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Classical Archaeology – an Extended Field

Adriatic and Balkan archaeological record, essential for the Adriatic koiné. Even if it is true that the Italian Picene archaeology is much more strictly linked to the archaeological record, it is still necessary to define chronological and cultural phases and groups, and to provide a wide range of data for future possible theoretical analysis. It could be very useful to link the problem of the Picene Orientalizing to the wider Orientalization debate in Italian and English scholarship. Relevant progress in Italian scholarship can be seen in the Principi etruschi (2000) exhibition catalogue and the proceedings of the Der Orient und Etrurien conference (Prayon and Rollig 2000). Here the Orientalizing phenomenon is analysed with regard to artefacts and princely funerary contexts, both eastern and western. The approach is ‘traditional’, even if deeply philological and much more open to Mediterranean chronology and economy-commerce. The point of view of both is Orientalizing as a lifestyle, restricted to the aristocratic élite, able to read and write, use luxury goods, and pursue a way of life emulating ‘heroic’ models. New ideas on Mediterranean Orientalizing have emerged from a recent symposium (Riva and Vella 2006), which present an approach based on a number of questions about the significance of Orientalizing in the traditional sense. This approach starts with a consideration of the change in Mediterranean culture at this period, stimulated by large-scale and longdistance contacts. Ambiguity is evident in using and acquiring objects from this trade. Was conscious emulation the desire of all the consumers? Was it a true lifestyle? Were all of the people involved in this phenomenon? Was the Greek and Phoenician role bigger than we have previously imagined? Riva and Vella rehearse the consumption theory as something easily accommodated in the multifaceted picture of a changing world for external and internal forces, the same theory that Riva proposes for Picene archaeology and the same changes through which Izzet reads Etruscan society.