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Specifying Concurrent Systems Using Object-Z

Although concurrency is essentially an implementation issue, it is often advantageous to specify a system in terms of its concurrent components. In this paper we examine the speciication of concurrent systems using Object-Z. Object-Z is an extension to the formal speciication language Z which supports an object-oriented speciication style. The use of Object-Z is illustrated through two case studies: Conway's game of Life and a simple card game. We use the former example to compare Object-Z with the process-based language CSP and the latter to discuss the issue of specifying fairness in concurrent systems.