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Drug-Induced Rhinitis: Narrative Review.

OBJECTIVES
Rhinitis, one of the most common inflammatory conditions of the nasal mucosa, is known to affect a large proportion of people worldwide. It is generally classified into allergic and non-allergic types and both are associated with several unpleasant symptoms. Several medications prescribed for different medical conditions can cause unpleasant rhinitis as an adverse effect, which is known as drug-induced non-allergic rhinitis. The aims of this article were to review the literature to identify drugs that could induce rhinitis, prevalence of drug-induced rhinitis, and the associated pathogenic mechanisms if known.


METHODS
Literature search screening for eligible papers published up to December 31st, 2021, in Medline (via PubMed) and Embase was conducted. The search included the following combination of keywords and terms: rhinitis, sneezing, congestion, allergic, non-allergic, rhinorrhea, vasomotor, medication, drug-induced.


RESULTS
The review findings suggest that 12 subtypes of drugs potentially could induce rhinitis. Based on their mechanisms of action, the pathogenic causes for the induction of rhinitis have been recognized for some drugs, while others remain unknown.


CONCLUSION
Awareness of the list of drugs that reportedly induce non-allergic nasal symptoms, along with taking the patient's medication history, is important in the diagnosis of rhinitis.