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Population origin, development and temperature of development affect the amounts of HSP70, HSP90 and the putative hypoxia-inducible factor in the tadpoles of the common frog Rana temporaria

SUMMARY We raised Rana temporaria tadpoles from three different populations from southern, mid and northern Sweden (the total north-to-south distance between populations is approximately 1500 km) at two temperatures, and measured the differences in HSP70, HSP90 and putative HIF-1α levels (Rana temporaria HIF-1α was sequenced in the present study) with immunoblotting. The levels of the studied proteins increased with developmental stage. Also, the levels increased with latitude at the lower but not at the higher developmental temperature. This shows that there is a clear difference between the populations at the molecular level but that this difference can be modified by the environmental conditions experienced during development. The proteins analyzed may be involved in the regulation of developmental processes. If this is the case, the tadpoles from the northernmost population have the most advanced complement of regulatory proteins at developmental stages approaching metamorphosis.