{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03916666666666667, 'fraction_numerical': 0.008333333333333333, 'mean_word_length': 5.065656565656566, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Rowell’s syndrome: a distinct clinical entity or a coincidence of diagnoses?

Rowell’s syndrome is a rare entity consisting of lupus erythematosus (LE) with associated erythema multiforme (EM)-like lesions and characteristic immunological findings. The condition was first described in 1963 by Rowell et al., and it has since been questioned in the literature if Rowell’s syndrome is a distinct clinical entity or simply a coincidence of coexisting LE and EM. In 2000, Zeitouni et al. redefined the diagnostic criteria for Rowell’s syndrome. The major criteria include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), or subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE); EM-like lesions with or without mucosal involvement; and a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) with a speckled pattern. The minor criteria include chilblains; anti-Ro or anti-La antibody; and a positive rheumatoid factor (RF). In order to make the diagnosis, all three major criteria and at least one minor criterion are required. Here we present a case of a 59-year-old female with a long history of DLE with a positive ANA with a speckled pattern and positive anti-Ro antibody, who developed EM-like lesions.