{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.036988110964332896, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010568031704095112, 'mean_word_length': 5.264462809917355, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Determining Factors Related to Pachymeningeal Enhancement on Brain MRI in CSF Hypovolaemia

CSF hypovolaemia has been well recognized as a cause of orthostatic headache (1–3). On brain MRI, it has several typical MRI features, including diffuse pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement (DPMGE), subdural fluid collection, and descent of the brain (1, 2, 4). In addition, cases with typical clinical features and CSF leaks, but without DPMGE on brain MRI have been reported (1, 2, 5). However, the causative factors related to the development of typical MRI changes in CSF hypovolaemia, particularly DPMGE, are still unclear. To determine these factors, we have compared the clinical and imaging features of CSF hypovolaemia with and without DPMGE on brain MRI.