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Responses for Microfilarial Clearance Than the Cytokine Balance of T Cell Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Are More Crucial Macrophage Effector Functions Controlled by

Macrophages from X-linked immunodeﬁcient ( xid ) mice lacking functional Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) show poor NO induction and enhanced IL-12 induction, and contribute to delayed clearance of injected microﬁlaria (mf) in vivo. We now show that Btk is involved in other macrophage effector functions, such as bactericidal activity and secretion of proinﬂammatory cytokines (TNF- (cid:1) , IL-1 (cid:2) ), but not the T cell-directed cytokine IL-12. Induction of some transcriptional regulators of the NF- (cid:3) B family, crucial for the expression of proinﬂammatory cytokines, is also poor in Btk-deﬁcient macrophages. Thus, Btk appears to be involved in signaling for inducible effector functions, but not APC functions, in macrophages. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of T cells from mf-infected xid or wild-type mice did not alter the course of mf clearance in recipients, mf clearance was unaltered in IFN- (cid:4) -deﬁcient mice, and improved mf clearance was seen only if greater inducibility of IL-12 was accompanied by greater NO secretion from macrophages, as seen in Ity r C.D2 mice as compared with congenic Ity s BALB/c mice. Thus, delayed mf clearance in xid mice was correlated not with the high IL-12/Th1 phenotype but with low NO induction levels. Also, xid macrophages showed poor toxicity to mf in vitro as compared with wild-type macrophages. Inhibition of NO production blocked this mf cytotoxicity, and an NF- (cid:3) B inhibitor blocked both NO induction and mf cytotoxicity. Thus, Btk is involved in inducing many macrophage effector functions, and delayed mf clearance seen in Btk-deﬁcient xid mice is due to poor NO induction in macrophages, resulting in compromised microﬁlarial toxicity.