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Rules and Instances in the Control of a Static System-Modelling the Influence of Causal Interpretation

This paper reports an experiment that investigated the influence of causal interpretation on acquisition and use of two knowledge types about a static system: specific I-O-knowledge (instances) and general knowledge about effects (rules, structural knowledge). One group of subjects saw 40 system states without being informed about the causal nature of the material. Another group saw the same states as switches and lamps. It is assumed that the group without causal interpretation cannot acquire knowledge about effects but only IO-knowledge. If that type of knowledge really is the predominant type learned when dealing with small systems, then there should be no group differences in a speeded recognition task. Actually, the group with causal interpretation discriminates much better between old and new system states, but with longer RTs. This could be interpreted in terms of knowledge about effects acquired by the group with causal interpretation which was used to reconstruct system states in cases of doubt. Results of a speeded judgement task where subjects had to judge single causal relations support that interpretation, but also indicate that the knowledge about effects is probably not represented in a symolic form. An ACT-R model that uses associations between events as a subsymbolic form of knowledge about effects reproduces the data very well. Thus, data and model support the significance of I-O-knowledge but also shed some light on the role and the development of general knowledge about effects.