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Changes in DNA, RNA, and protein content of regions of explanted chicken embryos following insulin treatment.

Chick embryos of 11–13 somites, which were cultured 48 hours on insulin-containing medium, showed deformation of the brain and posterior trunk, and inhibited accumulation of DNA, RNA, and protein contents. These effects became more pronounced with increased insulin dose. Embryos transferred to insulin-free medium after 2 or 3 hours' exposure to 4 U/ml insulin showed a similar morphological response as embryos continuously exposed to the same dose. Quantitation of DNA, RNA, and protein contents indicated a more severe inhibition in embryos of the continuously exposed group than in those of the briefly exposed group, although embryos of both groups were significantly inhibited relative to their controls. Region-specific action of insulin was demonstrated in terms of the time at which each region of insulin-treated embryos first showed reduction in DNA, RNA, or protein content. The brain was the most susceptible region to insulin action; the trunk regions responded later; and the heart and extraembryonic membranes showed no significant effect of insulin treatment. At the molecular level nucleic acid content was most influenced by insulin treatment. Reduction in DNA content of whole embryos, or of specific regions, was the first effect of insulin treatment detected. However, on continuous exposure to a low dose of insulin (0.2 U/ml) the RNA content of the brain was reduced before the DNA content.