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Is estradiol cardioprotection a nitric oxide-mediated effect?

BACKGROUND
Estradiol exerts a number of biological effects that support extensive observational data suggesting a protective role for estrogen in cardiovascular disease prevention. These include effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, coagulation/fibrinolysis as well as a possible effect on vascular reactivity. It has been proposed that this might be mediated by vascular endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production. Accordingly, we designed complementary in-vivo and in-vitro studies to investigate this hypothesis further.


METHODS
Firstly, in a group of 10 healthy post-menopausal women, bilateral venous occlusion plethysmography was used to examine forearm vasoconstrictor responses to intrabrachial N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA; a substrate inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase) both before and after 4 weeks of treatment with transdermal 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) (80 microg/day). Secondly, we examined the direct effects of acute (24 h) and chronic (7 days) treatment with E(2) (10 pmol/l and 10 nmol/l) on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression in cultured human aortic endothelial cells.


RESULTS
No significant differences were observed between the vasoconstrictor responses to l-NMMA (2, 4, 8 micromol/min) before and after E(2) treatment. Comparison of E(2)-treated endothelial cells with control cells showed no significant increase in eNOS mRNA expression following either acute or chronic estradiol treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
The present studies do not provide evidence for an eNOS-mediated cardioprotective response to estrogen and therefore suggest that additional mechanisms other than the endothelial NO system may have an important role in the cardiovascular effects of estrogen.