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Secalonic Acid D induced leukemia cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of G1 with involvement of GSK-3β/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway

The anticancer activities of secalonic acid D separated from the secondary metabolites of the mangrove endophytic fungus No. ZSU44 were investigated in this study. Secalonic acid D showed potent cytotoxicity to HL60 and K562 cells, and the IC50 values were 0.38 and 0.43 μmol/L, respectively. Annexin V-FITC/PI assay and western blot indicated that secalonic acid D induced apoptosis in HL60 and K562 cells.. In addition, secalonic acid D led to cell cycle arrest of G1 phase related to downregulation of c-Myc. Moreover, our data indicated that downregulation of c-Myc and cell cycle arrest of G1 phase were caused not by formation of G-quadruplex structures but by activation of GSK-3β followed by degradation of β-catenin.