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Author response: Olfaction and incident Parkinson disease in US white and black older adults

We reported that hyposmia predicted the risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in both the short and intermediate term.1 We are glad that Mahlknecht et al. were able to quickly confirm our findings in their independent study population. Interestingly, despite relatively small sample sizes (in both studies) and some differences in study populations and methods, the results were remarkably consistent, including the temporal relationship and the suggestion for a potential sex difference. These findings, as noted by Mahlknecht et al., are important because such details (e.g., temporality, specificity) will eventually determine the clinical usefulness of hyposmia as an early marker for PD. As both studies only assessed the sense of smell once and had a defined length of follow-up, future studies should evaluate whether hyposmia predicts PD risk beyond 10 years.