{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.032675709001233046, 'fraction_numerical': 0.014180024660912454, 'mean_word_length': 5.597560975609756, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Physiochemical analysis of selected shale formations of Kohat region by advance characterization for oil potential evaluation

ABSTRACT The current scientific study summarized the physiochemical analysis of shale sample by advance characterization such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to evaluate the energy potential of shale rock pertinent in Kohat region of Pakistan. The samples were collected during the drilling of mines from 1,670 to 4,500 m depth. A total of 21 samples were collected, among which 14 samples were taken from Patala Formation, 4 were from Panoba formation, and 3 were from Kuldana Formation. The proximate analysis was conducted to determine the gross calorific value, moisture, and volatile matters. SEM confirmed the porous surface of shale samples. XRD analysis revealed the presence of quartz, calcite, and plagioclase in the collected shale samples. FTIR tests were conducted to identify functional groups inside the shale samples. It was observed that Panoba Formation has a considerable amount of hydrocarboneous matters with an average value of 6.25%. Patala Formation got lower hydrocarboneous matters than Panoba with an average value of 5.22%, whereas Kuldana Formation contains a hydrocarboneous average value of 3.51%. Abbreviations: FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; XRD: X-ray diffraction; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; EDX: Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; VOC: Volatile organic compound; ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials.