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Can solid deer protectors prevent blister rust from attacking white pines?

To test the hypothesis that physical barriers can prevent Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. basidiospores from reaching its host, western white pine (Pinus monticola D. Don), deer protectors and mini-greenhouses were placed over seedlings. At one site, rust incidence was significantly reduced with barriers (3%) compared to controls (31%). At two other sites, the sample size was small and the rust incidence with and without barriers was variable. Pooling across both these sites and barrier types, the rust incidence was reduced to 31% compared with 64% for controls. Rust prevention using barriers is promising and warrants further testing.