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On Defining Mental Retardation

ALFRED A. BAUMEISTER, Ph.D. University of Alabama JOHN R. MUMA, Ph.D. State University of New York, Buffalo Most of the mental retardation literature published in this country is written by psychologists and special educators. Even a casual perusal of that literature will quickly confirm the impression that the most frequently cited reference is the Manual on Terminology and Classification developed and published by the American Association on Mental Deficiency (Heber, 1961). (Actually, the first AAMD manual on classification appeared in 1921.) If our reasons for relying so heavily on this document are somewhat obvious, the implications of doing so are not quite so apparent. On the one hand, the Manual has provided the operational referents for labeling