{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.017087667161961365, 'fraction_numerical': 0.002228826151560178, 'mean_word_length': 5.83756345177665, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Geometric Characteristics of Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes with Different Packing Densities

The microstructure of electrodes plays a critical role in determining the performance of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), because the microstructure can affect the transport and electrochemical processes within electrodes (1-3). Increasing the volume fraction of active materials in the electrode will increase the energy density. However, the electrodes’ structural properties could also be changed significantly and the critical physical and electrochemical processes in LIBs will be affected. Therefore, the performance of a LIB can be optimized for a specific operating condition by designing electrode microstructures. For instance, Hellweg suggested a spatially varying porous electrode model to improve lithium ion transport in electrolyte phase at high charge/discharge rates (4). He showed that the power density of the graded porosity electrode was higher than a homogeneous porosity electrode without energy loss. In this study, we investigate the realistic geometric characteristics of electrode microstructures under different packing densities and the effect of packing density on the performance of LIBs. Moreover, a spatially varying porous electrode will be studied to increase the electrode energy density without losing rate capability.