{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.027135678391959798, 'fraction_numerical': 0.006030150753768844, 'mean_word_length': 5.552631578947368, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Heterogeneity And Measures Of Well-Being: Evidence From Twelve European Countries

This paper applies random-effect techniques to panel data from twelve European countries to model the relationship between income and self-reported well-being. We are not able to distinguish empirically between heterogeneities in the utility function (translating income into utility) and the expression function (turning utility into self-reported well-being), but we strongly reject the hypothesis that individuals carry out these joint transformations in the same way. The “marginal well-being effect of income” is very different in the four classes we identify. Descriptive statistics show that there are strong country and demographic patterns across classes. We therefore expect average opinion in different countries concerning redistribution to be very different. Our results suggests that aggregating data across diverse populations, and countries, may be a dangerous practice. JEL Codes: C14, C23, I30.