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Biomarkers in cancer research and treatment: promises and challenges.

Recent years have seen a dramatic acceleration of cancer biomarker research, due to the convergence of three main factors. First, technological and bio-computing advances in large-scale molecular biomarker analysis are providing researchers and doctors with an unprecedented capacity to capture and assess complex molecular information from biological samples. Second, a new generation of smart therapeutic drugs relying on biomarkers for their activity is now making its way into mainstream cancer therapy. The paradigm for such an approach is the tyrosine kinase inhibitors which are becoming increasingly used to block the development of cancers containing mutated receptor tyrosine kinase genes. Third, biorepositories of specimens collected in clinical or epidemiological studies are being developed, providing access to series of biospecimens with large statistical power for assessing complex sets of biomarkers. Together, these three factors provide methods, model success stories and biological resources to send cancer biomarkers into a new era of developments and applications.