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Sub-Project ( IRSP ) I – The Role of Technology Companies in Promoting Surveillance Internationally Innovation Diffusion and Technology Transfer

Innovation, as a field of study within business, sociology, economics, and engineering, encompasses both the process of innovation within the firm as well as concurrent and subsequent diffusion of new or modified technology from the research and development domain of private and public organizations out to commercial and governmental markets and institutions. There is no standard definition of innovation; it can be loosely described as a new process, product, service, design, form of organization, or function of production that may lead to productivity increases and widespread market adoption and expansion (see Flichy 2007).1 This literature review will address innovation diffusion and technology transfer and is a companion piece to three other annotated bibliographies or literature reviews that form a foundational framework for the New Transparency Integrated Research Sub-Project 1 (IRSP I) and its focus on technology companies in the surveillance and security sectors.2 There is an evident bias in the literature included here: