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Planning in Air Traffic Control: Impact of Problem Type

To characterize the planning activities of en route air traffic controllers, 12 certified professional controllers (CPCs) were placed in the role of planners and verbalized a plan for controlling traffic to a confederate tactician. The tactician, another CPC, implemented the plan. Planning, which is typically tacit, was made explicit by distributing it across these 2 individuals. The sequencing problem, which required the sequencing of aircraft going to a common destination, had a distinct environmental analysis phase (bottom-up) followed by a distinct plan development (top-down) phase. In the crossing problem, which involved aircraft en route to many different destinations, environmental analysis melded into a phase of balanced top-down guidance and bottom-up analysis. Implications for interface development are discussed.