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Representation at Many Levels: A Theory of Multilevel Representative Bureaucracy

Research on representative bureaucracy finds a connection between the presence of minority group members within the agency (passive representation) and the actual representation of the minority group by the agency (active representation). However, research has predominately explored this connection by focusing on the representation of groups by street-level bureaucrats. We argue the connection between passive and active representation may be larger than scholars propose if we consider representation in other parts of the agency. Specifically, we look at passive representation of middle managers, support staff, and street-level bureaucrats to examine the complexities of the passive-active representation linkage. Using a large n dataset that focuses on school districts, we examine the effect of minority teachers, principals, and support staff on minority school performance.