{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03993250843644545, 'fraction_numerical': 0.01968503937007874, 'mean_word_length': 5.051020408163265, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
An improved primary human nasal cell culture for the simultaneous determination of transepithelial transport and ciliary beat frequency.

OBJECTIVES
The aim was to establish a preclinical in-vitro system of the nasal mucosa for the simultaneous evaluation of nasal absorption and effects on ciliary activity.


METHODS
Human nasal epithelial cells were grown in collagen-coated transport inserts with transparent polyethylene terephthalate membranes (3 mum). Transepithelial transport and ciliary beat frequency values were measured every 15 min for 1 h.


KEY FINDINGS
The apparent permeability coefficients (P(app)) for atenolol (mainly paracellular transport) and propranolol (transcellular transport) amounted to 0.1 +/- 0.1 and 23.7 +/- 0.6 x 10(-6) cm/s, respectively, illustrating that the system can be used to discriminate between high permeability and low permeability compounds. Transport of talinolol (substrate for the P-glycoprotein efflux carrier) did not reveal polarity (0.3 +/- 0.2 and 0.2 +/- 0.1 x 10(-6) cm/s for absorptive and secretory transport, respectively) and was not affected by verapamil (10 muM), suggesting the absence of P-glycoprotein in the nasal cell culture. No significant effects of atenolol, propranolol and talinolol on ciliary beat frequency were observed (98 +/- 20% of the control condition after 60 min). Chlorocresol significantly decreased the ciliary activity but this decrease was not accompanied by effects on the transepithelial transport of atenolol, propranolol and talinolol.


CONCLUSIONS
A new system was developed which offers possibilities as a fast screening tool for studying the potential of compounds for nasal drug administration, since permeability and a possible cilio-toxic effect can be assessed simultaneously.