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Breaking news: Plants mutate right on target

For millennia, early human civilizations observed phenotypic changes in animals and plants and used these for domestication (1). In recent decades, scientists around the world induced random mutations, mainly in crop plants, to widen the mutation spectra to be used for extensive screening for varieties useful for agriculture and science (2). As mutagens, ethyl methanesulfonate, radiation, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated T-DNA transformation, and transposon mutagenesis have been used. Distinction between WT and mutant was dependent on the phenotype, on sequence specificity of the mutagenizing DNA (in case of transposons or T-DNA), or could be accomplished with tilling. Alternatively, gene expression could be suppressed by use of small interfering RNAs. Targeted mutagenesis in plants, however, was only recently developed, and examples of Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)-mediated targeting of natural genes by homologous recombination have been published recently (3–6). Now, an even more straightforward technique for mutation, the site-specific breaking and error-prone repair of endogenous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana by the plant machinery, is the topic of two reports presented in PNAS (7, 8). A similar approach using a custom-made meganuclease was also reported for maize (9).