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Early Holocene presence of beaver (Castor fiber L.) in the Scandes sustains warmer-than-present conditions and a patchily treed and rich mountainscape

Post-Little Ice Age climate warming and associated glacier and ice patch shrinkage have opened a new window to past high-mountain vegetational and faunal composition as well as human utilization of the ancient mountainscape (Schlüchter & Jörin 2004; Benedict et al. 2008; Nesje et al. 2011; Reckin 2013; Koch et al. 2014; Kullman & Öberg, 2020a). In the Swedish Scandes, summers (J.J.A.) have warmed by 1.7 °C during the period 1901-2020 (Kullman & Öberg 2020b). This course of change has caused glaciers and perennial ice patches to disintegrate (Lundqvist 1969; Holmlund et al.1996; Lindgren & Strömgren 2001), which has released ancient woody material, so-called megafossils. These remnants represent former tree stands, later on extirpated and entombed by snow and ice for many millennia. By the current warming phase of the past 100 years or so, megafossil tree remnants (logs, brances, roots and cones) are being exposed by the late summer at the forefields of many Swedish glaciers and perennial ice patches, as reported and discussed previously (Öberg & Kullman 2011; Kullman & Öberg 2013, 2015). From these studies it appears that current sites of glaciers and ice patches, 400-700 elvational meters atop of current treelines, harboured early Holocene stands of many of today ́s boreal treeand ground-cover species prevailing in northern Scandinvia. In addition, one regionally extirpated species, viz. Larix sibirica, was found under these circumstances. Moreover, the last-mentioned studies evidenced early Holocene presence of Picea abies (Kullman 2018), previously for long considered as a more recent immigrant from the east.