{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.023425499231950846, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00038402457757296467, 'mean_word_length': 5.416256157635468, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A Survey of GeoSpatial Data Integration Techniques

This paper presents a survey of Geo-spatial data integration techniques. Successful information integration and sharing data across disparate systems and designs are required for fast access to and interpretation of many types of geospatial information. Spatial data are highly heterogeneous not only they differ from data representation and storage methods, but they also differ in the way of querying the data. Finding and accessing spatial data in an environment like this is a crucial task. The availability of spatial data on the Internet is allowing a much wider access to data currently available in various Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In order to provide effective spatial database integration, we need to provide flexible and powerful GIS data integration solutions. Indeed, GIS are highly heterogeneous: not only they differ by their data representations, but they also offer radically different query languages. A GIS mediation approach should provide an integrated view of the data supplied by all sources, and a geographical query language to access and manipulate integrated data. X-Arc is a web-based architecture for the integration and sharing of spatial data sources in XML (extensible Markup Language) format that applies metadata and mediation concepts. It is an important component of SPeCS (Spatial Decision Collaborative Support System), an architecture which intends to support the aspects of multi-criteria spatial analysis within a distributed GIs with tools that can help a group cope with all activities in this kind of project. In X-Arc Framework, the availability and computing capabilities of data sources, as well as the heterogeneity of its data (structure, format, type and metadata) are explored by the data mediation and publishing services. Through SPeCS the users can cooperate, collaborate and coordinate their integration activities during their spatial analysis. Enterprise geographic information system (E-GIS) is an organization-wide approach to GIS implementation, operation, and management. Authors of [3] have adopted service-oriented architecture (SOA) for the discovery and retrieval of geospatial data. The architecture uses a central ontology as metadata information, which acts as service broker. Ontology-based discovery and retrieval of geographic data solves the problem of semantic heterogeneity, the major bottleneck for spatial interoperability. The implementation is in compliant with the Web Map Service (WMS) and Web Feature Service (WFS), the web service standards proposed by OGC.