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Is Grand Strategy an Illusion?

The significance of the concept of grand strategy as distinct from foreign policy has been exaggerated. Grand strategy is promoted more by analysts than practitioners and rationalized in hindsight more than it has functioned as a plan. Divergence of practice from theory has been explained away by redefinitions that are wrong. Grand strategy is constrained by the complexity of great powers’ interests and the logic of democracy. It has been implemented in reality, but seldom, and lack of it is sometimes preferable anyway given the risks of consistency and coherence.