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Bernstein's last paper: the immediate tasks of neurophysiology in the light of the modern theory of biological activity.

In August 1966, the city of Moscow hosted the Eighteenth International Congress of Psychology. Anochin (cf. Pickenhain, 1988) had prepared a symposium on Cybernetic Aspects of Integrative Brain Activities, for which N.A. Bernstein was invited to present a paper: The immediate tasks of neurophysiology in the light of the modern theory of biological activity. Bernstein died just before the conference, but the Russian original and English translation of his paper survived. For several reasons, this 1966 paper is interesting for an international audience even today. The paper reveals the heuristic that was so typical of Bernstein (Bongaardt & Meijer, in press); that is, he always moved one step beyond the leading edge of movement science. Bemstein's earlier work on coordination (193511967) is frequently cited (Feigenberg & Latash, 1996), but in the 60s he focused on his "physiology of activity," which yet awaits general recognition. Bernstein's parting message was that the physiology of activity needs a naturalistic theory of "display." If one realizes that the modeling of pattern recognition and pattern control continues to form problems that are hard to tackle, one may conclude that Bernstein's work remained on top of the issues up to the very end of his life. Although dated, the content of Bernstein's 1966 paper is relevant to contemporary movement science. The text is given "as is"-a list of points to be presented at the conference rather than a complete paper, although the translation has been edited for clarity. We introduce the text by sketching the development of Bernstein's physiology of activity until the 1966 paper. Endnotes provide historical content and clarify particular points in the text.