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What is the exact working mechanism of botulinum toxin A and sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of overactive bladder/detrusor overactivity? ICI‐RS 2017

Botulinum toxin A (BTX‐A) and sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) are established treatments for overactive bladder (OAB) and are standard of care in refractory cases in international guidelines. Despite long term use over decades their “exact” working mechanisms are not entirely clear. At the ICI‐RS meeting in Bristol in 2017 a think tank was convened to address the question.