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Role of HIV-1 Tat in AIDS pathogenesis: its effects on cytokine dysregulation and contributions to the pathogenesis of opportunistic infection

HIV is the primary etiological agent of AIDS. Effective treatment and prevention of HIV remain a top priority for governments and international health authorities worldwide. Nowadays, although the use of antiretroviral drugs remains an effective treatment to control AIDS progression, new strains of HIV subtypes continue to evolve. They are demonstrating drug resistance due to their effective and continuous mutations in vivo. Similarly, failure of HIV vaccine development is due to the unique mechanisms of HIV in evading the host immune response. Thus, it is imperative to further investigate the molecular basis of HIV pathogenesis and identify new targets for therapeutic intervention.