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Peace, Power, and Revolution: Peace Studies, Marxism, and the Academy

Writers on peace and world order face something of a dilemma in their choice of audience. If one takes Marxism seriously one risks being too controversial for a U.S. academic environment. However if one does not, one has little chance of opening significant dialogue with the thinkers from other parts of the Second or Third World. These are not small matters for an academic program concerned with global integration. Considerations of audience are however tactical. Underlying them is a more important issue of substance. Most Marxist systems of thought not only presuppose the inevitability of class conflict, they endeavor to heighten and advance an exclusionary consciousness. Whether or not the conflict they envision is violent, it seems to be incompatible with studies whose avowed goal is conflict resolution. Hence the tendency among some peace theorists to belittle or ignore Marxism, to act, or more precisely to talk of acting, as if Marxism will simply go away. Such peace theory will be of little relevance to the world we now live in, especially when the increasing rationalization of social life has been accompanied by such backlashes of irrational violence-e.g. the Red Brigades in Italy-that old-line Marxist parties and bureaucracies are left in the role of defending public order. Whatever the Marxist attitude towards Peace Studies, Peace Studies must take Marxism seriously. I say this as one who is not a Marxist, and who believes that Marxism has given rise to serious errors, and indeed tragic dilemmas, in matters of practice. And yet to write off the pervasiveness of