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Dendritic Cell-Activating Magnetic Nanoparticles Enable Early Prediction of Anti-Tumor Response with Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Cancer vaccines initiate antitumor responses in a subset of patients, but the lack of clinically meaningful biomarkers to predict treatment response limits their development. Here, we design multifunctional RNA-loaded magnetic liposomes to initiate potent antitumor immunity and function as an early MRI-based imaging biomarker of treatment response. These particles activate DCs more effectively than electroporation leading to superior inhibition of tumor growth in treatment models. Inclusion of iron oxide enhances DC transfection and enables tracking of DC migration with MRI. We show that T2*-weighted MRI hypointensity in lymph nodes is a strong correlate of DC trafficking and is an early predictor of antitumor response. In preclinical tumor models, MRI-predicted "responders" identified two days after vaccination had significantly smaller tumors 2-5 weeks after treatment and lived 73% longer than MRI-predicted "non-responders." These studies therefore provide a simple, scalable nanoparticle formulation to generate robust antitumor immune responses and predict individual treatment outcome with MRI.