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Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease.

The number of diseases transmitted by Ixodes ticks is remarkable; European I. ricinus and Siberian I. persulcatus each have been incriminated as vectors of ten or more infections, and North American I. dammini serves as vector for at least two. These I. dammini-transmitted infections have, only recently, been found to cause disease in residents of populated regions in North America, thereby stimulating intensive research on the biology of the tick and on both pathogens. This review summarizes the accumulated evidence implicating I. dammini as the vector of babesiosis and Lyme disease, describes the natural history of these zoonoses, and identifies concepts that may assist efforts to reduce the risk of human disease.