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Abundance and Distribution of Foliage on Balsam Fir and White Spruce in Reference to Spruce Budworm Ecology and Absolute Population Density Estimation

We describe the distribution and amount of foliage, expressed as foliated branch surface area, weight, or number of buds in the live crown of healthy open-grown and closed-canopy balsam fir and white spruce trees. Balsam fir and white spruce have very similar total foliage surface area and weight. The live crown of white spruce trees contains fewer buds than balsam fir of similar dimensions. Thus, bud density per unit foliage weight or surface area is higher in balsam fir than in white spruce. We also observed that buds tend to grow in clusters more often on balsam fir than on white spruce, and that larvae of the spruce budworm preferentially attack buds that grow in clusters. Equations were developed to predict the total surface area and weight of foliage as well as number of buds in the live crown for estimation of absolute population density of spruce budworm. These equations use diameter at breast height (DBH) and the number of nodes in the live crown as predictors. When data on the number of live nodes are unavailable, it can be estimated from tree height. Equations were also developed from which to estimate foliage area, weight or bud numbers from DBH only.