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The Therapeutic Applications of Exosomes in Different Types of Diseases: A Review.

Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by nearly all cells and have received massive attention these days. In addition to their roles in pathophysiological processes and diagnostic evaluations, recently, several studies have applied exosomes to design novel therapeutic applications. Exosomes can be derived from a variety of cells and tissues and based on the source, they can carry different native contents such as DNAs, non-coding small RNAs, mRNAs, and proteins. They can also be engineered by adding desirable agents including specific biomolecules or drugs. Both forms can be therapeutically used for delivering their cargoes to the target cells and desirably alter their functions. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the various studies applying exosomes as therapeutic tools in the treatment of different types of disorders including cancer, cardiovascular, neurologic, psychiatric, liver, and kidney diseases.