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Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Phosphatidylethanol and Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin as Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption.

BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to compare the results of Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin (CDT) in blood as biomarkers of alcohol consumption in a large clinical cohort and to evaluate concentrations in relation to age and sex.


METHODS
Results of PEth 16:0/18:1 in blood and CDT in serum were included, together with information of age and sex, which were extracted from a clinical chemistry database containing samples mostly from patients of primary care physicians and social care institutions. PEth concentrations were determined using Ultra Performance Convergence chromatography mass-spectrometer. CDT was quantified by electrophoretic Capillary System. CDT-values ≥ 1.7 %-units and PEth-values ≥ 0.31 µmol/L were considered to indicate heavy alcohol consumption.


RESULTS
Samples from 6705 patients were included. The median age was 54.5 years, 34 % were females. Only 47 % of the patients with PEth ≥ 0.31 µmol/L had increased CDT ≥ 1.7 %-units examined in the same specimen (Cohen's kappa was 0.43, p < 0.001). Patients above 50 years had significantly higher concentrations for both CDT (1.0 %-units vs. 0.9 %-units, p < 0.001) and PEth (0.340 µmol/L vs. 0.200 µmol/L, p < 0.001) compared to younger patients. Concentrations of CDT were significantly higher in males compared to females (p = 0.002), while no significant sex differences were seen for PEth (p = 0.465).


CONCLUSIONS
A high fraction of the patients had PEth values above the suggested cut-off for heavy drinking and normal CDT values, verifying the superior sensitivity of PEth compared to CDT. The effect of age seems to be minor for both markers. Higher concentrations of CDT, but not PEth, were seen in males, indicating that PEth, as opposed to CDT, might be formed equally in men and women. Therefore, the bias due to sex is possibly present only for CDT, not for PEth.