{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.017179384738314023, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0015980823012385138, 'mean_word_length': 5.624338624338624, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Osteopenia is not a diagnosis

The term “osteopenia” is being used synonymously with the diseases osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Osteopenia refers to “reduced bone mass due to a decrease in osteoid synthesis to a level insufficient to compensate normal osteolysis.” It is used to describe a lower than average peak bone density on radiograph alone or in the presence of the more severe diseases of osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Osteoporosis is characterized by a loss of bone mass from multiple causes, producing a more severe osteopenic appearance on radiograph and bone density studies. Causes include diseases that result in a decrease in axial loading of bone and, therefore, a reduction in lamellar bone formation. Postmenopausal osteoporosis occurs from decreased estrogen levels, which leads to decreased cancellous bone synthesis more than cortical bone synthesis. It is also seen in men due to the gradual decreases in testosterone and estrogen levels that occur with age. Posttraumatic osteoporosis may also occur as a component of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in a limb. Other causes include hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, corticosteroid use, autoimmune disorders, and hematologic disorders. Osteomalacia is caused by delayed or inadequate mineralization of osteoid in mature cancellous or cortical bone after epiphyseal closure. It is the adult equivalent of rickets. Rickets occurs before epiphyseal closure and is caused by a deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorous. Maternal deficiencies in vitamin D can lead to congenital rickets with decreased calcium and phosphate absorption as can maternal diseases, including severe osteomalacia, celiac disease, malabsorption, pre-eclampsia, and premature birth. Osteomalacia in adults is generally caused by anything that interferes with vitamin D metabolism or calcium and phosphate absorption. Certain anticonvulsant medications interfere with formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver. Malabsorption syndromes can lead to hypophosphatemia as can familial hyperphosphatemic osteomalacia. In benign mesenchymal neoplasia, a substance is sometimes produced that interferes with renal tubular functions, including the hydroxyglation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Puerperal osteomalacia can be the consequence of repeated pregnancies and lactation that exhausts calcium and phosphate stores. Osteopenia is simply an indicator of something that lies beneath much like a cough may indicate pneumonia or a tumor.