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Pregnancy in the woman with epilepsy: maternal and fetal outcomes.

Pregnancy in women with epilepsy is associated with increased obstetric risks and increased adverse neonatal outcomes. Prior to conception, folic acid should be administered and the antiepileptic drug (AED) regimen should be optimized. Effective control of maternal seizures with the least risk to the fetus is the goal, preferably using AED monotherapy. Periodic monitoring of total and free AED levels is recommended. The "fetal anticonvulsant syndrome" has been described with all of the AEDs and includes major malformations, minor anomalies, microcephaly, cognitive impairment, intrauterine growth retardation, and infant mortality. The most common major malformations are cleft lip/palate, heart defects, and neural tube defects. Prenatal screening should be offered. Supplemental vitamin K(1) should be given to the mother and newborn to prevent neonatal hemorrhagic disorder. Careful planning and management of any pregnancy in women with epilepsy are essential to increase the likelihood of a healthy outcome for the mother and infant.