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Pay-Per-Pollution: Towards an Air Pollution-Aware Toll System for Smart Cities

Today, citizens of urban areas suffer from the serious health consequences of traffic-related air pollution. A common way to regulate traffic and indirectly the emission of pollutants is to charge drivers for the use of the road network. However, today's toll systems put their focus mainly on the optimization of the traffic flow by the introduction of congestion-based road charges rather than taking the current air pollution levels into consideration. This paper introduces the concept of an air pollution-aware toll system that charges drivers based on the route they travel across a pollution-affected region. By dynamically dividing the region into pollution-affected areas according to predefined pollution levels, the price for a trip can be obtained from the sum of distance-based transit costs for each polluted area. The costs for a transit are thereby linked to the current pollution level in order to make the worsening of an already critical situation more costly for the polluter than when the situation is less critical on site. The technical and practical challenges and opportunities with respect to the setup of a sensor network, the processing of air pollution measurements and the dynamic pricing process are investigated and discussed in detail.