{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.021961932650073207, 'fraction_numerical': 0.014641288433382138, 'mean_word_length': 5.514285714285714, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Migration and Bilateral Trade Flows - Evidence from Italy

A significant number of empirical studies, focusing on different countries, have found a positive link between immigration and trade. This paper studies the relationship between emigration, immigration and trade using Italian data. The sample regards 51 foreign trading partners and spans from 1990 to 2005. The results suggest that: networks of Italian emigrants in foreign countries boost trade and this pro-trade effect does not depend on institutional and cultural dissimilarities of the trading partners; immigrants reduce imports (substitution effect); finally, there are no preference effects of emigrants on exports.