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Exclusion and Execution: Controlling America's Black Population

Whether it is collective amnesia or collective ignorance, there is little question that only a small percentage of the U.S. population is aware of the full arsenal of strategies that has been used throughout the nation's history to terrorize and subjugate its black population. In contrast, a firm belief in the national myth of freedom, justice, and equal opportunity is widely celebrated. As a result of this disturbing situation, we should not be surprised that a sophisticated understanding of current racial tensions and inequalities in America is difficult to achieve. Sundown Towns by James W Loewen and Rough Justice by Michael J. Pfeifer lay bare two very different forms of racial oppression that have been used to maintain white supremacy in the U.S. and thereby help us to understand the roots of our continuing racial divide. James W Loewen is emeritus professor of sociology at the University of Vermont. He has written extensively on matters concerning race and social history, including his well-known book Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. In Sundown Towns, Loewen pulls a skeleton out of our national closet, and those bones are downright frighten-