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Spontaneous Space Closure After the Extraction of the Permanent First Molar on Mandibular Arch: A Retrospective Study

Background: First permanent molars (FPMs) with poor prognosis are generally extracted during the early formation of bifurcation of second permanent molars (SPMs) in order to achieve spontaneous space closure. The literature is limited about the factors associated with spontaneous space closure for mandibular arch. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic radiographic factors, such as developmental stage of SPM, angulation of SPM and presence/absence of the third molar associated with the spontaneous space closure after the FPM extraction. Methods: A total of 177 mandibular SPMs were included in this study. The prognostic factors determining successful space closure such as SPM developmental stage, SPM angulation using a measurement scale, and presence /absence of the third molar on the panoramic radiograph were evaluated. Results: The mean age of the patients at the time of extraction of SPM was 9.4 years and post-extraction radiographic assessment at the time of the study was 12.7 years. Out of the total 177 mandibular SPMs, 36 SPMs (20.3%) were at Demirjian stage D, 63 (35.6%) at stage E, 60 (34%) at stage F, 18 (10.1%) at stage G. 16 SPMs (9%) have distal angulation, 21 SPMs (11.8%) have mesial angulation and 140 SPMs(79.1%) have upright angulation. At the time of radiographic assessment, 80.2% of the mandibular quadrants showed evidence of third molar formation. Out of 177 mandibular SPMs, only 105 (59.3%) exhibited successful space closure in the mandibular arch. Conclusions: There is no statistically signicance between the chronological age and the developmental stage of the mandibular SPM with the successful spontaneous space closure at the time of the dental extraction of FPMs. The presence of the mandibular third molar may be considered for the spontaneous space closure in mandibular arch.


Introduction
The rst permanent molars (FPMs) erupt between 6 and 7 years of age in childhood and have a critical role on development of the dental occlusion [1,2]. Considering one of the rst permanent teeth erupting as part of the growth and development, FPMs are more prone to the dental caries compare to the other permanent teeth [3][4][5]. A survey reported that FPM has been reported to be having the highest risk for dental caries in the permanent dentition [6]. Poor prognosis of FPM leading to dental extractions is affected by high prevalence of dental caries, large multiple surface restorations, pulpal symptoms, developmental defects such as molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) [7][8][9][10][11].
Even early loss of FPMs have undesirable consequences, some studies report early extraction of FPMs may have favorable results from orthodontics perspective considering spontaneous space closure of FPMs [12][13][14]. Eruption of developing second permanent molars (SPM) may achieve to close mandibular FPM extraction space, before the chronological age of 8-9 years of the patients [15,16]. The United Kingdom national guidelines, which were updated within the last decade, have been advocated that early extraction of FPMs should be performed between the age of 8 and 10 years for the spontaneous space closure [17]. A recent review claimed that the time to extraction of FPM should be taken into consideration using the Demirjian classi cation for development of the SPM rather than by chronological age [12]. Similarly, Teo et al. highlighted the importance of the Demirjian classi cation for development of SPM rather than by chronological age [18].
The studies reported that spontaneous space closure would occur after the extraction of FPMs, yet with the differences about the favorable outcome of spontaneous closure for the FPM extraction space [18][19][20]. Rahhal found that 84.6% of upper SPMs had spontaneous complete space closure after the extraction of FPMs [21]. The high rate of spontaneous space closure (94%) for the maxillary arch was reported by Teo et al. [20]. Similarly, Patel et al. reported that 89.9% of maxillary quadrants exhibited successful space closure in their study population [19]. On the other hand, there are studies presenting con icting results with less than 50% of successful space closure on the mandibular arch [22,23]. Studies reveal that spontaneous space closure occurs better in the maxilla compared to the mandibular arch. Spontaneous space closure was more di cult to achieve in the mandibular arch than in the maxillary arch [9,20,24].
Factors affecting spontaneous space closure have been assessed in several studies [12,18,19,22]. The chronological age, developmental stage of SPMs, presence of third permanent molars, the direction of angulation of SPMs and premolars have been evaluated. Positive correlation was found between the spontaneous space closure and the chronologic age of the subjects [22,25]. Teo et al. showed that mesial angulation of SPMs resulted in the most favorable spontaneous space closure after the FPM extraction [18]. Eichenberger et al. reported that third molar might have positive effect on spontaneous space closure in the mandibular arch [26].
Even if previous reports suggested that extraction of FPM when the bifurcation of the SPM is forming could be considered a predictor of successful space closure, there is still little evidence for the rationale of

Materials And Methods
The electronic dental records of 9580 pediatric dental patients who had a history of extraction of FPM between 2012-2018 at Cukurova University, Faculty of Dentistry were assessed by calibrated dental specialists (VC, AUG). Ethical approval for the study was obtained from Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (Grant no: 50243401/2018-08).
The inclusion criteria for the pediatric patients were as follows: patients age between 6 and 13 years old, pediatric patients whom having only unilateral or bilateral mandibular FPM extracted, patients having pre and post-extraction panoramic radiographs, complete eruption of SPMs and premolars in the postextraction panoramic radiographs. Pediatric patients having congenitally missing teeth, with special health care needs, history of unilateral or bilateral dental extraction of other permanent teeth, history of oral pathology such as odontoma, cyst, or surgical procedures, as well as pediatric patients who received orthodontic treatment during the follow-up were excluded from the study.
Out of 9580 pediatric patients' records, 133 pediatric patients with 177 extracted mandibular FPMs ful lling the inclusion criteria were included to the nal assessment of the study. The evaluation of the study was performed with the pre-extraction and post-extraction orthopantomographs of 133 pediatric patients. The following details, gender of the patients, age of the patients at the time of the extraction was recorded. Each patient's panoramic x-ray obtained at the time of FPM extraction was assessed for the stage of SPM development by using Demirjian Development Stage [27] where stage D de nes the calci cation of SPM crown, stage E de nes the calci cation of the bifurcation, stage F de nes the early root calci cation, and stage G de nes the late root calci cation (Fig.1).
The angulation degree of the SPMs was measured by using the modi ed version of the Shiller method [28]. According to this method, an occlusal plane line (white line) passing through the occlusal plane of the FPM was determined. Another line passing through the midline of SPM was determined, and the distal angle was formed by the intersection of these two lines as the angulation of the SPM (Fig 2). A scale drawn on a transparent acetate paper of 5 × 21 cm was used, as described by Patel et al. [19] to measure the degree of the angle. According to these angle measurements, the data were separated into three groups; Mesial, Upright, and Distal angled (M,U,D angulation) (Fig.3).The presence of developing third molar was considered with the assessment of presence of initial calci cation or dental crypt formation of the third molars.

Assessment of spontaneous space closure
The assessment of space closure was described by evaluation of the space between the mesial aspect of the SPM and the distal aspect of the second premolar. Outcome of space closure was grouped into two groups; (a) successful space closure and (b) unsuccessful space closure (Fig.4). The presence of a visible contact between the SPM and the second premolar with no vertical or transverse discrepancy at the contact point was considered successful space closure (Fig.4.A). The presence of a visible space between the SPM and the second premolar was considered unsuccessful space closure (Fig.4.B). This space closure was determined whether SPM spontaneously closed the space after extraction of FPM via post-extraction panoramic radiographs.

Statistical analyses
The SPSS package program (Version 23.0, Chicago, Illinois) was used for statistical analysis of the present data. Categorical measurements were summarized in terms of number and percentage, mean and standard deviation (continuous median and minimum-maximum where necessary). The Chi-square test or the Fisher test statistic was used to compare categorical variables. Distributions were checked when comparing continuous measurements between the groups, and the Student's t-test was used. Independent factors affecting the spontaneous space closure were determined by using stepwise regression analysis. The statistical signi cance level was 0.05 in all tests.
The study's retrospective power analysis yielded a power of 0.88 with a 95% con dence interval (CI). The pre-extraction panoramic radiographs of the pediatric patients were assessed by primary researchers (VC, AUG). The inter and intra-reliability of the examiners were assessed by Intraclass Correlation Coe cient (ICC). Initial panoramic radiographs were re-evaluated after two weeks and inter, and intra-reliability were estimated. Even the two examiners gave their independent assessments, in case of disagreement, the cases were re-evaluated, and a score was given after the consensus. ICC or the rst rater and second rater showed good intra-agreement (Table 1).  Table 2 shows the mean age of the pediatric patients at the time of the extraction according to the space closure.

Results
The relation between spontaneous space closure and prognostic radiographic factors including SPM developmental stage, SPM angulation, and the presence or absence of third molars was evaluated. Out of 177 mandibular SPMs, 36 SPMs (20.3%) were at Demirjian stage D, 63 (35.6%) at stage E, 60 (34%) at stage F, 18 (10.1%) at stage G on assessment of pre-extraction panoramic radiographs. When the interaction between SPM development stage and space closure was analyzed, there was no statistically signi cance between SPM developmental stages and successful space closure (p=0.749).
Out of 177 mandibular SPMs, 16 (9%) SPMs have distal angulation, 21 (11.8%) SPMs have mesial angulation and 140 (79.1%) SPMs have upright angulation. The data were analyzed and there was no statistical signi cance between successful spontaneous space closure and SPM angulation (p=0.220).At the time of pre-extraction orthopantomograph assessment, 80.2% of the quadrants showed evidence of third molar formation. The interaction between successful spontaneous space closure and presence or absence of the third molar was analyzed. For the mandibular arch, presence of the third molar was found statistically signi cant factor in the prediction of successful space closure (p=0.034) ( Table 3).
The interaction between successful space closure and radiographic diagnostic factors (extraction age, SPM development stage, SPM angulation, presence/absence of developing third molar was also analyzed using regression analysis. Among these factors, presence of the third molar was found statistically signi cant as a predictor factor for successful space closure. Logistic regression analysis of all prognostic factors was shown in Table 4.

Discussion
The FPMs are on high risk for having dental caries due since they are one of the rst permanent teeth to erupt, and to have developmental defects, like hypomineralization including MIH. These teeth are commonly associated with short and long-term clinical dilemmas. In the literature, the incidence of developmental defects (hypomineralization)varies between 10% and 30% [12]. An report showed that primary indication for FPM extraction was extensive dental caries (70%) [29]. Jalevik and Möller have reported that extraction of FPMs severely affected by MIH can be a good treatment alternative [9].
The studies showed that spontaneous space closure was in the range of 33.3%to 94% [18,19,24]. The similar studies also reported the differences in the amount of space closure between the maxilla and mandible and it was found that spontaneous space closure was more likely to be achieved in the maxilla than the mandible after dental extraction of FPMs [9,20,24]. Teo et al. evaluated spontaneous space closure after dental extraction of FPMs among patients aged 7-13 years. They found that 66% of the extraction space of FPMs on mandible was closed completely after ve years of post-extraction [20]. Patel et al 19. reported that 49% of 153 mandibular SPMs had a successful space closure compatible with previous nding of rate of 38.5% and 50% for the mandibular arch [22,23]. In the present study, the FPM was extracted at the mean age of 9.4 years and 59.3% of the 177 quadrants had a successful spontaneous space closure.
Teo et al. [20] have highlighted the importance of the developmental stage of the SPMs and reported that stage E of the Demirjian classi cation (early bifurcation stage) might be the ideal time for the extraction of the FPMs. Gill et al. explained that extraction of the mandibular FPM before or after early bifurcation stage will not result in complete space closure, resulting in distal drifting, tilting and rotation of unerupted premolar [30]. In 2016, Patel et al. found that there was no relationship between the developmental stage of SPM and dental age considering the spontaneous space closure in the mandibular arch [19]. In this study, no signi cant relationship was observed between the developmental stage of SPM and spontaneous space closure (p = 0,749). These results are compatible with ndings of study by Patel et al. Furthermore, Patel et al. shown that the angulation of SPMs was a predictor factor in the spontaneous space closure [19]. According to Patel et al., the angulation of the developing SPM has a statistically signi cant relationship with space closure in the mandibular arch. In a recent study of Teo et al. [18], it was evaluated that the spontaneous space closure from panoramic radiographs in a group of children with the mean age of 9.2 years at the time of FPM dental extraction. They showed that the mesially angulated SPM in relation to the FPM could result in most favorable outcomes. Yet, in this study, it was not found a signi cant relationship between SPM angulation and spontaneous space closure for the mandibular arch. In this study, majority of the SPM angulation was found upright (84.7%).
Initial crypt formation of the mandibular third molar has been begun to develop at 9 ± 2.35 years of age in girls and 9.79 ± 1.63 in boys [31]. In the literature, the prevalence of impacted third molar has been reported to be 24.4% [32]. Elsey and Rock reported that up to 73% of third molars were graded as impacted in European young adults [33]. A few studies have shown that mandibular FPM extraction increases the available space for mandibular third molar eruption and helps third molars move into a better position [30, 34, 35]. Yavuz et al. evaluated the effects of FPM extraction on development and eruption of the third molar in adolescents. They found that of 17% third molars had erupted on the FPM extraction quadrants comparing to only 6.6% of third molars on the non-extraction quadrants [36]. Ay et al. observed that extracting FPM teeth can provide the eruption for third molars by mesial movement of the molars [35]. This is due to fact that developing and eruption force of the third molars on the FPM extraction side may accelerate to drift of SPM into the extraction space of FPM in our study population. In this study, when a statistical model using regression analysis was undertaken to determine the factors affecting the success of spontaneous space closure, the presence of third molar was found to be statistically signi cant among all the variables. A recent systematic review included observational and retrospective studies mentioned that the consequences of FPM extraction include a decrease in post extraction space, via development and eruption of SPM and presence of third molar [12]. Eichenberger et al. [26] also agreed that the presence of developing third molar could have a positive effect on spontaneous space closure compatible with our data in the mandibular arch.

Limitations
This retrospective study has some limitations, such as spontaneous space closure was evaluated radiographically after the FPM extraction. Also, our data did not provide any information about how the space was closed in terms of bodily or through tipping of SPM or premolar. Further researches are needed to assess the factors such as skeletal and dentoalveolar relationships including cephalometric radiographs or dental models to comparing with pre-extraction and post extraction. 2. The developmental stage of SPM was not found to be statistically signi cant for the spontaneous space closure in the mandibular arch.
3. The angulation of the SPM has no relationship to the spontaneous space closure in the mandibular arch.