{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.017227877838684416, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0023492560689115116, 'mean_word_length': 6.344827586206897, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 1, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
3.1.4 A SoS Perspective of Critical Infrastructure Systems Development

Critical infrastructural systems are complex systems of systems (SoS). Taking a SoS perspective of large‐scale infrastructural development can be beneficial in better understanding the inherent problems of emergent complexity. SoS is a relatively new term that is being applied primarily to addressing large scale inter‐disciplinary developmental challenges with multiple, heterogeneous, and distributed network‐centric systems. A large‐scale infrastructural system can be hierarchically structured from its building blocks to higher multi‐levels of network. An infrastructural SoS is usually developed in evolutionary stages integrating existing systems with upgraded or extended systems. Complex infrastructural systems are non‐monolithic and they share certain common characteristics which can be developed into a set of discriminators to develop a framework for SoS engineering management addressing issues in an evolutionary planning and staged development, stakeholder management and leadership for complex systems integration. The framework is then used to compare with and appreciate the observed characteristics of real‐world major infrastructural development using Singapore‐based case examples.