{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.020556227327690448, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0048367593712212815, 'mean_word_length': 4.710344827586207, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Characteristic Mode Analysis of Koch Fractal Dipole Antenna

In this paper, a characteristic mode (CM) analysis of a Koch fractal dipole antenna is presented. First, a CM analysis and full-wave EM simulation of a conventional dipole antenna are discussed. A Koch fractal structure is used and optimized for the required operating frequency to reduce the profile of antenna. For multiple iterations of the fractal geometry, CM analysis is performed and compared with the full-wave EM simulation. The Koch fractal dipole is used for the overall profile reduction of the straight dipole antenna. The size of the Koch fractal dipole antenna is reduced by around 10% compared to a straight dipole at 2.4 GHz. It is observed that the result obtained from the CM analysis agrees with the results obtained from full-wave EM simulation.