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Interleukin‐21 and the IL‐21 receptor: novel effectors of NK and T cell responses

Interleukin (IL)‐21 was recently discovered using a functional cloning approach based on expression of its receptor. It is similar in domain organization and primary sequence to IL‐2 and IL‐15. Like these cytokines, IL‐21 uses the common γ chain of the IL‐2/15 receptor, which forms a heterodimeric receptor complex with IL‐21R. IL‐21 is produced by activated T cells, and it influences proliferation of T and B cells and cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. The elucidation of the unique biological effects of IL‐21 represents an intense area of interest in current cytokine biology.