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On subregion holographic complexity and renormalization group flows

We investigate subregion holographic complexity in the context of renormalization group flow geometries. We use both the Poinca\'re slicing and the Janus ansatz as holographic duals to renormalization group flows in the boundary conformal field theory. In the former metric, subregion complexity is computed for a disc and a strip shaped entangling region. For the disc shaped region, consistent emergence of length scales for flow to the deep infra-red is established. For strip shaped regions, we find that complexity cannot locate holographic phase transitions in a sharp domain wall scenario. For smooth domain walls, we find that the complexity might be an indicator of such phase transitions, and give numerical evidence that its derivative changes sign across a transition. Finally, the complexity is computed numerically using the Janus ansatz.


Introduction
The statistics of information, popularly known as "information theory" is an old topic that has attracted great interest in diverse areas of science over the last few decades. Its more recent avatar, the quantum theory of information promises to be a leading character in the study of the quantum computer. While in its initial form, information theory was devised to deal with questions related to the "closeness" of statistical distributions, in quantum theories, it broadly attempts to understand the following question : "how close are two quantum states." For pure states, this question was addressed in [1]. This was following an earlier work, which had dealt with a similar issue in the context of thermal states in an equilibrium thermodynamic system (for a review, see [2]). The thermal metric is known to be related [3] to the Fisher information metric, popularly studied in the statistics community. Broadly, [1] developed a notion of a quadratic form, or a Riemannian metric on the space of parameters of the system where two pure quantum states are infinitesimally separated.
In the context of many body quantum systems at zero temperature, such discussions are relatively recent. Indeed, as is known by now, there are several measures of information in this context, one of them being the proposal of [4], that given two quantum ground states in a many-body system denoted by |g 1 and |g 2 , the overlap function g 1 |g 2 provides a characterization of quantum phase transitions. In [5], the work of [4] was cast in a language similar to that of [1] and a "quantum information metric" was constructed for the transverse XY spin chain in a homogeneous magnetic field. It was shown that this metric (or more appropriately the scalar curvature associated to it) was indeed an effective measure to characterize quantum phase transitions in the model. A flurry of activity followed soon after, and the information metric and a related quantity known as the fidelity susceptibility were calculated in a variety of examples and remain two of the most popular information theoretic quantities (for a review, see [6]).
In quantum field theories, information theoretic studies have a long history, and it was realised sometime back that the renormalization group equations can be written in a geometric framework, see, e.g [7][8][9][10]. A natural issue that then arises is the application of similar ideas in the context of string theory. While a study of overlaps between string states (in lines with [4]) might require a deeper understanding of string field theory and could be somewhat complicated, nonetheless the anti-de-Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence provides a new approach to understanding the origins of quantum information in the context of quantum field theories, via gravity duals.
Indeed, there has been a recent upsurge of interest in using the AdS/CFT correspondence to elucidate several key concepts which are essentially quantum information theoretic in nature. Starting from the celebrated Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) conjecture for the entanglement entropy in quantum field theories [11], one such issue of current interest is the complexity of a quantum state. This quantity may roughly be defined as the least possible number of steps needed to construct the state from a given reference (thus capturing the "difficulty" in creating a quantum state). There are currently several proposals in the literature for calculating quantum complexity using the dual holographic route.
The first proposal, popularly known in the literature as the complexity = volume (CV) conjecture [12,13] states that the complexity of a given quantum state on a time slice of the boundary CFT is dual to the volume of the maximal hypersurface in the bulk of co-dimension one, which is matched to the boundary at the given time. The second proposal is the complexity = action (CA) conjecture [14]. This states that the holographic complexity can be evaluated by calculating the gravitational action on a Wheeler-de Witt patch of the bulk spacetime. A related proposal, put forward in [15], deals with holographic complexity (in the sense of a "reduced fidelity susceptibility") of subregions of the boundary CFT (for related works, see e.g [16][17][18][19][20][21]). This is in some sense a generalization of the CV conjecture to specific subregions in the boundary and relates to the volume of the bulk spacetime enclosed by a Ryu-Takayanagi minimal surface (called RT surface in sequel) of co-dimension two. We will interchangeably call this the "complexity" or equivalently the "RT volume" in sequel. In a more recent work, [22] attempts to relate the reduced fidelity susceptibility to the Fisher information metric, whose holographic dual was calculated in [23].
In this paper, we consider renormalization group (RG) flow scenarios in the context of subregion holographic complexity. For the CFT, adding a relevant operator triggers an RG flow to either an IR conformal fixed point, or the theory becomes massive. We study holographic RG flow geometries using both the Poincaŕe slicing and the Janus ansatz. Similar studies have been undertaken for the entanglement entropy in the past (see, for example, [24][25][26]). It is also relevant to mention that much of the work done in the context of the holographic entanglement entropy has been motivated by providing a holographic description for the c-functions and its proposed variants [27,28]. The Janus ansatz, which is the holographic dual of interface and boundary CFTS (ICFTS and BCFTs) has been treated in [26]. Although complexity does not naturally have an analogue of c-functions, this study is physically interesting in its own right. One can ask if, for example, what physical features of the system are captured by subregion complexity along RG flows. In particular, a natural question is whether complexity encodes information regarding holographic phase transitions (as discussed in [28]). It is also interesting to understand the emergence of different length scales in complexity along an RG flow, akin to what had been discussed in the context of entanglement entropy in [24]. Further, keeping in mind the proposal of [22], this could give us a concrete realization of the Fisher information metric in multi-parameter systems.
With the above motivations in mind, we initiate a study of how holographic complexity behaves in a RG flow scenario. The paper is organized as follows: after a brief review in section 2 to fix the notations and conventions used in the paper, in section 3, we first compute the complexity for d = 3, 4 dimensional CFTs for a disc shaped entangling region (and assuming a sharp domain wall), for which the expressions are analytically simple and amenable to physical interpretation. We point out some differences between the complexity and the entanglement entropy in such a scenario and how different scales emerge in the context of the RG flows. We then proceed to calculate the complexity for an abrupt domain wall type of geometry for a strip shaped boundary subsystem and point out some of its aspects. It is known that this set-up exhibits a phase transition for certain values of the parameters and we track the behaviour of the complexity at this point. Next, we generalize to a smooth domain wall and numerically calculate the complexity and analyze the issue of phase transitions in the system. Interestingly, we find numerical evidence that a derivative of the subregion complexity changes sign at the phase transition. In section 4, we consider the Janus ansatz, and compute the complexity of ICFT and BCFT numerically. Finally, in section 5, we conclude with a summary of results and future directions.

Review and notation
In this section, we will give a brief overview of the existing results in the literature on information theoretic geometry in the backdrop of AdS/CFT. This would serve to set the notations and conventions to be followed in the rest of the paper. Since the purpose of this section is to review the relevant literature, we will be brief and details can be found in the references contained herein.
As mentioned in the introduction, the quantity of interest in information geometry is the distance between two given quantum states. Say we have a pure state |ψ(q) where q is a parameter in the theory. 1 Then, if we perturb the system by the infinitesimal change q → q + δq, the new wave function for the initial pure state would be |ψ(q + δq) . The fidelity susceptibility G qq , a quantity that we will be interested in this paper is then defined for the pure states as G qq is also popularly called as the Bures metric, and is distinct from the Fisher information metric between quantum states. In [29], a gravity dual of the fidelity susceptibility was proposed for pure states of a d + 1 dimensional boundary CFT in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. The proposal reads up to an O(1) constant, where Σ max is a d + 1 dimensional space-like bulk hypersurface that ends on the time slice at the boundary of the AdS space and has maximal volume. In [29], this was checked by explicitly computing the overlap between two boundary states separated by a marginal deformation of the CFT on the field theory side. The analogue of eq.(2) for mixed states is called quantum fidelity, and is defined for two density matrices ρ 0 and ρ 1 as which, for two separated pure states, reduce to their inner product. The fidelity susceptibility is the second derivative of the quantum fidelity defined in eq.(3). For reduced density matrices, this is more appropriately the reduced fidelity susceptibility.
On the other hand, as stated in the introduction, the idea of a Riemannian metric on a quantum parameter manifold was first proposed in [1]. Given two pure states that are infinitesimally separated in a parameter space, this metric is given by a gauge invariant combination and schematically reads where the subscripts are derivatives with respect to the parameters of the theory {q i }. This metric has important applications in the context of some quasifermionic systems, where the Hilbert space splits into a direct product of single particle states and hence has been extensively studied for many body (pure) ground states. A natural extension of this metric in the realm of quantum field theory in the context of RG flows was first provided in [7] and further extended by several authors. This metric was essentially derivatives of the free energy with respect to system parameters. For example, in [9], such metrics were defined for free field theories with a source (with the mass squared and the source coupling providing the parameters), and have been since generalized to various other cases. We note here that choosing the correct coordinates on the parameter space is important. Often linear combinations (or otherwise) of system parameters provide simple insights into the nature of the metric on the parameter space. Scalar quantities such as the Ricci scalar might provide universal characterization, but might be difficult to handle in numerical analysis of the type that we will undertake in the later part of this paper. In the AdS/CFT context, the holographic dual of the Fisher information metric was first proposed in [23]. For a ball shaped region in a boundary CFT, defining where ρ denotes a density matrix, S B is the holographic entanglement entropy, H B is the modular Hamiltonian, and q denotes a set of system parameters, it was shown that up to order q, one has with E being the canonical energy [30] in classical gravity for perturbations in the Rindler wedge associated with the ball shaped region on a spatial slice of the boundary (with additional terms related to the Einstein tensor appearing at higher orders). The left hand side of the above equation is the Fisher information metric, a second derivative of the "relative entropy" that is a measure of the distinguishability of a density matrix with respect to another reference density matrix.
Based on the CV conjecture of [12], in [15] a proposal for the holographic complexity was given for specific subregions of the boundary theory. This reads where V (γ) is the volume of a minimal Ryu-Takayanagi surface, G is the Newton's constant in appropriate dimension, and L AdS is an AdS length scale. Various aspects of this quantity has been studied in the literature, including low and high temperature expansions in a thermal setting (see, e.g [31]).
In [22], it was shown that for a certain class of examples, one can relate the Fisher information metric defined in eq.(6) to a perturbatively regulated volume of the RT surface that corresponds to a given mixed state on the boundary, as the second derivative (with respect to the perturbing parameter) of the regulated RT volume.
With this brief introduction, we now proceed to study holographic complexity in some RG flow scenarios.

Holographic RG flow geometries
As mentioned in the introduction, in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence, an RG flow is triggered by a relevant operator in the CFT. The holographic dual to this operator is a bulk geometry which incorporates a scalar field. The resulting bulk action is given by (we follow the notations of [28]), It is assumed that the scalar potential V (φ) has stationary points such that Here, L is the fundamental length scale in the theory and α i are dimensionless constants which are different for various fixed points. At the fixed points, the AdS curvature scale is given byL = L/α i . It is well known that the metric representing a holographic RG flow is given by [32], In these coordinates, the UV is located at r → ∞ and the IR is at r → −∞. At both the IR and the UV fixed points, the conformal factor A(r) takes the simple form r L . Note that the AdS lengthL is different for the IR and the UV, with L U V > L IR . Of course, it is necessary to introduce a UV cut-off r ∞ to obtain a finite result in holographic calculations. This cut-off has the expression , which is related to the standard cut-off z min = δ for the AdS metric in the Fefferman-Graham coordinates [28].
We note here that that the conditions A(r) ∼ r as r → ±∞ and A (r) ≤ 0 (required to rule out further AdS boundaries [32]) are quite restrictive and one is limited to few consistent choices for A(r). One of this is the step profile that we will consider in the next subsection, and an example of a continuous profile will be subsequently considered. We will now calculate the volume V Σ of the RT surface for various forms of the factor A(r) and for various types of entangling surfaces. We begin with a disc shaped entangling region in a sharp domain wall geometry. Note that the sharp domain wall geometry is not an exact supergravity solution. Nonetheless, this is a good model to study as it offers analytical handle which is difficult elsewhere.

A sharp domain wall: Disc shaped entangling region
The explicit form for the conformal factor A(r) is taken as [24], [28], This is a step profile, which is continuous at r = r 0 , the radius at which two AdS metrics with different curvatures are sewn together. We investigate the disc shaped entangling regions for the bulk metric of eq.(9) starting with (a ball shaped region in) AdS 5 . We denote 2 by r = r(ρ) the embedding of the ball shaped region in AdS 5 , and take the entangling region to be ρ ≤ . Then the area of the RT surface that extends into the bulk in this case is given by, The solution to the equations of motion are obtained by minimizing this area functional. Introducing an UV cut-off δ, which cuts off the integral for r at , this solution is given by [24] r(ρ) = 2 ρ is a boundary radial coordinate here, and is not to be confused with the notation of the density matrix in the last section.
where r(ρ 0 ) = r 0 and position of the domain wall is given by, The . We find that as in the case of the entanglement entropy in this setup, the RT volume comes out in terms of some combinations of parameters, and for convenience, we define an effective length scale which is reminiscent of an effective radius of the entangling disc as seen from the IR, with 2 being the minimum disc radius for the minimal surfaces to penetrate into the IR [24]. The equation which gives the expression for the volume is given schematically as, Recall, at this point that the definition of the conformal factor (eq.(10)) and the subsequent solutions for the profile of the RT surface given by r(ρ) (see eq. (12)). The volume V Σ is the sum of contributions from both the UV and IR regions, which are evaluated as separate terms, Now, the volume as computed from eq.(16) evaluates to a lengthy expression, which is best presented by defining 3˜ = L IR e −r 0 /L IR , in which case it reads, in terms of ef f of eq. (14) : We also record here the volume of the RT surface in the case when the geodesics do not penetrate into the IR, i.e lie purely in the UV. In this case, it is easy to show that this volume is simply the first line of eq.(17), i.e Expectedly, this is also the result for ef f = 0, i.e when the geodesics do not penetrate into the IR.
There are a couple of things to be noted here. First, the divergence structure of the volume in the above expression is ∼ O(δ −3 ) + O(δ −1 ), which is as expected for a bulk AdS 5 , and gives the familiar "volume law" (the strongest divergence structure). Secondly, let us consider the limit ef f /˜ 1, i.e the effective length is much greater than the IR cutoff. Then, it is not difficult to see that the terms involving L IR in eq.(17) precisely go over to their UV counterparts in the first line of that equation, with the replacement ( /δ) → ( ef f /˜ ). This is what one would obtain if one is purely in the IR.
Before we end this subsection, we briefly comment on the case of bulk AdS 4 . A similar calculation for AdS 4 yields (with cr , ef f , and˜ being defined in the same way as in the AdS 5 case), and the RT volume for geodesics that lie purely in the UV region and does not see the domain wall is a purely divergent piece, Let us note some salient features of these equations as well. The "volume law" is again satisfied, as expected. Next, we note that for ef f = 0, the pure UV contribution matches with the first line of eq. (19). Then, we consider the case / cr ∼ 1. Again, if we assume in the spirit of our previous discussion that ef f /˜ 1, then we see that the terms involving L IR are again similar in form to their UV cousins in the first line of eq. (19), with the replacement ( /δ) → ( ef f /˜ ).

A sharp domain wall : Strip shaped entangling Region
We now briefly consider a sharp domain wall with a strip shaped entangling region. In this subsection, we will restrict ourselves to a bulk AdS 3 , and take the entangling surface to be a strip of length . This geometry was considered in [28], where it was shown that this geometry shows an interesting phase behaviour with a holographic phase transition (as a function of the strip length). In the initial part of this subsection, we briefly review the results contained therein. We remind the reader that the conformal factor A(r) is taken to be of the form of eq.(10) with the location of the domain wall at r = r 0 , and as mentioned in the previous subsections, this profile is not a solution of the Einstein's equations resulting from eq.(8), but we use it here as a toy model in conjunction with a strip shaped entangling region. We record the expression for the area functional, The fact that the integrand does not depend on x(r) translates into where we will consider only the branch for which the derivative of eq. (22) is positive. Here, K 2 ≡ K 2 ( ) is a conserved quantity that is determined by demanding x = 0 at r = r * , which is the turning point of the minimal surface. There are two types of minimal surfaces for the geometry denoted by eqs. (9) and (10), namely those surfaces that stay purely in the UV region and those that penetrate deeper into the bulk and reach the IR region. For the ones that are entirely in the UV region, eq. (22) is integrated to give, According to the boundary condition mentioned before, K U V = e −r * /L U V . One also demands that x = /2 as r → ∞, so that = 2L U V e −r 0 /L U V . Since the turning point of the minimal surface lies in the UV region, we may define a relation ≤ 2 , where 2 = 2L U V e −r 0 /L U V . The second, and more interesting class of surfaces, penetrate into the IR, implying that r * < r 0 . The conserved quantity in this case is, The value of x for which the minimal surface encounters the domain wall is denoted by, x t = x IR (r 0 ) = x U V (r 0 ). The parts of the geodesic lying in the UV and IR regions (x U V and x IR respectively) may readily be found by directly integrating eq. (22) to obtain Here, c U V is an integration constant. By imposing the conditions, x IR (r * ) = 0 and x U V (r) = /2, c U V is found to be, Expressions for the length of the strip and location x t of the domain wall may be found from the above equations and give From this, we may solve for K IR to obtain, It may be noted that for the K IR ± to have real roots, we must have ≥ cr with, Here, cr is interpreted as the critical strip length so that the geodesics penetrate into the IR. This is similar to the critical length encountered for the disc shaped entangling region in the previous subsections. From the above discussions, it follows that as far as the entanglement entropy is concerned, in the region cr < < 2 , there are three valid solutions of the entanglement entropy. The pure UV part of the entropy is valid for < 2 , whereas for > 2 , the root K IR+ correspond to consistent solutions, with K IR− being ruled out as dx/dr becomes negative here.
With these necessary ingredients from [28], we will now set up the expression for the volume enclosed by minimal RT surface given from eq.(9). The volume is given by an expression analogous to eq.(16), and reads Here, the UV cut-off r ∞ = L U V log(L U V /δ). Note that we are using a separate cut-off for x, which may simply be related to the UV cut-off δ by the relation r(x = ( − )/2) = r ∞ yielding [28], It is easier to present the results by setting, without loss of generality, r 0 = 0, and with this, the expression for the complexity reads Note that the divergent piece comes purely from the UV contribution (this can also be understood by evaluating the volume in the case that the geodesics do not penetrate into the IR). One can now use eq.(28) to compute the complexity. Note that in the case of entanglement entropy, the pure UV contribution ∼ log( /δ), so that one could consistently subtract out the divergent piece by considering, for example, the difference in the entropy for two different strip lengths. In our case, it is more useful to look at the finite part of the volume under the RT sufrace, by subracting the divergent part from eq.(32). The behaviour of the complexity can be easily gleaned by substituting the values of K IR± from eq.(28) in the finite part of eq.(32). These are called V Σ+ and V Σ− in sequel. From eq.(28), it is seen that these match at = cr and that at = 2 , V Σ− = 0. Also, it can be checked that V Σ+ − V Σ− is a monotonically increasing function in the interval cr < < 2 . From considerations of the entanglement entropy, it has been shown in [28] that there is a first order phase transition in the interval cr < < 2 , when the entropy from the pure UV part equals that coming from the branch K IR+ . However, our discussion above coupled with the fact that in this case, there is no non-trivial dependence of the complexity on the strip length in the pure UV region, leads to the conclusion that complexity does not capture information regarding this phase transition, and that there is a discontinuous jump in the complexity at such a transition.

A smooth domain wall: Strip shaped entangling region
So far, we have just considered a sharp domain wall for simplicity. We may now consider a more realistic profile for the warp factor A(r), which has also been considered in [28]. Our aim in this subsection is to understand the nature of the RT volume for these theories and contrast them with the entanglement entropy wherever possible. The importance of the smooth domain wall profile in holographic RG flows is that this should remove the inconsistency that we have seen in the last two subsections, namely a position dependent nature of the divergence structure, that hampered a consistent renormalization of the complexity along the RG flow. We see in a moment that this is indeed true.
For a smooth domain wall, the functional form chosen for the profile is 4 e A(r) = e r/L (2 cosh(r/R)) −γ (33) The AdS length scales at the UV and IR fixed points are given by, As before, the equation determining the minimal surfaces is given by, With the A(r) chosen according to eq. (33), an analytic solution to the above equation is no longer possible. However, one determine that x(r) ∼ √ r − r * as r → r * . With this asymptotic behaviour, we may develop a series solution of x(r) in the neighbourhood of the point r = r * . The series solution can be treated as the initial condition for numerically finding the solution of x(r) by shooting from a point close to r = r * . For investigating the existence of a phase transition, it is necessary to plot the strip length as a function of r * . We may obtain from the relation, (r * ) = 2 lim r→∞ x(r) As discussed in [28], specific choices of the parameters L, γ and R can produce different types of solutions for the strip length . In particular, we will focus here on a choice of parameters that can produce multiple valued (for some range of r * ) as a function of r * . It is known that such solutions of might indicate first order phase transitions in the theory, as a function of the strip length. In fig. 1(a), we present such a solution, for L = 0.66, γ = 0.5R, R = 0.02 (γ/R is fixed). 5 As we will see, the results are independent of the UV cut-off δ. It may be seen from the fig.1(a)  compute the volume numerically from the integral, The expression for the volume implicitly depends on r * , since ≡ (r * ). Now, since we have both V Σ and as a function of e r * /L U V (which is a convenient scale for the x-axis), it is not difficult to express V Σ as a function of . A word on regulating the volume is in order. It can be verified that the factor A(r) behaves as A(r) ∼ r L − γr R as we approach r → ∞. Evaluating the above integral in the limit r → ∞ (which is responsible for the UV divergence in the volume) yields the divergent contribution, that has to be subtracted out from eq. (37) to obtain a finite expression. Indeed, this is the only divergence in the theory and has the expected /δ behaviour. There is therefore no problem in regulating the complexity (numerically) in a consistent manner throughout the flow. As we have mentioned, it may be observed from fig. 1(a) that there are three possible branches of r * for a fixed value of (for a range of ). Fig. 1(b) shows V Σ as a function of e r * /L U V . Figs. 2(a) and (b) show the entanglement entropy and the complexity as a function of . In case of the former, we see the typical swallow-tail behaviour as observed for the sharp domain wall in [28]. As far as V Σ is concerned, it shows a multi-valued behaviour with respect to . In this figure, the vertical dashed line denotes the phase transition, ≈ 1.79. It is more interesting to consider the variation of V Σ with γ of eq.(33). This is a perturbation parameter that appears in the potential (see eq.(C.8) of [28]). In the spirit of our discussion in section 2, γ can therefore be taken as a coordinate in the parameter space. The question that we specifically ask is whether there is any special behavior of V Σ with respect to γ close to the phase transition. This is interesting for the following reason. As discussed in the beginning of this paper, it is well known that information theoretic quantities like the fidelity susceptibility or the Riemann curvature associated with the information metric typically show "special" behaviour near phase transitions (see, e.g [4], [5], [6]). 6 It is therefore not difficult to envisage that the holographic subregion complexity that we computed might show some interesting behaviour at the phase transition discussed above. We give evidence below that the derivative of the complexity changes sign across this transition.
We will choose a range of R (with fixed γ/R) so that we get a multi-valued as a function of r * (see fig.(6) of [28]). We will focus on γ = 0.01 for which the phase transition has been shown in fig.(2). In principle, a similar analysis will hold for each value of γ. With this in mind, in fig.(3), we have plotted V Σ as a function of γ for r * = −0.04, −0.02, −0.01, and 0.01 (top-left, top-right, bottomleft and bottom-right, respectively). We have checked that the behaviour of V Σ as a function of γ for r * < −0.04 is qualitatively similar to that with r * = −0.04. Similarly, for r * > 0.01, V Σ exhibits the same behaviour as for r * = 0.01.
It can be seen that at γ = 0.01 (which is our point of interest here), the quantity dV Σ /dγ changes sign as we vary r * from −0.02 to −0.01. Since the numerics become somewhat unstable as we increase the precision of r * , we could not adopt a finer resolution. In any case, if we assume that the change of sign in  fig. 2(a). This is indicative of the fact that within the limits of numerical error, the first derivative dV Σ /dγ changes sign across the phase transition. At this point, we are unable to make a stronger statement regarding the second derivative of V Σ (γ) which should be related to the Fisher information. Calculating the numerical derivatives of V Σ (γ) directly would be interesting. This certainly deserves further investigation and we will leave this as a future consideration.
The Janus solution is an ansatz where AdS d+1 is foliated using AdS d slices. Let us take the Poincaŕe sliced metric of AdS d+1 , The above metric can be mapped to the Janus ansatz by the following transformation, resulting in, In contrast to the Poincaŕe sliced metric where the boundary is located at z = 0, the above metric has three distinct components which can be interpreted as boundaries, namely, µ = 0, π and y = 0. We can interpret the µ = 0, π as half spaces corresponding to two different CFTs and the y = 0 as the co-dimension one defect where the two half-spaces and joined together. Motivated by the prospect of studying how the complexity behaves in a boundary/interface CFT, we compute the volume of the Janus solution in the subsequent discussion, restricting ourselves to d = 2.
Since we are interested in a RG flow scenario, we make the following slight change to the Janus ansatz, where the factor f (µ) equals f (µ) = 1 sin 2 µ at the fixed points where the space is AdS. To solve for the geometry numerically, we shall need the Einstein equations resulting from eq. (8), with φ ≡ φ(µ). Plugging in the metric (42), we get the following equations [26], where we have written the potential as, Out of the three equations in eqs.(43), we treat the first two as independent equations and the third as a constraint. While seeking solutions to the above equations that specify the geometry, we take a toy model for the potential of the form,V According to the holographic dictionary, the mass of the scalar field m is related to the conformal dimension in the dual field theory as, Since our motivation is to study RG flows, which flow to IR fixed points, we choose the conformal dimensions such that the scalar operator is relevant in the IR, i.e, In the AdS d slicing, φ can be shown to have the near boundary behaviour, This behaviour is actually analogous to the well-known behaviour of the scalar field the Poincaŕe slicing [26] and α and β may be identified with the expectation value and the source of the operator respectively. With the eqs. (43) fully specified, the initial conditions for φ(µ) and f (µ) can now be specified. We take the boundary of one half space to be located at µ = 0. As this is a fixed point in the RG flow, the space in AdS and so f (µ) = 1 µ 2 to leading order in µ. Going beyond the leading order, the asymptotic behaviour of the fields is given by [26], It may be noted here that we have set the expectation value of the scalar field α = 0. Similar to the calculation for entanglement entropy, we consider a strip entangling surface of length . The minimal surfaces are those that intersect the constant time slice of the geometry, and are parametrized by y ≡ Y (µ). The area functional is given by, The geodesic equation that minimizes the above functional is given by, Using the asymptotic behaviours of f (µ) and φ(µ) from eqs. (49), we get the initial data for Y (µ) as, Now, we proceed to solve the set of eqs. (43) and (53) numerically using a shooting method. The characteristics of the solutions are discussed at length in [26], but we include some brief remarks here for completeness. Whether the geometry is dual to an ICFT or a BCFT depends on the source strength β of the scalar operator in the conformal field theory. It can be found that the solution blows up if the magnitude of β is increased beyond a certain critical value (which of course, depends on the two other constants which have to be fixed, namely λ 4 and ∆). Numerically, we monitor the value of f (µ) while integrating the system of equations. For a value of β below the critical value, we find that f (µ) may again be approximated by 1 sin 2 µ at µ = µ * , indicating that the geometry has flowed into another AdS region. This is thus an example of an ICFT. For values of β greater than the critical value, f (µ) blows up at µ = µ * , indicating that the theory has acquired a mass.
The geodesic solutions are also obtained from eqs.(43) and (53) and it may be readily verified that for the BCFT geometry, which is singular at µ = µ * , there is only one geodesic, Y (µ) = which reaches the singularity. All other geodesics are repelled and do not reach the singularity. So, this unique geodesic is the one which is used to calculate the complexity. In the ICFT case of course, there is an infinite class of geodesics which reach the point µ = µ * .
With the numerical solutions of f (µ) and Y (µ) in hand, we proceed to calculate the complexity, which is given by Here, µ = is the counterpart of the UV cut-off in the Poincaŕe slicing. Following [36], [37], we note that strictly speaking, we should impose a separate cut-off (say δ), for the coordinate y. However, since we concentrate on a purely numerical treatment (and moreover we have set = 1 throughout) it is not difficult to see that this does not affect any of our results below.
Similar to the entanglement entropy, the complexity is a divergent quantity due to the the behaviour f (µ) ∼ 1 µ 2 as µ → 0. The expression for the volume may be regulated by subtracting out the divergent part, which may be evaluated to be log( ). By inspection of eq.(55), it is seen that the finite part of the complexity is independent of . In figs. (4) and (5), we have plotted V Σ as a function of β, λ 4 and m 2 . Following our discussion in section 2, The latter two quantities can indeed be thought of as coordinates on a parameter manifold. Hence, these figures can be viewed as pictorial depictions of analogues of the Fisher metric of section 2. However, we should point out that numerical limitations did not allow us to take small values of the couplings that we would ideally have liked to. Note also that the complexity is a monotonically decreasing function of β. This is similar in nature to the behaviour of the entanglement entropy (or more appropriately the "g function") studied for BCFTs in d = 2 [26].
as it might result in newer insight into the gauge/gravity duality, appropriate derivatives of the complexity can be thought of as defining the Fisher information metric for these scenarios in lines with [22].
Our computation of the complexity or the RT volume for a sharp domain wall scenario revealed some interesting properties, that could be contrasted with the behaviour of the entanglement entropy. This analysis was done both for disc shaped and strip shaped entangling regions. In particular, we noticed that the holographic phase transition revealed by the analysis of [28] cannot be captured by the complexity. However, the situation changed when we computed the RT volume for the smooth domain wall scenario, and we found that interestingly, the complexity captured the physics of phase transition here, and our results are indicative of the fact that the derivative of the complexity (related to the Fisher metric) changes sign at the phase transition. Finally, we computed the complexity for the Janus solution and obtained its variation with respect to the system parameters, which can in principle be used to determine the information metric.
A deeper understanding of subregion complexity and its relation to the Fisher information metric is of great interest. We have taken the initial steps in this paper, and hope to report on further progress in a forthcoming work.