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Force, relative-displacement, and work networks in granular materials subjected to quasistatic deformation.

To describe the heterogeneous nature of stress transmission in granular materials, the concept of the "strong" network consisting of contacts with large normal forces has been proposed by Radjaï [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 61 (1998)]. The shear stress is mainly determined by this strong network. The dual viewpoint is adopted here, by not only considering the forces at contacts, but also the deformation. It is shown that the strain increments are determined by the tangential component of the relative displacements at the contacts. A "mobile" network consisting of contacts with large tangential relative displacements is defined that primarily accounts for the strain increments. The investigation of the relation between the strong and the mobile networks shows that these networks are largely unrelated. An alternative network is defined that consists of contacts at which the contribution to the work input is large. It is found that this work input occurs primarily through the tangential forces and tangential relative displacements.