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Dynamic, embodied multicast groups in MASSIVE-2

MASSIVE-2 is a distributed virtual reality system which aims to support very large numbers of participants. To this end it employs a dynamic and self-configuring hierarchy of multicast groups, organised according to spatial extent. Each sub-group within a world is embodied within that world as an artefact. Embodying multicast groups within the virtual world gives rise to a very flexible and dynamic system which can respond to localised and transient activities within that virtual world and which does not depend on static pre-configuration. Furthermore, the concept of embodied groups is extended to include a notion of abstraction of activity, i.e. of representing the activity within the multicast group (as viewed from outside the group) in addition to simply representing the existence of the group. This approach is compared with alternative space-based and object-based approaches to using multiple multicast groups.