{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.031059683313032885, 'fraction_numerical': 0.018270401948842874, 'mean_word_length': 4.910071942446043, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
THE LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD ON BONE AGE, BONE CORTICAL THICKNESS AND HEIGHT

ABSTRACT: Briers, P. J., Hoorweg, J. C. and Stanfield, J. P. (Royal Infirmary, Gloucester, Great Britain; Africa Study Centre, Netherlands; Social Paediatric and Obstetric Research Unit, Glasgow, Scotland). The long‐term effects of protein energy malnutrition in early childhood on bone age, bone cortical thickness and height. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64: 853, 1975.–Three groups of Ugandan children, 18 in each group, and one comparison group of 18 children were examined at 11–17 years of age. The three groups had previously been admitted for treatment of protein energy malnutrition between the ages of 8 to 15, 16 to 21 and 22 to 27 months respectively. The comparison group had not been clinically malnourished throughout the period up to 27 months of age. The children came from one tribe and from similar socio‐economic background, and were individually matched on age and sex. The bone age was estimated by hand wrist radiography scored for maturity by the Tanner & Whitehouse method. The metacarpal index, a ratio derived from the medullary width and full diameter of the mid‐point of the second metacarpal, was used as a measure of bone cortical thickness. The three malnourished groups are significantly shorter in height than the comparison group, but are not different in bone age and metacarpal index. No differences are observed between the three groups of children who had been admitted for protein energy malnutrition at different ages. The findings are discussed as they relate to the existing literature.