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Linking gender, environment, and poverty for sustainable development : a synthesis report on Ethiopia and Ghana

Understanding the links between gender inequality, poverty and environmental degradation, and taking responsive actions, can accelerate positive dynamics and promote sustainable development outcomes. Acknowledging the ways in which nature-society relations are gendered opens space for new approaches to poverty reduction, environmental conservation, and gender-equitable participation and benefits in sustainable development programs. The analytical framework for this study draws on the World Bank's three pillars of sustainable development: social inclusion, economic growth and environmental sustainability; and from political ecology literature, which highlights how decision-making processes, power relationships, and social conditions influence environmental policies and development outcomes. The following four propositions derived from political ecology literature guide the analysis: i) socioeconomic marginalization and natural resource degradation are mutually reinforcing processes; ii) protected area conservation and external control of natural resources can disrupt household and community production and social organization; iii) competing environmental interests shape environmental change; and iv) collective action and resilience can help mitigate negative impacts.