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BOOK REVIEW: Small states in the international system: At peace and at war

counting to understanding how social mobility affects political values and attitudes. There is, however, an essentialist grain in Hellsten’s positing of what he refers to as ‘an incoherent mixture of several very different value systems ranging from traditional collectivist values to externally imposed values of materialism and individualistic profit maximisation of economic liberalism’ (p. 106). As such, it becomes difficult to employ old analytical tools of class analysis to frame a neat view about Africa’s middle class. The remaining contributions in this rich body of work are case specific, offering a kaleidoscope of social, material and cultural changes in various parts of the African continent, covering countries as diverse as Kenya, Nigeria, Mozambique, Angola and Tanzania. These chapters engage critically with various analytical categories, namely class, socio-cultural dimensions and modes of political action in the different countries that are studied. This edited volume is comprehensive in its review of the existing literature on the concept of the middle class, as well as its engagement with conventional definitions often used by economists. It goes beyond empirical data to offer theoretical reflections and perspectives of values. However, it is missing a coherent framework of how we should think about the middle class in place of the approaches that many of the authors have dismissed.