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The type material of Mantodea (praying mantises) deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA

Abstract The collection of Mantodea of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, includes 26 holotypes, 7 allotypes, 4 lectotypes, 23 paratypes, and 1 paralectotype. Four type specimens were designated as lectotypes within this work. Highly accurate measurement data, high resolution images of specimens and labels, verbatim label data, georeferenced coordinates, original and newly assigned database codes, and bibliographic data are presented for all primary types. Label data for all paratype specimens in the collection are provide in tabular form. The location of the USNM collection has been moved to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History as a loan under the Off-site Enhancement Program.


Introduction
The collection of Mantodea of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, includes 26 holotypes, 7 allotypes, 4 lectotypes, 23 paratypes, and 1 paralectotype. The primary type material is mostly from the Afrotropical or Indomalayan regions (62%) while the remaining species are Neotropical. The paratypes largely stem from the revision of Liturgusa, which is a Neotropical group (Svenson 2014).
The four species with types considered as syntype material based on the original description were investigated with a literature search. It was found that they lacked a designated holotype or an indication of a sole name-bearing specimen, but rather a group of types, cotypes, or syntypes (see Article 73.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th Edition [the Code]). In addition, there was no record of a lectotype designation previous to the current work. Consequently, under Article 74.1 of the Code, lectotypes were designated for Galapagia solitaria Scudder, 1893, Popa batesi Saussure & Zehntner, 1895, Stagmomantis hoorie Caudell, 1910, and Vates annectens Rehn, 1900, from syntypes held within the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution to increase taxonomic stability and reduce confusion by creating sole name-bearing specimens for the species above.
In 2012, the collection of Mantodea of the National Museum of Natural History was relocated from Washington, D.C. to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Cleveland, Ohio. The collection and the type material are on loan to GJ Svenson under the Off-site Enhancement Program. Svenson oversees curation of the collection and the management of loans related to the collection. All inquiries, loan requests, and visits should be directed to GJ Svenson at the above listed email address.
This paper aims to provide label data, images, georeferenced coordinates, measurements, and references for type material. In addition, this paper aims to resolve confusion regarding the repository of many of these types, which have been incorrectly listed in previous works (see below) as being located in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, and the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin.

Methods
Specimen data: A bibliography for each type was compiled to track use of the species binomen in the taxonomic literature since the original description. The type classification or designation of lectotype is presented followed by all label data directly transcribed using "-" to indicate a line break within a label and "/" to indicate a label break between labels. Codes from the USNM (National Museum of Natural History) were assigned to most of the type material and placed on the specimens, but in some cases these codes are incongruent with those presented in the original descriptions. A possible explanation may be that the codes in the original descriptions were not placed on the specimens. Subsequently, an effort to assign specimen codes across the collection or type collection resulted in the incongruities. Currently, all specimens at the USNM are being labeled with scannable collection codes for databasing, which are reported here as an eight digit numerical code following USNM ENT (National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology).
Georeferencing: All locality data for type specimens was collected from the primary literature as well as directly transcribed off the labels attached to the specimen. A table is included that contains the type designation, the specimen sex, revised location data that may include additional details not include on the labels sourced from the literature, and georeferenced GPS coordinates in decimal degrees.
Measurements: Each type specimen was measured using a Leica M165C stereo-microscope and an IC80 HD coaxial video camera using the live measurements module of the Leica Application Suite (LAS v4.2). Measurements captured in this study are extremely precise using this digital system, which provides a high level of accuracy to users wishing to compare types with other specimens in their study. All measurements presented in this study are in millimeters. A total of 23 measurement classes were captured and defined as:

1.
Body length = length of body from central ocelli to posterior tip of wing or abdomen (intraspecifically variable measurement, primarily for general size estimation).

2.
Forewing length = from proximal margin of axillary sclerites to distal tip of the discoidal region.

3.
Hindwing length = from proximal margin of axillary sclerites to distal tip of the discoidal region.

4.
Pronotum length = from anterior margin to posterior margin.
Pronotum width = from lateral margins at the widest point including any lamellar expansions, the supra-coxal bulge. 7.
Pronotum narrow width = from lateral margins of the pronotum at narrowest region of metazone. 8.
Head width = from lateral margins of the eyes at widest point. 9.

Cruentosaga phanatica Rehn
An immature female specimen was located in the type collection bearing the following label data: Trong Lower Siam -Dr WL Abbott / Cat.no. -Cruentosaga -phanatica -Type Rehn / Type No. 7070 USNM / = Theopropus elegans. The name, Cruentosaga phanatica, was not located in the literature. The type status was therefore doubted and a search in publications by James Rehn for potential reference to this specimen revealed a potential mistake. In a paper focused on "Old World" Mantodea (Rehn 1903: 717), a specimen identified as Theopropus elegans Westwood, 1832, matches the label data as well as the physical description. A reference to the type for the genus Theopropus immediately preceded the presentation of this specimen, which may have caused confusion about the specimen's type status. Although the origin of the name Cruentosaga phanatica is not known, it is strongly believed that USNM Type No. 7070 is not a name bearing specimen but merely a determined specimen by Rehn within a publication surveying Old World Mantodea.

Mantis caldwellii Bates, 1863
Mantis caldwellii: Remarks. Two females were mentioned by Bates (1863) after the description that was based on females, but neither was designated as the sole name-bearing type specimen. Neither of the two mentioned specimens were located in the USNM collection or are listed in the records of the museum. The species was listed as deposited in the USNM collection by Ehrmann (2002) and Otte and Spearman (2005).
from Italy to the United States in time for this project to conclude. Thanks to Rick Wherley for imaging the type material as well as reshooting labels. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation under the grant DEB-1216309 to Gavin J. Svenson. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.