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Beach Profile, Water Level, and Wave Runup Measurements Using a Standalone Line-Scanning, Low-Cost (LLC) LiDAR System

A prototype rapidly deployable, Line-scanning, Low-Cost (LLC) LiDAR system (USD 400 per unit; 2020) was developed to measure coastal hydro-morphodynamic processes. A pilot field study was conducted at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Field Research Facility (FRF) in Duck, North Carolina, USA to evaluate the efficacy of the LLC LiDAR in measuring beach morphology, wave runup, and free-surface elevations against proven approaches. A prototype LLC LiDAR collected continuous cross-shore line scans for 25 min of every half hour, at ~7 revolutions/s and ~1.3° angular resolution, at two locations (one day at each location), spanning 12 m (i) on the backshore berm (35 scans; Series B) and (ii) in the swash/inner surf zone (28 scans; Series C). LLC LiDAR time-averaged beach profiles and wave runup estimates were compared with the same quantities derived from the continuously sampling terrestrial LiDAR scanner installed atop the dune at the FRF (DUNE LiDAR). The average root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between 17 (6) time-averaged LLC and DUNE LiDAR beach profiles was 0.045 m (0.031 m) with a standard deviation of 0.004 m (0.002 m) during Series B (Series C). Small-scale (cm) swash zone bed level changes were resolved over 5-min increments with the LLC LiDAR. The RMSD between LLC- and DUNE LiDAR-derived wave runup excursions over two 25-min segments was 0.542 m (cross-shore) and 0.039 m (elevation) during the rising tide and 0.366 m (cross-shore) and 0.032 m (elevation) during the falling tide. Between 72–79% of the LLC LiDAR wave runup data were more accurate than the RMSD values, thereby demonstrating the LLC LiDAR is an effective, low-cost instrument for measuring wave runup and morphodynamic processes. Co-located water levels were measured with a continuously sampling (16 Hz) RBRsolo3 D|wave16 pressure logger during Series C. LLC LiDAR free-surface elevations at the nadir during one high tide (4.5 h) compared well with pressure-derived free-surface elevations (RMSD = 0.024 m, R2 = 0.85).