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The critical period: neurochemical and synaptic mechanisms shared by the visual cortex and the brain stem respiratory system

The landmark studies of Wiesel and Hubel in the 1960's initiated a surge of investigations into the critical period of visual cortical development, when abnormal visual experience can alter cortical structures and functions. Most studies focused on the visual cortex, with relatively little attention to subcortical structures. The goal of the present review is to elucidate neurochemical and synaptic mechanisms common to the critical periods of the visual cortex and the brain stem respiratory system in the normal rat. In both regions, the critical period is a time of (i) heightened inhibition; (ii) reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); and (iii) synaptic imbalance, with heightened inhibition and suppressed excitation. The last two mechanisms are contrary to the conventional premise. Synaptic imbalance renders developing neurons more vulnerable to external stressors. However, the critical period is necessary to enable each system to strengthen its circuitry, adapt to its environment, and transition from immaturity to maturity, when a state of relative synaptic balance is attained. Failure to achieve such a balance leads to neurological disorders.