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National Executives and Bureaucracies

This chapter starts from the ‘classical’ divide between the political and non-political and presents how national administrative organization is described and compared in its hierarchical and independent emanations. Both hierarchy and independence are conceived as ideal-types of the relationship between the political executive and bureaucracies and within bureaucracies. The chapter then shows how this ideal developed and is applied in some administrative jurisdictions, and how it carries elements of unitary thinking and centralization into these jurisdictions. It also addresses the legitimacy issues of independence, in particular with respect to democratic legitimacy and accountability. In its conclusions, the chapter tries to identify elements of comparison that may be helpful for the mutual understanding of administrative legal systems but also for building common administrative units such as in the EU.