{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01820250284414107, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.285714285714286, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Extending labour standards to informal workers at the base of global garment value chains

Ever since work became splintered and distributed across the globe through highly mobile value chains, a central concern among labor advocates and regulators has been: how and under what conditions can good labor practices and safe working conditions be extended to the most vulnerable workers in lower tiers of global value chains? These spaces at the base of global supply chains are often hidden from view by layers of opaque, contingent and exploitative contractual ties that create new informalities at the bottom of even the most formalized production networks. A wave of recent industrial accidents—factory fires and building collapses—many of them in the garment districts of Bangladesh (e.g., Tazreen, Rana Plaza, but also elsewhere), has focused fresh attention on this dilemma.