{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.026357199055861525, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0003933910306845004, 'mean_word_length': 4.779545454545454, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Technical and economic analysis of Plasma-assisted Waste-to-Energy processes

Technical and economic analysis of thermal plasma–assisted Waste-to-Energy 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Increasing interest is focusing on plasma-assisted gasification applied to the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW), especially as it may be a new way to increase Waste-to-Energy (WTE) worldwide. The aim of this thesis was to investigate different such processes under development and their technical and economic viability. In a simplistic view, a plasma torch is a way to generate heat, via the passage of an electric current through a gas flow. Plasma technology has been used for a long time for surface coating and for destruction of hazardous wastes but its application to MSW has not been explored fully because of the high cost of using electricity as a source of energy. Plasma used entirely for the processing of MSW, i.e. in the absence of partial combustion, was not considered in this study, as it will not be economically feasible for MSW. Hence, we examined what may be called " plasma-assisted gasification " in a WTE process that combines the use of plasma with partial oxidation of the hydrocarbons in MSW. The idea is to produce a syngas (synthetic gas) from the gasification of the waste. The plasma heat is used to either provide the heat for gasification, to "polish" the syngas, and/or to vitrify the ash product of the gasification process. The syngas product is combusted in a gas engine or turbine generator onsite to produce electricity. Although there are some alternatives uses of syngas, e.g. ethanol production, they were not considered in our study. Some of the thermal energy in the gas stream can be also recovered in a steam boiler and the steam used to produce additional electricity. Air emissions are a main point of our study, as they are one of the reasons why there is opposition to the WTE. Opponents of WTE usually perceive gasification and assisted plasma gasification as only a variation from incineration ("disguised incineration"). The technologies and companies we investigated were Westinghouse Plasma, owned by Alter NRG, Plasco Energy Group, Europlasma, and InEnTec, owned by Waste Management Inc. Each of these groups has developed a proprietary technology and is on the pathway to using MSW as a feedstock. The author visited the pilot plant of Alter NRG near Pittsburgh. Mass and energy balances were developed for each process, using the data some of the companies provided, and making 'educated' assumptions …