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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome—outcome and management

Management of HLHS The active surgical management of HLHS has been established in the UK over the past 12 years. It comprises three operations (Norwood stages I, II, and III) that establish the right ventricle as the systemic chamber. The first stage is discussed in more detail below. The second stage is when a cavopulmonary shunt is established and the third stage is the completion of the Fontan circulation.