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Zinner’s syndrome, radiological diagnosis for a rare syndrome with non-specific clinical presentation: case report

Zinner’s syndrome is a rare congenital malformation involving the seminal vesicle that mostly shows cystic transformation. Embryogenesis of the kidney, ureter, seminal vesicle, and vas deferens can be altered if an insult occurs during the first trimester mainly between the 4th and the 13th gestational week. Cystic lesions of the seminal vesicle may present with a mass effect. Associated ipsilateral renal agenesis is a characteristic feature in more than 50% of patients as the seminal vesicles and ureteral buds originate from the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct. For management, the transrectal ultrasound provides good visualization of the seminal vesicles and the rest of the pelvic structures providing a good guidance for aspiration of the cysts. We present a case of a seminal vesicle fluid-filled tubular lesion. The patient first complained of vague abdominal pain with lower abdominal fullness. He was clinically evaluated, and radiological evaluation was performed using different modalities, and finally, the patient took his decision to live with it without any intervention at present. The combination of seminal vesicle cysts and ipsilateral renal agenesis, is a rare urological anomaly with an insult during the 1st trimester is to be considered as the first suspicion. Usual manifestations are caused by the seminal vesicle cysts that cause mass effect and irritation to the surroundings in the form of urinary bladder irritation and in sometimes obstruction as well as pain/discomfort in the perineum and scrotum. Epididymitis is frequently occurring as a complication. Treatment mainly consists of removing the seminal vesicle cyst/tubular lesion.


Background
Zinner's syndrome is a rare urogenital congenital developmental anomaly that occurs in the early embryogenesis affecting the distal portion of the Mullerian duct. Patients with Zinner's syndrome mainly show triad of unilateral renal agenesis, ipsilateral seminal vesicle obstruction with cystic transformation, and ipsilateral ejaculatory duct obstruction. Zinner described this syndrome for the first time in 1914, and about 200 cases have been reported in the literature [1].
The syndrome usually presents in the second and third decade of life mainly (after the beginning of sexual activity) and usually in the form of voiding manifestations such as dysuria, prostatism, urgency, painful ejaculation, hematospermia, perineal pain/discomfort, and sometimes infertility [2].
In this paper, we will present a case of a 35-year-old patient who presented with vague abdominal pain and pelvic fullness. A brief review of the literature was considered regarding the developmental anomaly details, main clinical presentations, image findings, and possible management pathways.

Case presentation
A 35-year-old male patient presented to the outpatient clinics with vague abdominal pain and pelvic fullness, there were no urinary manifestations, and the patient is married with 4 children. On examination, there was discomfort with palpation of the pelvis. After reviewing the patient, the responsible physician requested a full abdominal and pelvic US, urine analysis, PSA, and CBC for evaluation.
Urine analysis, PSA, and CBC came out normal with no signs of urinary tract infection or crystals to suggest urinary tract stones.
Trans-abdominal US study showed a fluid-filled cystic lesion involving mainly the region of the right seminal vesicle measuring about 6 × 6 × 8 cm in its maximum antro-posterior, transverse, and craniocaudal dimensions, respectively; the lesion is inseparable from the right upper surface of the prostate. The right kidney was not visualized with mild compensatory hypertrophy of the left kidney. In the setting of absent history of previous surgical intervention, our team considered the more frequent possibilities as ectopic pelvic right kidney with long-standing pelviureteric junction obstruction; however, the possibility of cystic malformation of the right seminal vesicle was mentioned later on as a rare possibility (Fig. 1).
The patient then had a CT pyelogram that confirmed the absence of the right kidney with no renal artery or vein seen while the pelvic lesion was seen of low attenuation with no enhancement at any phase exerting mild mass effect upon the surrounding structures, the rest of the findings were as seen in the US including the mild compensatory hypertrophy of the left kidney, and the rest of the solid abdominal organs and bowel appeared unremarkable (Fig. 2).
Pre-and post-IV contrast MRI of the pelvis was done 1 week later that showed tubular fluid-filled structure (high signal in T2 WIs and of slightly high signal in the T1 images 2ry to its high protein contents) that is replacing the right seminal vesicle with no enhancement in the post-contrast images; it overall measured about 6.9 × 6.5 × 8.6 cm in its maximum cross-sectional and CC dimensions, respectively; otherwise, the left seminal vesicle, the prostate, and the rest of the pelvic structures were seen of normal MRI appearance (size and signal criteria) (Fig. 3).
After discussing the patient's condition and radiological findings with the urology team, the diagnosis of Zinner's syndrome was made that was then discussed with the patient with the different management plans and he preferred that he can live with the current minimal symptoms and decided to go under follow-up after 6 months then yearly by the US and to visit the urological team if he developed any new symptoms.

Discussion
Seminal vesicle cysts combined with ipsilateral renal agenesis are a rare urological congenital anomaly. Slaoui et al. described that the clinical presentation usually starts between the 2nd and 4th decades of their life caused by the seminal vesicle cysts in the form of bladder irritation, obstruction, and pain mainly in the perineum and scrotum in addition to some reported cases of infertility. Epididymitis is also frequently found as a complication [3]. However, our patient presented with just mild vague abdominal pain and fullness at the pelvis. The diagnostic workup consists of a digital rectal examination, transrectal US, CT scan, and MRI study with or without contrast.
According to Florim et al., the management of this syndrome should be clinically oriented and it can range from follow-up in asymptomatic andminimally symptomatic cases, and that is what was preferred by our patient (otherwise, antibiotics, transurethral aspiration of the seminal vesicle cyst, or transurethral aspiration combined with substance installation (e.g., alcohol and minocycline) is proposed as the conservative treatment), up to invasive treatment that should be considered only in symptomatic patients or patients who failed conservative measurements and that

Conclusion
Although Zinner's syndrome is a rare condition with widely variable clinical presentation and most of the time is non-specific, its unique and characteristic radiological appearance should be enough for the knowledgeable radiologist to be able to give an accurate diagnosis and even sometimes contribute in management.