{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03451521807342328, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03169124568559774, 'mean_word_length': 5.10727969348659, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
GENETIC VARIATIONS AT TEN MICROSATELLITE LOCI IN NATURAL AND CULTURED STOCKS OF LEFT-EYED FLOUNDER PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS IN SHANDONG COASTAL WATERS

Microsatellite, or Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), is one of the most efficient marker systems serving as a useful tool for various genetic studies, such as population genetics study, quantitative trait locus identification, parentage and kinship analysis, genetic linkage mapping, and so on. Left-eyed flounder P.olivaceus is a flatfish species widely distributed in the North Pacific and is becoming increasingly important cultured marine fish species in China, Japan and Korea. In this study, 20 natural and 20 cultured individuals were collected from Shandong coastal waters in the Yellow Sea and a fish farm in Jiaonan of Shandong Province in May of 2003. Genomic DNA was isolated with the phenol-chloroform method from muscle tissue or whole blood. The genetic variations of the two stocks of P.olivaceus were assessed at 10 microsatellite loci. Nine (Po1, Po13, Po33, Po35, Po42, Po48, Po56, Po89, Po91) of them were selected from 16 loci, which were isolated by Sekino et al in 2000. Po-str1 primers were designed using Primer Premier 5.0 according to the microsatellite sequence of P.olivaceus from GenBank. The amplification was performed in an Eppendorf Mastercycler PCR reactor. The products were analyzed by electrophoresis in a 8% non-denatured polyacrylamide gel with 1×TBE buffer, stained with ethidium bromide. The electrophoretic patterns were analyzed by ImageMaster1D Elite (Version 3.01) software. The results showed that the number of effective alleles (a e) of each loci in the natural and cultured stocks were 1.8—6.8 and 2.5—6.7; average number of alleles per locus were 6.7 and 6.1 and values of average heterozygosity (H) were 0.8120 and 0.7310 respectively. Genetic similarity (I), genetic distance (D) and coefficient of gene differentiation (G ST) between these two stocks were 0.8558, 0.1557 and 0.0558, respectively. Compared with allozyme and RAPD, microsatellite markers enable great genetic differentiation and provide more alleles. The average heterozygosity of cultured stock was lower than that of natural stock just like the results from other genetic analysis, which indicated that inbreeding in aquaculture caused decrease of genetic diversity. However, there was no significant differentiation between natural and cultured stocks in the number of effective alleles (a e) of each locus suggesting that the natural stock of P.olivaceus was going through a decrease of some alleles, especially some low-frequency alleles. This may be a result of overfishing, escape of cultured fish offspring to the natural environment and intentional releasing. The value of polymorphism information content (PIC), power of discrimination (DP) and probability of paternity exclusion (PPE) were 0.59—0.84, 0.54—0.86 and 0.41—0.72 at the 10 loci of the natural stock, respectively. The results indicated that the 10 microsatellite loci selected were very sensitive and could be used in parentage and kinship determination of the artificial gynogenetic stock of left-eyed flounders and further genetic breeding studies.