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IL‐21 and autoimmune disease – hypothesis and reality?

Previous data have indicated that IL‐21 and/or IL‐21R are crucial for the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 cells and also play a key role in the development of autoimmune disease. Given this, IL‐21 and/or IL‐21R are potential targets for therapy of such diseases; however, a study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, provides a new twist in the story as it is now shown that IL‐21 and/or IL‐21R play no role in Th17 development or autoimmune inflammatory disease. The reasons for these contradictory data are discussed in this Commentary.