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A new species of Leptopulvinaria Kanda from China, with a key to species (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Coccidae)

Abstract A new species Leptopulvinariasapindasp. n. is described and illustrated based on adult females collected on Sapindussaponaria (Sapindaceae) from Shanghai and Jiangsu. This is the first report of Leptopulvinaria species in China. A key to the species of Leptopulvinaria Kanda is provided.


Introduction
The family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) is the third largest family of the Coccomorpha after the Diaspididae (armored scales) and Pseudococcidae (mealybugs), consisting of 1185 described species, distributed in 169 genera all over the world (García Morales et al. 2018, Williams andHodgson 2014). Species belonging to this family are widespread throughout the world and many of them are important pests on agricultural, horticultural, and ornamental plants (Henderson and Hodgson 2005). These include Pulvinaria salicicola (Borchsenius), which caused much damage to growth of roadside afforested willows in Lindian County, Heilongji-ang Province of China with an injury rate is as high as 90% (Zhang et al. 1993), and Ceroplastes japonicus (Green), which can cause deformation or death of poplars and the percentage of damaged trees is more than 65% in some areas of Lianyungang city, Jiangsu Province (Wang et al. 2008).
The genus Leptopulvinaria was established by Kanda (1960), based on its type species, Leptopulvinaria elaeocarpi Kanda, 1960, and it was diagnosed by absence of tarsal and claw digitules. Tang (1991) placed this genus in the tribe Pulvinariini. Hodgson (1994) redescribed the type species based on the type specimen and found that it did in fact have tarsal digitules and claw digitules. He did not affirm the exact taxonomic positon of the species, since it is difficult to ascertain the exact distribution of the dorsal and ventral tubular ducts owing to poor condition of type specimens. Recently, Tanaka and Amano (2008) redescribed L. elaeocarpi based on newly collected material and described the second species L. kawaii Tanaka & Amano from Japan. They also observed the production of ovisacs of both these species at their oviposition periods and clearly and definitely placed this genus in the tribe Pulvinariini. Choi and Lee (2017) reported L. kawaii from South Korea. Currently, species of this genus are therefore known only from Japan and South Korea and the genus includes only two species, namely Leptopulvinaria elaeocarpi Kanda and Leptopulvinaria kawaii Tanaka & Amano. In the course of our taxonomic study of soft scales (Coccidae) in China, we found an undescribed species which clearly belongs to this genus. Here, we describe and illustrate adult female specimens of this new species. This report is the first formal record of the occurrence of Leptopulvinaria species in China, and it may be useful for further taxonomic and biogeographic study of the genus and its species. A key to all three species of Leptopulvinaria is provided.

Materials and methods
Slide mounting methods for the specimens in this study followed Hodgson and Henderson (2000). Terminology of the morphological features used in the description mainly followed Kondo and Hodgson (2013) and Tanaka and Kondo (2015), who avoided using the term "pregenital disc-pores" or "perivulvar pores", because in several species of Coccidae, these pores are not restricted to the pregenital or perivulvar area, and can be present throughout the medial area of the venter; so that using the term "pregenital" or "perivulvar" may be misleading. The species described in this study also have the pores not only in the pregenital area but also on the medial area of the venter. The term "multilocular pore" is therefore used herein for the pores with multiple loculi, with the exception of spiracular pores. The mounted specimens were examined under a compound light microscope (Leica DME) fitted with an ocular micrometer. All measurements were given (minimum-maximum range) in micrometers (µm), except for body length and width which are given in millimeters (mm).
All specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection, the Department of Forestry Protection, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China (BFUC).
Generic diagnosis. Adult female. Body elongate oval, broadest at thorax or anterior abdomen. Dorsum. Derm membranous. Tubular ducts and microducts frequent. Tubercles convex, occasionally absent. Margin. Setae spinose, each with a simple pointed apex. Stigmatic clefts not deep but distinct; each with one to four (usually three) stigmatic spines. Venter. Antennae with eight or nine (usually eight) segments. Legs each with a well-developed tibio-tarsal articulation and an articulatory sclerosis. Multilocular pores each with nine to eleven loculi, present mainly across most abdominal segments. Spiracular pores each with four to six (usually five) loculi. Two types of tubular ducts present. With one or two pairs of long setae medially on all abdominal and thoracic segments (occasionally lacking on thoracic segments). For further diagnostic characteristics, see Tanaka and Amano (2008).  Figure 1A-C). Adult female more or less pointed anteriorly, usually somewhat asymmetrical, the young one whitish or light yellowish ( Figure 1A), changing to with dark brown reticulations on dorsum except midline, the mature one black, with a longitudinal yellowish stripe along middle line of dorsum ( Figure 1C). After oviposition ( Figure 1B), the dorsum with wax filaments mainly on the marginal and submarginal area; wax secreted forming a short white ovisac.
Distribution. China (Jiangsu and Shanghai) Host plant. Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) Etymology. The specific epithet is taken from the genus name of host plant.

Remarks.
The new species is easily distinguished from the two other Leptopulvinaria species by having dorsal tubular ducts, microducts, and setae arranged in a re-ticulate pattern, and numerous multilocular pores on head and thorax. Moreover, L. sapinda sp. n. has a group of preopercular pores extending from anterior anal plates to prothorax, and has 10-15 dorsal tubercles between each posterior stigmatic cleft and the anal cleft, whereas L. elaeocarpi has a small group of preopercular pores restricted to anterior anal plates, and 1-4 dorsal tubercles between each posterior stigmatic cleft and the anal cleft. In L. kawaii, preopercular pores are absent (or if there are any, then they are difficult to see) and there are only 0-7 dorsal tubercles between each posterior stigmatic cleft and the anal cleft.
During the pre-oviposition period, the adult females of this new species suck plant juices mainly along the main and lateral veins of leaves ( Figure 1C). When ovipositing, they usually climb to the trunk and branches (although occasionally they stay on the leaves) to lay eggs ( Figure 1B, 1D). Similar behavior, namely changing infesting place on the host trees before ovipositon is also reported in L. kawaii (Kawai 1980). This fact may indicate that L. sapinda sp. n. is probably close to L. kawaii and supports the placement of the new species in this genus.