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Quality of compost produced from different types of decomposer substrate and composition of straw

Compost is one of the processes of decomposing organic materials that involves the activity of microorganisms partially. The use of decomposers is very important to accelerate the rate of compost fermentation. The study was aims to evaluate the quality of compost produced from different types of decomposer substrates and straw compositions. This study uses feces from Bali cattle as main material which are maintained in a semi-intensive manner. Two types of decomposer substrate were used, namely (1) animal substrate (AS) and (2) plant substrate (PS). The level of straw applied were (1) 0%, (2) 5% and (3) 10% (from the total of compost). The study was conducted based on a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial pattern. The data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that differences in the type of decomposer substrate and straw composition had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the pH value, levels of C-organic, N-organic and C/N ratio of compost. The pH value is in the range of 7.40-7.69. The value of C-organic content varies with a range of values 15.29-18.52%. N-organic content is in the range of 0.72 to 0.97% and C / N ratio of 19.00-25.66. The final results of the study showed that the use of animal substrate decomposer and using 10% straw from the from the total of compost showed better compost quality compared to other treatments.


Introduction
Compost is a fermented product that can be used to improve soil quality. The quality of compost is influenced by the method of manufacture and the type of material used. Various steps have been developed by researchers to improve the quality of compost. One of them is by applying local microorganisms in the production process. The level of pollution due to the use of chemical fertilizers lately is getting out of control. This factor can endanger humans and the environment. The application of chemical fertilizers had begun during the green revolution [1][2][3]. One of the advantages of organic farming systems is the diversity of functional microbes that are higher than conventional farming systems [4]. Ecosystem disturbance basically can occur due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers [5,6]. Microbes are organisms that have a very important role in agriculture. Microbial activities include maintaining soil stability [7,8]. Microbial activity can increase nutrient compounds in the soil [9]. The use of bacterial activity will be effective if accompanied by efforts to improve soil management [10]. Bacteria have a very important role in the processing of agricultural lands [11]. Soil stability is much influenced by the activity of microorganisms. This is related to several processes  [7,8]. The use of livestock waste in addition to feces by using urine as raw material for organic fertilizer has also begun to be developed [12]. Likewise, the use of Bacillus subtilis bacteria. This bacterium has also been maximally utilized as a biohydrolisator in livestock products [13]. Economically, the use of commercial decomposers is less profitable. In addition, it is relatively difficult to obtain. The use of organic fertilizers needs to be considered especially for land in rural areas. The use of local microorganisms needs to be developed as one solution to reduce the use of chemicals. This study aims to evaluate the properties of compost produced using the activity of local microorganisms from different substrates with a combination of straw waste.

Materials and methods
The feces of intensively raised Bali cattle were used as the main ingredient in this study. Two types of decomposer substrate were used, namely: (1) animal substrate (AS) and (2) plant substrate (PS) solution. Commercial decomposers were used as controls. Three levels of straw composition have been used namely: (1) 0%, (2) 5% and (3) 10%. Animal substrate (AS) was obtained from beef feces extract (BFE) material, while plant substrate (PS) was obtained from banana root extract (BRE).

Preparations for making animal substrate (AS) solutions
Animal substrate was made by dissolving 1 kg of brown sugar + 1 kg of BFE into 500 mL of water. The solution was homogenized with a mixer for 10 minutes at a speed of 100 rpm. The solution was put in a closed container and fermented for 14 days aerobically.

Preparations for making plant substrate (PS) solutions
A total of 1 kg of banana plant roots were ground and 100 g of brown sugar and rice washing waste were added. The solution was homogenized and then put in a closed container. The solution was fermented for 14 days aerobically. Husk Ash (%)

Data analysis and parameters
The parameters observed were: (1) pH value, (2) C-organic content and (3) N-organic. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further tests using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% [14].

pH Value
The results of pH of compost made from the feces of Bali cattle produced using a combination of decomposer substrate types with different straw compositions were presented in figure 1.  Based on figure 1, it can be seen that on average the pH value of compost made from feces of Bali cattle is in the range of 7.40-7.69. This data shows that the compost produced is in neutral pH. The ANOVA results showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between treatments on the pH value of compost. Based on the pH value standard that has been regulated in the regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, it has been explained that the criteria for the quality of organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers and soil ameliorants are pH 4-9 [15]. This shows that the compost produced is still in accordance with the specified standards. According to [16], fertilizer pH values are in the range of 8.5-10. This data is different from the compost that has been produced previously. This can be caused because the fertilizer does not undergo a fermentation process so that the resulting pH value is higher. Different results can be seen from the pH value of organic fertilizer produced by [17] which produces organic fertilizer with a pH of 5.45-5.64. Lower pH conditions can be caused by the fermentation process that occurs that uses 3 types of bioactivators (EM4, boisca and shrimp paste). The pH value is almost the same as the liquid organic fertilizer produced by [18] which is 7.8.

C-organic
Fertilizer produced from livestock can experience an increase in C-organic levels up to 18%, especially on the ground surface [19]. According to [20], that C-organic content is one of the parameters that can determine the quality of a fertilizer. The results of compost testing made from Bali cattle feces using decomposer substrate with different straw compositions were presented in figure 2. The results of ANOVA in the data ( figure 2) show that the application of decomposer substrate types with different straw compositions did not show a significant difference (P>0.05) on the C-organic compost content. C-organic content varies from each treatment with a range of values 15.29-18.52%. Based on the requirements of organic fertilizer is to have C-organic of at least 15% [15]. Therefore, the compost produced is apparently still in accordance with the standards required by the Ministry of Agriculture. The C-organic value obtained is still higher than the fertilizer produced by [17] which is 0.67-0.86%. According to [21], C-organic content can cause an increase in root production and air

Combinatiom of Substrate-Straw Composition
biomass. One important factor in the composition of organic fertilizers is the availability of nutrients. [22] and [23] state that the role of decomposers is very important in producing certain enzymes. The enzymes produced by the decomposer can break down organic matter in the compost. In a biochemical reaction, the microbes will take energy and break down the organic material. Biomass that can be obtained by plants and is rich in carbon compounds in the form of liquid smoke can also be utilized in extending the shelf life of processed meat products [24,25].

N-organic
Element N is one of the elements that are highly needed by animal feed plants in a livestock grazing area. Therefore, appropriate supervision efforts are needed to maintain its sustainability. Application of fertilizer is an attempt to maintain levels of element N in an area [26,27]. The N-organic content of compost made from Bali cattle feces using different types of subtract decomposers and different straw compositions were presented in figure 3. Based on the data in figure 3 shows that the value of compost N-organic produced from raw materials of Bali cattle feces using a combination of decomposer substrate types with different straw compositions is in the range of 0.72-0.97%. The results of ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) on the compost organic N value. This is because the fermentation process is influenced by the activity of the decomposer. The decomposers cannot work optimally in the fermentation process. Organic matter will easily undergo decay process quickly. This is caused by the activity of microorganisms. The availability of C/N/P elements greatly influences the activity of the fermentation process [28]. Bioavailability of N-organic can be increased through composting process activities. The decomposition process of organic matter occurs quickly when the nitrogen content is high. This is because microorganisms utilize the N source for their development process [29].

Conclusion
The application of a combination of decomposer substrate types with different straw compositions in the production process of compost made from Balinese cattle feces did not affect compost characteristics such as pH value, C-organic and N-organic content. The pH value and C-organic compost produced are still in accordance with the standards set by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, especially in the category of organic fertilizer. Application of 10% straw composition to the compost fertilizer mixture showed the best quality compared to other treatments.