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LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE AND LITERARY MEANING

In surveying "the more noteworthy efforts to apply transformational grammar to the fields of stylistics and literary analysis", Gordon M. Messing l discusses at some length Richard Ohmann's analysis of a clause from James Joyce's "Araby", an analysis which has also been challenged elsewhere. If I return, in this paper, to Ohmann's exegesis of this sentence, it is not merely to flog a dead horse, but to focus more clearly on the large Claims that Ohmann has made regarding the application of transformational grammar to literary criticism, Claims that have bothered others besides myself — linguists äs well äs literary critics. The clause, which is taken from the concluding paragraph of Joyce's story, reads äs follows: "Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself äs a creature driven and derided by vanity ...". Ohmann first describes the surface structure of this clause, and then proceeds to analyze its deep structure. Since Ohmann's analysis of this beautiful and moving sentence is so tightly knit and so closely argued I must, I fear, quote at length in order to do his analysis justice: