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Racial Experience as Bioculturally Embodied Difference and Political Possibilities for Resisting Racism

In 1903, W. E. B. Du Bois addressed the question “How does it feel to be a social problem?” (1). In 2008, Moustafa Bayoumi answered the same question for Muslims in the United States. Both Du Bois and Bayoumi provide powerful critiques against any notion that racialized minorities are inherently problematic. Both men generally argue that one cannot blame racialized minorities for the ill treatment they endure under systematic oppression. Du Bois and Bayoumi are two of many voices fighting against the popular stigmatization of racialized peoples that include public intellectuals, civil rights activists, politicians, community leaders, educators, and many others. One of the things that all these voices have in common is that when it comes to the civic/political sphere, the question of race is always framed as a political problem. This should continue to give us all pause for thought: we only know of race in the civic/political sphere as a problem in need of a solution. Of course, we can explain that race is a problem because it is conceptually married to racism; consequently, efforts to undo racism often task themselves with a critique of the idea of race or racial groups. In the United States, this is a historical and cultural fact that is understood as the consequence of how racial ideology was tied to political economic exploitation (Harrison; Fredrickson; Nash; Wolfe, ch. 2). Historically, the North American academy has taken seriously the equation of race as racism. During the Progressive Era, scholars from the emerging social sciences formulated a critique of the relationship between race and biology, on the one hand, and social marginalization and structural disadvantage, on the other hand, that rendered racist ideologies as nothing more than prejudiced and oppressive (Hobbs and Torres Colón). This critique was pushed by public intellectuals seeking to reconceptualize race as culture, and they invited the American public to think of race as a