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Isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., with skin lesions in Lake Ontario.

Diseases caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, a Gram-negative, long rod (0.2–0.75 · 1.5–7.5 lm) have recently become one of the most crucial problems affecting salmonid culture worldwide (Wood & Yasutake 1956; Pacha 1968; Lorenzen & Olesen 1997). In North America, the disease is known as cold water disease (CWD) because of its occurrence usually at low water temperature among different species of salmonids. The disease is characterized by skin erosions and ulcerations, darkening, fin and gill rot. In severe cases, the caudal fin is completely sloughed with the bare spine in the caudal peduncle area being completely exposed. In very young fish, the disease can also be associated with nervous manifestations such as erratic swimming behaviour and spiral movements (Holt, Amand, Rohovec & Fryer 1989; Kent, Groff, Morrison, Yasutake & Holt 1989). Flavobacterium psychrophilum has been reported in almost all salmonid species (Cipriano & Holt 2005). The bacterium has also been reported from other non-salmonid species including ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel) (Lee & Heo 1998); common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.; crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.); eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) (Lehmann, Mock, Stuerenberg & Bernardet 1991); perch, Perca fluviatilis L.; and roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) (Madetoja, Dalsgaard & Wiklund 2002). However, the bacterium has never been reported from the sea lamprey and the potential role played by the sea lamprey in the dissemination of the bacterium to cohabitant salmonids has not been addressed. In the Great Lakes basin, sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., has been called the most destructive of invasive species (Lupi & Hoehn 1998). Adult parasitic sea lamprey have been incriminated as a major factor contributing to the collapse of the lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), and the lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), fisheries in the Great Lakes during the early 1940s and 1950s (Smith & Tibbles 1980). To reduce the number of sea lamprey and limit its spread, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission began a largescale programme based on male sterilization and release to compete with fertile males during spawning. Males are collected from different sites at Lake Ontario, transported into a sterilizing facility in Hammond Bay, Michigan, and then released into selected river systems basin-wide. These relocation procedures may transfer various pathogens among different fish populations, which Journal of Fish Diseases 2006, 29, 629–632