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Protein Intake at Breakfast is Associated with Reduced Energy Intake at Lunch: An analysis of NHANES 2003–2006

Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003–2006, we evaluated associations of protein intake at breakfast and energy consumption at lunch in children 9–18 yr (n=2627) and adults ≥19 yr (n=6390). Inclusion criteria included men and non‐pregnant, non‐lactating women with a reliable 24‐hr dietary recall. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals were self‐defined by participants. Linear regression was used to assess the associations between kcal/kg body weight (BW) of protein intake at breakfast and energy intake at lunch after adjustment for age, ethnicity, sex, and poverty income ratio. Absolute protein intake (g/kg BW) was higher in children (1.6) vs. adults (1.1), particularly male children (1.8) and adults (1.2) vs. female children (1.5) and adults (1.0). The majority of protein was consumed at dinner (40% and 42%, respectively), versus lunch (31% both ages) and breakfast (16% and 15%, respectively). Higher protein kcal/kg BW at breakfast was associated with lower energy intake/kg BW at lunch in children (β= −0.76; p=0.042) and adults (β= −0.53; p=0.019). Conversely, higher non‐protein kcal/kg BW at breakfast was associated with higher total energy intake/kg BW at lunch in children (β= 0.32; p<0.001) and adults (β = 0.29; p<0.001). These results are consistent with findings from acute trials showing enhanced satiety following intake of protein at a morning meal versus carbohydrate and fat.