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THE FIRST LIST OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FROM SOC SON WATERSHED PROTECTION FOREST, HA NOI CITY, VIETNAM

Based on a new herpetological collection from four field surveys conducted in the Soc Son Watershed Protection Forest, Ha Noi City, from March 2017 to April 2018. We herein provide the first list of 42 species of amphibians and reptiles, in which, 12 species are newly recorded for the herpetofauna of Ha Noi City. In addition, morphological characters of these species are also provided. In terms of conservation concern, two species are listed in the IUCN Red List (2020), five species are listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007), and two species are listed in the Governmental Decree No 06/2019/ND-CP.


INTRODUCTION
The herpetofauna is not only an important component of the global biodiversity, but also serves as important bioindicators for ecosystem health (e. g., Marsili et al. 2009). They are being predators at the upper end of trophic pyramids and due to their territoriality, and limited locomotion, reptiles and amphibians cannot evade disturbances, and active recolonization after local extinction is very slow. Evergreen forests, rehabilitation forests, and protective forests play an important role in protecting these sensitive organisms.
The Soc Son Watershed Protection Forest (WPF) was established in 2008 by the Decision No. 2100/QD-UB of the People's Committee of Ha Noi with an area of 4557 ha. The major habitat of this area is secondary forest of small hardwoods and shrub (People's Committee of Ha Noi 2008). However, nothing is known about biodiversity of the Soc Son WPF, including the herpetofauna. No list of amphibia or reptile species has been provided for this area in previous studies.
Based on the results of field surveys, photo records, and collected specimens, this article provides a summary of new herpetofaunal records from Soc Son WPF, including six newly recorded species for the herpetofauna of Hanoi City.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four field surveys were conducted in Soc Son WPF, Soc Son District, Ha Noi City, Vietnam ( Fig. 1), from 27 March 2017 to 4 April 2018 by Tung Thanh Tran, Tinh Xuan Dao, and Anh Tuan Dao (Tran et al.). Survey transects were set up along the streams, pools, small ponds and along the forest paths. Specimens were euthanized in a closed vessel with a piece of cotton wool containing ethyl acetate (Simmons, 2002), fixed in 85% ethanol for 10 hours, and then transferred to 70% ethanol for permanent storage. Frog and snake specimens referred to in this paper have been deposited in the collections of the Vinh Phuc College (VPC), Vinh Phuc Province. Photos of specimens were taken by Dung Trung Le with Canon 7D camera in the laboratory.
Measurements were taken with dial callipers to the nearest 0.1 mm, except for body and tail lengths of reptiles, which were measured with a measuring tape to the nearest 1 mm.
For amphibians, abbreviations are as follows: SVL: snout-vent length; HL: head length, from posterior corner of mandible to tip of snout; HW: maximum head width, at the angle of jaws; SL: distance from anterior corner of eye to tip of snout; ED: eye diameter, from anterior corner to posterior corner of eye; NEL: distance from anterior corner of eye to posterior edge of nostril; SNL: distance from anterior edge of nostril to tip of snout; IN: internarial distance; IOD: minimum distance between upper eyelids; UEW: maximum width of upper eyelid; TYD: maximum tympanum diameter; TYE: distance between anterior margin of tympanum and posterior corner of eye; FLL: forelimb length, from elbow to base of outer tubercle; HAL: hand length, from base of outer palmar tubercle to tip of third finger; FL: thigh length, from vent to knee; TL tibia length.
For reptiles, abbreviation are as follows: SVL: snout-vent length, from tip of snout to anterior margin of cloaca; TaL: tail length, from posterior margin of cloaca to tip of tail; HL: head length, from tip of snout to posterior margin of parietal; HW: head width, at the widest point of temporal region; FIL: forelimb length, from anterior junction of forelimb and body wall to the tip of fourth finger, with the limb held at right angles to the body; HIL: hind limb length, anterior junction of hind limb and body wall to the tip of fourth toe, with the limb held at right angle to the body. The number of ventral scales was counted according to Dowling (1951). asl: above sea level. Bilateral scale counts were given as left/right.

RESULTS
A total of 42 species of amphibians and reptiles belonging to 17 families and two orders was recorded from Soc Son WPF, comprising 10 species of amphibians and 32 species of reptiles (Table 1). Colubridea is the most diverse family with nine recorded species, followed by Elapidae (five species), Microhylidae (four species), Scincidae (four species), and the other families from one to three species each. Description. Morphological characters of the specimens from Hanoi agreed well with descriptions by Orlov et al. (2002) and Nguyen et al. (2005): SVL 32.7-34 mm in males; head longer than wide (HL 11.3-12.8 mm, HW 11-11.2 mm in males); snout longer than eye (SL 4.9-5.5 mm, EL 3.2-3.4 mm); interorbital distance broader than internarial distance and upper eyelid (IN 2.5-2.9 mm, IUE 4-4.8 mm, UEW 2.3-2.6); tympanum distinct, smaller than half of eye diameter (TYD 1.9 mm, EL 3.2-3.4 mm); supratympanic fold indistinct. Fingers free of webbing; finger discs larger than those of toes, with circummarginal groove; tibia 5 times longer than wide (TL 15.5-15.6 mm, TW 3-3.4 mm); toes fully webbed; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate; dorsal skin smooth; dorsolateral fold absent; lateral sides without tubercles. Coloration in life: dorsum uniform green; sides of head and flanks yellow cream; lips white; tympanum cream; dorsal surface of limbs with white bars; webbing yellow; ventral surface white. Natural history. Specimens were found between 19:00 and 20:00 on the ground. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwood and shrub.
Distribution. In Vietnam, this species has been recorded from Lang Son and Vinh Phuc in the North, southwards to Da Nang and Quang Nam provinces. Elsewhere, the species is found in northeastern Laos and southern China (Nguyen et al. 2009). This is the first record of H. simplex from Ha Noi City.
Natural history. Specimens were collected at 20:30-23:00 on the ground. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwood and shrub.
Distribution. In Vietnam, this is a widespread species, known from Lao Cai Province in the North to Thua Thien -Hue Province in the Central. Elsewhere, R. rhodopus has been recorded from Northeastern India to Myanmar, northern Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and southern China (Nguyen et al. 2009). This is a new record for Ha Noi City.
Description. The morphological characters of the specimens agreed with the descriptions of Das (2010) and Gray (1845): Body moderate-sized. SVL 70.1 mm; TaL 101.5 + mm. Head distinct from neck; longer than wide (HL 22.4 mm, HW 12.9 mm); eyes and mental large; upper head scales larger than body scales; snout round; tympanum exposed; 2 spines above tympanum; supralabials 10; infralabials 10; scales between supraoculars 15, between nostril 7; one spine behind the eye; neck spines longer than dorsum spines; length of biggest thorn in the neck 1.9 mm. Dorsal scales, venter scales and limbs scales strongly keeled; hind limbs longer than fore limbs; lamellae 9 under finger I, 11(12) under finger IV; femoral pores absent; tail compressed; incomplete. The coloration of the preserved specimens is dorsum brownish above, upper side of head darker flecks, cheeks brighter, eye with radially directed dark lines, venter light, tail light brown.
Natural history. Specimens were found moving on the ground between 21:00 and 22:00. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwood and shrub.
Distribution. In Vietnam, C. emma has previously been reported as occurring from Bac Giang and Thai Nguyen provinces southwards to Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province.

Description.
The morphological characters of the specimen agreed with the descriptions of Nguyen et al. (2013), Hecht et al. (2013): Moderate-sized (SVL 69.6 mm, TaL 73.1 mm). Head large, distinct from neck; longer than wide (HL 20 mm, HW 15.2 mm); internasal single, in contact with rostral; supralabials 13; infralabials 11; postcloacal tubercles 1; small scales contact chin shields 4. Dorsal scales small, midbody scales in rows 138, granules surrounding dorsal tubercles 10, scales in a line from mental to the front of cloacal slit 178; hind limbs longer than fore limbs; lamellae 12 under finger I, 13 under finger IV; 15 under toe I; tubercles present on upper surface of dorsum, hind limbs and tail base, absent on upper surface of fore limbs; subcaudals no enlarged; femoral pores and precloacal pores absent. The coloration of the preserved specimens is dorsal surface of head and dorsum greyish dark, with small light on neck areas and shoulder, dorsal tail with 8 light bands; tail, compressed, has light bands alternately with dark bands, 10 bands light on upper surface tail.
Natural history. The specimen was collected at 20:40, on a rock branch. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwood and shrub.
Family SCINCIDAE Sphenomorphus indicus (Gray, 1853)/Indian forest skink (Fig. 3e, 3f Description. The morphological characters of the specimens agreed with the descriptions by Smith, 1935;Ziegler, 2002;Nguyen et al., 2011;and Hecht et al. (2013): Body moderate-sized (SVL 57.6 mm, TaL 103.1 mm in the male and SVL 50.3-72.6 mm, TaL 19.1*-116.7 mm in the females). Head smaller, distinguishable from neck; longer than wide (HL 9.9 mm, HW 6.4 mm in the male and HL 9.8-17.5 mm, HW 5.5-10.3 mm in the females); eyes and ear-opening oval, present; snout small, obtuse; tympanum round, slightly to deeply sunk; loreals 2; supralabials 7; infralabials 7. Dorsal scales larges, smooth, midbody scales in 25 rows, median rows of dorsal scales distinctly widened; paravertebral scales 68 rows; 10 rows between two dark stripes on the sides; hind limbs longer than fore limbs; lamellae 7 under finger I, 9 under finger IV, 20 under toe IV; femoral pores and precloacal pores absent; tail strong. The coloration of the preserved specimens is dorsum dark above, neck and shoulders with light dorsolateral spots. The head has two black stripes on the sides from eyes to tail base. Tail compressed, venter, and under tail greyish black.
Natural history. The specimen was collected at 22:15, while resting on a rock near a small stream. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwoods and shrub.
Distribution. S. indicus is a common species in Vietnam (Nguyen et al., 2009). However, this is the first record of the species from Soc Son WPF and from Hanoi City. Elsewhere, the species is found in India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Nguyen et al., 2009).
Natural history. The specimens were found between 21:00 and 22:00 while moving on the ground. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwood and shrub.
Distribution. In Vietnam, E. taeniura had previously been reported from Lao Cai and Son La provinces in the north southwards to Gia Lai Province (Nguyen et al., 2009). Elsewhere, this species is found in Russia, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Japan (Nguyen et al., 2009;Uetz et al., 2019).
Natural history. The specimens were found moving on the ground between 19:00 and 20:30. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwood and shrub.
Distribution. In Vietnam, O. chinensis had previously been reported from Lao Cai and Bac Kan provinces in the North southwards to Gia Lai Province (Nguyen et al., 2009). Elsewhere, this species is found in China (Nguyen et al., 2009;Uetz et al., 2019).
Natural history. The specimen was collected at 20:30 while resting on the ground, in the second forest.
Distribution. In Vietnam, O. taeniatus had previously been reported from Ha Giang and Cao Bang provinces in the North southwards to Kien Giang Province (Nguyen et al., 2009). Elsewhere this species is found in Laos, Thailand and Cambodia (Nguyen et el., 2009;Uetz et al., 2019).
Natural history. The specimens were collected between 17:00 and 19:00, while resting or foraging on trees above small streams. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwoods and shrub.
Distribution. In Vietnam, S. percarinata had previously been reported from Lao Cai Province in the North southwards to Dong Nai Province (Nguyen et al., 2009;Le et al., 2018). Elsewhere, this species is found in India, China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand (Nguyen et al., 2009;Uetz et al., 2019).
Family PAREATIDAE Pareas carinatus Boie, 1828/Keeled slug snake (Fig. 5c, 5d) Specimen examined (n = 1). Natural history. The specimen was collected at 21:15, while resting on a tree near a small stream. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwoods and shrub.
Distribution. In Vietnam, P. carinatus had previously been reported from Vinh Phuc Province in the North southwards to Tay Ninh Province (Nguyen et al., 2009). Elsewhere, this species is found in China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Nguyen et el., 2009;Uetz et al., 2019).
Ecological notes. The specimen was collected at 20:30, while moving on the ground, near the residential area.
Distribution. In Vietnam, B. candidus had previously been reported from Hoa Binh Province in the North southwards to Tay Ninh Province (Nguyen et al., 2009). Elsewhere, this species is found in Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Nguyen et el., 2009;Uetz et al., 2019).
Ecological notes. The specimen was collected at 22:00, while resting on a tree branch near a small stream. The surrounding habitat was mixed secondary forest consisting of small hardwood and shrub.
Distribution. In Vietnam, T. stejnegeri had previously been reported from Lao Cai and Ha Giang provinces in the North southwards to Da Nang Province (Nguyen et al., 2009). Elsewhere, this species is found in China, Taiwan, and Myanmar (Nguyen et al., 2009;Uetz et al., 2019).

DISCUSSION
Based on our field work in 2017 and 2018, 10 species of amphibians and 32 species of reptiles were recorded from Soc Son WPF, in  (2007), and two species (Naja atra, and Ophiophagus hannah) are listed in the Governmental Decree No 06/2019/ND-CP. Although the forest in Soc Son WPF harbors a considerable number of endemic and rare species, its biodiversity is currently threatened due to conversion of forest land for other uses. Additional surveys are required to obtain further data about the actual biodiversity of this forest.