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Household solid fuel use in the Philippines: an exploratory spatial and social analysis

Over two billion people use solid fuels for basic needs such as cooking, with consequences for the environment, human health, and social and economic development. In the Philippines, 65% of households use solid fuels for cooking. To better understand this phenomenon, this study uses spatial analysis and multilevel modeling to answer: (1) Are there spatial differences in solid fuel use for cooking in the Philippines? (2) What social characteristics are associated with such use? The study finds that both types of characteristics are significantly related to solid fuel use. Implications for social work policy, practice, and research are discussed.