{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.025341130604288498, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01784375468585995, 'mean_word_length': 5.482021379980564, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Primary vaginal melanoma in the setting of mucosal melanosis- A case report and literature review

We present a rare case of localised, biopsy proven vaginal melanoma and vaginal melanosisin a Caucasian 66 year old who presented with postmenopausal bleeding. A systematic literature review of journal articles published between December 2013 and November 2015 was performed for studies conducted in Europe and the United States of America using Medline and Pubmed. Articles were selected for review if they included large (over 10 cases)retrospective analysis, epidemiological review and genetic analysis of primary vaginal melanoma and/or primary vulvar melanoma.Our findings demonstrate the challenges of researching and treating rare diseases.


Introduction
Melanoma can arise from any mucosal epithelium lining including the vulvovaginal. Melanoma from this site is more likely to be multifocal and carries a worse prognosis than cutaneous melanoma. Primary Vaginal melanomas are extremely rare with an estimated incidence of 0.026/100,000 women per year [1]. As a result there is limited understanding of the pathogenesis, risk factors and optimal treatments for primary vaginal melanoma.

Case
A 64 year old lady presented to her GP with a six week history of postmenopausal bleeding. Her background was significant for a hysterectomy in 2001 and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for endometriosis. She is a social smoker. She was referred to the gynaecology service and underwent an Examination under Anaesthesia (EUS) and cystoscopy which revealed a lesion at the right side of the vaginal vault approximately 2-3cm in size, which was resected. There was a small amount of residuallesional tissue present. The vulva and urethra were normal. Biopsy revealed an invasive malignant melanoma ( Figure 1).
Her case was reviewed at the Gynaecological multidisciplinary meeting and she was subsequently admitted electively for a laparoscopic vaginectomy. However multiple foci of dark lesions were noted on the upper, mid posterior, left lateral and left anterior vaginal wall which were not amenable for complete excision with the planned procedure so only vaginal biopsies were taken revealing areas of vaginal melanosis and malignant melanoma in situ (Figures 2 and 3). PET CT revealed no evidence of distant disease. Her case was discussed at the Oncology MDM and the decision was made to proceed to vaginectomy with radiation if the surgical margins were positive.

Discussion
Vaginal melanoma has five-year survival rates ofbetween 5-20% [2]. The aetiology is poorly understood .Several risk factors have been implicated,including; chronic inflammatory disease, viral infections and chemical irritants [3]. The majority of patients will develop metastatic disease regardless of treatment intervention. Several Immunohistochemistry showed tumour cells to be MelanA, HMB45 and S100 positive as well as focally p53 positive. The findings are consistent with invasive malignant melanoma. different modalities have been used; extensive surgical resection versus conservative excision and radiation [4]. It is unclear if there is any additional survival gain from lymphadenectomy [5,6]. In the metastatic setting primary vaginal melanoma has limited response to cytotoxic regimens. Platinum /taxanes have been used with response rates up to 20% [7].Ipilimumaband vemurafenib are approved for use despite the fact that there were no trials in this setting as data was extrapolated from trials done in cutaneous melanoma [7].
Microscopically, most vaginal malignant melanomas contain sheets of cells which vary from bland to very irregular and are not indicative of any common type of vaginal cancer [8]. Prognostic factors are debated (8), however a recent study showed mitotic count and lymph node status were the most important histological prognostic factors for disease free survival [9]. Mucosal melanosis, of which genital and specifically vaginal melanosis is a type, is a benign lesion which can mimic melanoma clinically [10][11][12]. They can however be Integr Cancer Sci Therap, 2016 doi: 10.15761/ICST.1000190 differentiated histologically [13]. Mucosal melanosis is associated with the following features; increased pigmentation of basal keratinocytes, increased melanocytes without atypia and pigment incontinence into the subepithelium [11][12][13][14][15][16]. The combination of both vaginal melanoma and vaginal melanosis in the same patient has been documented [17], however is exceptionally rare. It has been suggested that mucosal melanosis is a possible precursor of melanoma [17], however one recent long term follow up of patients with vulvalmelanosis revealed no progression of melanosis to melanoma [18]. Overall, genital, including vaginal, melanosis is considered benign and conservative management with follow up to monitor for progression and treating this accordingly if present is the current standard of treatment [18,19].   Increased subepithelial melanophages as well as subepithelial chronic inflammation is present. There are no atypical melanocytes present. The findings are consistent with vaginal melanosis. Immunohistochemistry (MelanA and HMB45) was supportive of this diagnosis. Note that a small amount of black surface marking ink is present.
A systematic literature review of journal articles related to vaginal and/or vulvar melanomapublished between December 2013 and November 2015 was performed for studies conducted in Europe and the United States of America (USA), using Medline and Pubmed. Articles were selected for review if they included large (over 10 cases) retrospectiveanalysis, epidemiological review, and genetic analysis of primary vaginal melanoma and/or primary vulvar melanoma (Table 1).
Our results confirm the poor outcomes of vaginal and vulvar melanomas despite multiple treatment options [21]. Genetic analysis revealed differences in targetable mutations between vulvar and vaginal melanoma. This suggests that they should be studied as separate entities, and treatments should be tailored accordingly. Further study is required to understand differences in outcomes between the different targetable mutations and between black and non-black patients.
In conclusion primary vaginal melanoma, especially in the setting of mucosal melanosis, demonstrates the challenges of researching and treating rare diseases. A proportion of these tumors will harbor an activating mutation and may respond to targeted agents. The role of immunotherapy requires further assessment. Overall a collaborative treatment making process should be undertaken with quality of life and patient preference being prioritised.