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Circumcision: History, Scope, and Aim: Part I

The issue of circumcision has been vigorously discussed throughout human 
history. Discussions about its origin, history, purpose, and religious and 
social meanings have been ongoing since the first human civilizations, 
occurring within primitive tribes, slave-based societies, fortified cities, 
slave kingdoms, and empires (e.g., the Roman Empire). The topic has been taken 
up across feudal and modern kingdoms, and within modern capitalist and 
socialist societies. For example, the Nazis stand out for having used 
circumcision in their propaganda against Jews, and as an identifier to 
segregate Jews from others during their extermination. However, despite such 
prolonged and vigorous discussion, no consensus has been reached on the issue. 
Many well-based explanations for specific aspects of circumcision have been 
advanced (e.g., its origin, history, purpose, and religious and social 
meanings), yet each has contradicted the others. The aim of this paper is to 
determine the most plausible explanations for circumcision, within the context 
of various forms of genital manipulations that have been conducted across human 
history. It is difficult to cover all aspects of this topic in a relatively 
brief paper—indeed, it would also be difficult to cover the entire story in a 
voluminous book. In addition to the evidence available from other sources, 
special attention is paid to the passages from the Torah, the Old and New 
Testaments of the Bible, and the Koran.