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What Is Evolution ?

Evolution refers to change through time as species become modified and diverge to produce multiple descendant species. Evolution and natural selection are often conflated, but evolution is the historical occurrence of change, and natural selection is onemechanism—inmost cases the most important—that can cause it. Recent years have seen a flowering in the field of evolutionary biology, andmuch has been learned about the causes and consequences of evolution. The two main pillars of our knowledge of evolution come from knowledge of the historical recordof evolutionary change,deduceddirectly from the fossil record and inferred from examination of phylogeny, and from study of the process of evolutionary change, particularly the effect of natural selection. It is nowapparent thatwhen selection is strong, evolution can proceed considerably more rapidly than was generally envisioned by Darwin. As a result, scientists are realizing that it is possible to conduct evolutionary experiments in real time. Recent developments in many areas, including molecular and developmental biology, have greatly expandedour knowledge and reaffirmed evolution’s central place in the understanding of biological diversity.