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Watching the Grid: Utility-Independent Measurements of Electricity Reliability in Accra, Ghana

In much of the world, electricity grids are not instrumented at the customer level, limiting insights into the power quality experienced by utility customers. Moreover, to understand grid performance, regulators and investors must depend on utilities to self-report reliability data. To address these challenges, we introduce PowerWatch, an agile methodology to directly measure customer experience and aggregated grid performance without relying on the utility for deployment or management. PowerWatch employs a system of distributed sensors coupled with cloud-based analytics. We evaluate the PowerWatch methodology by deploying 462 sensors in homes and businesses in Accra, Ghana for over a year, yielding the largest open-source data set on electricity reliability at the customer-level in the region. We describe the architecture, design, and performance of PowerWatch, as well as the data that are collected, explaining how we determine the accuracy and coverage of our methodology without ground truth. Finally, we report on grid performance issues, finding nearly twice as many outages as the utility observed, suggesting a need for better grid performance monitoring.