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Evaluation of the Source and Amount of Energy Use for Groundnut Processing in Nasarawa State of Nigeria

A study was carried out to analyze the sources and amount of energy consumed for groundnut processing in Nasarawa-Eggon Local Government of Nasarawa State with the aim to determine the energy use pattern, the relationship between energy inputs and outputs and to determine the productivity of energy use in groundnut processing. A total of 100 Groundnut processors were identified and 50 processors were randomly sampled for the study. Data was collected through the use of structured questionnaire on inputs and outputs in groundnut processing. Data was collected once a week from each processor for a period of six weeks. Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, production function analysis and correlation analysis. The result revealed that the circle of groundnut production is completed in 4 days. Groundnut processing in the study area is mainly dependent on direct, indirect and renewable energy forms especially fuelwood which accounts for 75.04% of the daily total energy used and the total amount of energy used for processing groundnut on a daily basic is 1410.42MJ and all forms of energy had direct relationship with processed groundnut output. The result of daily energy inputs and outputs shows that the quantity of raw Groundnut processed daily range from 70kg to 280kg with an average of 165.2kg which is equal to 1372.8MJ of energy equivalent and that an average of 6 machine hours, 32 liters of water were used and 58.8 Kg of fuel wood were also used. It was therefore recommendations that more labour and fuel efficient Groundnut processing machines be introduced to enhance energy productivity in groundnut processing and save cost and that sustainable alternatives energy such as briquette be exploited instead of fuelwood.


Introduction
Energy is said to be the engine for growth and development in all economies of the world. In all parts of the world today, the demand for energy is increasing almost on daily basis. According to Pimental [1], energy is one of the most valuable inputs in agricultural production. It is invested in various forms such as mechanical (human labor, animal draft), chemical (fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides) and electrical. The amount of energy used in agricultural production, processing and distribution is significantly high in order to feed the expanding population and to meet other social and economic goals of a society. Sufficient availability of the right energy and their effective and efficient uses are prerequisites for improved agricultural production [1,2]. Effective energy use in agriculture is one of the conditions for sustainable agricultural production, since it provides financial savings, fossil resources preservation and air pollution reduction. Energy use in the agricultural sector depends on the size of the population engaged in agriculture, the amount of arable land and the level of mechanization. The scarcity of energy on one hand, and the importance of agriculture to feed the world on the other hand lead a lot of researchers to evaluate the amount of energy use in agricultural production and processing. Nevertheless, it seems that energy input analysis in agricultural sector is much more difficult than other sectors like industry, since the conditions and parameters affecting the agricultural productions are variable [3]. The share of energy in agricultural production expenses varies widely by activity, production practice, processing practice and locality. Energy in various forms is necessary inputs for Groundnut processing.

Energy Forms and Agro-processing
Energy analysis can be divided into two parts as direct and indirect energy. Direct energy is directly used at the farm and on the field for crops examples are human labour, diesel, electricity, water etc but indirect energy is not directly consumed at the farm, examples are raw Groundnut and machinery. However both direct and indirect forms of energy are required for agricultural processing in terms of growth and development [4]. Renewable energy is energy that is naturally replaced or controlled carefully and therefore can be used without the risk of finishing it all; examples are water, human labour etc. Non-Renewable energy are energy that cannot be replaced or controlled carefully once it is used, examples are electricity, diesel etc.
Agro-processing industries refers to those activities that transform agricultural commodities into different forms that add value to the product post-harvest technology includes; selection, preservation, packaging and processing has contributed to the promotion of agricultural production through the improvement of farmers' income by raising the value of agricultural produce [5]. The success in Africa's effort in achieving the stated objective for food security achievement will depend on the parallel development of agro-industries, appropriate physical and institutional infrastructure, agricultural capacity building and improved macro-economic management [6].

The Benefits of Agro-Processing Activities
The benefit of agro processing activities may be itemized as follows according to Isitor et al and Kachru [7,8] Processing of agricultural commodities, especially those which are seasonal and perishable will increase their availability; reduce food export, there-by improving the declining trend in self-sufficiency as well as providing better market opportunities.
1) Improves quality of produce and quantity of technology for loss preservation 2) Better economic utilization of agricultural residue by products and recycling of waste.
3) Generation of rural and urban employment and source of income to the economy. 4) Post-harvest processing adds value and helps improve income for both farmers and non-farm enterprise. 5) Enhancement of shelf life of the produce, storage/packaging and development of better performing materials 6) Development of new products and processes for nutrition, convenience and taste; products that need to be processed into forms as desired by consumers usually attract higher marketing margins. 7) Agro-processing helps to increase export competitiveness of the agricultural sector. Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) otherwise called peanut, monkey nut, gobber pea and arachide belongs to the family leguminosea. It originated from Latin America and the Portuguese who were responsible for its introduction into West Africa from Brazil in the 16th Century [9,10] Peanut is one of the most popular commercial crops in Nigeria. Nigeria produces 41% of the total Groundnut production in West Africa [11]. It is cultivated for its kernels, the oil and hay for livestock. Groundnut cake is often deep fired or dried to make a snack locally called "kuli-kuli". Groundnut flour is used as an ingredient in soups, sweet, confectionaries and puddings. Groundnut especially those produced in developing countries has been used traditionally since the origin of humanity. It is rich in oil and protein and has a high energy value. Developing countries account for nearly 95 percent of world production [11]. Asia accounts for about 70% of this amount while the major producers, India and China together represent over two-thirds of global output. Other important producers of Groundnut are: Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan and Argentina. Groundnut with 25% protein and more than 40% oil is an important food crop in many areas of semi-arid tropics [12]. In Nigeria, the processing of Groundnut into various products is mostly done by women either for home consumption or for commercial purposes [13]. The most common commercial products of Groundnut are: Groundnut oil, Groundnut cake and fried peanuts which are sold at market places or hawked on the streets [14]. The processing of Groundnut is both the source of income and employment to a large proportion of rural women in northern Nigeria.
Several researchers have conducted studies on energy consumption for the different agricultural processes in Nigeria such as [15][16][17][18]. Effective energy use in agriculture is one of the conditions for sustainable agricultural production, since it provides financial savings, fossil resources preservation and air pollution reduction and bio-oil [19]. This study therefore analyze the energy use for groundnut processing in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government of Nasarawa State with the aim to determine the energy use pattern, the relationship between energy inputs and outputs and to determine the productivity of energy use in Groundnut processing.

The Study Area, Sampling Technique and Sample Size
The study was carried out in Nassarawa-Eggon local government area of Nasarawa State. Nasarawa-Eggon, the traditional headquarters of the Eggon people, covering an estimated land mass of about 2035km 2 with 70% of the residents as subsistence farmers who cultivate crops such as yam, maize, sorghum, millet, cowpea and Groundnut. The area lies approximately between latitude 70° and 90° North and longitude 70° and 100°. Reconnaissance survey was conducted, to identify the locations and number of Groundnut processors within Nassarawa-Eggon town with deliberate consideration of the energy source for processing. From the survey, a total of 100 Groundnut processors were identified and 50 processors were randomly sampled for the study.

Data Collection and Analytical Technique
Data was collected through the use of structured questionnaire administered to the respondents. Data was collected on inputs (raw Groundnut, fuelwood, diesel, water, electricity, machine, human labour) and outputs (Groundnut cake and oil) in groundnut processing. Each sampled groundnut processor in the study area was tagged and data was collected once a week for a period of six weeks. Descriptive statistics, (frequency counts, percentages mean) production function analysis and correlation analysis were used to achieve objectives. Three functional forms of the model were fitted into data and the linear model was selected for result discussion based on: coefficient of multiple determination R 2 , expected signs of the regression coefficient and number of significant variable (t-value). The implicit form of the production is specified as: Y=a + ß 1 X 1 + ß 2 X 2 + ß 3 X 3 + ß 4 X 4 +ß 5 X 5 + U Where; Y=Processed Groundnut, X 1 =Electricity, X 2 =Human labour X 3 =Machinery X 4 =Diesel, X 5 =Water, X 6 =Raw Groundnut (Kg), X 7 =Firewood, a=Constant term, U=error term.
Correlation Analysis was estimated using Y=Output of processed Groundnut (₦), X 1 =Indirect energy (machinery), X 2 =Direct energy (water, diesel, electricity, human labour), X 3 =Renewable energy (water, human labour, electricity), X 4 =Non-renewable energy (machinery, diesel) The inputs used in groundnut processing and the outputs were converted into energy equivalent units using the conversion factors (Table 1).

Daily Inputs and Outputs Level for Groundnut Processing Per Processing Circle
Circle of groundnut production is completed in 4 days. The daily energy inputs and outputs in groundnut processing are presented in Table 2. The result shows that the quantity of raw Groundnut processed daily range from 70kg to 280kg with an average of 165.2kg which is equal to 1372.8MJ of energy equivalent. The 165.2kg reported in this study is higher than 154.5120kg reported by [24] in groundnut processed in a processing cycle of about 4 days in middlebelt Nigeria, The result also reveals that the quantity of labour used range from 5Man/hrs to 12Man/hrs with an average of 8.65Man/hrs which in the energy equivalent is equal to 16.95MJ. The average quantity of diesel used 2.6 liters in energy equivalent was 146.41MJ, while an average of 8.52KW of electricity equivalent to 90.23MJ of energy. [25] Calculated the average energy consumption of each input and output to be 19248.04 MJ ha-1 and 3488.39 kg ha-1, respectively in a study on energy use pattern and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs and economical models for peanut production in Iran.
The result also shows that an average of 6 machine hours, 32 liters of water were used and 58.8 Kg of fuel wood were also used. This corresponds to 78.36MJ, 20.16MJ and 1058.4 MJ of energy respectively. On a daily basis, the average amount of energy used in processing groundnut is 1147.01MJ of energy (Table 2). [26] Calculated the energy inputs for cotton production in Turkey at 49736.9 MJ ha-1. In some related studies total energy input has been reported as 11366.2MJ ha-1 for maize productions [27], 18931.09 MJ ha-1 for sunflower [28], 35372.23 MJ ha-1 for soybean productions [29] and about 810570 MJ ha-1 for alfalfa [30]

Energy Use Pattern in Groundnut Processing
The energy consumption pattern for processed groundnut is presented in Table 3. The average daily energy used for groundnut processed is 1410.42MJ/process circle. With fuelwood having the highest percentage consumption 75.04%, followed by diesel (10.38%) the least energy source was recorded in water with percentage value of 1.43%, fuelwood energy had a significant share (75.04%). This is because the processors centers uses fuelwood harvested from farms and nearby forest to fry groundnut cake. On a daily basis, a total of 1410.42MJ of energy was recorded to be consumed for groundnut production ( Table 2) a scenario similar to the findings of [31,22,32,33,15] they conducted similar work for different types of crops in different parts of the world.

Energy Forms in Groundnut Processing
The share of direct energy used in groundnut processing was 13317.12 (94.44%), while indirect energy forms amounted for 783.60 (5.56%). This corroborate the report of [33] on the Energy use Efficiency for Groundnut Production in a Semi-mechanized Cultivation System that the shares of direct energy used for semi-mechanized groundnut production exceeds that of the indirect energy where indirect energy input shares were 53.80% and 46.20% in the total energy input and implies that the energy inputs of human labour, diesel fuel, and electricity was more than the total energy input of machinery, fertilizers, chemicals, and seed.
On the other hand, renewable and non-renewable forms contributed 10955.14 (77.92%) and 13733.48 (22.08%) respectively to the total energy used for processing. The high share of direct energy form was due to the fact that machine (which is a source of indirect) energy accounted for only 5.56% of the total energy of both direct and indirect energy consumed. The share of renewable energy was higher than the non-renewable energy forms; indicating that groundnut processing in the study area is dependent mainly on renewable forms of energy especially fuelwood. This is in contrast with the report of some researchers who reported that the share of non-renewable energy is greater than that of renewable energy consumption [34][35][36]. Dependence on fuelwood for processing can be as a result of the proximity of the processing centers to farms and nearby forest and this is not sustainable in the long run as it leads to deforestation, global warming and climate change (Table 4). Similar trends were obtained for renewable and non-renewable energy input shares in wheat, bean, lentil, and chick pea production in Iran and cotton production in Turkey [37][38][39].

Relationship Between Energy Inputs and Output in Groundnut Processing
A linear relationship between total energy input and output in was obtained with values R2=0.93 which indicated that groundnut crop yield is dependent on energy input. This implies that 94% of the variation in output of processed groundnut was explained by the energy input included. Abubakar and Hamed [15] also reported a linear relationship between total energy input and output with values R2=0.88 in millet, which indicated that millet crop yield is also dependent on energy input. The result shows that fuelwood, raw groundnut and water variables are significant at P>0.01 and P>0.10 respectively as they positively influence processed groundnut ( Table 5). The result of the relationship between energy forms and processed groundnut output shows that the direct, indirect and renewable forms of energy are significant at P>0.01 and P>0.05 respectively. This implies that processed groundnut output is sourly dependent on direct, indirect and renewable forms of energy (Table 5) The result of energy input for the production of processed groundnut shows that the energy input for the production of processed groundnut ranges from 26.38 ₦ /MJ to 1647.49 ₦/MJ. However, the energy productivity for all the input was 19.80 ₦/MJ. The most productive input was found out to be the number of Man-hours used and the least was quantity of fuelwood used. This implies that an increase in the number of man-hours will lead to an increase in processed groundnut output. Energy productivity was 19.80 ₦ /MJ which mean 1MJ of energy will produce 19.80 ₦ /MJ of processed groundnut (Table 5).

Conclusion
The result revealed that groundnut processing in the study area is mainly dependent on direct, indirect and renewable energy forms especially fuelwood. Fuelwood accounts for 75.04% of the daily total energy used and the total amount of energy used for processing groundnut on a daily basis is 1410.42MJ, it was noted that all forms of energy had direct relationship with the output of the processed groundnut.

Recommendations
Based on the result of the study, It is recommendations that; i. More potential sustainable alternatives energy such as briquette be exploited instead of fuelwood. ii. Trees should be planted around groundnut processing centers to help trap carbon emitted during the frying of the cake and mitigate climate change. iii. There is need to introduce more labour and fuel efficient Groundnut processing machines so as to enhance energy productivity in groundnut processing and save cost, iv. The potentials of cleaner and safer energy forms for Groundnut processing especially solar energy or improved cooking stoves should be exploited.