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An Implementation of Shneidman's Classification of Orientations toward Death

In a 1963 publication, Shneidman proposed a classification of human orientations toward death. This system provides a schema for classifying suicidal persons relative to their expectations about the outcomes and consequences of their suicidal behavior. He indicated that most suicidal deaths fall into an intentioned category with respect to their orientations toward death or cessation. The author stated: “By intentioned, I refer to those cases in which the individual plays a direct and conscious role in his own demise.” Four special subcategories were described. Three of these, the psyde-seeker, psyde-initiator, and psyde-ignorer are quite similar. All are consciously aware of their behavior and have fairly certain expectations of their physical demise. The psyde-initiator differs only in that he already faces death from other causes. The psyde-ignorer is a second special case of a psyde-seeker, the distinction being that the psyde-ignorer expects to survive in the hereafter. Psyde-seeker appears to be a superordinate category which includes the other two as special subcategories. In addition, Shneidman noted two other categories of persons that have relevance to suicidal behavior. One, the fourth of Shneidman’s special subcategories, is the intentioned psyde-darer, persons who are ambivalent about their attitudes toward cessation and literally dare death, or gamble with their lives. The second is the psyde-feigner, a person who mocks death, but neither intends nor expects cessation to result from his activities. The authors believed it important to determine the feasibility of assigning suicide cases into these categories. This goal was of particular importance to the Central Research Unit, a Veterans Administration research program located in Los Angeles and devoted to the study of suicide. It must be recalled that in order to implement the classification, the assignment had to be made on the basis of intention or expectation which may not be congruent with the observed consequences. There were three primary objectives in testing this classification. 1. It afforded an opportunity to determine the reliability of the categories, using