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Josephson effect and Anderson's theorem.

Single-electron tunneling through the oxide barrier separating two metal films in the normal state lowers the energy of the system. Part of this self-energy is lost when the films become superconducting because of the gap in the quasiparticle spectrum. The lost self-energy is, however, restored by the tunneling of Cooper pairs and the resulting Josephson coupling energy, as expected from Anderson's ''dirty superconductor theorem.''