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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Prognostic Analysis of Molecular Subtypes of Medulloblastoma

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether magnetic resonance spectrum (MRS) and MR imaging features can be used for non-invasive medulloblastoma subgrouping, and analyse patient characteristics and prognosis of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma. Material and Methods: 32 patients with medulloblastoma underwent MRI prior to surgical resection, 16 of them underwent MRS. MR imaging features and metabolites measured by MRS were analysed to distinguish molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma. Patient demographics, histopathological types, and prognosis of different molecular subtypes were analysed and compared respectively. Results: MRS and MR imaging features differed from different individuals, but without statistical significance that involves acquiring non-quantitative MR imaging features and NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, Lip/Cr, Glu and Gln/Cr ratio, to be used to determine molecular subtypes. There was no significant difference of the three molecular subtypes in age, gender and pathological type. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of SHH, WNT and non SHH/WNT subtype respectively were 75%, 57.1%, 38.1%, with no significant difference (p = 0.382). 5-year EFS of non SHH/WNT subtype was significantly higher in ≤3 years old group than >3 years old group (p = 0.047). Conclusion: MRS and MR imaging features can’t be used to determine molecular subtypes based on our small sample study. There was no significant difference of the prognosis in the three molecular subtypes. The prognosis of ≤3 years old group of non SHH/WNT subtype is better than >3 years old group. How to cite this paper: Zhang, Y.T. and Li, L.S. (2020) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Prognostic Analysis of Molecular Subtypes of Medulloblastoma. Open Journal of Clinical Diagnostics, 10, 81-91. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcd.2020.103007 Received: June 20, 2020 Accepted: September 22, 2020 Published: September 25, 2020 Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access Y. T. Zhang, L. S. Li DOI: 10.4236/ojcd.2020.103007 82 Open Journal of Clinical Diagnostics


Introduction
Medulloblastoma is an invasive embryonal tumor of central nervous system, accounting for about 20% of intracranial tumors and 40% of tumors in the posterior fossa in children, in addition to pilocytic astrocytoma it was another kind of high incidence posterior fossa tumors in children [1]. Studies had shown that age, gender, location, tumor resection degree, proliferation index and histopathological types would not affect the prognosis of medulloblastoma [2] [3]. In recent years, the research progress of molecular biology showed that the prognosis of medulloblastoma had close correlation with molecular subtypes [4] [5] [6].
The in vivo and non-invasive biomarkers to molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma could facilitate the treatment strategies of these tumors in children.
Magnetic resonance spectrum (MRS) has great significance in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors and predicting the clinical outcomes, which determines in vivo concentrations of metabolites of the tumors [9] [10]. Blüml S et al. [11] reported MRS as a non-invasive and accurate tool to differentiate molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma. Peet AC et al. [12] reported MRS could suggest key differences in the metastatic behaviour of medulloblastoma.
In this study we acquired metabolites measured by MRS of 16 patients and MR imaging features of 32 patients with medulloblastoma, to investigate their prediction of molecular subtypes of pediatric medulloblastoma. Furthermore, we analysed patient demographics, histopathological types, and prognosis of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma.

Patients
32 patients with medulloblastoma underwent MRI prior to surgical resection and 16 of them underwent MRS at our hospital from January 2010 to December 2013. Our institution's Committee on Clinical Research Ethics approved the study protocol, and informed consent was obtained from the parents. The eligibility criteria including: 1) less than 16 years old; 2) postoperative pathology confirmed medulloblastoma; 3) Standard chemoradiotherapy was performed postoperatively. Postoperative chemotherapy was performed on patients ≤ 3 years old, both radiotherapy and chemotherapy were performed on patients > 3 years old.

Image Post-Processing
Two pediatric radiologists, who were blinded to the clinical history, histopathology, and molecular data, evaluated all MRI and MRS images. MRS analysis was processed using a automated software (the Extended MR WorkSpace 2.6.3.5 workstation manufactured by Philips company).

Molecular Subgrouping
Next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to detect medulloblastoma relevant 39 gene mutation, and chromosome amplification or deletion mutation to determine the molecular subtypes on the basis of gene-expression profiling, including 4 subtypes: WNT, SHH, group 3 and group 4 that combined to non SHH/WNT. Medulloblastomas harbouring somatic mutations of CTNNB1 that promote stabilization and nuclear localization of β-catenin belong to the WNT subgroup [8] [13]. WNT subgroup medulloblastomas often carry heterozygous TP53 mutations [14] [15]. Somatic mutations of PTCH1, and somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) affecting the SHH target genes MYCN and GLI family zinc finger 2 (GLI2), are typical of this subgroup [6] [16]. Focal high-level amplification of the MYC protooncogene is highly enriched in Group 3 medulloblastoma and almost all cases exhibit aberrant MYC expression [16] [17].

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM's SPSS platform software (Windows, version 19.0). Patient demographics, histopathological types, prognosis, MRS and MR imaging features were compared using the χ 2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables or independent-samples Student's t-test for continuous variables. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Patient Demographics and Medulloblastoma Molecular Subtypes
The patients ranged in age from 1 to 11 years with median age 6.5 years old. There were 21 male and 11 female. 22 of 32 cases were >3 years old, including 14 male and 8 female; 10 of 32 cases were ≤3 years old, including 7 male and 3 female. 4 of 32 cases (12.5%) were the SHH subtype, 7 of 32 cases (21.9%) were the WNT subtype, 21 of 32 cases (65.6%) were the non SHH/WNT subtype.

MR Imaging Features and Molecular Subtypes
All patients underwent MRI prior to surgical resection. There was no significant difference of tumor location, T2 and DWI signal, contrast enhancement pattern, cyst or metastatic tumor in the three molecular subtypes (Table 1, Figure 1 (Figure 2(C)).

Patient Characteristics and Molecular Subtypes
There was no significant difference of the three molecular subtypes in age, gender and histopathological type ( Table 2). Open Journal of Clinical Diagnostics

Discussion
Medulloblastoma is an invasive embryonal tumor in the posterior fossa in children. Open Journal of Clinical Diagnostics Death (n, %) 0, 0 1, 33.3 0, 0 0, 0 1, 25 8, 50 Extensive prognostic variability exists between individuals, 5 year overall survival ranges from 20% to 100% [2]. Several studies showed there were no differences between patient outcomes and the histopathological types (classic, desmoplastic, extensive nodularity, large cell/anaplastic) or clinical features [7] [18] [17]. In recent years, the research progress of molecular biology showed that the prognosis of medulloblastoma had a close correlation with molecular subtypes [6] [19]. Each subgroup exhibits distinct molecular genetic and metabolic profiles that would facilitate specific targeted therapy [20] [21] [22]. Group 3 and group 4 have different metabolic profiles as compared with WNT and SHH subtypes, due to the frequent MYC or MYCN oncogene amplification and overexpression in the former subtypes [7] [18]. MRS has great significance in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors and predicting the clinical outcomes, which determines in vivo concentrations of metabolites of the tumors [23] [24]. As widely known no single tumor feature could be used alone to identify tumor subtype [25], MRS can offer additional options. High total Cho/Cr ratios and low total NAA/Cr ratios have been noted as biomarkers of poor prognosis for plenty of tumours [26] [27] [28]. Peet AC et al. [12] reported higher levels of total choline and lower levels of mobile lipids were observed in patients with metastatic medulloblastoma. Martin et al. [29] found glutamate detected by MRS could predict survival in pediatric medulloblastoma.
In our study, we acquired metabolites measured by MRS and MR imaging features of patients with medulloblastoma, to investigate their prediction of molecular subtypes of pediatric medulloblastoma. Although Blüml S et al. [11] and Perreault S et al. [30] reported MRS and MRI as non-invasive and accurate tools to differentiate molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma, in this study we indeed found MRS and MR imaging features differed from different individuals, but without statistic significance to be used to determine molecular subtypes. This result may be influenced by the small sample size of our study, and need to be repeated on a larger scale and confirmed in a validation cohort.
Survival outcomes differ based on molecular subtypes, with good survival observed in children with WNT subtype and intermediate survival prospect in infants with SHH subtype [6] [18] [31]. In contrast, patients of group 3 and group 4 have a poor prognosis [18] [32]. Previous study has reported that almost 75% patients with medulloblastoma relapsed in the first 2 years postoperation [33]. In the current study, molecular subgrouping analysis revealed that more than a half of the children were the non SHH/WNT subtype, with 5-year EFS of 38.1%, which is poorer than SHH of 75% and WNT of 57.1%. However there was no statistic significant difference that may due to the study sample size. 5-year EFS of non SHH/WNT subtype in ≤3 years old group was 80%, compared to 25% in >3 years old group, which was significantly higher (p = 0.047). Differ from previous studies which reported ≤3 years old as an independent risk factor of medulloblastoma [34] [35], our result may be related to the follow-up period.
In conclusion, MRS and MR imaging features can't be used to determine molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma based on our small sample study. There was no significant difference of the prognosis in the three molecular subtypes. The prognosis of ≤3 years old group of non SHH/WNT subtype is better than > 3 years old group.