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Bioactivation potential of thiophene-containing drugs.

Thiophene is a five-membered, sulfur-containing heteroaromatic ring commonly used as a building block in drugs. It is considered to be a structural alert, as its metabolism can lead to the formation of reactive metabolites. Thiophene S-oxides and thiophene epoxides are highly reactive electrophilic thiophene metabolites whose formation is cytochrome P450-dependent. These reactive thiophene-based metabolites are quite often responsible for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Tienilic acid is an example of a thiophene-based drug that was withdrawn from the market after only a few months of use, due to severe cases of immune hepatitis. However, inclusion of the thiophene moiety in drugs does not necessarily result in toxic effects. The presence of other, less toxic metabolic pathways, as well as an effective detoxification system in our body, protects us from the bioactivation potential of the thiophene ring. Thus, the presence of a structural alert itself is insufficient to predict a compound's toxicity. The question therefore arises as to which factors significantly influence the toxicity of thiophene-containing drugs. There is no easy way to answer this question. However, the findings presented here indicate that, for a number of reasons, daily dose and alternative metabolic pathways are important factors when predicting toxicity and will therefore be discussed together with examples.