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THE RELEVANCE OF WITTGENSTEIN’S PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHOLOGY TO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES

1. The 'confusion of psychology' On the concluding page of what is now called 'Part II' of the Investigations, Wittgenstein wrote The confusion and barrenness of psychology is not to be explained by calling it a " young science " ; its state is not comparable with that of physics, for instance, in its beginnings. (Rather with that of certain branches of mathematics. Set theory.) For in psychology there are experimental methods and conceptual confusion. (As in the other case, conceptual confusion and methods of proof.) The existence of the experimental method makes us think we have the means of solving the problems that trouble us; though problem and method pass one another by. (1929), the second chapter of which was entitled 'Psychology as a Young Science'. Köhler had noted that the characteristic feature of the development of physics was the transformation of qualitative observations (e.g. of warmth and cold, or of light intensity) into quantitative measurement by means of instruments. This transformation facilitated the discovery of precise functional laws of physics. Köhler approved of behaviourist psychologists who had replaced introspectionist methods by methodical observations of behaviour, but he criticized them for failing to appreciate that the direct experience of the subject nevertheless remains, for the time being, the raw material of the observational psychologist. The discrimination of qualitative types of behaviour is still indispensable, for however useful pneumographic, galvanographic, or plethysmographic methods of measurement may be, they are no substitute for the observational identification of, e.g. anger, fear or anxiety, as experienced by the subject. Galileo, in the seventeenth century, was able to handle mechanics in quantitative terms, Köhler explained, because the correlation between direct observation of motion and the results of