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Supporting information S1 To determine the evolutionary origin of GCRP and GCRPR and the relationship between their gene families, we analyzed the synteny of GCG-related peptide and receptor genes in the genomes

To determine the evolutionary origin of GCRP and GCRPR and the relationship between their gene families, we analyzed the synteny of GCG-related peptide and receptor genes in the genomes of a variety of vertebrate species. In particular, we analyzed four tetrapod representatives (human, anole, chicken, and Xenopus) and four teleost representatives (zebrafish, medaka, tetraodon, and stickleback). Genome synteny analyses were performed by comparing Contig Views of the genomic regions containing the GCG-related peptide and receptor loci. Chromosomal localization of orthologs or paralogs of neighboring genes was obtained from the Ensembl Genome Browser. According to the method of Yegorov and Good (2012), chromosome fragments with reliable synteny were matched with the reconstructed protochromosome models by Nakatani et al. (2007) (herein referred to as the N-model). The origins of the fragments were traced from the gnathostome ancestor chromosome (GAC), which contained linkage groups for the hypothetical post-2R ancestor of jawed vertebrates (Nakatani et al., 2007). In the N-model, 40 reconstructed GACs (A0-J1) are derived from 10-13 vertebrate pre-2R ancestral chromosomes (VAC), the A-J linkage groups (Nakatani et al., 2007). The N-model provides conserved vertebrate linkage blocks that are displayed along individual human chromosomes, indicating the locations of human ohnologs and orthologs of medaka, chicken, and mouse (Nakatani et al. 2007). Thus, we were able to compare the chromosome fragments with linkage groups shown for each chromosome of the three taxa (human, chicken, and medaka) to resolve the positions of the gene blocks at consecutive stages of vertebrate genome evolution (e.g., pre-2R VAC and post-2R GAC).