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REDUPLICATION OF ADVERBS, PAST AND PRESENT PARTICIPLES IN PERSIAN LANGUAGE

Reduplication as a linguistic phenomenon has been known since ancient times. In some languages, it appears at the very center of the grammar system, in others it is found only on the linguistic periphery, but in one form or another, reduplication exists in the vast majority of languages. Reduplication is a word-formation process in which meaning is expressed by repeating all or part of a word. The study of reduplication has generated a great deal of interest in terms of understanding a number of properties associated with the word-formation process. As with morphology in general, two considerations that arise in reduplication are related to form and meaning. This article is dedicated to study reduplications which formed by a combination of adverbs, past and present participles in modern Persian language. There is also an attempt to reveal new lexical and grammatical meanings, to analyse wordformational and syntactic function of reduplications.

In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively, iconic in meaning. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of linguistic productivity varies. Reduplication is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature. Other terms that are occasionally used include cloning, doubling, duplication, repetition [2].
A reduplicative is a word or lexeme that contains two identical or very similar parts. Words such as these are also called tautonyms. The morphological and phonological process of forming a compound word by repeating all or part of it is known as reduplication. The repeated element is called a reduplicant [3].
Reduplication is a word formation process that repeats all or part of a word to convey some form of meaning. The range of patterns varies from a single segment being copied to entire phrases. The copying can occur on its own, or it can be accompanied by other word formation processes. The meanings can also range from highly iconic meanings, such as repetition to more abstract morpho-syntactic meanings, to quite subtle meanings, difficult to define precisely. Because of this diversity in form and meaning, reduplication has been the subject of a great deal of research, both descriptive and theoretical. Among this diversity, several themes emerge related to accounting for the form of reduplication, which can be loosely categorized in terms of shape, segmental quality, morphological structure, and the repetition mechanism. Ideally, any model of reduplication should be able to predict the range of possible patterns and not generate unattested patterns [4]. The word repetition is formed by repeated use of the same word and means plural, continuity [5, p. 102] Although reduplicative words are used in all languages of the world, it is not possible to approach them all in the same principle. The grammar rules of each language, the principles of development, and the way of life of the people require that the language be treated according to certain laws.

The main part. Degree of the investigating of the topic
The history of reduplicatives in English starts in the Early Modern English (EMnE) era, which was about the end of the 15th century. In the third edition of "A Biography of the English Language", C.M. Millward and Mary Hayes noted: "Reduplicated words do not appear at all until the EMnE period. When they do appear, they are usually direct borrowings from some other language, such as Portuguese dodo (1628), Spanish grugru (1796) and motmot (1651), French haha ditch' (1712), and Maori kaka (1774). Even the nursery words mama and papa were borrowed from French in the 17th century. Soso is probably the sole native formation from the EMnE period; it is first recorded in 1530" [6].
David Crystal wrote in the second edition of The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language: "Items with identical spoken constituents, such as goody-goody and din-din, are rare. What is normal is for a single vowel or consonant to change between the first constituent and the second, such as seesaw and walkie-talkie". Reduplicatives are used in a variety of ways. Some simply imitate sounds: dingdong, bow-wow. Some suggest alternative movements: flip-flop, ping-pong. Some are disparaging: dilly-dally, wishy-washy. And some intensify meaning: teeny-weeny, tip-top. Reduplication is not a major means of creating lexemes in English, but it is perhaps the most unusual one" [7].
Reduplicatives can rhyme but aren't required to. They likely have a figure of sound represented in them, as alliteration (repetition of consonants) and assonance (repetition of vowel sounds) would be common in a word or phrase that doesn't change much among its parts [8].
According to "Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History" by Kate Burridge: "The majority of...reduplicated forms involve a play on the rhyme of words. The result can be a combination of two existing words, like flower-power and culturevulture, but more usually one of the elements is meaningless, as in superduper, or both, as in nambypamby. Now, it struck me the other day that a large number of these nonsense jingles begin with 'h.' Think of hoity-toity, higgledy-piggledy, hanky-panky, And these are just a few!" [9]. In the book "Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary", reduplication is described as follows: "Reduplication is a phonomorphological phenomenon, with its incomplete (repeating only one syllable) and full (repetition of the whole word) forms [10, p. 408].
V.I. Nemchenko refers to reduplication as "a technique for creating words that create complex words as a result of repetition of a word or word base" [11, p. 78]. He takes note reduplication's full and incomplete forms, certifies that reduplication can be used in conjunction with affixation.
Scientists like N.M. Shansky and V.N. Troitsky also believe reduplication is one of the ways in which words are made. "The repetition of the word is not only a specific methodology for enhancing the meaning of the word, but also a way of creating new words" [12, p. 11].
S.A. Khashimova in her dissertation describes the reduplication as follows: "Based on the structuralsemantic and functional forms of reduplication, the following new definitions can be proposed: Reduplication is a form of word or form consisting of a morpheme, a root or its elements (sounds, syllables), affixes or repetitions of all words. The productivity of a particular type of reduplication depends on the peculiarities of language morphological structure" [13, p. 38].
Structural-semantic analysis of complete reduplicative wods within parts of speech allows to identify their role, derivative and expressive features in Persian, as well as their interaction with compounds.
The reduplicative wods on the research topic were collected based on the writings of Iranian writers as well as information from internet sites. In particular, the literary works of these authors have served as a source for our research: Abu al-Qasim Partu Azam -‫شد"‬ ‫عزرائل‬ ‫رفیق‬ ‫که‬ ‫"مردی‬ (Tehran, 1326), Jalal Ole Ahmad ‫القلم"-‬ ‫و‬ ‫,"نون‬ ‫فلک"‬ ‫و‬ ‫,"گلدسته‬ " The examples which collected from sources were analyzed based on the meanings given in the annotated dictionary ‫فارسی"‬ ‫فرهنگ‬ ‫"عامیانه‬ by Abul Hasan Najafiy and "Persian-Russian" dictionary, edited by Yu.A. Rubinchik.
In modern Persian, reduplication of words are widely used. In almost from every part of speech can be formed the reduplicative wods. Often, the components of reduplicative words come from nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs and functional forms of the verb. This article analyzes the reduplication of adverb, past and present participles.
The reduplication of adverbs. The adverb denotes the sign of verb. Reduplicative adverbs also perform the same function. However, when the adverbs is used as a reduplicative word, it is observed that the additional meaning is added to the lexical meaning of adverb.

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The collected materials have shown that sometimes one of the reduplicative participles (mainly the second component) is in negative form: ‫میدادی‬ ‫قورت‬ ‫نجویده‬ ‫جویده‬ ‫تندتند‬ ‫غذارا‬ ‫تو‬ To γazā-rā tondtond javide najavide γurt midādi "You would often eat your food not chewing" (www.hamshahri.оrg) There are also cases where the components of combination which made in this model had been connected throug the -о-/-vо-interfixes: ‫گذاشت‬ ‫ونکرده‬ ‫کرده‬ ‫را‬ ‫کارهایش‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫آبجی‬ Ābji xānom kārhāyaš-rā kardevo nakarde gozāšt "Ms. Abji has left her work unfinished" (٩۵ ‫خانم،‬ ‫)آبجی‬ ‫شد‬ ‫بلند‬ ‫نخورده‬ ‫و‬ ‫خورده‬ ‫چای‬ ‫او‬ -U čāy xordevo naxorde boland šod "He didn't drink his tea to the end and stood up" (www.iran-forum.ir) The phonetic independence of the components of such combinations indicates that they cannot be a compound word. However, their syntactic structure is stable, the components cannot be replaced. This allows the combination of this template to be considered as a fixed word combination [17, p. 72].
The reduplication of present participle. It is known that in Persian language the present participle is formed by adding suffixes ‫نده‬ -ande, ‫ان‬ -ān and ‫ا‬ -ā to the present stem of verb [18, p. 277]. In the course of the study, only the reduplication of present participle with suffix ‫ان‬ -ān was detected.
In the process of repetition of the present participle in Persian, the following cases are observed: Iranian scholars have added the words which ending in suffix ‫ان‬ -ān to the part of speech and they drew attention that they only express adverbial modifier in repeated form [19, p. 136; 170]. According to L.S. Peysikov, the reduplication of present participle does not lead to the creation of a compound word, but it serves to enhance the feature [20, p. 165-166].
An analysis of the reduplication of adverb, past and present participles has led to the following conclusions: 1.
In the examples collected from the sources, it was found that additional meaning is attached to the meaning of reduplicative adverbs. Also, the majority of reduplicative adverbs mean that the action in which the verb is linked is repeated several times. The reduplication of some adverbs showed that they are made by izafet. Reduplicative adverbs state that an action or event will occur over a specific period of time and point to how the action is performed and the time it takes place.
2. As a result of repetition, it was revealed that the meaning of the past participle is changed and the compound word is coined. A reduplicative past participle, which often acts as adverbial modifier, can sometimes be an attribute. The collected materials have shown that sometimes one of the reduplicative participles (mainly the second component) is in negative form. The phonetic independence of the components of combinations which made in this model indicates that they cannot be a compound word.
3. The reduplication of present participle does not lead to the creation of a compound word, but it serves to enhance the feature. In the reduplication of participles are enhanced the adjectival and adverbial meanings of present participles. Accordingly, these reduplicative combinations are closer to syntactic combinations than compound words. It will be observed that when the present participle is repeated, in the first part the suffix ‫ان‬ -ān is dropped. This means that it is undoubtedly a compound word. 4. A total of 33 examples related to reduplication of adverb, past and present participles were collected from sources. An analysis of reduplicative words showed that the reduplication of advebs (17) is more productive than the reduplication of past (6) and present participles (10).