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Astronomical Control of the Hydroclimate During the Past 1.2 Million Years

The onset of the current geologic period, the Quaternary [Holocene and Pleistocene; 2.58 million years (Myr) to present], was characterised by the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and variation in the intensity, shape, and duration of glacial–interglacial cycles [1]. During those cycles, relatively short interglacial periods with relatively warm climate and duration of a few thousand years were separated by colder periods lasting several tens of thousands of years. The reasons for that climatic variation have been a subject of study for almost two centuries and have been attributed to factors both internal and external to the climate system (ref. [2-4], and references therein). The astronomical hypothesis is one of the oldest explanations but was not formulated as a theory until 1941, when it presented by the Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milanković [3]. The Milanković theory claims that the palaeoclimate was driven by perturbations of the Earth’s orbit and rotational axis. That view was largely disputed until the mid-1970s, when critical climatic information was recovered by the Ocean Drilling Programs (ODP) that demonstrated that the pace of the climatic variation matched the variation of the Earth’s orbital parameters [2]. More recent studies revealed, however, that the climate feedback on the Earth is more complicated than a simple linear system. For example, although the Milanković theory claims that obliquity-dominated oscillations in incoming solar radiation (insolation) at latitudes >65°N are the main factor controlling glacial cycles, the Earth is currently going through an interglacial culmination, but the current insolation has the same magnitude as that during the glacial culmination that occurred about 18,000 years ago [5]. Similarly, although the Milanković theory predicts the occurrence of glacial cycles in accordance with the Research Article