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Urban revival in sight: The end is where we start from?1

This paper tries to set recent developments in the UK in a wider spatial and historic context relating them to their underlying economic processes. By a better understanding of the forces acting on cities and a recognition of the broad patterns of change, we can gain some insight into future developments. Is further decentralisation and ex-urbanisation inevitable? Is the decline of the manufacturing sector of the urban economy a catastrophe from which cities cannot recover? What are the implications of the growth of the service sector for future patterns of urban development? How can policy assist the revitalisation of Europe's cities? These are some of the questions with which this paper is concerned.