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Revenue Identification in Attaining Consensus Estimates on Income Predictions: The Function of Ownership Concentration and Managerial Ownership Confirmation from Poland

Financial reliability, along with clearness of business transactions, is one of the mainstays of sustainability. In this research, I investigate whether enterprises expand discretionary revenue when their income before intentional shaping is marginally under the consensus on the income prediction provided by analysts. The innovation of the paper lies in taking into account the role of managerial ownership, ownership concentration, and higher proportions of institutional investors in this situation. Higher ownership concentration and greater percentage of institutional investors in equity were analysed while considering the expropriation hypothesis. In order to assess the concern of managerial ownership for revenue manipulation, I considered the alignment of interest hypothesis. In this research, I certified that enterprises expand discretionary revenue when their revenue and operating income prior to intentional shaping barely miss the consensus forecast. I found that the existence of managerial ownership curtailed the magnitudes of upward discretionary revenue when revenue prior to intentional shaping was marginally below the consensus on revenue. Greater ownership concentration and higher proportions of institutional investors were on the bound of the statistical trend to expand discretionary revenue when net earnings, before intentional shaping, were marginally below analysts’ forecasts.