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Nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenic-enzyme gene expression in rat liver.

The first step in the pathway of long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis is mediated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA. The second step is the conversion of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to long-chain fatty acids by the multifunctional enzyme fatty acid synthase in the presence of NADPH, the synthesis of which is catalyzed by malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It is well known that the cellular content of these lipogenic enzymes varies greatly under different nutritional, hormonal and genetic conditions. Extensive studies on the regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase have demonstrated that its catalytic activity is modulated by a number of metabolites and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the enzyme. A number of studies on the regulation of lipogenic enzyme levels have already been reviewed [1–8]. Moreover, the regulation of lipogenic-enzyme gene expression has recently been investigated and some information on lipogenic-enzyme gene expression is available [9–43]. Goodridge [15] has written an interesting review on hormonal regulation of the genes for malic enzyme and fatty acid synthase in avian liver.