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The merit of sociological accounts of disorder: The Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder case

This article argues in favor of a sociological perspective on health and illness, drawing on recognized positions from the philosophy of health and illness about how to demarcate disorder from non-disorder. The argument specifies that a normative context in which bodies or behaviors are disvalued is a necessary component for identifying what constitutes a disorder, as this normative context allows material differences to be understood as dysfunctional and pathological. Descriptions of material states in themselves are insufficient to distinguish what is legitimately a disorder; some evaluative stance toward those states is also required. This article applies the argument to disorders of inattention and hyperactivity, currently best known as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. These disorders have been controversial since their formalization in the 1970s, the same time that they began receiving sociological attention. Sociological analyses have consistently expressed ambivalence toward recognizing claims about the biological status of such disorders. This ambivalence has at times committed to a problematic relationship between sociological explanation and medical explanation, implicitly allocating sociological explanation to an auxiliary position. This article argues that this is not necessary, as sociological perspectives address disorders on a fundamental, rather than secondary, register. Disorders are only intelligible due to the normative and social context in which they are found, and so medical sociology can recognize the validity of biological claims about disorders, such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, while still asserting the essential social nature of disorder.