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A model for human skin impedance during surface functional neuromuscular stimulation

A new mathematical model for the bulk electrical impedance of human skin is presented. This model is developed specifically for inclusion in Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation (FNS) applications where the stimulation pulses are square or rectangular in shape. The model predictions are compared to experimental data identified during constant voltage and constant current transcutaneous stimulation. It is found that this model captures a variety of nonlinear time-varying effects observed in the skin impedance when stimulating using either constant current or constant voltage protocols.