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Improvement of electrochemical deformation of conducting polymers: strain, force, and response

Dependencies of electrochemomechanical deformation (ECMD) of polyaniline films on pH and supporting electrolyte concentration have been investigated to improve the performance of ECMD. It has been found that the magnitude and electroactive pH range of ECMD increase with increasing the concentration of supporting electrolyte. The electroactive pH range is extended from pH2 to pH3 for the strain of 5.5% with increasing the Cl- concentration from 0. 05 M to 3.0 M. The maximum strain of ECMD is attained to 7% with shifting the pH. These results are consistent with the facts of increased conductivity and the development of absorption spectra at higher electrolyte concentrations, which can be explained in terms of the Donnan effect.