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Principles , structure and prospects of the new Russian soil classification system

The history of conceptual approaches to soil classification in Russia is presented, since much of the former experience was introduced into the new system. The basic principles were formulated by V.M. Fridland in the early 1980’s, along with the idea of parallel substantive (profile)-genetic, regime and mineralogical classification systems as components of a comprehensive system for soils. The new system preserved the traditional central taxonomic unit – genetic soil type, almost in its former volume, although its definition is now derived from soil properties. Soil types are identified in the new system by combinations of diagnostic horizons, while subtypes are differentiated at the basis of minor or complementary soil properties – diagnostic features. Although this approach is very close to the principles of the International and other national systems its implementation produces different soil groupings. Much attention in the new Russian system is paid to human-modified soils; their categorization does not take into account the goals and character of human impacts on soil, or soil quality; as for natural soils, it is determined by the combination of diagnostic horizons and features (anthropogenic, transitional and natural). The system is open, and “new” soils will easily find their niche there. Presumably, future efforts will be oriented on horizons’ definitions, criteria for strongly modified soils, and intergrades, along with the development of a comprehensive poly-component system.