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Examination of the first-night effect during the sleep-onset period.

STUDY OBJECTIVES
The present study examined the first-night effect during the sleep-onset period using the 9 electroencephalogram stage scoring system.


DESIGN
After a week of monitoring sleep-wake habits with sleep diaries and wrist actigraphy, polysomnography recording was made for 3 consecutive nights.


SETTING
Participants slept in their own private, individual, temperature-controlled bedroom in a sleep laboratory at the university.


PARTICIPANTS
Eleven healthy student volunteers (5 women and 6 men, 21 to 25 years old, mean 22.7 years) who had no experience sleeping in a laboratory participated in the study.


INTERVENTIONS
N/A.


MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
The electroencephalogram during the sleep-onset period was scored manually for every 5-second epoch into 9 electroencephalogram stages. Latencies of the electroencephalogram stages were delayed on the first night, especially during the alpha-wave intermittent stages. The average time of the alpha-wave train, intermittent (> 50%) and the electroencephalogram flattening stage increased on Night 1. Stage changes among these stages also increased on Night 1. In contrast, stage changes between the alpha-wave intermittent stage (< 50%) and the theta-wave stage increased on Night 3.


CONCLUSIONS
Alpha-wave activity increased on Night 1, demonstrating that the activity of the wake-promoting system during the sleep-onset period was enhanced on the first night. From the second to the third night, the alpha-wave intermittent stage jumped to the theta-wave stage, omitting electroencephalogram flattening, suggesting that the electroencephalogram flattening stage is unlikely to appear during stable sleep-onset period. This is the first study to demonstrate the detail of the first-night effect during the sleep-onset period.