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The Impact of Chlorophyll-Retention Mutations, d1d2 and cyt-G1, during Embryogeny in Soybean

The ultrastructural, physiological, and molecular changes in developing and mature seeds were monitored in a control line (Glycine max [L.] Merr., cv Clark) that exhibited seed degreening and two mutant lines (d1d2 and cyt-G1) that retained chlorophyll upon seed maturation. Ultrastructural studies showed that the control line had no internal membranes, whereas stacked thylakoid membranes were detected in the green seed from the mutant lines. Pigment analyses indicated that total chlorophyll was lowest in the mature seeds of the control line. Mature d1d2 and cyt-G1 seed had elevated Chl a and Chl b levels, respectively. In both control and mutant lines, Lhcb1, Lhcb2, and RbcS mRNAs were abundant in embryos prior to cotyledon filling, declined after the onset of storage protein accumulation, and were barely detectable or undetectable in all later stages of seed development. Therefore, the chlorophyll-retention phenotype must be a result of the alteration of a process that occurs after translation of photosynthesis-related mRNAs to stabilize apoprotein and pigment levels. Furthermore, different elements controlling either the synthesis or turnover of Chl a and Chl b must be impaired in the d1d2 and cyt-G1 lines. No reproducible differences in total leaf, embryonic, and chloroplast protein profiles and plastid DNAs could be correlated with the mutations that induced chlorophyll retention.