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Knowledge engineering in adaptive interface and user modeling

This chapter presents the issues of user modeling and its role in adaptive humancomputer interface (HCI). Particularly, it focuses on knowledge acquisition and representation in user modeling. Several related problems in the traditional user modeling systems are also identified and discussed. ADAPTIVE INTERFACE AND USER MODELING The concept of an adaptive human-computer interface (HCI) has been recognized as a very promising and challenging area for both research and applications (Norcio and Stanley, 1989). The objective of an adaptive interface is to adapt system responses to the user effectively in a complex computer-based task. In the context of human computer interaction, the relationship between a human and a computer involves many factors such as the computing environment, the nature of the tasks to be performed, as well as various characteristics of the users. The effectiveness of a human-computer interface system is influenced greatly by its ability to adapt to these factors. As the functionality of computer systems becomes more complex and users’ tasks vary, users must adjust their behavior and problem solving strategies to the systems. This situation is often made worse because users lack the knowledge and experience to be effective. A well-designed interface can provide much more helpful information in a more appropriate manner during the interaction, especially for those users who have limited experiences. Therefore, an adaptive interface is not only beneficial for users but also for system resources management since the tasks and the related resources are better allocated between user and the computer. Generally, an adaptive interface should be able to offer an effective interaction and allocate tasks dynamically between the user and the computer system. It is not unusual that users are frequently confronted with an overwhelming amount of information in interacting with computers. Users must decide what information to request and use. In these situations, it has been found that users do not usually perform optimally (Card, Moran and Newell, 1983). In addition, users may not have the necessary information or expertise to adjust their