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A liquid-crystal optoelectronic phased array beam forming network

An optoelectronic beam forming network (BFN) is presented for a 3-element phased array antenna that utilizes electrically controllable birefringence mode nematic liquid-crystal cells (ECB mode NLC cells) for phase shifting and amplitude control. In the circuit, a microwave signal is carried by a pair of orthogonal linearly polarized lightwaves (signal and reference lightwaves) using the optical heterodyning technique. A prototype circuit is built and its performance experimentally examined. With small deviations among the three cells, phase shifts of up to 240 degrees are achieved for microwave signals from 0.9 GHz to 20 GHz with good stability; attenuation of more than 18 dB was achieved.