{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01720269259536275, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011967090501121914, 'mean_word_length': 5.656716417910448, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Construction of Modern Scientific Urban Planning: Lisbon under French Urbanisme Influence (1904–1967)

This article describes the rise and fall of modern scientific town planning in Portugal with a view to revealing the political and ideological circumstances of its emergence and decline. The paper shows the construction of the modern paradigm of scientific town planning and identifies the planning theory and practice of the Portuguese capital as a product and a model of French urbanisme, integrated in an international ideological movement. Using Lisbon as a case study, it identifies three key periods, each speaking to different ideological concerns. An initial expansionist period began at the end of the nineteenth century, characterized by hygienist concerns, park creation, and early attempts at regulation. It was followed by a second scientific and legalist era, whose functionalist ideals, search for order, and meticulous obsession with regulation, were very much in tune with the totalitarian military dictatorship of Salazar, the authoritarian ruler of Portugal between 1932 and 1968. Finally, the democratization of society saw the advent of new flexibility in political power, and a corresponding turn amongst planners away from scientific rationalism towards public participation and urban regeneration concerns.