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Nanoporous Gold Nanoparticles and Au/Al2O3 Hybrid Nanoparticles with Large Tunability of Plasmonic Properties.

Nanoporous gold nanoparticles (NPG-NPs) with controlled particle size and pore size are fabricated via a combination of solid-state dewetting and a subsequent dealloying process. Because of the combined effects of size and porosity, the NPG-NPs exhibit greater plasmonic tunability and significantly higher local field enhancement as compared to solid NPs. The effects of the nanoscale porosity and pore size on the optical extinction are investigated for the NPG-NPs with different particle sizes experimentally and theoretically. The influences of both porosity and pore size on the plasmonic properties are very complicated and clearly different for small particles with dominated dipole mode and large particles with dominated quadrupole mode. Au/Al2O3 hybrid porous NPs with controlled porosity and composition ratio are fabricated through plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 into the porous structure. In the Au/Al2O3 hybrid porous NPs, both Au and Al2O3 components are bicontinuously percolated over the entire structure. A further red shift of the plasmon peak is observed in the hybrid NPs due to the change of the environmental refractive index. The high tunability of the plasmonic resonances in the NPG-NPs and the hybrid porous NPs can be very useful for many applications in sensing biological and organic molecules.