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Magnetic self-assembly of toroidal microstructures by shaking

In this paper, we conducted self-assembly of magnetized hydrogels by shaking. The magnetized toroidal microstructures were assembled automatically to form tube structures using magnetic force. The shaking speed was experimentally optimized to achieve high speed and longer tube assembly. The assembly of toroidal microstructures to form tube structures was achieved. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments were conducted to check flow velocity inside a dish during assembly process. The method we conducted can be applied to assemble 3D cell structures with vascular-like channels for tissue engineering applications.