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Genomic Medicine, Gene Polymorphisms, and Human Biological Diversity

There is considerable variation in the prevalence of comorbid conditions such as malnutrition, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and bone disease among end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Besides traditional risk factors, these differences also arise from variability in genetic factors and gene‐environment interactions. Recent publication of the human genome sequence through the Human Genome and Celera projects has provided a major impetus to the field of molecular genetics and genomic medicine. This review provides a broad overview of recent developments in this field, basic information and terminology in common use, and explores the impact of genetic variations or polymorphisms on human biological diversity.