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Tracking India’s Progress in Health Sector after 70 Years of Independence

Situation in 1947 – According to the 1951 Census, India’s population was 36.1 crores.[1] Only 18.33% of the total population was literate then, of which female literacy was 8.86%;[2] only one out of every 11 women were able to read and write. The overall life expectancy was 32 years.[3] The infant mortality rate (IMR) was 145.6/1000 live births.[3] Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in the 1940s was 2000/100,000 live births, which apparently came down to 1000 in the 1950s.[4] There were only 50,000 doctors across the country. The number of primary health‐care centers in the country was only 725.[3]