{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03346633416458853, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03226932668329177, 'mean_word_length': 4.94632265717675, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 5, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Outcome after surgery for metastatic spinal cord compression in 54 patients with prostate cancer

Background and purpose The criteria for selecting patients who may benefit from surgery of spinal cord compression in metastatic prostate cancer are poorly defined. We therefore studied patients operated for metastatic spinal cord compression in order to evaluate outcome of surgery and to find predictors of survival. Patients and methods We reviewed the records of 54 consecutive patients with metastatic prostate cancer who were operated for spinal cord compression at Umeå University Hospital. The indication for surgery was neurological deficit due to spinal cord compression. 41 patients had hormone-refractory cancer and 13 patients had previously untreated, hormone-naïve prostate cancer. 29 patients were operated with posterior decompression only, and in 25 patients posterior decompression and stabilization was performed. Results Preoperatively, 6/54 of patients were able to walk. 1 month after surgery, 33 patients were walking, 15 were non-ambulatory, and 6 had died. Mortality rate was 11% at 1 month, 41% at 6 months, and 59% at 1 year. In the hormone-naïve group, 8/13 patients were still alive with a median postoperative follow-up of 26 months. In the hormone-refractory group, median survival was 5 months. Patients with hormone-refractory disease and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) of ≤ 60% had median survival of 2.5 months, whereas those with KPS of 70% and KPS of ≥ 80% had a median survival of 7 months and 18 months, respectively (p < 0.001). Visceral metastases were present in 12/41 patients with hormone-refractory tumor at the time of spinal surgery, and their median survival was 4 months—as compared to 10 months in patients without visceral metastases (p = 0.003). Complications within 30 days of surgery occurred in 19/54 patients. Interpretation Our results indicate that patients with hormone-naive disease, and those with hormone-refractory disease with good performance status and lacking visceral metastases, may be helped by surgery for metastatic spinal cord compression.

Background and purpose The criteria for selecting patients who may benefit from surgery of spinal cord compression in metastatic prostate cancer are poorly defined. We therefore studied patients operated for metastatic spinal cord compression in order to evaluate outcome of surgery and to find predictors of survival.
Patients and methods We reviewed the records of 54 consecutive patients with metastatic prostate cancer who were operated for spinal cord compression at Umeå University Hospital. The indication for surgery was neurological deficit due to spinal cord compression. 41 patients had hormone-refractory cancer and 13 patients had previously untreated, hormone-naïve prostate cancer. 29 patients were operated with posterior decompression only, and in 25 patients posterior decompression and stabilization was performed.
Results Preoperatively, 6/54 of patients were able to walk. 1 month after surgery, 33 patients were walking, 15 were nonambulatory, and 6 had died. Mortality rate was 11% at 1 month, 41% at 6 months, and 59% at 1 year. In the hormone-naïve group, 8/13 patients were still alive with a median postoperative follow-up of 26 months. In the hormone-refractory group, median survival was 5 months. Patients with hormone-refractory disease and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) of ≤ 60% had median survival of 2.5 months, whereas those with KPS of 70% and KPS of ≥ 80% had a median survival of 7 months and 18 months, respectively (p < 0.001). Visceral metastases were present in 12/41 patients with hormone-refractory tumor at the time of spinal surgery, and their median survival was 4 months-as compared to 10 months in patients without visceral metastases (p = 0.003). Complications within 30 days of surgery occurred in 19/54 patients.
Interpretation Our results indicate that patients with hormone-naive disease, and those with hormone-refractory disease with good performance status and lacking visceral metastases, may be helped by surgery for metastatic spinal cord compression.  Bone metastasis occurs in more than 80% of patients with advanced prostate cancer, most commonly in the spine (Bubendorf et al. 2000). Spinal cord compression usually occurs in patients with advanced hormone-resistant disease, causing neurological complications detrimental to quality and duration of life (Clarke 2006). However, spinal cord compression may also be the first clinical manifestation of metastases in patients with previously localized disease, or may occasionally be the presenting sign in patients with previously unrecognized prostate cancer. Spinal cord compression in patients with prostate cancer has been reported to have an incidence of 3-7% (Kuban et al. 1986, Honens de Lichtenberg et al. 1992, Loblaw et al. 2003. The outcome of surgery for spinal cord compression is usually reported in series involving different tumors, making it difficult to draw conclusions on specific tumor types (Jansson and Bauer 2006, Chaichana et al. 2009). In some studies limited to prostate cancer, surgical treatment has been analyzed together with results of radiation treatment, with a low number of patients operated (Huddart et al. 1997, Cereceda et al. 2003, Tazi et al. 2003. There have only been a few studies that have specifically addressed surgical treatment of metastatic spinal cord compression in prostate cancer (Shoskes andPerrin 1989, Williams et al. 2009). Furthermore, the criteria for selecting patients who may benefit from surgical therapy of spinal cord compression are poorly defined.
We therefore studied patients with prostate cancer who were operated for metastatic spinal cord compression to evaluate outcome of surgery and to find predictors of survival and neurological restitution.

Patients and methods
We reviewed the records of 54 consecutive patients with histologically proven prostate cancer who were operated for and non-skeletal metastases were treated with palliative radiotherapy (17 patients). 5 of these patients received palliative radiotherapy because of continuous pain, to the same spinal level as the operation site, at a median interval of 5 (4-18) months before spinal surgery. 1 patient had radiation treatment due to neurological symptoms 9 days before surgery for spinal cord compression. 3 patients received bisphosphonates (zolendronic acid) and 4 were given radioisotopes. In addition, 11 patients were on continuous therapy with low-dose prednisone, mainly for pain relief, for median 6 (1.5-12) months until the time of surgery.
The anatomic location of spinal lesions was assessed by preoperative MR imaging (Table 2). Neurological function was graded according to Frankel preoperatively, and 4 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. The preoperative functional status of the patients before presentation with neurological symptoms had been evaluated according to the Karnofsky performance status scale (KPS). The follow-up time was defined as the time between the date of operation and the latest follow-up examination or death. The median follow-up time for survivors was 26 (7-52) months in the hormone-naïve group and 12 (7-27) months in the hormone-refractory group. metastatic spinal cord compression at Umeå University Hospital, Sweden, between September 2003 and December 2008. The material for morphological studies was collected prospectively as part of a larger study on bone metastasis from prostate cancer, and 53 patients from the present study were included in the study on androgen receptor expression in bone metastases (Crnalic et al. 2010). The study was approved by the local ethics review board (No. 223/03, dnr 03-185 and dnr 04-26M).
The indication for surgery was neurological deficit due to spinal cord compression. 41 patients had already been diagnosed as having hormone-refractory prostate cancer, whereas 13 patients had previously untreated, hormone-naïve prostate cancer (Table 1). The surgical and medical therapies were not randomized, and were performed according to the preferences of the surgical and oncology teams. A high dose of steroids was prescribed to 51 of the 54 patients after the onset of neurological symptoms.
Treatment of primary prostate cancer for the patients in the hormone-refractory group consisted of androgen deprivation therapy, either with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists (33 patients) or orchiectomy (8 patients). 1 patient underwent radical prostatectomy, and 3 patients received curative radiation therapy (78 Gy). In addition, 29 patients also received antiandrogens. After failure of hormone treatment, 5 patients were given chemotherapy. Skeletal Patients may have more than one metastasis. f Grade A: complete lesion (paraplegia); grade B: only sensory function; grade C: motor function present but not of practical use (non-ambulatory); grade D: motor function present, sufficient to allow walking (ambulatory); grade E: no neurological symptoms.

Statistics
Groups were compared with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Postoperative survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis with death from prostate cancer as event. Survival curves were compared with the log-rank test. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software version 5.0 (Graph-Pad Inc., San Diego, CA).
Neurological function postoperatively 33 of the 54 patients were able to walk 1 month after surgery (Table 3). 27 of 45 patients in the preoperative Frankel grade C group regained their ability to walk 4 weeks after  of 19 patients with ≥ 2 levels of spinal cord compression were ambulatory at 4 weeks. 16 of 29 patients who were operated with posterior decompression and 17 of 25 patients who were operated with posterior decompression and stabilization were ambulatory 4 weeks after surgery.
Complications 24 complications were recorded within 30 days of surgery in 19 of the 54 patients (Table 4). Systemic complications occurred in 9 patients, local complications in 8, and 2 patients surgery; 9 of them had hormone-naïve tumors and 18 had hormone-refractory tumors. 1 patient with hormone-naïve tumor was operated for subdural hematoma 1 week before spinal surgery, and 1 patient with hormone-refractory tumor suffered a stroke 3 weeks postoperatively; none of them improved in neurological function (Frankel grade C) postoperatively. All 6 patients with Frankel grade D preoperatively retained their neurological function 4 weeks postoperatively. None of the patients from the Frankel grade B group reached ambulatory status.
None of the 15 patients with grade C at 4 weeks postoperatively improved neurologically on later follow-up. Of the 33 patients who were ambulatory at 4 weeks, 27 were still alive at 6 months and 26 of them had retained their neurological function, whereas 1 patient could not walk. 24 of 35 patients with 1 level of spinal cord compression and 9 had both local and systemic complications. 5 of the 11 patients with systemic complications and 2 of the 10 patients with local complications also had visceral metastases at the time of surgery. 1 patient with wound dehiscence had received radiation therapy to the operation site 9 days preoperatively. 11 patients who were operated with posterior decompression had complications (5 systemic, 8 local) as compared to 8 patients who were operated with posterior decompression and stabilization (6 systemic, 5 local). In the hormone-naïve group, 2 patients had complications (2 systemic, 2 local). In the hormonerefractory group, 17 patients had complications (9 systemic, 11 local). The postoperative complication rate was not related to age (p = 0.7).
Survival 6 patients died within 30 days of surgery. Mortality rate was 11% at 1 month, 24% at 3 months, 41% at 6 months, and 59% at 1 year. At the latest follow-up, 8 patients in the hormonenaïve group and 4 patients in the hormone-refractory group were still alive after median postoperative follow-up times of 26 (7-52) months and 12 (7-27) months, respectively. In the hormone-naïve group, more than half of the patients were still alive at the latest follow-up, whereas there was a postoperative median survival of only 5 (0.25-36) months in the hormone-refractory group (p < 0.001) (Figure 1a). Patients with hormone-refractory disease and bad performance status (KPS ≤ 60%, n = 11) had a median survival of 2.5 (0.25-5) months, whereas those with a KPS of 70% (n = 22) and a KPS of ≥ 80% (n = 8) had median survival of 7 (0.3-36) and 18 (4-27) months, respectively (p < 0.001) (Figure 2a). In the group with KPS ≤ 60%, 5 patients had visceral metastases at the time of surgery and 7 patients suffered from complications within one month of surgery. 12 of 41 patients with hormone-refractory tumor had visceral metastases at the time of spinal surgery. Their median survival was 4 (0.3-10) months, as compared to 10 (0.25-36) months for patients without visceral metastases (p = 0.003) (Figure 2b). Patients with hormone-refractory tumor who were ambulatory 4 weeks after surgery generally had longer survival times than non-ambulatory patients, with median survival of 13 (2.5-36) and 2.5 (1-10) months, respectively (p < 0.001) (Figure 3). Survival was not found to be related to age when ages of 65, 70, or 75 years were used as cut-off in survival analysis-either in the whole patient material (p = 0.7, p = 0.1, and p = 0.2) or in the hormone-refractory group analyzed separately (p = 0.5, p = 0.9 and p = 0.8). There was no statistically significant difference in the survival of patients when the two surgical methods were compared (p = 0.6).

Discussion
We found that the hormone status of bone metastases, the preoperative performance status of the patient, and preoperative morbidity related to the presence of visceral metastases had an influence on outcome after surgery for spinal cord compression in prostate cancer. Our results also indicate that surgery may improve or preserve neurological function in patients with metastatic spinal cord compression.
The limitations of the present study are the small number of patients, the fact that the surgical or medical therapy was not randomized, and its retrospective character (although it was part of a larger prospectively collected material). The strength of the study is that it describes surgical outcome for a specific tumor type in a consecutive series of patients with the same indication for surgery. Only one tenth of the patients in our study were able to walk preoperatively. 1 month after surgery, more than half of them were walking. Neurological deficit was the only inclusion criterion in this study, whereas intractable pain with or without deformity or impaired neurological function were inclusion criteria in the other 2 studies on surgical treatment of spinal cord compression in prostate cancer. Shoskes and Perrin (1989) reported on 28 patients and Williams et al. (2009) reported on 44 patients; both studies included patients with previously treated prostate cancer. Unlike our patients, 32 of 44 (Williams et al. 2009) and 15 of 28 (Shoskes and Perrin 1989) were ambulatory preoperatively. 8 of 12 patients in the study by Williams et al. (2009) and 8 of 13 patients in the study by Shoskes and Perrin (1989) who were non-ambulatory preoperatively regained their ability to walk postoperatively, rates which are similar to the 27/48 patients in our study. Median survival in patients with hormone-refractory tumors in our study was 5 months-the same as in the series of Williams et al. (2009), suggesting similar disease burden. Our patients are comparable to those of Jansson and Bauer (2006), who reported on surgical outcome of spinal cord compression in 282 patients with different tumors. Two-thirds of their patients could not walk before surgery and 23% had visceral metastases. 40% of the patients had prostate cancer with results on survival similar to our results. The complication and mortality rates in our study are similar to those reported in a populationbased study of surgery for spinal metastases in 987 patients, 137 of whom had prostate cancer (Finkelstein et al. 2003).
Prolonged functional independence may potentially improve quality of life and survival in carefully selected patients. Thus, the results of our study-as in other retrospective and prospective observational studies-demonstrate a longer median survival time in patients who are able to walk after surgery or  radiotherapy than in non-ambulatory patients (Hill et al. 1993, Hirabayashi et al. 2003, Helweg-Larsen et al. 2000. Regarding preservation of neurological function, several authors have reported the advantages of surgery combined with radiation, or surgery alone, compared with radiation alone (Klimo et al. 2005, Patchell et al. 2005. One prospective, randomized trial showed that decompressive surgery plus radiation is favorable for both preservation and regaining of ambulatory function compared to radiation alone, but even in these highly selected patients median survival was only 4.2 months (Patchell et al. 2005). Furthermore, when the same data were stratified according to age, the authors found that at ≥ 65 years the beneficial effect of surgery fades to become equivalent to that of radiation therapy alone (Chi et al. 2009).
Many patients with advanced prostate cancer are elderly, and have limited physiological reserve. The presence of visceral metastases will further depress their tolerance to surgery and render them susceptible to complications, thus having a potentially negative effect on survival (Bauer and Wedin 1995). In our study, patients with bad performance status and those with visceral metastasis had worse survival. Thus, 5 of 11 patients with KPS of ≤ 60 had visceral metastases and 7 of these 11 patients had complications after surgery. Furthermore, in our previous study high preoperative serum PSA, probably related to heavy tumor burden, was found to be associated with shorter survival in patients with hormonerefractory tumors (Crnalic et al. 2010).
In the present study, patients with hormone-naïve tumors had good functional outcome and two-thirds were still alive at the latest follow-up. Indeed, using the primary tumor diagnosis as a starting point in survival analysis, the expected postoperative survival for this patient group could be similar to the survival of the hormone-refractory group after primary diagnosis (Figure 1b). The effect of acute orchiectomy on reduction of spinal tumor volume and improvement of functional outcome in these patients should not be underestimated. However, in 4 of our patients neurological symptoms continued to progress despite acute orchiectomy, thus leading to spinal surgery after 2-7 days. There have been few reports on hormone-naïve prostate cancer with spinal cord compression. Huddart et al. (1997) reported on 17 patients. 13 were operated and 4 received radiotherapy, with a median survival of 1.7 years after treatment. These authors concluded that the absence of prior hormone therapy was a prognostic factor for better survival. In a study by Jansson and Bauer (2006), 13 patients with previously untreated prostate cancer had a survival rate of 62% two years after surgery for spinal cord compression, which is similar to our results. However, results of radiotherapy alone for spinal cord compression in 37 patients with hormone-naïve prostate cancer showed comparably poor median survival (11 months) and worse functional outcome (only 6 of 37 patients had improved motor function) than for the patients with known metastatic disease (Rades et al. 2006).
In summary, our findings indicate that patients with hormone-naïve disease and those with hormone-refractory disease with good performance status and no visceral metastases may be helped by surgery for metastatic spinal cord compression.
Study design: SC, CH, AW, RL. Data analysis: SC, CH, AB, PW. Preparation of the manuscript: all authors.