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Do Quasars Lens Quasars?

If the unexpectedly high frequency of quasar pairs with very different component redshifts is due to the lensing of a population of background quasars by the foreground quasar, typical lens masses must be ~1012 M☉ and the sum of all such quasar lenses would have to contain ~0.005 times the closure density of the universe. It then seems plausible that a very high fraction of all ~1012 M☉ gravitational lenses with redshifts z ~ 1 contain quasars. Here I propose that these systems have evolved to form the present population of massive galaxies with MB ≤ -22 and M > 5 × 1011 M☉.