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Book Review: Developing and Managing Volunteer Programs: A Guide for Social Service Agencies

welfare subsidies for survival, stigmatizing policies lead to contradictory expectations that recipients be competent caregivers and self-sufficient providers. Parts IV and V provide a critical assessment of women's social rights in education and health. The authors demonstrate the impact of the family and the school system on the socialization of adolescents. Both in content and process, lower expectations of girls lead to reduced alternatives for role choices. The careers of women in higher education are similarly characterized by the constraints of limited choices and problems associated with tokenism. In the health and mental health systems, the relationship between good mental health and women's autonomy seems to be contradictory. Traditional female nurturant roles are desirable but can limit autonomy, which is synonymous with good mental health. In Part VI, "Political and Legal Rights," the authors explore the success of more than one hundred women's organizations seeking to achieve equal treatment under the law. The incremental nature of social changes in gender equality is examined as it relates to the legitimacy of the issues pursued. For example, issues related to role changes have triggered much more controversy than have role-equality policies, such as pension rights and equal credit opportunities. In the conclusion, Josefina Figueira-McDonough and Rosemary Sarri advocate a redefinition of concepts of deviance and responsibilities as a means to achieve equal rights for women. From family policies that are critical of the single-parent family structure to a criminal justice system that punishes female crime more severely, misconceptions of deviance adversely affect the well-being of women and children. Overcoming obstacles to equal rights and achieving greater access to economic resources require compensatory rather than equal treatment. Federal legislation and employment policies that provide job sharing and that address the impact of industrial development on the family are called for to redress gender injustice. The Trapped Woman is a major contribution to the rapidly expanding literature on gender, deviance, and social control. The material covered in the volume will appeal to a broad audience, including policy makers, researchers, and practitioners interested in women's roles in society and equal access to economic resources. The major limitation of the book is that the concept of responsibility is juxtaposed against the informal and formal systems of deviance control almost as an afterthought. The editors' discussion of "how social responses to women can be justified in terms of degree of deviance and responsibility" remains an area that requires further exploration and integration with the rest of the material.