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Bioefficacy and economics of certain new molecule of insecticides against Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in chickpea

Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is a major insect pest of chickpea. The gram pod borer begins to infest at vegetative stage and later feeds on flowers and developing pods. A field investigation was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of certain new molecule insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on chickpea during Rabi 2020-21 in randomized block design with three replications. The outcomes revealed that the application of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha and Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 60g a.i./ha were established to be most effective treatments and application of Fipronil 5% SC @ 50g a.i./ha was least effective in respect of reduction of H. armigera larval population. The maximum yield was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha (14.00 q/ha) followed by Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 60g a.i./ha (13.73 q/ha) and lowest yield was recorded from Novaluron 75g a.i./ha (10.15 q/ha) treated plot.  The economics of different new molecule insecticides indicated that higher benefit cost ratio (BCR) was observed from Lambda Cyhalothrin 30g a.i./ha (7.86:1) followed by Emamectin benzoate 12g a.i/ha (6.75:1) and the lower BCR was recorded from Cyantraniliprole 60g a.i./ha (1.64:1) and Novaluron 75g a.i./ha (1.58:1). Chlorantraniliprole and Cyantraniliprole are newer group of insecticides, which are relatively safer and more effective against gram pod borer as comparison to conventional insecticides and can be used in successful management of this key pest of chickpea.


Introduction
Pulses are dry seeds of plants which belongs to Leguminosae family. Pulses are source of protein, amino acids and have other medicinal properties. Production and consumption of higher amount of pulses are the best way to overcome spread of protein malnutrition in world. In 2016, United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) celebrated as International Year of Pulses (IYP) to generate awareness in food security and several benefits of protein and also about sustainable foods production for small holder farmers (Anonymous, 2016). In India over dozens of pulse crops grown, however Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important pulses crop after dry beans and field pea. It is commonly known as Bengal gram, chana or gram, originated from South Western Asia. It is an important Rabi pulse crop of India, and considered as 'King of Pulses' due to its nutritional values and high demand (Bhatt and Patel, 2001). Chickpea highly fix more than 80 per cent of atmospheric nitrogen in association with Rhizobium spp. India leads top rank in area and production of chickpea. In India, chickpea occupies 107.21 lakh hectare area and producing 9.02 million tons with 895 405 Environment Conservation Journal kg/ha productivity (Anonymous, 2020). Madhya Pradesh ranks highest in chickpea production (32.37%) followed by Rajasthan (19.46%), Maharashtra (15.82%), Andhra Pradesh (8.76%) and Uttar Pradesh (6.45%) and these states contributing 82% of total production of country (Naik et al., 2018). Insect pests are one of the major limiting factors for production of chickpea. In India, gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) is a major pest of chickpea. The gram pod borer begins to infest at vegetative stage and later feeds on flowers and developing pods until crop maturity, where pod borer caused 60 to >90 per cent losses in seeds/grains yield under favourable conditions throughout the India (Anonymous, 2013;Patil et al., 2017). Due to the feeding preference of the H. armigera larvae on the plant parts that are rich in protein content and reproductive parts of growing plants, e.g. flowers, pods, cotton bales and buds results in a reduction in the crop yield. The Indian farmers mostly rely on insecticides for the management of insect pests' infestation because; agrochemicals are considered as the last recline for management due to their quick knockdown effect. Over dependence on a particular group of chemicals is one of the important reasons for the rapid development of resistance and hazards to the environment and human health, among the several avenues to overcome the insecticidal resistance and environmental problems, replacement with the new molecules of insecticide is one of the important considerations (Gill and Garg, 2014). Keeping these facts in mind the present investigation was planned and conducted to find out the reliable and cost effective source for the management of gram pod borer in chickpea.

Material and Methods
The present experiment was conducted under field conditions at Students' Instructional Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) during Rabi 2020-21 on chickpea cultivar of PUSA-262 in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The unit plot size kept 1.50×2.50m of each with line to line 30 cm spacing and plant to plant spacing 10cm. The observation on H. armigera larval population was taken on mean larval population per metre row length basis. The larval population of H. armigera was recorded at a day before spraying and 3, 7 and 15 days after application of treatments at each spraying. The Benefit-Cost Ratio worked out for each treatment on the basis of additional return over control in terms rupees and cost of insecticidal spray in each treatment The data obtained were analyzed statistically to compare the treatment effects for randomized block design (Panse and Sukhatme, 1961).

Results and Discussion
Bioefficacy of certain new molecule of insecticides against larval population H. armigera The initial count of H. armigera larvae revealed that the pest population was distributed homogenously throughout the experimental field a day before application of treatments on the crop during the Rabi 2020-21 (Table 1 and Figure 1 & 2). First spray Pre-treatment observation was recorded a day before the application of insecticides, which revealed the uniform distribution of pod borer in the field. The data pertaining efficacy of the first spray was obtained and presented in Table 1 and Figure 1 indicates that the population a day before was ranged from 5.11 to 6.00 larvae/mrl. The data obtained from 3 DAS (Days after spray) revealed that reduction in larval population was recorded in all treated plots in comparison to the untreated plot. However, among all the treatments the minimum larval population was found in treatment T2-Chlorantraniliprole 25g a.i./ha (3.00 larvae/mrl) followed by the treatment T5-Cyantraniliprole 60g a.i./ha (3.33 larvae/mrl) and highest in treatment T7-Lambda Chylothrin 30g a.i./ha (4.67 larvae/mrl). The observation recorded at 7 DAS revealed that the minimum population was found in T2-Chlorantraniliprole 25g a.i./ha (0.78 larvae/mrl) followed by T5-Cyantraniliprole 25g a.i./ha (0.89 larvae/mrl), and maximum in the treatment T9-Fipronil 50g a.i./ha (2.44 larvae/mrl). The data noted at 15 DAS depicted that all the treatments were significantly superior to over control and treatment T2-Chlorantraniliprole 25g a.i./ha (1.11 larvae/mrl) was the most effective treatment recorded the lowest population over control followed by T5-Cyantraniliprole 60g a.i./ha (1.22 larvae/mrl) and treatment T9-Fipronil 50g a.i./ha (3.22 larvae/mrl) least effective treatment recorded the highest population over control. The overall mean population of 3, 7 and 15 DAS indicate that all treated plots were significantly outperformed over control. However, among the all treatments minimum larval population was found in T2-Chlorantraniliprole 25g a.i./ha (1.63 larvae/mrl) and T5-Cyantraniliprole 60g a.i./ha (1.81 larvae/mrl), which were most effective treatments in reducing the larval populations and T9-Fipronil 50 a.i./ha (3.22 larvae/mrl) had maximum population.

Effect of certain new molecule of insecticides on pod damage
The efficacy of insecticides was tested in terms of pod damage in the field trial for the Rabi 2020-21 (  Rani et al. (2018) found that use of Chlorantraniliprole in red gram produced higher yield against gram pod borer.

Conclusion
Application of insecticides for the management of insect pests in agriculture ecosystem is one of the most common activities as insecticides provide good control of insect pests in very short span of time. Foliar spray of Chlorantraniliprole 25g a.i./ha and Cyantraniliprole 60g a.i./ha were the most effective insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera with minimum larval population, lowest pod damage and highest yield per hectare. Chlorantraniliprole 25g a.i./ha had highest net return while Lambda Cyhalothrin 30g a.i./ha was most cost effective treatment with highest benefit cost ratio. These insecticides belong to newer group, relatively safer and more effective at lower doses against gram pod borer as comparison to conventional insecticides for management of this key pest of chickpea. The information generated in present study can be suitably incorporated in the management strategies.