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Implementing Citizen Participation in a Bureaucratic Society: A Contingency Approach. By Kweit Mary Grisez and Kweit Robert W.. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1981. Pp. xv + 177. $21.95.)

This is no easy task, but the definition seems satisfactory to this reviewer. Then a major theme is to explain corruption through three perspectives or separate frames of analysis: personalistic (the "bad apples" explanation), institutional (replace partisan local elections with nonpartisan voting, etc.), and systemic. These three explanations overlap, and each gives at least a partial view of corruption. Johnston feels the fullest answers come from the broadest of these explanations, the systemic. This perspective sees the origins of corruption as resulting from long-term and deeply embedded interactions between government and society. Corruption explained systemically is not always easy to follow, and this reader found the distinction between institutional and systemic examples not always satisfactory. Consequences —good (there are some), inconsequential, and bad—also are explored. Johnston's analysis is then applied to three case studies: political machines, police corruption, and Watergate. The difficulties of lasting reform are likewise presented in a persuasive discussion of why corruption is such a hardy perennial political weed repeatedly resisting eradication. Finally, the costs of corruption in our democracy are assessed, and Johnston concludes that the measurable costs (not simple to calculate) are probably not as serious as the intangible corrosion inflicted upon trust and confidence. The author admits to having few and not very satisfying answers to solving corruption. This weakness perhaps will encourage other future researchers to provide fuller solutions. Political Corruption and Public Policy in America provides a good overview of corruption and a provocative framework for analysis of this political phenomenon. For student use, it could be a fine supplement to illustrate specifically many of the concepts and problems presented in introductory courses in American government, and for public administration and public policy courses.