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Holy Warriors, Rebels, and Thieves

The essay takes a non-Eurocentric point of view and aims to highlight the
 concurrent concepts of piracy and other forms of maritime violence in
 the early modern Mediterranean. The author shows that a wide range of
 concepts were used in the early modern Ottoman Empire to conceptualize
 what Europeans termed piracy or privateering. As in Europe, there was
 considerable ambiguity in the use and interpretation of these terms,
 and the practices that they described. In contrast to the emphasis that
 contemporary Europeans put on the distinction between piracy and
 privateering, in theory if not always in practice, Ottoman Islamic law did
 not differentiate between foreign Christian pirates and foreign Christian
 corsairs or privateers.