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Prolonged intraperitoneal infusion of 5-fluorouracil using a novel carrier solution.

A novel peritoneal carrier solution, Icodextrin 20 (7.5%), has allowed exploration of prolonged, intraperitoneal (i.p.) infusion of the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). A phase I and pharmacokinetic study was performed to determine the toxicities and maximum tolerated dose of prolonged and continuous intraperitoneal 5-FU in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Seventeen patients were entered into this study. Each patient had a Tenckhoff catheter placed into the peritoneal cavity under general anaesthetic. After initial flushing and gradual increase in exchange volumes with Icodextrin 20, 5-FU was administered daily from Monday to Friday, 50% as a bolus in the exchange bag and 50% in an elastomeric infusor device delivering continuous 5-FU to the peritoneal cavity at 2 ml h-1. Treatment was continued for 12 weeks or until intolerable toxicity developed. Abdominal pain and infective peritonitis proved to be the main dose-limiting toxicities. Initial problems with infective peritonitis were overcome by redesign of the delivery system, and it proved possible to deliver 300 mg m-2 5-FU daily (5 days per week) for 12 weeks. Pharmacokinetic studies showed i.p. steady-state 5-FU concentrations (mean 47 500 ng ml-1) that were > 1000-fold higher than systemic venous levels (mean 30 ng ml-1).

There has been an extraordinary increase in the use of 5-FUbased adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients, although there is continuing debate about the size of the survival benefit conferred (Gray et al., 1991). Common sites of relapse following apparently curative resection of colorectal primary cancers include the site of anastomosis, the peritoneal cavity and the liver. Seventy-four per cent of patients who relapse have either loco-regional recurrence or peritoneal seedlings, or both. More than 10% of all cases recur solely in the liver (Cunliffe and Sugarbaker, 1989). There have been sporadic attempts to develop adjuvant regional chemotherapy for colorectal cancer with intermittent cytotoxic drug delivery to the peritoneal cavity, based on the premise that anti-cancer drugs have steep doseresponse curves. Previous pharmacokinetic studies following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 5-FU (12-36 h) have shown that it is possible to generate very high i.p. 5-FU concentrations and that 70% of the drug is cleared by the portal circulation to the liver (Speyer et al., 1981). Additionally, as 5-FU is a soluble compound of relatively small molecular weight, it diffuses more rapidly and homogeneously into tumour nodules, unlike cisplatin which tends to localise to the external cell layer. This implies that it will have a better 'tumour penetration' profile than many other cytotoxic agents that have been administered i.p. (Kerr and Los, 1993). Intraperitoneal therapy would seem to meet ideal criteria for delivery of the cytotoxic drug to sites of likely disease recurrence. 5-FU is a cycle-specific antineoplastic agent, and recent trials imply that prolonged intravenous infusion (12 weeks) is clinically superior to intermittent bolus administration (Lokich et al., 1989). However, the nature of conventional peritoneal dialysate solutions militates against prolonged i.p. exposure unless multiple dialysate exchanges are undertaken, with a consequently increased likelihood of infective peritonitis. The invention of a novel polymeric carrier solution, Icodextrin (7.5%) (ML Laboratories), with a potential i.p. dwell time of 24 h (McArdle et al., 1994) led us to undertake a phase I, toxicology and pharmacokinetic study of prolonged i.p. infusional 5-FU in patients with intraperitoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian or gastrointestinal malignancies refractory to conventional therapy or for whom no standard treatment existed.

Patient selection
Seventeen patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis gave informed consent for insertion of a Tenckhoff peritoneal dialysis catheter (Baxter Healthcare) under general anaesthetic, through a mini-laparotomy incision, with perioperative antibiotic cover comprising cefuroxime 1.5 g i.v., metronidazole 500 mg i.v. and cefuroxime 750 mg i.p. On return from theatre, after initial flushing, 300 ml of Icodextrin 20 (7.5%) was administered using a specially designed twin-bag system (Baxter Healthcare) ( Figure 1). Specialist nurses performed daily exchanges for the next week, gradually increasing the volume instilled to an average of 900 ml (range 600-1750 ml) depending on the size of the patient. All patients were taught an aseptic technique for performing their own exchange at home. Homogeneous distribution of fluid throughout the peritoneal cavity was confirmed by ultrasound and, in one patient by PET scanning (in collaboration with Dr P Price, the Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK), following i.p. administration of 5-'8FU revealed that the drug was distributed as widely as the dialysate.
Patients' characteristics are summarised in Table I Figure 1 Intraperitoneal drug delivery system. The system contains an intraperitoneal implantable Tenckhoff catheter (A) connected to the integrated twin-bag disconnected system (C) via a CAPD extension line (B). A drainage container (Cl) and a 2-1 carrier solution container (C2) constitute the integrated twin-bag system. An elastomeric infusion device (Infusor) (D) permits continuous infusion of 5-FU over 24h. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy DJ Kerr et al I 2033 48 ml) for 24 h using an elastomeric infusion device (Singleday infusor, Baxter Healthcare) ( Figure 1). Chemotherapy was given daily from Monday to Friday. At weekends, an exchange of Icodextrin alone was carried out. Patients were taught by specialist intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) nurses to administer their own chemotherapy at home and attended weekly for physical examination, estimation of serum biochemistry and haematology, and supply of the following week's chemotherapy for home exchanges. Fluid balance was assessed by measuring the volume of dialysate effluent after the 24 h i.p. dwell. Treatment was continued for 12 weeks or until development of intolerable toxicity.

Pharmacokinetic studies
Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in six patients during the first week of chemotherapy, when multiple samples were withdrawn simultaneously from the i.p. catheter and an indwelling intravenous catheter at the following intervals, timed from the start of the dialysate exchange: 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h. The samples were held on ice, centrifuged and the supernatant stored at -20°C until analysed by a sensitive and specific GC-MS assay in our laboratory (Bates et al., 1991).

Toxicity profile
The toxicity profile is summarised in Table II. The most consistent problem that interrupted therapy was infective peritonitis (one episode every 12 catheter-weeks). Aspergillus and Pseudomonas were isolated from two cases and the diagnosis of infective peritonitis was supported in two other patients with the diagnostic triad of severe abdominal pain, elevated peritoneal white cell count (>200 x 109 1 -') and cloudy peritoneal effluent. Potential causes of the high peritonitis rates included a delivery system that afforded inadequate microbiological protection, a steep learning curve on behalf of patients and impairment of the serosal barrier to infection (we documented relative i.p. hypocomplementaemia in our patients: C3, 0.11 g 1-; C4 0.02 g I-'; normal ranges: C3 0.75 1.75 g 1-'; C4, 0.14-0.54 g 11). No significant 5-FU-related systemic toxicity was seen at 200 mg m-2 per day, therefore the dose was escalated to 300 mg m-2 per day. After treating 14 patients, we redesigned the dialysis delivery set, dispensing with the T-set and using one connection point only, protected with a Povidone/iodine shield. Since this change, there have been no further episodes of peritonitis (26 catheter-weeks). Although there were no further episodes of infective peritonitis, it was noted that patients treated for more than 6 weeks at 300 mg m-2 suffered significant abdominal pain (WHO grades 2 and 3) and tenderness without elevated peritoneal white cell counts, which was consistent with moderate chemical peritonitis. This was reduced somewhat by oral analgesics, but it was not considered likely that the dose of 5-FU could be 1(1) 1(2) 4(12) 2(2) Reported as worst related toxicity per patient at each dose levelthe number of patient -weeks experienced is shown in brackets. Five patients with catheter in situ did not commence chemotherapy because of catheter-related problems. Diarrhoea (grade 2) was seen in one patient treated with 200 mg m-2 5-FU. If there was no toxicity (WHO grade 0), this is not recorded in the table. aNo organism was grown from the peritoneal fluid of these patients. escalated further without a reduction in the duration of therapy.

Duration of treatment
Five patients failed to reach the chemotherapy stage -two patients had inadequate distribution of intraperitoneal fluid, one patient had an exit site infection, one patient died post-operatively as a result of a pulmonary embolism and one patient had a bowel obstruction. Twelve patients had chemotherapy, five at 200 mg m-2 and seven at 300 mg m-2. Individual treatment duration of the 12 patients who received chemotherapy is shown in Table  III.
The regional advantage accrued from i.p. infusional 5-FU is expressed as a ratio of i.p./plasma concentrations (mean 6500, range 536 -16724) (Table IV). It was not possible to determine a terminal half-life for 5-FU as plasma concentrations were relatively close to the limit of detection and the brief terminal half-life of the drug. There was no clear Completed study evidence of circadian variation in plasma 5-FU concentrations; however, this could relate to the number of samples taken.

Follow-up
Of those 12 patients who received treatment, eight have died (median 10 weeks after end of treatment). Four patients completed more than 8 weeks of treatment, one patient completing 12 weeks. As shown, disease progression and peritonitis were the main reasons for patients being taken offstudy early. Of the four patients who had over 8 weeks of treatment, three are alive and well 10 -20 months after treatment completion. One such patient had multiple peritoneal metastases at time of insertion of the i.p. catheter.

Discussion
It would appear that prolonged intraperitoneal infusion of 5-FU, 300 mg mr2 per day, is tolerable and generates the sort of pharmacokinetic profile that will take full advantage of the steep dose -response curve for 5-FU, namely very high concentrations within the peritoneal cavity covering peritoneal dissemination of disease and local recurrence; approximately 70% clearance via the portal venous circulation (Speyer et al., 1981), dealing with micrometastases to the liver, with the remainder of the drug being cleared through retroperitoneal lymphatics; and mean plasma levels of 5-FU similar to those described for venous infusions of 5-FU (Harris et al., 1990), providing cover for extrahepatic micrometastases.
Previous, small, randomised studies of adjuvant i.p. 5-FU in colorectal cancer have used intermittent high-dose regimens (dose intensity = 2.3 g m-2 per week) that do not make best use of the cell cycle-specific cytotoxic properties of 5-FU (Cunliffe and Sugarbaker, 1989). There is clinical evidence suggesting that prolonged intravenous infusion of 5-FU results in superior response rates in advanced colorectal cancer, compared with intermittent bolus therapy, lending clinical weight to the pharmacological rationale for continuous exposure to 5-FU (Lokich et al., 1989).
One other pharmacological benefit that 5-FU enjoys relative to many other antineoplastic drugs that have been administered via the peritoneal route is its capacity to diffuse relatively homogeneously through tumour tissue (Erlanson et al., 1992). It has been shown that other cytotoxic drugs, such as doxorubicin (Kerr and Kaye, 1987), vinblastine (Nederman et al., 1981) and methotrexate (West et al., 1980), are quite limited in their capacity to diffuse down a concentration gradient into multicellular tumour spheroids in vitro or peritoneal tumour nodules in vivo. This has been considered to be one of the dominant reasons limiting the clinical  development of i.p. chemotherapy, and lack of tumour penetration could contribute significantly to relative drug resistance (Kerr and Los, 1993).
In the same way that prolonged i.v. infusions of 5-FU did not become widely established until technical innovation resulted in increased pump reliability, i.p. chemotherapy has suffered from a lack of research into improved drug delivery systems. During this study, the chemotherapy-giving set was successfully redesigned to reduce the possibility of bacterial contamination and hence peritonitis. The peritoneal dialysate Icodextrin 7.5% is a macromolecular starch-based polymer similar in structural to glycogen, i.e. non-toxic and broken down in the body by natural carbohydrases. It was developed to increase the peritoneal dwell time of the dialysis fluid, improve control of toxicity and fluid balance and perhaps reduce the possibility of the peritoneal diabetes characteristic of prolonged continuous peritoneal dialysis with conventional low molecular weight dialysates for use in patients with renal failure. The physicochemical properties of Icodextrin greatly simplify drug delivery and make i.p. therapy potentially much more widely applicable.
There is a renewal of interest in i.p. chemotherapy as a result of the recent publication of the positive results of the randomised SWOG/GOG/ECOG study, favouring i.p. over i.v. chemotherapy (Alberts et al., 1995). It was demonstrated that a subgroup of ovarian cancer patients with small volume disease (stage III) showed increased survival by a median of 10 months after i.p. cisplatin compared with i.v. cisplatin (with all patients receiving i.v. cyclophosphamide). Furthermore, a number of experimental and clinical studies have indicated that i.p. therapy in patients with large bulky disease will not improve i.v. treatment in spite of the fact that virtually all agents demonstrated a pharmacological advantage when administered to the peritoneal cavity. The reason for this is that cytostatic drugs penetrate poorly into tumours, resulting in higher drug levels only in the outer cell layers of peritoneal tumours. Consequently, a few cell layers with high drug concentrations will not eradicate large tumour masses. Therefore, patients most likely to benefit from the i.p. therapy are those with a small tumour volume at the start of treatment. In addition, the better the 'penetration pattern' or diffusibility of the cytotoxic agent, the greater the likelihood of benefits. Icodextrin provides a greater variety of i.p. drug administration schedules, particularly for cycle-specific drugs, therefore we plan to draw these different strands together and conduct a pilot study using the schedule described in this report for i.p. chemotherapy in an adjuvant setting, following resection of primary bowel cancer.