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Qualitative Analyses of Integro-Fractional Differential Equations with Caputo Derivatives and Retardations via the Lyapunov–Razumikhin Method

The purpose of this paper is to investigate some qualitative properties of solutions of nonlinear fractional retarded Volterra integro-differential equations (FrRIDEs) with Caputo fractional derivatives. These properties include uniform stability, asymptotic stability, Mittag–Leffer stability and boundedness. The presented results are proved by defining an appropriate Lyapunov function and applying the Lyapunov–Razumikhin method (LRM). Hence, some results that are available in the literature are improved for the FrRIDEs and obtained under weaker conditions via the advantage of the LRM. In order to illustrate the results, two examples are provided.


Introduction
In recent years, a large number of books [1][2][3] and papers  have been devoted to the study of various qualitative properties of solutions of scalars and systems of linear and nonlinear Volterra integro-differential equations (IDEs) both without and with delay, and that of some other kinds of differential equations due to their important applications in population growth models, mathematical models of biological species living together, mathematical models in physics, control engineering and signal processing, mathematical models of heat transfer and radiation, standard closed electric RLC circuits, and so on.
In the relevant literature three methods, which are called the second Lyapunov method, Lyapunov-Krasovskiȋ method and Lyapunov-Razumikhin method, come to the forefront to investigate qualitative properties of solutions of linear and nonlinear integro-differential equations both without and with retardation. Among these methods, the second Lyapunov method and Lyapunov-Krasovskiȋ method are extensively used to study various qualitative behaviors of solutions of integro-differential equations of integer order (see, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]). To the best of our knowledge, the Lyapunov-Razumikhin method is less used during that kind of investigation [23,25,26]. However, when it is used for the appropriate problems, it is more effective than the other two methods mentioned, the second Lyapunov method and Lyapunov-Krasovskiȋ method. To the best of our knowledge from the relevant literature, the disadvantages of the Lyapunov second method and Lyapunov-Krasovskiȋ method are that both of these methods require the construction or definition of suitable Lyapunov h(t, s, x(s))ds (1) or its equivalent systeṁ s, x(s))ds, (i = 1, 2, ..., n).
In this article, motivated by the system of nonlinear RIDEs at Equation (1), i.e., the result of Du [27] (Theorem 4), and those in the bibliography of this paper, we consider the system of nonlinear FrRIDEs at Equation (2) with a Caputo derivative. As indicated above, we plan to investigate the uniformly stability, asymptotic stability, and Mittag-Leffler stability of the zero solution of Equation (2) with q ≡ 0, and the boundedness of all solutions of Equation (2) with q = 0, by using the Razumikhin method (see [25,26,[28][29][30]). It should be noted that the Caputo derivative is applicable to continuously differentiable quadratic Lyapunov functions to study qualitative properties of solutions of fractional differential equations and fractional delay differential equations, etc. (see, for example, [25,26,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37]).
It is known that the presence of the fractional derivatives in the system requires that we use appropriately defined fractional derivatives of Lyapunov functions. In the literature, four types of fractional derivatives are commonly applied to calculate the derivatives of Lyapunov functions; these are the Caputo fractional derivative, the Caputo fractional Dini derivative, the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, and the Grünwald-Letnikov fractional derivative [32,36]. Not all of these will be employed here. The results pre-sented below are new contributions to the literature on delay fractional integro-differential equations with Caputo derivatives.

Preliminaries
We begin by considering a system of fractional retarded differential equations (FrRDEs) with a Caputo derivative of order q ∈ (0, 1) : For φ ∈ C([−r, 0], R n ), we use the usual Euclidean norms . and . t 0 defined by respectively.
Since the function F is continuous, for any initial data (t 0 , φ) ∈ R + × C([−r, 0], R n ), the initial value problem for the system of FrRDEs in Equation (4) has at the least one solution x(t) = x(t, t 0 , φ) ∈ C 1 ([t 0 , ∞), R n ). If the function F satisfies a Lipschitz condition in x, then the solution is unique.
The following lemmas and other concepts are needed in the remainder of this paper. Firstly, we give Lemma 1, which is a consequence of (Theorem 2) [31].

Lemma 1.
Assume that for any initial data x(t 0 , φ 0 ) ∈ R + × C([−τ, 0], R n ), the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (2) has a solution. If there exists a Lyapunov function V and strictly increasing u, v ∈ C(R + , R + ) with u(0) = v(0) = 0 and u( x ) ≤ V(t, x) ≤ v( x ) for all t ≥ t 0 − τ and all x ∈ R n and such that for any initial data (t 0 , φ 0 ) ∈ R + × C([−τ, 0], R n ) and any point s > t 0 with V(s + ξ, x(s + ξ)) < V(s, x(s)) for all ξ ∈ [−τ, 0), the inequality C t 0 D q t V(t, x(t)) ≤ 0 for all t ∈ (t 0 , s] holds, then the zero function of Equation (2) with a zero initial condition is uniformly stable. (4) is asymptotically stable if there exist a continuous function V(t, x), continuous increasing and positive definite functions u, v, ω and a continuous non-decreasing function p(s) > s for s > 0 such that the following conditions hold for all t ∈ J:

Lemma 3 ([38] Lemma 1)
. Let x(t) ∈ R n be a vector of differentiable functions. Then for any t ≥ t 0 ,

Lemma 4 ([38] Lemma 4)
. Let x(t) ∈ R n be a vector of differentiable functions. Then, for any t ≥ t 0 , where P ∈ R n×n is a constant, symmetric and positive definite matrix.
The trivial solution of the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (2) is said to be Mittag-Leffler stable provided the solution x(., φ) of (2) satisfies m(0) = 0, m is a locally Lipschitz function and is non-negative, and is the one-parameter Mittag-Leffler function, and Γ denotes the Gamma function.
The contents of the next lemma are well known.
Lemma 7. Let x ∈ R n , n ∈ N, n ≥ 1, and M ∈ R n×n be a positive definite symmetric n × nmatrix such that where λ i (M) denotes the eigenvalues of M. Then where λ M and λ m are the greatest and least eigenvalues of the matrix M, respectively.
We know that λ M and λ m are real and positive since M is a positive definite symmetric matrix.

Razumikhin Analyses of Solutions
In the system of Volterra FrRIDEs in Equation (2), let q ≡ 0, i.e., we consider the system in Equation (2) We will use the following hypotheses in our main results.
Hypothesis 2. The functions H and P satisfy the local Lipschitz condition in x, with Hypothesis 3.
Hypothesis 4. Proof. We define a Lyapunov function W := W(t, x) = W(t, x(t)) by For arbitrary initial data (t 0 , φ) ∈ R + × C([−τ, 0] ∪ [−ρ, 0], R n ) and a point t > t 0 , it follows that W(t, x) satisfies the Razumikhin condition (see [28][29][30]) (6) satisfies the relations and Taking the Caputo fractional derivative of the Lyapunov function W(t, x) in Equation (6) along the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (5), making use the conditions of Hypotheses 1 and 2 and some elementary calculations, we obtain Consider the integral terms such that which are included in the inequality of Equation (7). Letting s − t = ξ gives ds = dξ. Hence, for s = t − τ and s = t, it follows that ξ = −τ and ξ = 0, respectively. Similarly, by the same transformation and way, for s = t − ρ and s = t, we have ξ = −ρ and ξ = 0, respectively. In view of these estimates, using the Razumikhin condition on the set Then, from Equations (7) and (8), it follows that that is, using the condition (H3), we have Thus, from Lemma 1, the zero solution of the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (5) is uniformly stable.
Our next result deals with the asymptotic stability of the system in Equation (5).

Theorem 2.
The zero solution of the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (5) is asymptotically stable if the conditions of Hypotheses 1, 2 and 4 hold.
Proof. With W(t, x) defined as in Equation (6), from the conditions (H1), (H2), and (H4) we easily conclude that . Hence, the zero solution of the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (5) is asymptotically stable by Lemma 2.
The following theorem shows the Mittag-Leffler stability of the system FrRIDEs in Equation (5).

Theorem 3.
The zero solution of the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (5) is Mittag-Leffler stable if the conditions of Hypotheses 1, 2 and 4 hold Proof. Again with the Lyapunov function W(t, x) defined as in Equation (6), from the conditions of Hypotheses 1, 2 and 4, it is clear that holds.
Using Lemma 5, we obtain , which is locally Lipschitz. Thus, the proof of Theorem 3 is completed by using Definition 1.

Boundedness of Solutions of System in Equation (2)
We now turn our attention to the perturbed system in Equation (2). Proof. We again consider the Lyapunov function defined in Equation (6). Calculating the time derivative of the Lyapunov function W(t, x) along the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (2) and using the conditions in Hypotheses 1, 2 and 5, we obtain Hence, we have W(t, x(t)) ≤ W(t 0 , φ(t 0 )).
As a result of this inequality, it follows that Hence, we obtain Hence, it is clear that if t → ∞, then x(t) ≤ K 0 . This inequality completes the proof of Theorem 4.

Remark 1.
Here, if q = 1, the boundedness of solutions as t → ∞ was proved without using the Gronwall inequality, see Theorem 4. By this fact, we have removed some unnecessary conditions, and we can obtain some boundedness results in the literature under less restrictive conditions (see, for example, [12,13] and the bibliography therein). Here, we will not state the details of the discussions.
We now give the following example and solve the given system using MATLAB software. In fact, the problem was solved using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method in MATLAB. Here, the graphs of Figures 1-4 show the behaviors of paths of the solutions of Example 1 for different values of fractional order q. Example 1. Consider the system of nonlinear Volterra IFrRDEs with Caputo derivative of order q ∈ (0, 1): where t ≥ 1 10 , τ = 1 10 and ρ = 1 5 are the constant retardations and x(t) = x ∈ R 2 .
In that case, we derive p(t, s, 0, 0) = 0 and p(t, s, x) = p(t, s, x 1 , For the next step, it follows that Let s − t = ξ, which implies ds = dξ. Then, for s = t − 1 5 , we derive ξ = − 1 5 . Similarly, for s = t, we have ξ = 0. Then, Hence, bringing together the above results, we derive In the light of the above discussion, the conditions of Hypotheses 1-3 of Theorem 1, and the conditions of Hypotheses 1, 2 and 4 of Theorems 2 and 3 hold. For this reason, the zero solution of the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (11) with Caputo derivative is uniformly stable, asymptotically stable and Mittag-Leffler stable.
Comparing the systems of FrRIDEs in Equation (13) with Caputo derivative and Equation (2), we note that the functions − f (t, x), g(t, x, x(t − 1 10 )), h(t, s, x) and p(t, s, x) are the same as those in Example 1. Then, the satisfaction of the conditions of Hypotheses 1 and 2 have been shown in Example 1. For the verification of the condition of Hypothesis 5, we consider the last term of Equation (13): Clearly, it follows that In view of Equations (12) and (14), it is clear that As a consequence of this inequality, the condition of Hypothesis 5 holds. Thus, the solutions of the system of FrRIDEs in Equation (13) with Caputo derivative are bounded as t → ∞ .
The following graphs of Figures 5-8 show the behaviors of paths of the solutions of Example 2 for different values of fractional order q.

Discussions
We would like to explain the contributions of this paper to the relevant literature as the following.
(1) To the best of our knowledge, in the literature, there are numerous papers on the uniform stability, asymptotic stability, Mittag-Leffer stability and boundedness of fractional differential equations of integer order both with and without delay. However, there are no papers in the literature on the asymptotic stability, Mittag-Leffer stability and boundedness of the FrRIDEs in Equation (2) with Caputo fractional derivative, except the two papers of Hristova and Tunç [25,26], which include some results on the uniform stability. Next, qualitative behaviors of the FrRIDEs in Equation (2) have not been discussed in the literature yet. Therefore, the results of this paper are new, original and they have scientific novelty. (2) If q = 1 in the FrRIDEs in Equation (2), then we have the system of RIDEṡ It is clear that the system of RIDEs in Equation (15) includes, extends and improves the system of RIDEs in Equation (1). This is a contribution to the topic and the relevant literature. (3) In Du [27] (Theorem 4), the uniform asymptotic stability of the zero solution of the system of RIDEs in Equation (1) was proved using the Lyapunov-Krasovskiȋ functional: We can prove the same result, [27] (Theorem 4) using the Lyapunov-Razumikhin method and the Lyapunov function Clearly, this Lyapunov function does not include the term t t−τ g(s, x(s)) ds. The time derivative of this term gives d dt t t−τ g(s, x(s)) ds = g(t, x(t)) − g(t − τ, x(t − τ)) .
Based on this approach, we can obtain the result of Du [27] (Theorem 4) under weaker conditions. Namely, we remove the following hypothesis from Du [27] (Theorem 4): To the best of our information, this is a stronger condition and the satisfaction of this hypothesis can be difficult. Removing this condition from that of Du [27] (Theorem 4) leads to an important and strong advantage during the applications of that kind of equation. (4) Du [27] (Theorem 4) proved the related theorem without giving an example in a particular case, which verifies the hypotheses of [27] (Theorem 4). In this paper, we provided two examples and solved them with MATLAB software, which verifies the applicability of the results of this paper.

Conclusions
This paper has proposed an effective way to discuss some qualitative properties of solutions of nonlinear Volterra integro-differential equations with Caputo fractional derivatives and multiple constant retardations. Here, a new mathematical model consisting of non-linear fractional Volterra integro-differential equations with Caputo fractional deriva-tives and two constant retardations was considered. New sufficient conditions for the uniform stability, asymptotic stability and Mittag-Leffer stability of the zero solution, as well as the boundedness of the solutions were obtained. The presented results were proved by defining an appropriate Lyapunov function and applying the Lyapunov-Razumikhin method. An advantage of the new function and method used here is that they eliminate using Gronwall's inequality. Compared to related results in the literature, the conditions here are new, more general, simple and convenient to apply. Examples to show the application of the theorems have been included.