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A gut feeling of the PXR, PPAR and NF‐κB connection

Bowel diseases reveal the complex interplay of sensing and signalling pathways in maintaining healthy homeostasis of the intestine. Recent studies of the xenobiotic nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor and the inflammatory mediator nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF‐κB) reveal a functional link between xenobiotic neutralization and inflammation and explain how certain xenobiotics can affect the immune response. Furthermore, another nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has been shown to produce beneficial effects in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases by repression of NF‐κB thereby reducing inflammation, whilst its close relative PPARβ/δ appears at a central position in signalling pathways involved in the progression of colon cancer. Recently accumulated knowledge on the action of these nuclear receptors and NF‐κB in intestinal homeostasis may provide the rationale for the development of innovative treatment strategies with selective receptor modulators.