{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01634877384196185, 'fraction_numerical': 0.013079019073569483, 'mean_word_length': 5.700729927007299, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A stress survival response in retinal cells mediated through inhibition of the serine / threonine phosphatase PP2A

Cell survival signalling involving the PI3K/Akt survival pathway can be negatively regulated by several phosphatases including PP2A. When retinal‐derived 661W cells were subjected to trophic factor deprivation this initiated a survival response through inhibition of the activity of PP2A and subsequent upregulation of the Erk and Akt survival pathways. We show this survival response via inhibition of PP2A activity was due in part to increased reactive oxygen species production when retinal cells were deprived of trophic factors. Inhibition of PP2A activity was mediated by a rapid and transient increase in phosphorylation at Tyr307, accompanied by an increase in demethylation and a decrease in the methylated form. Pre‐treatment with N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine, which is involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species, prevented PP2A inhibition and subsequent upregulation of survival pathways. Pre‐treatment with the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 resulted in approximately 50% reduction in cellular levels of phospho‐PP2A in trophic factor‐deprived 661W cells, suggesting an Src tyrosine kinase had a role to play in this redox regulation of cell survival. We observed similar events in the rd10 mouse retina where there was an increased survival response prior to retinal cell death mediated through an increase in both phospho‐PP2A and phospho‐Gsk. Together, these results demonstrate that when retinal cells are stressed there is an initial struggle to survive, mediated through inhibition of PP2A and subsequent upregulation of survival pathways, and that these events occur simultaneously with production of reactive oxygen species, thus suggesting an important cell‐signalling role for reactive oxygen species.