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Towards Beyond-Lithium Batteries: New Insights from In Situ TEM Combined with Theoretical Modeling

In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has gained fast progress in the past decade and attracted tremendous attention in diverse scientific research because it can acquire information related to the dynamic material behavior along with the simultaneous property measurement of the target material system undergoing various controlled physical and chemical processes [1]. Rechargeable batteries are crucial for energy storage that underpins the advancement of consumer electronics and automobile propulsion technologies and further become an essential enabling technology for climate neutrality due to its capability to integrate renewable energy resources into viable power-grid applications. Despite the great success in commercial market, Li-ion batteries are still insufficient to meet the ever-growing energy demand for improved energy density, lifetime, and safety in large-scale and power-intensive devices, calling for alternative beyond-Li technologies. Therefore, fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationship of new battery materials with novel structures is critically needed. Specifically, in situ TEM has been widely used to carry out spatiotemporal characterization of materials transformation during electrochemical reactions [2], which can be further combined with theoretical modeling to offer insightful information as guiding principles for the design and development of beyond-Li batteries.