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Deep Candida infection in child liver transplant recipients: serological diagnosis and incidence

Nineteen children who received 22 orthotopic liver grafts on 20 occasions were studied with regard to Candida infection. Serum samples were analysed to determine Candida, IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies and detect free C. albicans glucoprotein antigen. Five children (25%) had a confirmed deep C. albicans infection (DCI) during the first 2 weeks after transplantation. In all children with DCI, serology was positive, a median of 6 days (range 2–9 days) before Candida infection was verified by fungal culture, direct microscopy and/or autopsy. The positive predictive values for Candida IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in children with DCI were 100%, 78% and 100%, respectively, and for free C. albicans antigen, 45%. Pathological titres of IgM and IgA antibodies against Candida before liver transplantation were present in three of four children who later developed a DCI and in no child without infection. In conclusion, regular screening by Candida serology is recommended both before and after liver transplantation.