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Problems of the ecological chemistry of aqueous media

The development of chemical industries and technologies during the last decades has led to a catastrophic depletion of the Earth's internal resources. The threat of a sharp decrease in sources of hydrocarbon raw material and helium as well as the amount of the available fresh water suitable for exploitation is realistic. The technogenic harmful waste ejected into the atmosphere and open water-containing areas leads to the poisoning of the Earth and the destruction of the biosphere and entails irreparable losses by ecosystems and their genetic stock. The richest deposits of useful minerals are sometimes converted under the conditions of their extensive exploitation into sources of extreme danger to humanity, as happened in the Astrakhan Gas-condensate deposit. The exploitation of this deposit began because of the deficiency of sulphur in our Country, although many millions of tonnes of this scarce raw material were annually discarded (and continue to be discarded) into the atmosphere in the form of sulphur dioxide by various metallurgical industries and electric thermal power stations. Might it not have been more useful to invest in the development of technologies for the utilisation of sulphur dioxide from gaseous waste than to initiate a "second Chernobyl"? Humanity is faced by the necessity to adopt many solutions of this type. In face one is dealing with the development of a strategy for humanity's survival under conditions of increasing anthropogenic stresses on Nature and with the creation of the concept of Existence under the conditions of ecological risk. From the standpoint of chemical science, such a concept must include not simply the introduction of low-waste resource-saving and nature-protecting technologies but also the discovery of the permissible limits of the "constraint over nature" in the form of man's economic activity, and adequate justification of the LPC t and LPW J norms, the carrying out of necessary geobiochemical surveys with determination of the genesis of the Earth's mineral resources (water, petroleum, gas, ores, coal), and the introduction of norms for the permissible consumption of the resources. Evidently, in the development of this concept and its application, it is necessary to take into account the common features of the interrelations of all the natural communities and their close unity with the environment. The complex character of the current problems implies that effective solutions to them can be found only by combining the efforts of specialists from different disciplines involving the simultaneous solution by them of their own narrow professional problems. For chemical science and technology, "narrow" problems involve the creation of resource-saving and nature-protecting technologies for the processing of useful minerals, the preparation of new products, and also the development of highly sensitive high-speed methods for the monitoring of the environment. On the other hand, questions concerning the establishment of norms for the permissible amounts of harmful waste (the values of the