{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.015274949083503055, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.359223300970874, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 1, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Comparative anatomy and development of zebrafish fin muscles: basis for functional, developmental, and macroevolutionary studies

Dario rerio is a model organism extensively used in numerous evo‐devo studies devoted to the fin skeletal anatomy and fin‐limb transition. While the skeleton of the paired and median fins of the zebrafish have been described in great detail, little is known about the anatomy and development of the appendicular musculature of this fish. In order to provide a basis for myological, comparative and evolutionary studies, we described for the first time the development, identity, overall configuration, and attachments of all appendicular muscles of D. rerio. We show that the muscle pattern of the caudal fin differs from patterns seen in other zebrafish fins but it is very similar among teleosts in general. This finding supports the idea that developmentally and evolutionary this fin is very peculiar. We describe for the first time interhypural muscles present in the caudal fin of young fishes and absent in adults. The musculature of the adult zebrafish pectoral and pelvic fins is very similar in general, but we note marked differences concerning the development of these muscles. We therefore discuss whether the pectoral appendage might be evolutionary closer to the head than to the pelvic appendage. We provide the anatomical and developmental description of the dorsal and anal fin muscles in zebrafish and describe homologies between the appendicular structures of zebrafish and other fish taxa. We discuss evolutionary trends within these clades to investigate whether the zebrafish is a good model for teleosts in particular and actinopterygians in general. Lastly, we discuss examples of phylo‐devo parallelism that links evolution and development. Our data on the adult phenotype and myogenesis in the zebrafish provide a basis for more integrative developmental, functional, evolutionary, and pathological studies.