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Identification of the most effective muscles in landing impact forces

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the main lower limb muscles in increasing or decreasing each lower limb joint impact force during drop landing. To do so, the body was modeled by a four-link musculoskeletal model consisting of eight main Hill-type muscles. Different drop landing scenarios were modeled by changing the activation levels of the considered muscles. In each landing simulation, the impact GRF and impact joint forces were obtained. In order to compare and rank the muscles with respect to their effect on each impact force, a computationally feasible zero-one (off-on) muscle activation analysis was proposed. The proposed approach revealed important features regarding the relation between different impact forces and muscle activations. Specifically, the results can be interpreted in terms of the role that each muscle potentially plays in causing or preventing certain injuries. Moreover, the results obtained from the analysis were further used to classify the muscles into four categories, depending on the effect they have on each impact force. The proposed theoretical analysis is seen to be a promising tool in predicting the role of muscles and their order of importance in the generation of lower limb impact forces in landing, without the need for experimental tests.