{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.030284301606922127, 'fraction_numerical': 0.012360939431396786, 'mean_word_length': 5.717842323651452, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Advances in Heart Failure Thromboembolism and Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure in Sinus Rhythm Current Status and Future Directions

Heart failure (HF) represents a major and growing public health problem because of its prevalence, incidence, morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. The prevalence of HF is 2% to 3% of the general population.1 Five million Americans are affected, with 550 000 cases diagnosed each year.2 The mortality rate from severe HF remains 60% within 5 years of diagnosis, and 50% of hospitalized patients with HF require readmission within 6 months of discharge. In the US estimated costs amount to $35 billion per year.3 Although several therapies (eg, -blockers, angiotensinconverting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, and cardiac resynchronization therapy) have been proven effective in improving HF outcomes, many unanswered questions about optimal treatment remain. One area of ongoing uncertainty is the appropriate role for antithrombotic therapy in patients with HF. Observational data suggest that patients with HF have an increased venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk (deep venous thromboembolism [DVT], pulmonary embolism [PE], peripheral arterial thromboembolism, and stroke).4 These epidemiological findings are supported by multiple mechanisms that can contribute to a hypercoagulable state in patients with HF. Despite this increased risk of VTE, the role of antithrombotic therapy remains unclear. In this article, we provide an overview of epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical trial data, and therapeutic recommendations for prevention of thromboembolism in HF.