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Physical and Social Environment

and the traders and shopkeepers in the towns, and regarded as inferior by them, they had no incentive to leave the countryside. The few Bhils who did venture into the towns lost their connection with their tribe and in turn regarded themselves as having become superior to them. Thus even the phenomenon of what the censuses classify as 'marriage-migration' did not occur. "My girl is a flower tended in a garden. How can that go with a wild tree ?" was the remark of a Bhil townsman. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the tribes were brought into contact with some agents of 'modernization' Christian missionaries, and the government, through the machinery of famine relief works and the decentralization of political authority. These reached out where the influence of the town did not. It has been shown by J.Adams and B. Bumb ('Rajasthan A Factor Analysis', Journal of African Studies, xxxiii no. 1, Nov. 1973) that in Rajasthan the level of politicization is very high, though that of literacy is very low. Banswara affords a good case study of this. It figures very low in the tables relating to literacy, ecology, agricultural development and urbanization, but has a very high position on the politicization table. This is the reverse of what is regarded as the norm in the West. This political participation is bringing the Bhils closer to the towns than they have been for centuries. One of the princes once regally commanded that illiteracy be abolished. The task is being carried through now by the State government. Earlier, the villagers visited the town for the celebration of the prince's birthday or coronation. Now they are attracted by the religious festivals of the Hindu and Jain merchants, though the animist Bhils do not subscribe to these religions. They are being tempted to buy torches, bicycles and nylon clothes symbols of urban culture and, fortified by special official privileges (under the Indian Constitutional clauses relating to 'low' castes and tribes), they are voluntarily seeking education and clerical jobs. This mixed bag of books, by a demographer, a sociologist, a political scientist and three geographers, add to the growing stock of our knowledge of Indian towns. A general point of criticism is that they tend to be more concerned with the collection of data than with analysis. One misses also in some of them the empathy which should permeate the writing on a subject studied in depth. One is inclined to ask, like Alice, "What is the use of a book without pictures or conversations ?" Narayani Gupta Indraprastha College, Delhi University