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Demand side management for water heating installations in South African commercial buildings

The largest percentage of the sanitary hot water used in South African buildings is heated by means of direct electrical resistance heaters. This is one of the major contributing factors of the undesirable high morning and afternoon peaks imposed on the national electricity supply grid. Water heating therefore continues to be of concern to ESKOM, the country's only electrical utility company. The so‐called in‐line water heating system design methodology was developed to address this problem. This paper investigates the potential impact of in‐line systems on the national peak electrical demand.