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Before and after the deluge: rain-on-snow flooding effects on aquatic invertebrate communities of small streams in the Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of rain-on-snow events in the winter and spring in mountain streams. Flooding caused by such events can drastically alter stream geomorphology, but much less is known about how such floods affect aquatic life. A record flood in early January 1997 afforded an opportunity to carry out a case study of benthic invertebrate community responses to this flood in 14 eastern Sierra streams sampled in the summers before and after the event. All sites were exposed to the flood. Study sites included 8 exposed to livestock grazing disturbance (test) and 6 where grazing was absent or minimal (reference). Reference sites had more riffle habitat, coarser substrata (cobbles), and greater relative abundances of many Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) genera, whereas test sites had higher alkalinity, more pool habitats and fine substrata, lower diversity of EPT taxa, and higher densities of chironomid genera and elmid beetles. From 1996 to 1997 (before vs after the flood), the densities of total invertebrates and many taxa increased in most sites, and significantly (10×) more at test than reference sites. At all sites, bank stability and riparian vegetation coverage decreased and roots were exposed on the stream banks. At many sites, fine sediments decreased and average substrate sizes increased. Examination of 1996 to 1997 vectors in nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) space indicated differences in responses at reference vs test sites. Macroinvertebrate assemblages at reference sites changed relatively little, whereas the relative abundances of certain midges and Hydropsyche increased at test sites. Densities of filterers and small gatherers of fine particulate organic matter increased at test sites, and densities of filterers decreased at reference sites. Changes from 1996 to 1997 suggested that the winter rain-on-snow event had little effect in reference streams but increased the densities of small collector invertebrates at disturbed sites where fine sediments were flushed out and particulate organic resources increased. Given the predicted effects of climate change on mountain stream hydrology, these results indicate that benthic invertebrate communities in small pristine streams might be resilient to the effects of large rain-on-snow floods, but that small, mobile collector invertebrates in some degraded streams might increase in response to sediment flushing and increases in particulate organic matter.