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Two‐stage EMS for distribution network under defensive islanding

For some distribution networks equipped with smart switches such as Chattanooga Electric Power Board (EPB) system, they can island some areas of the network to mitigate the impact through defensive islanding. However, due to intermittency and uncertainty of renewable-based distributed energy resources (DERs), it is highly likely that the islanded areas would experience insufficient or surplus power. This problem can be relieved by changing the boundaries of islanded areas to incorporate neighbouring load sections (LSs) or disconnect some connected LSs. Considering penetration level and sharply changing rate of renewable energy, it is challenging to define suitable boundaries for islanded areas in real time. Therefore, a two-stage energy management system (EMS) is proposed in this study, which includes day-ahead scheduling stage as well as short-term and real-time control stages. In the first stage, the initial switch combinations of LSs and DERs’ scheduling are obtained through a mixed integer quadratic programming, whereas the second stage is based on rule-based power management algorithm. Finally, a model reduced from real EPB system is used for validating the proposed two-stage EMS. The results successfully verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed EMS for addressing the energy management of islanded areas under defensive islanding.