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Energy Planning and Sustainable Biogas Production Prospect with in Residential Quarters in Developing Countries

The prospects of biogas as a major energy option to alleviate the energy needs in Africa is huge based on its teeming population. However, the main source of biogas i.e. human excretal is being neglected, thereby loosing resource worth 500 MW of electricity. This research is geared towards estimating the accruable biogas that can be harnessed in a typical student hostel in a developing country. The data was collected at the main chamber of the hostel. The estimation of the optimized state of methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide is given as 12%, 0.94% and 4.42% respectively. It was also affirmed that the algae growth on the walls of the sewage line is responsible for the low carbon dioxide values. Also, it was reported that the production of hydrogen sulphide gas is predictable, as it is not directly related to the concentration of microorganism in the sewage chamber. This research gives an eye-opener on biogas wastage in developing countries


Abstract: The prospects of biogas as a major energy option to alleviate the energy needs in Africa is huge based on its teeming population. However, the main source of biogas i.e. human excretal is being neglected, thereby loosing resource worth 500 MW of electricity. This research is geared towards estimating the accruable biogas that can be harnessed in a typical student hostel in a developing country. The data was collected at the main chamber of the hostel. The estimation of the optimized state of methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide is given as 12%, 0.94% and 4.42% respectively. It was also affirmed that the algae growth on the walls of the sewage line is responsible for the low carbon dioxide values. Also, it was reported that the production of hydrogen sulphide gas is predictable, as it is not directly related to the concentration of microorganism in the sewage chamber. This research gives an eye-opener on biogas wastage in developing countries.
Keywords: biogas, renewable energy, energy planning, energy.

I. INTRODUCTION
Energy demand in Nigeria has been increasing on a relatively high rate; the need for alternative energy sources cannot be over emphasized [1,2]. Currently there is a huge waste of resources around us e.g. biogas [3][4]. Hence, there is the need to enlighten policy maker, government, public and rural dweller on the need to harness biogas resources around us. Biogas is a combination of gases that is given without the presence of oxygen by the biological disintegration of organic matter. It uses organic waste such as animal waste, dead plants, kitchen remains and human waste and can be transformed into biogas fuel [5][6][7][8][9]. Biogas is a gaseous fuel gotten from biomass by the process of anaerobic digestion when bacteria decay biological material in the absence of oxygen. The raw material to the biogas plant for the production of biogas includes manure, green waste, sewage, agricultural waste, garbage etc [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Aside the economic importance of biogas, it curbs deforestation via the use of firewood for cooking and domestic purposes in rural settlement. Also, the adoption of biogas would reduce the use of fossil fuel to control environmental degradation [4,7].
The components of biogas methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and sometimes contain small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Carbon monoxide and Methane are combustible with oxygen [9]. This release of energy enables the use of biogas as a gas engine fuel, cooking etc. Just like natural gas, the biogas can also be compressed into bio-CNG (compressed natural gas) and used to power motor vehicles [7,9], for example in the UK, biogas is estimated to have the potential of replacing around 17% of vehicle fuel [10]. Biogas can be upgraded to natural gas standards i.e. bio -methane. Biogas is classified based on its source or raw materials. For example, there is the agricultural landfill biogas, wood waste biogas and industrial and urban biogas wastes. The landfill gas is produced in sanitary landfills by the decay of organic matter under the influence of microorganisms that thrive via anaerobic digestion [11][12][13]. Biogas from wastewater is produced in water treatment plant [14]. Agricultural biogas is produced from wasteleftover agricultural products e.g. livestock, plant residues and any other type of waste material associated with materials that have high carbon content [15].
The aim of this research is to estimate the accruable biogas that can be tapped from student hostel in developing countries. This research focuses on a statistical analysis and optimization of biogas resources. This research is very essential for researcher in developing countries to start thinking on how to assess the huge biogas waste from potential sources.

II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
The student hostel used for this research is located in a university in Ota, Nigeria. The methodology applied for this research is described in the flow chart presented in Figure 1. There are about four hundred rooms with toilet facilities ( Figure 2). Almost five hundred students make use of the toilet facility. The data collection point was the connecting chamber (within the building vicinity) linking the central sewage system (see red arrow in Figure 2a). This chamber is particularly important because other chambers are connected to it (broken red line in Figure 2b). However, the chamber is not totally sealed when the measurement was taken. Three rounds of measurement were taken in the research sight. The parameter that was considered was methane, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The legend in the diagrams presented below are B (i.e. trial 1), C (i.e. trial 2), and D (i.e. trial 3). The methane production is found to be between 140-238 (ppm). It was observed the methane production reduced towards the evening. There are three scenarios that may be responsible for this result. First, it is believe that more users are likely to be around in the evening. Second, the anaerobic state was altered due to a drop in ambient temperature in the sewage line. Third, there was less volume of faeces as it has been transported to the central sewage facility. The average volume of methane gas that was produced within the measurement is 192 ppm. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to be able to estimate the biogas resources ( Figure 4).
The principal component analysis is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. In this analysis, three components are used i.e.  Figure 4. Figure  4a presents the PCA scattered plot for trial 1 and 2; Figure 4b presents the PCA scattered plot for trial 1 and 3; Figure 4c presents the PCA scattered plot for trial 2 and 3.
The scattered plot (of trial 1) in Figure 4a shows that the relationship is tilted towards the negative components of trial 1 & 2. This depicts that the predictability of the methane production cannot be ascertained because it depends on various factors such as anaerobic condition, microorganism concentration, duration of faeces in the chamber etc. Figure  4b shows that trial 2 is not predictable as trial 1. Figure 4c shows an almost uniform scattered plot in all direction. Though the value was lower, it can be predicted. The principal component (PC) table that shows the eigenvalue and variance in each trial is presented in Table 1.  Table 2. It shows that the dataset has F<1 reliability to be used for optimization process. The intraclass correlation of each trial is presented in table 3. It was observed that the second measurement (trial 2) was more reliable i.e. compared to other measurements.   The hydrogen sulphide production ( Figure 5) is found to be between 82.5-142.5 (ppm). It was observed the hydrogen sulphide production also decreased towards the evening. The likely reasons have been previously discussed. The average volume of hydrogen sulphide gas that was produced within the measurement is ≈98 ppm. The principal component analysis (PCA) is presented in Figure 6. Figure 6a-c shows the linearity of the trial 1 in relation to other trials. It can infer that the production of hydrogen sulphide gas is predictable, as it is not directly related to the concentration of microorganism in the sewage chamber. The eigenvalue reveal ( Table 4) that the production of hydrogen sulphide can be optimized by 0.94%. The ANOVA table (Table 5) shows that the dataset has F<1 reliability to be used for optimization process. Like in Table 3, it was observed that the second measurement (trial 2) was more reliable i.e. compared to other measurements (Table 6).   The carbon dioxide gas production in the sewage chamber was found to be between 38-47 (ppm). It was observed the carbon dioxide gas production increased towards the evening ( Figure 7). Certainly, this result is contrary to the methane and hydrogen sulphide gas. The low carbon dioxide (compared to other gases) may indicate biological conversion taking place along the sewage line. The average volume of carbon dioxide gas that was produced within the measurement is 41 ppm.

Figure 7: Carbon dioxide production in research site
The principal component analysis (PCA) is presented in Figure 8. Figure 8a-c shows the positive and negative linearity of the group of measured dataset. This further affirms that some biological processes control the carbon dioxide production in the sewage. The work of Bryns et al. [16] affirmed that the algae growth on the walls of the sewage line is responsible for the low carbon dioxide production.

Figure 8: Principal component analysis of carbon dioxide gas
The eigenvalue reveal ( Table 7) that the production of carbon dioxide can be optimized by 4.42%. The ANOVA table (Table 8) shows that the dataset has F<1 reliability to be used for optimization process. Like in Table 3 & 6, it was observed that the second measurement (trial 2) was more reliable i.e. compared to other measurements (Table 9).

IV. CONCLUSION
The ANOVA tables shows that the reliance on the dataset for optimization procedure was truer for hydrogen sulphide than methane and carbon dioxide. The estimation of the optimized state of methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide is given as 12%, 0.94% and 4.42% respectively. It was also affirmed that the algae growth on the walls of the sewage line is responsible for the low carbon dioxide production. Also, it was reported that the production of hydrogen sulphide gas is predictable, as it is not directly related to the concentration of microorganism in the sewage chamber. From the above results, the prospects of alleviating energy demands via the adoption of biogas are viable. It is recommended that biogas plants be built close to central sewage system within each community in the rural and urban areas. The success of this recommendation would reduce the use of fossil fuels.