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Investigations into Velocity and Distance Perception Based on Different Types of Moving Sound Sources with Respect to Auditory Virtual Environments

JVRB, 10(2013), no. 4. - The characteristics of moving sound sources have
strong implications on the listener's distance perception
and the estimation of velocity. Modifications of the typical
sound emissions as they are currently occurring due to the
tendency towards electromobility have an impact on the
pedestrian's safety in road traffic. Thus, investigations of
the relevant cues for velocity and distance perception of
moving sound sources are not only of interest for
the psychoacoustic community, but also for several
applications, like e.g. virtual reality, noise pollution and
safety aspects of road traffic.
This article describes a series of psychoacoustic
experiments in this field. Dichotic and diotic stimuli
of a set of real-life recordings taken from a passing passenger car and a motorcycle were presented to
 test subjects who in turn were asked to determine
 the velocity of the object and its minimal distance
 from the listener. The results of these psychoacoustic
 experiments show that the estimated velocity is strongly
 linked to the object's distance. Furthermore, it could be
 shown that binaural cues contribute significantly to the
 perception of velocity. In a further experiment, it was
 shown that - independently of the type of the vehicle
 - the main parameter for distance determination is
 the maximum sound pressure level at the listener's
 position.
 The article suggests a system architecture for the adequate
 consideration of moving sound sources in virtual auditory
 environments. Virtual environments can thus be used to
 investigate the influence of new vehicle powertrain
 concepts and the related sound emissions of these vehicles
 on the pedestrians' ability to estimate the distance and
 velocity of moving objects.