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Assessing Preventive Health Behaviors from COVID-19 Based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) among People in Golestan Province: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Iran CURRENT STATUS: POSTED

Background: COVID-19 is a new viral disease that has caused a pandemic in the world. Due to the lack of vaccines and definitive treatment, preventive behaviors are the only way to overcome the disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the preventive behaviors from the disease based on constructs of the health belief model. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study during March 11 to 16, 2019, 750 individuals in Golestan province of Iran were included in the study using the convenience sampling and they completed the questionnaires through cyberspace. Factor scores were calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis. The effects of different factors were separately investigated using the univariate analyses, including students sample t-test, ANOVA, and simple linear regression. Finally, the effective factors were examined by the multiple regression analysis at a significant level of 0.05 and through Mplus 7 and SPSS 16. Results: The participants' mean age was 33.9±9.45 years; and 57.1% of them had associate and bachelor's degrees. Multiple regression indicated that the mean score of preventive behavior from COVID-19 was higher in women than men, and greater in urban dwellers than rural dwellers. Furthermore, one unit increase in the standard deviation of factor scores of self-efficacy and perceived benefits increased the scores of preventive behavior from COVID-19 by 0.22 and 0.17 units respectively. On the contrary, one unit increase in the standard deviation of factor score of perceived barriers and fatalistic beliefs decreased the scores of the preventive behavior from COVID-19 by 0.36 and 0.19 units respectively. Conclusion: Results of the present study indicated that female gender, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, fatalistic beliefs, perceived interests, and living in city had the greatest preventive behaviors from COVID-19 respectively. Preventive interventions were necessary among men and villagers. 1 Type 1 belief model; RMSEA: Root Mean Square Error CFI: Comparative Fit Index; TLI: Tucker-Lewis Index; SRMSR: Standardized Root Mean Square Residual; NOVA:analysis of variance; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Sciences

Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (1,2). The history of going to the market for marine products and wildlife in Wuhan was found in the early clusters of patients with the infection, suggesting the possibility of zoonotic transmission (3). The cause of this unknown pneumonia was the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and it has now spread to a great number of countries. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization's Emergency Committee considered it as a global health emergency due to its significant growth in China and other countries, and declared it to be a pandemic in March 2020 (4).
SARS-COV-2 has a genetic similarity of 96 percent to corona virus originated from bats (5). The virus seemed to be transmitted from animals to humans in Huanan seafood market in Wuhan of China (6).
Early symptoms of SARS-COV-2 are related to COVID-19 that occurs with pneumonia symptoms.
Recent reports indicate gastrointestinal symptoms and asymptomatic infections, especially in children (3). Its incubation period is with mean of 5 days and median of 3 days and a range of 0-24 days (5,7). Clinical manifestations of the disease usually occur within less than a week. The symptoms include fever, cough, nasal inflammation, fatigue, and other signs of upper respiratory tract infection (7).
A feature of the SARS-COV-2 is its high virulence. Results of the recent study on 425 patients indicated that the number of patients doubled per week in the current pandemic; and each patient infected 2.2 individuals on average (3). Analysis of recent results from the early stages of the outbreak also indicated that the rate ranged from 2.2 to 3.58 individuals (8).
In Iran, the first case was reported in Qom on February 19, 2020, and then it spread to other regions of Iran. Until April 10, 2020, 66,220 individuals had the disease and 4110 died in Iran (9). The disease has been reported in 197 countries so far; and 1 521 252 cases of coronavirus were reported worldwide until April 10, 2020 according to Johns Hopkins University. 92 798 of the patients died from the disease. Iran ranks sixth after China, Italy, the United States, Spain and Germany (10).
No vaccine or definitive treatment has been found for the disease so far, and the treatments are symptomatic and supportive. Therefore, prevention and control of this pandemic by observing the rules of prevention and personal hygiene, such as washing hands regularly with soap and water, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, and not touching the nose, mouth and eyes are the only ways to cope with the disease. Each person is the most important factor in promoting health; and the right or wrong behaviors are influenced by the individuals' beliefs, values, tendencies, and habits (3). Sociologists, psychologists, and anthropologists have proposed a range of different theories and models to explain the factors influencing the health behavior, one of which is the health belief model (HBM). This model is introduced by Rosenstock et al. and is a general conceptual framework and theoretical guideline for health behaviors in the public health research, and it consists of constructs, namely the perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and preventive health behaviors (11,12). The general acceptance and popularity of the health belief model is due to its high predictive power (12). The model is designed to explain the reasons why people do not participate in the prevention program and is based on the hypothesis that the individuals' preventive behavior is affected by their beliefs in being at risk (perceived susceptibility), the seriousness of risk (perceived severity), existence of a way to reduce the incidence or severity of disease (perceived benefits), and higher costs versus the benefits of action (perceived barriers), and thus they participate in screening and prevention activities based on the evaluation of these factors (13,14).
Given the pandemic and spread of SARS-COV-2, the observance of preventive health standards and behaviors in society is essential to better control the disease. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the preventive health behaviors from COVID-19 based on the health belief model among people in Golestan province in March 2019.

Procedure
The present cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of over 18 years of age in Golestan

4.
Questions about recognizing the clinical symptoms of disease (7 questions) that were answered by yes, no and I don't know. The correct answer was scored 1, the wrong answer and I don't know were scored 0.

5.
There were 8 questions about the preventive behaviors from COVID-19. Answering the questions was on a 5-point Likert scale from Always to Never; and scoring was from 1 to 5.
The opinions of 8 health education and promotion specialists were used to determine the content validity; and the necessary changes and corrections were applied in the text of the questionnaire based on their opinions.

Analysis
First, the data were included in Mplus 7 software. Thereafter, the confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the relationship between each variable of the health belief model and fatalistic behaviors with individual behaviors about the prevention of COVID-19 for each variable, and then the desired structural models about relationships of each variable with the performance were inserted in the software. In each of these factor analyses, the factor score was calculated and stored for each

Results
Participants were in the age range of 15-77 with an average age of 39.33±6.45 years. 394 individuals (52.5%) were male, 74.9% lived in cities, and 57.1% had associate and bachelor's degrees. The mean scores of preventive behaviors from COVID-19 indicated significant differences with gender and residence place ( Table 1).
The research results indicated that most participants (96.8%) did not go to crowded places due to the prevention of the disease. 54% believed that people follow hygienic standards such as using masks, and hand washing to prevent the disease, while 25.2% believed that people never observe hygiene standards.
The results indicated that most respondents had relatively high perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived self-efficacy, but lower perceived barriers and fatalistic beliefs ( Table 2).
The vast majority of samples were aware of three main symptoms of COVID-19, including fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath (Table 3). Table 4 presents the status of preventive behaviors from COVID-19. As shown 82% of participants "always" observed "no handshake and kissing", 73.7% observed "hand washing when entering the house", 64.3% observed "no need to leave the house", and 61.2% observed "the use of tissue paper or bending elbows when coughing and sneezing". 45.7% of samples always observed "washing hands with soap and water" and 39.7% always observed "a distance of one meter". The lowest levels of compliance were related to "touching face by hands" and "non-use of mobile phones outside the house", which were always observed by 33.5% and 22.8% of participants respectively (Table 4). Table 5 presents mean scores (standard deviation) for constructs of the health belief model and fatalistic beliefs. The measured mean was obtained from dividing the mean score by number of questions in order to make the mean importance of each dimension comparable in participants. As presented, the "fatalistic beliefs" had the highest mean (4.13), followed by "perceived susceptibility" (3.03), "perceived barriers" (2.96), and "cues to action" (2.74). The lowest mean belonged to "perceived benefits" (1.83) and "preventive behaviors" (1.68) ( Table 5). Table 6 presents results of regression analysis (univariate, multivariate). The univariate analysis indicated that the self-efficacy, barriers, benefits, fatalism, cues to action, gender, and place of residence had significant effects on preventive behaviors from COVID-19. Multiple regression also indicated that self-efficacy, barriers, fatalism, gender, and place of residence were associated with preventive behaviors from COVID-19, and only the "cues to action" variable lost its significance. In this regard, the self-efficacy and perceived benefits had positive relationships; in other words, the mean score of performance increased with their increase, but the perceived barriers and fatalistic beliefs had opposite relationships and decreased the mean score of performance. Furthermore, the mean score of preventive behaviors against COVID-19 was higher in women than men and also higher in urban residents than villagers. As shown in the "standardized estimation" column of the table for comparing the effects of variables on performance, the greatest impact belonged to gender.
The "perceived barriers" variable had a greater effect on preventive behaviors from COVID-19 than fatalism; and the individual's self-efficacy had a greater effect on the preventive behaviors from COVID-19 than the perceived benefits (Table 6).

Discussion
The present study aimed to determine the preventive behaviors from COVID-19 and roles of fatalistic beliefs and health belief model constructs in the disease in Golestan province of Iran. The results indicated that rate of adherence to preventive behaviors from COVID-19 was at a desirable level.
Preventive behaviors such as observing the etiquette of coughing and sneezing, washing hands for at least 20 seconds, not kissing others, observing at least one meter distance from others, not leaving home except when necessary, not touching nose and face by hands, not taking a mobile phone with us out of house, and washing hands with soap and water as soon as arriving home were at proper levels. Results of a study in Hong Kong also indicated that more than 77 percent of participants reported good health performance for COVID-19 (15).
Gender was an important variable affecting the preventive behaviors, so that women showed better observance than men probably since they had greater motivation for health than men. In studies on breast cancer screening behaviors, the health motivation was confirmed as an independent variable (16)(17)(18). In a study by Lau et al. on the pandemic of H1N1 in women and men in Hong Kong, women had better performance than men in the prevention of the disease (19). Moreover, people living in cities showed better performance against the disease than villagers probably due to the difference in their literacy levels.
Perceived barriers and fatalistic beliefs were also inversely related to the preventive behaviors from COVID-19. Therefore, the rate of adherence to preventive behaviors increased by reducing perceived barriers and fatalistic beliefs. However, the impact of perceived barriers was greater than fatalistic beliefs. The perceived barriers are important and effective constructs of the health belief model because the individuals should overcome barriers to behaviour despite their inner desire to engage in preventive behavior. Excessive barriers can be deterrents and prevent the creation of desired health behaviors. In the present study, the participants had fewer perceived barriers to preventive individual behaviors, such as hand washing, but they were strongly influenced by environmental barriers such as shortage of masks, alcohol pads, and disinfectants. Shortage of mask has been observed in most regions of world due to the pandemic of COVID-19(20, 21) (22, 23) and the issue was also observed in the present study. In a recent study in China, shortage of mask in the market was a reason for not using it (24). Providing masks and other disinfectants and overcoming the environmental barriers can be effective in increasing the individuals' adherence to these preventive behaviors. The existence of high perceived self-efficacy is an important factor in overcoming the perceived barriers; and it was an effective variable in adopting preventive behaviors from COVID-19 in the present study. Self-efficacy is defined as the level of trust and confidence in overcoming barriers to a healthy behavior. According to the health belief model, individuals should have an appropriate level of self-efficacy to overcome barriers to behavior (25).
Fatalistic beliefs constitute a theory based on which people believe that events are controlled by external forces and humans have no power over them and can no longer influence them; and they are considered greatly as barriers to screening and preventive behaviors for cancers. They are more common in poor people, racial and ethnic minorities, and low-literate people (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). In the present study, the participants' fatalistic beliefs were low due to high levels of education and high urbanization. On the other hand, fatalistic behaviors have been studied and confirmed in diseases such as cancer, but COVID-19 is an infectious disease; and the process of its infection, like cancers, is multifactorial and sometimes unknown; and its cause is known to be a single virus. Perhaps this has also contributed to the lack of fatalistic beliefs in the participants.
Perceived benefits were other factors in predicting preventive behaviors from the disease. In other words, the individuals perform better by increasing the perceived benefits. Having perceptions such as effects of regular hand washing, use of personal protective equipment such as masks, and disposable gloves can lead to high perceived benefits, and they are thus strong motivations for taking preventive measures against this disease.
In the study, the perceived susceptibility and severity did not show any significant relationship in predicting the preventive behaviors from COVID- 19  The research had three limitations: first, the data were collected from the digital space due to specific conditions caused by limitations of the disease; hence, it did not allow for random sampling to select individuals. Second, some people such as the elderly or low-income people might not have access to smartphones and not be evaluated. Third, the individuals' performance was based on self-reporting that should be considered in the data generalization.

Conclusion
The research results indicated that female gender, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, fatalistic beliefs, perceived benefits, and living in the city respectively had the highest predictive power of preventive behaviors from COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to perform interventions to increase awareness in men to promote health behaviors. Inducing the benefits of preventative behaviors increases the perceived self-efficacy, and thus overcomes the barriers to preventive behaviors from COVID-19. It is suggested decreasing the fatalistic beliefs and paying more attention to people living in rural areas in order to promote preventive behaviors.

Funding
This work was supported by the Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.

Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request The below message was used as consent to participate:

Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present questionnaire is about your beliefs regarding coronavirus prevention methods. The aim of this study was to determine the factors influencing the preventive behaviors of the new coronavirus.
Please help us do this research with your honest answer. This questionnaire is anonymous, so there is no need to mention the name and surname. Completing the questionnaire will take about 7 minutes.
It should be noted that your information will remain confidential.