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Ions and Ion-pairs in Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution

A survey is made of the involvement of ions and ion-pairs formed both by the nucleophilic reagent and by the substrate. Evidence is given for the existence of ion-pairs of different types (contact and solvent-separated) in SN1 reactions, and the possible participation of the former type in SN2 processes is examined. A list of 338 references is included.