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Advances in indicator dilution techniques applicable to studies of the acutely ill patient.

Indicator dilution techniques are now widely used in circulatory studies and in general are well understood. Nevertheless, new applications and approaches continue to appear in the literature. Because of our familiarity with these techniques it is easy to forget the fundamental assumptions on which they are based and to apply them in inappropriate situations. 
 
The first purpose of this review is to point out some sources of serious error in the estimation of cardiac output by dye dilution techniques and to point out remedies. The second is to suggest and to illustrate new techniques, some of which are applicable to studies in ill patients and will allow greater precision in the assessment of their status.