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Northern Pygmy-Owl Predation on an Adult California Quail

The Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma) opportunistically hunts and feeds on songbirds, small mammals, reptiles, and insects (Merrill 1888, Holman 1926, Brock 1958, Bull et al. 1987). Diet studies indicate that although pygmy-owls feed primarily on species smaller than themselves, they also take species with body masses similar to or slightly larger than themselves (70–100 g; Giese and Forsman 2003). Occasionally they take even larger prey (i.e. ≥ twice body mass, such as the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus; Holt and Leroux 1996). Few direct observations of predation of relatively large species have been reported in the literature: Northern Pygmy-Owls have been observed preying on species of the family Odontophoridae, including the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginanus; Aiken and Warren 1914), Gambel’s Quail (Callipepla gambelii; Kimball 1925), and an immature female California Quail (Callipepla californica; Balgooyen 1969). Other accounts have reported pygmy-owls preying on and attacking immature domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), specifically “chick[s]” (Walker 1924:181) and “half grown chickens” (Aiken and Warren 1914:513). Holt and Norton (1986) also