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Response of a two-layer estuary to freshwater inflow and wind: a case study of the Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is one of the world’s largest brackish-water sea areas, with large horizontal and vertical salinity gradients. The average salinity amounts to about 7.4 o/oo (Meier and Kauker, 2003a). A large net freshwater supply mainly from river discharge of about 15,000 to 16,000 m s in combination with the hampered water exchange through the Danish Straits causes this low salinity. Decadal salinity variations are of the order of 1 o/oo, and no long-term trend is detectable during 1902-1998 (Fig. 1).