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History, Race, and the State in the Thought of Oliveira Viana

H E Brazilian sociologist and historian Oliveira Viana (1883-1951), correctly labeled a racist and proponent of authoritarianism, has been marginalized into oblivion in his own country. Yet no student of Brazil's interwar period can deny Viana's central importance. Moreover, Viana's written legacy, composed of his analyses of Brazil and his contributions to paternalist labor legislation, remains influential.' Indeed, one can argue, as this essay will, that Viana's positions regarding Brazil's problematic political realities still dominate much of contemporary Brazil's political discourse. Viana's racist historical sociology was fundamental to his condemnation of liberal democracy and his call for a nationalist statism. Today, too many Brazilians still fear mass