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Psychological Aspects of Modernization in Turkey

A ttitudinal, aspirational, familial, and social structural variables were assessed among Turkish high school students. Two main personality types emerged. Type 1, the traditional, was characterized by core authoritarianism, anomia, pessimism about personal future, belief in external control of reinforcement, and religious orientation. Type 2, the modern, was characterized by optimism about personal future, belief in internal control of reinforcement, and achievement orientation. Type 2 was found to develop in a family atmosphere characterized by affection, whereas Type 1 was associated with family control. Family control, in turn, was found to be more characteristic of immobile, lower-SES, and rural homes, whereas family affection characterized upper-SES homes. Thus, social structural variables affected attitudinal dispositions, and specifically modernity, through the mediating role of the family. Sex differences in modernity were also obtained.