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High-Efficiency, Mass-Producible, and Colored Solar Photovoltaics Enabled by Self-Assembled Photonic Glass.

Building-integrated photovoltaics is a crucial technology for developing zero-energy buildings and sustainable cities, while great efforts are required to make photovoltaic (PV) panels aesthetically pleasing. This places an urgent demand on PV colorization technology that has a low impact on power conversion efficiency (PCE) and is simultaneously mass-producible at a low cost. To address this challenge, this study contributes a colorization strategy for solar PVs based on short-range correlated dielectric microspheres, i.e., photonic glass. Through theoretical studies, first we demonstrate that the photonic glass self-assembled by high-index microspheres could enable both colored solar cells and modules, with easily variable colors and negligible parasitic absorption. By a fast spray coating process of colloidal monodisperse ZnS microspheres, we show the photonic glass layer could be easily deposited on silicon solar cells, enabling them to have structural colors. Through varying microsphere sizes, solar cells with different colors are achieved, showing low PCE loss compared to normal black cells. These colored solar cells are also encapsulated with a general lamination process to produce PV modules with various colors and patterns at a stunning PCE approaching 21%. Moreover, the long-term stability is subsequently verified by aging tests including an outdoor exposure for 10 days and a damp-heat test for 1000 h, and the mass producibility is demonstrated by presenting a colored PV panel with an output power over 108 W. These results confirm photonic glass as a promising strategy for colored PVs possessing high efficiency and practical applicability.