the boundary layer thickness declines and the effective flow space is enlarged. As a result, the deviations of the apparent permeability grow smaller. When the displacement pressure gradient is large enough, the apparent permeability is basically consistent with the one ignoring fluid-solid interaction. From Figure 17b, we can see that nonlinear flow occurs at low displacement pressure gradient due to fluid-solid interaction. The velocity deviation also decreases with the increase of displacement pressure gradient.
In order to further investigate fluid-solid interactions on fluid flow in porous media, the throat radii are modified to change the flow scale in pore network model. The average aspect ratio is used to reflect the flow scale. The deviation of apparent permeability is defined in Equation (28).
where K hp represents the apparent permeability, ignoring the fluid-solid interaction, and K f − s in consideration of fluid-solid interaction. For calculation, we respectively set the displacement pressure gradient as 0.1 MPa/m, 0.3 MPa/m and 0.5 MPa/m. The fluid viscosity is 0.92 mPa·s. The results are respectively shown in Figure 18. flow occurs at low displacement pressure gradient due to fluid-solid interaction. The velocity deviation also decreases with the increase of displacement pressure gradient. In order to further investigate fluid-solid interactions on fluid flow in porous media, the throat radii are modified to change the flow scale in pore network model. The average aspect ratio is used to reflect the flow scale. The deviation of apparent permeability is defined in Equation (28). It can be seen from Figure 18 that the curves of apparent permeability versus the average aspect ratio without considering the fluid-solid interaction overlap, which indicates that apparent permeability has nothing to do with ∇ P at different average aspect ratios. The apparent permeability decreases with increased average aspect ratio which suggests that the apparent permeability is the function of pore structures. When taking fluid-solid interaction into consideration, the apparent permeability at different ∇ P is smaller than that ignoring its effects. Meanwhile, the curves of apparent permeability versus average aspect ratio no longer overlap. The effect of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow is weakened and the boundary layer thickness is reduced with the increase of ∇ P, which results in a larger effective flow space and smaller deviation of apparent permeability from that ignoring fluid-solid interaction. The decline trend of the apparent permeability also exhibits great difference with the increase of average aspect ratio due to fluid-solid interaction.

Conclusions
In this study, a novel model which can characterize fluid flow in micro scales is developed from a new perspective. Micro tube experiments are used to verify the novel model. Its application range is further analyzed mathematically. After the analysis of the novel model, fluid-solid interaction effects on the velocity profile, the average flow velocity and flow resistance in micro tubes are respectively studied. Finally, the novel model is incorporated into pore scale network model to study fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow in porous media. The following conclusions are arrived at: 1. When fluid-solid interaction is taken into consideration, the velocity in micro tube is smaller than that predicted by traditional Hagen-Poiseuille's law. The fluid-solid interaction declines It can be seen from Figure 18 that the curves of apparent permeability versus the average aspect ratio without considering the fluid-solid interaction overlap, which indicates that apparent permeability has nothing to do with ∇P at different average aspect ratios. The apparent permeability decreases with increased average aspect ratio which suggests that the apparent permeability is the function of pore structures. When taking fluid-solid interaction into consideration, the apparent permeability at different ∇P is smaller than that ignoring its effects. Meanwhile, the curves of apparent permeability versus average aspect ratio no longer overlap. The effect of fluid-solid interaction on fluid flow is weakened and the boundary layer thickness is reduced with the increase of ∇P, which results in a larger effective flow space and smaller deviation of apparent permeability from that ignoring fluid-solid interaction. The decline trend of the apparent permeability also exhibits great difference with the increase of average aspect ratio due to fluid-solid interaction.

Conclusions
In this study, a novel model which can characterize fluid flow in micro scales is developed from a new perspective. Micro tube experiments are used to verify the novel model. Its application range is further analyzed mathematically. After the analysis of the novel model, fluid-solid interaction effects on the velocity profile, the average flow velocity and flow resistance in micro tubes are respectively