{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.05614714424007745, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03581800580832527, 'mean_word_length': 5.06158357771261, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 1, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Genetic Variants in the Apolipoprotein(a) Gene and Coronary Heart Disease

Two independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding apolipoprotein(a) ( LPA ) have been shown to be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and lipoprotein(a) levels in Caucasians. For the missense SNP rs3798220 (Ile4399Met), carriers of 1 or 2 copies of the minor allele (Met) were at 57% increased risk of CHD. For the intronic SNP rs10455872, the risk of CHD increased by 42% for each copy of the minor allele. The rs3798220 SNP was also associated with differential response to aspirin therapy in the Women's Health Study; carriers of the minor allele had a significant reduction in CHD events from aspirin therapy, whereas noncarriers did not have a significant reduction.

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a lipoprotein particle that consists of an apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] molecule covalently linked by a disulfide bond to the apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) component of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle (Figure 1, modified on the Albers et al1 figure). The LPA gene, which encodes apo(a), is thought to have been generated by a duplication of the neighboring plasminogen gene.2 Like the plasminogen protein, the apo(a) has a protease-like domain and multiple kringle domains. Different variants of the LPA gene can affect the plasma level of Lp(a), encode apo(a) size variants (ie, kringle repeat length variations), or both.



Figure 1. 
Apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] gene structure and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] particle model. Top panel shows the LPA exons (denoted by vertical boxes) along the 135-kbp genomic region on chromosome 6 (positions 160,872,506 at the right end to 161,007,397 at the left end) and the relative locations of the 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and protein domains (based on the HapMap Data Rel28 [http://www.hapmap.org]). Bottom panel depicts an Lp(a) particle that consists of an LDL-like particle, apoB-100, and apo(a) with annotation of the kringle repeats and the Ile4399Met polymorphism (modified on the Albers …