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Educational Opportunity in Five East European Countries

During the past year the developments in the state socialist countries of Eastern Europe have commanded much attention.' The economy and politics there are changing rapidly; the dismantling of the "iron curtain" has increased the possibilities of travel to other countries. Nonetheless, little systematic knowledge has been collected about the actual functioning of Eastern European societies. This is especially true of education and occupations, where for at least the last 4 decades an official policy of equity has existed, a policy closely linked to the ideological basis of these societies and whose proper evaluation in comparative perspective has proved difficult. Much descriptive information is of course available. In statistical yearbooks education at various levels is documented.2 Encyclopedias and handbooks reveal the structure of the educational systems.3 Knowledge about their curricula and pedagogics have been transmitted to the West. The outcomes of education, however, have mainly been judged in political terms, usually not on the basis of empirical analyses. Furthermore, it is impossible to reconstruct on the basis of published material the actual flow of students and the educational and occupational levels reached by children from different social backgrounds. Thus, there is little known about the structure of educational opportunity in Eastern European countries. From the evidence heretofore unavailable, it is impossible to estimate the degree of uniformity in opportunity patterns among state socialist countries.4