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Inhaled Nitric Oxide, Almitrine Infusion, or Their Coadministration as a Treatment of Severe Hypoxemic Focal Lung Lesions

Background The partition of pulmonary blood flow between normal and shunting zones is an important determinant of oxygen tension in arterial blood (PaO(2)). The authors hypothesized that the combination of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and almitrine infusion might have additional effects related to their pharmacologic properties to improve PaO(2). Such a combination was tested in patients with hypoxia caused by focal lung lesions, distinct from the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods Fifteen patients with hypoxic focal lung lesions despite optimal therapy were included and successively treated with (1) 5 ppm iNO, (2) low‐dose almitrine infusion (5.5 +/− 1.7 [micro sign]g [middle dot] kg (‐1) [middle dot] min‐1) during iNO, and (3) almitrine infusion alone (with NO turned off). Then iNO was reintroduced and we studied the effect of the coadministration in reducing the fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired gas (FIO(2)) and positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels. Changes in blood gases and pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics were measured. Results Systemic hemodynamic variables remained stable in all protocol conditions. Use of iNO improved arterial oxygenation and decreased intrapulmonary shunt. Almitrine similarly improved PaO(2) but increased pulmonary artery pressure and right atrial pressure. Coadministration of iNO and almitrine improved PaO(2) compared with each drug alone and with control. All patients responded (that is, they had at least a +30% increase in PaO(2)) to this coadministration. When the drug combination was continued, FIO(2) and PEEP could be reduced over 8 h. The hospital mortality rate was 33% and unrelated to hypoxia. Conclusions In hypoxemic focal lung lesions, iNO or low‐dose almitrine markedly improved PaO(2) to a similar extent. Furthermore, the coadministration amplified the PaO(2) increase at a level that allowed reductions in FIO(2) and PEEP levels.