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Complex‐Step Derivative Approximation Schemes for the Robust Calculation of Numerical Constitutive Tangent Moduli

Many material models lead to complicated formulations of the exact consistent tangent modulus tensor and therefore its derivation and implementation might be elaborate. In this case numerical approximations of the moduli can provide an alternative in particular for scientific development purposes. Here, a robust numerical approximation of the tangent modulus tensor that can be implemented within FE‐software is proposed using an innovative numerical derivative scheme. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)