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Lectin Nucleotide Phosphohydrolases may function as co‐receptors or modulators of several chitin‐based oligosaccharide signaling events in plants

Chitin oligosaccharidic signals play important roles in plant defense and the initiation of symbiotic interactions of plants with microorganisms. Two of these symbioses which have great agricultural importance are the symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with about 80% of land plants that leads to the facilitation of nutrient absorption and the host/strain specific nitrogen‐fixing symbiosis between rhizobial strains of bacteria and leguminous plants. Similarities in structures of the Myc factor and Nod factor signals that initiate these two respective symbioses as well as some common features of the early stages of these symbioses have suggested that the rhizobium‐legume symbiosis may have evolved from the more ancient mycorrhizal symbiosis by gene duplication and divergence. This possibility is supported by our recent transgenic studies in which inhibition of expression of a Nod factor‐binding protein in legume roots inhibited both of these symbioses. The above Nod factor‐binding protein represents a new category of lectins (LNPs) that have both Lectin and Nucleotide Phosphohydrolase activity. These LNPs are members of the apyrase family of enzymes which are found in a wide variety of organisms. Phylogenetic comparisons have shown that the above LNP, (LNP1), represents a unique subcategory of apyrases found in leguminous plants. LNP1 is a peripheral membrane protein localized on the surface of root hairs in the nodulation zone of the root.