{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.04230769230769231, 'fraction_numerical': 0.027692307692307693, 'mean_word_length': 5.505, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Comparative Study Between Lemon Peel Extract and Testosterone Supplementation on the Hippocampus of Orchiectomized Rat

Physiologically, androgens are involved in development, differentiation, and survival of neurons (Hammond et al., 2001). With aging, the testosterone level in men begins to decline (Feldman et al., 2002) leading to changes in androgen responsive tissues as the hippocampus, prostate, heart, and skin (Moore and Urban, 2004). Therefore, the hippocampus is a target for testosterone action and hence is vulnerable to gradual age-related decline of testosterone level in men (Elnegris and Mohamed, 2012). The hippocampus plays a crucial role in the consolidation of memories (Jacobs et al., 2013); consequently, a brain lesion causing hippocampal damage results in anterograde amnesia (Gregory et al., 2014). Orchiectomy is a way of studying the consequences of testosterone deficiency in animal models (Mohamed et al., 2014). Androgen depletion leads to apoptosis of neurons (Hammond et al., 2001) with the release of some proteins, including proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Moreover, testosterone deficiency leads to excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of antioxidant agents responsible for the metabolism of ROS (Abdel Moneim, 2014). Abstract