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Effect of chemical control of phomopsis blight of brinjalcaused by Phomopsis vexans

Experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of different fungicides against Phomopsis blight of brinjal caused by Phomopsis vexans in-vivo conditions. Among all the tested fungicides the minimum disease intensity and maximum per cent disease control was recorded after third spraying with 0.1 per cent carbendenzim (10.35% & 69.25%)and followed by 0.05 per cent propiconazole (11.41% & 66.10%) this treatment remains at par with each other and significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The higher yield of brinjal fruits was obtained with 0.1 per cent carbendenzim i.e. 185.52 q ha-1 and followed by 0.05 per cent propiconazole i.e. 183.78 q ha-1. But the highest incremental cost:benefit ratio 1:14:8 was recorded by 0.05 per cent propiconazole due to lowest market prize on Phomopsis blight of brinjal.


Introduction
Brinjal or egg plant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most common, popular vegetable crop grown in almost worldwide. India is considered to be the centre of origin of cultivated brinjal from where it spread to the other parts of the world (Chaudhury and Kalda, 1968) [2,5] . The global area under brinjal cultivation has been estimated as 18.75 million hectares with total production of brinjal fruit of about 49.66 million MTs with an average productivity of 26.5 t/ha (FAO, 2014) [3] . Eggplant suffers from twelve different diseases among then Phomopsis blight and fruit rot caused by Phomopsis vexans major constraints in its cultivation in our country. This pathogen causes over 50 per cent losses in production and productivity in various parts of the world (Nolla, 1929;Panwar et al., 1970) [7,8] It is reported that the losses due to this disease are to the extent of 10-20 per cent. The causal organism of the disease, Phomopsis vexans viable for about 14 months in soil debries and in the seed from infected fruits. The pathogen is reported both externally and internally seed borne. The disease was first reported from Gujarat in 1914 and since then it is noticed in many parts of India (Hossain et al., 2013) [4] . Since sources of complete resistance are not available, Phomopsis blight of brinjal is generally managed by chemicals. In the study of different fungicides against phomopsis blight of brinjal with the object to find out the best treatment for managing the disease.

Materials and Methods
The trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replication and seven treatments using on Aruna variety during year 2015 in kharif season at College of Agriculture, Nagpur. Sowing was done in 3 × 3 m 2 plots with 30 cm x 30 cm spacing. The tested fungicides were Carbendazim (0.1%), Propiconazole (0.05%), Hexaconazole (0.1%), Copper oxychloride (0.3%), Copper hydroxide (0.3%) and Tebuconazole (0.05%). The first spray was given after the appearance of the disease and repeated twice at an fifteen days interval. Disease intensity was recorded after the initiation of disease and after of each spraying on five brinjal plants randomly selected per treatment per replication. Disease intensity was recorded by applying 0 to 5 disease rating scale (Kalda et al., 1976) [5] .
The per cent disease intensity was calculated by following formula.
The per cent disease control (PDC) was further calculated for each treatment by using following formula.

Results and Discussions
The data presented in  [6] observed that foliar spraying of carbendazim 50 WP (0.1%) was found most effective followed by contaf 5 EC (0.1%) treatment in the reduction of foliar disease severity and incidence of fruit rot along with the augmentation of fruit yield.
The data in table 1 shows differences due various treatments on yield of brinjal over control. Maximum yield of brinjal fruits was obtained in the treatment of carbendazim 185.52 q ha -1 followed by propiconazole recording 183.78 q ha -1 yield of brinjal fruits and both these two treatments were at par with each other. Other promising treatments were hexaconazole and tebuconazole recording brinjal fruits yield 170.69 q ha -1 and 168.74 q ha -1 respectively and these two treatments were at par with each other. However copper oxychloride and copper hydroxide exhibited 155.26 q ha -1 and 153.04 q ha -1 respectively and these two treatments were at par with each other. Minimum brinjal fruit yield was noticed control recorded 140.43 q ha -1 . The maximum increased yield over control was recorded in carbendazim followed by propiconazole recorded 45.09 q ha -1 and 43.35 q ha -1 respectively. Other treatments viz., hexaconazole, tebuconazole and copper oxychloride recorded 30.26 q ha -1 , 28.31 q ha -1 and 14.83 q ha -1 respectively. Copper hydroxide showed minimum increase in yield 12.61 q ha -1 over control. The observation are similar with Singh et al.
(2012) [9] reported spraying of carbendazim (0.1%) at the interval of 15 days was more effective in minimizing the disease incidence and increasing the yield.