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Guest editorial to the Special Letters Issue on neuroengineering and neuroprosthetics: increasing basic understanding of the nervous system to develop more effective neuroengineering applications.

The Guest Editors present a Special Issue on Neuroengineering and Neuroprosthetics of IEEE TBME Letters. Following the spirit of TBME Letters, the Special Issue was intended to provide information about novel breakthrough research in the emerging field of neuroengineering. The issue has a limited number of nanotechnology applications, but the editors are pleased to present the 13 papers in this special issue covering different noninvasive and invasive applications and important technological developments. We hope that the contents of the Special Issue will stimulate interest as well as further development in related areas in neuroscience, biomaterials, modeling, and medical devices.