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The structure of self–other overlap and its relationship to perspective taking

Two studies tested whether “self‐other overlap” is a multidimensional construct, with only some dimensions affected by perspective taking. In Study 1, participants (n = 132) completed several previously used measures of self‐other overlap for their best friend and acquaintance. Factor analyses revealed 2 distinct dimensions of self‐other overlap—perceived closeness and overlapping representations. Perceived closeness but not overlapping representations was generally associated with relationship quality. Study 2 (n = 118) manipulated perspective taking of a stranger. Results replicated a factor structure similar to Study 1, and found that perspective taking had different effects on the 2 dimensions of overlap. These results are discussed with regards to the debate over self‐other overlap as a mediator of perspective taking’s pro-social effects. Sayings such as the Golden Rule, “walking in another person’s moccasins...”, and “how would you feel in that situation?” all share an underlying psychological theme: Taking the perspective of another person often leads to more compassionate perceptions of and pro-social behavior toward that person. Taking the point of view of another person has been associated with the increased use of situational attributions to describe the other person’s behavior (Betancourt, 1990; Galper, 1976; Regan & Toten, 1975; Wegner & Finstuen, 1977), feelings of empathic concern (Batson, 1987, 1991; Toi & Batson, 1982), and decreased use of stereotypical judgments (Galinsky & Moskowitz, 2000), to name just a few outcomes. One promising mediator of perspective taking’s pro-social effects has been labeled