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Lithiation-induced crystal restructuring of hydrothermally prepared Sn/TiO2 nanocrystallite with substantially enhanced capacity and cycling performance for lithium-ion battery

A Sn-doped TiO2 nanocrystallite with the composition of Sn0.1Ti0.9O2 was prepared by hydrothermal co-precipitation followed by thermal annealing at 600 °C for 2 hours. Results combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, in situ XRD, ex situ XAS, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicate that Sn0.1Ti0.9O2 underwent restructuring to give Sn-substituted TiO2 (Sn to Ti sites) by a lithiation reaction at 0.1C in a lithium-ion battery. The capacity and cyclability of Sn0.1Ti0.9O2 were increased by ∼73% (to ∼598 mA h g−1) and ∼17.4% compared with those of TiO2 (∼345 mA h g−1 and ∼22%) at 0.1C until the 250th cycle. Our results proved that these improvements were caused by the self-aligned formation of Sn–Ti oxide and the subsequent formation of a SnLix local alloy at Ti sites.