{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03104976141785958, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011622358554873893, 'mean_word_length': 5.417541557305337, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 3, 'https://': 1, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 2, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Evaluation of thermogravimetric analysis as a rapid tool for the detection of rhizobacteria biostimulants used in precision agriculture

Six-week-old root samples were evaluated using high resolution (maximum resolution [MaxRes]) thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of the cell wall compositions of Gram-positive (Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Burkholderia sp., Rahnella aquatilis strain H 2.6, and R. aquatilis strain RC 2.5) root colonizing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) commercial inoculant strains (biostimulants) applied to pot grown wheat plants. TGA discriminated the strains within the two types of rhizobacterial cohorts and thus provided a rapid non-molecular means for the detection of PGPR inoculant biostimulants within hours of root sampling. The latter was due to the greater degree of definition of TGA fingerprints of individual thermal weight loss events occurring over a degradation range, and heightened the corresponding peak temperature divergences within strains of either type of bacteria themselves for their unequivocal identification. Confirmation of biostimulant rhizobacteria identity in concomitant root samples was achieved through either cultural methods or direct tissue PCR molecular protocols within 5 days and 2 days of sampling, respectively. The results suggested that MaxRes TGA could serve as a rapid, inexpensive stand-alone tool or as combinatorial utility alongside pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectra, and Fourier transform infrared analytics for the early detection of PGPR biostimulants in precision farming.


INTRODUCTION
Plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) incorporating plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), fungi and the recent "bio-effectors" also known as BIOFECTORS (www. biofector.info) are all broadly categorized as "Biostimulants" for registration of PGP biofertilzers. PGP biostimulants are thus essentially made from microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), bioactive natural compounds (extracts from seaweed, plants, and composts) with the ability to improve growth, nutrient acquisition, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance of crops to combat against the global climate change [1][2][3]. The need for screening and evaluations of PGPR strains and their multiple traits expressed in agro-ecologically challenging terrains has been further recently highlighted [4]. These horizon markers, in turn, allow farmers to adopt computer software assisted precision farming for the application of minimal use of agro-chemicals, and maximize PGPR biostimulants as replacement chemical fertilizers, thus helping to reduce expenses, produce higher yields, and create environmentally sustainable farming operations.
Field biologists often rely either on simple end of crop data (e.g., grain yield), or metadata analyses [5] for PGP assessments. Following biostimulants treatment [6,7] indeed new generation sequencing tools [8] provide vibrant dynamics of gene expression assays on plant growth promoting (PGP) phytohormone responses. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of Plant/seaweed biostimulants (Rygex, Manek, and Ecoryg) revealed physicochemical information and structural architecture of plant cell-walls and when coupled with wheat leaf senescence bioassays [9] gained insights on phytohormone effects. However, concomitant PGPRs' cell wall compositional informatics in the plant rhizosphere biome, a site wherein biofertilizer agents and their qualitative and quantitative traits that impact [10] the growth and development of the host plant, is lacking. A discernible gap, therefore, exists in our knowledge and capacity for availing new tools and approaches such as TGA on PGPRs. To this end, we set out using a winter wheat pot culture evaluation model, to validate the feasibility of using non-molecular combinatorial chemical tools (e.g., TGA and Fourier transform infrared [FTIR]) for rapid, reliable, robust, sensitive detection of chemical signatures unique to interactive PGPR biostimulant colonizer strains in the plant rhizobiome, and the potential usefulness of TGA data to enhance precision agriculture management is discussed.

Pot Trial for Evaluating the Detection of Bacterial Biostimulants using TGA, Microbiological, and Molecular Methods
A pot trial on winter wheat (variety J B Diego) raised in low and standard phosphorus fertility grade local soils. A factorial randomized plot design comprised the soils were filled in 60 pots that represented six treatments of five bacterial inoculants, one untreated control, and two replicates of each treatment/soil type. Specific strains [ Table 1] comprising six commercial rhizobacteria (source: University of Hohenheim, Germany) three Gram positives, namely, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus subtilis and three Gramnegatives Burkholderia sp., Rahnella aquatilis (strain H 2.6), and R. aquatilis (strain RC 2.5) were applied as a mixed cocktail at the rates prescribed by the commercial suppliers (>1.0 × 10 6 colony forming units (CFU) ml-1 g-1 ) uniformly in the pots at the time of sowing, and as a PGPR enrichment dressing after 4 weeks of wheat crop emergence. Root samples were drawn 2 weeks after the enrichment dressing step for further TGA, microbiological, and molecular analyses.

TGA for Detection of PGPR Biostimulants in WHEAT roots
Aliquot of 100 mg of representative washed dried root tissue samples was freeze-dried and these were ready for TGA analyses within 2 h of sampling. TGA was performed using a Mettler TGA/DSC 1. Two methods of pyrolysis were carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere with a controlled gas flow rate of 50 ml/min. In the first one, pyrolysis was achieved at a constant heating rate of 20°C/min and the temperature range 32-800°C. In the second one, a temperature range of 32-600°C and a dynamic heating rate which varied from 0.5°C/min to 20°C/min which allowed for maximum resolution (MaxRes). Pyrolysis analysis was performed in triplicate. Due to limited material, MaxRes analysis was performed in duplicate. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the data produced from FTIR and TGA analyses [11,12] on specific strains, namely, six commercial rhizobacteria (source: University of Hohenheim, Germany) three Gram-positives, namely, B. mucilaginosus, B. amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus subtilis and three Gram-negatives Burkholderia sp., R. aquatilis (strain H 2.6), and R. aquatilis (strain RC 2.5) and their profiles held as reference thermal degradation thermogram profiles databank library in our laboratory.

Microscopy, culture, and growth media/plating techniques of root tissues
Fresh root tissues were thoroughly washed in sterile water to remove any adhering soil lumps. Using adsorbent paper, the fresh root tissues were carefully blotted and adequately dried. A piece of the root tissue of winter wheat was examined under the light microscope. In this routine root surface microscopic visualization technique, methylene blue dye staining for visualizing bacterial colonization of the root surface. A 2 mM solution of DMAO (DMAO), a membrane-permeable DNA dye (supplied at 2 mM in DMSO by Biotium R ) that preferentially binds to dsDNA with green fluorescence (Ex/Em (DNA bound) = 503/530 nm), served as a staining agent for ascertaining "live" bacteria (usually seen in blue-green stain as per manufacturer's protocols https://biotium. com/product/bacterial-viability-and-gram-stain-kit/). Emergent putative bacteria and fungi from the root surface were determined through appropriate culture media and plating techniques.

Molecular analysis for the detection of PGPR biostimulants in root tissue surface
Aliquots of whole root tissues from above were subjected to molecular assays involving polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the amplification of either fungal 18S rDNA ITS regions 16S rRNA universal bacterial amplicons were employed [13] to establish the root surface resident or fungal surface piggy backing bacteria (e.g., ectosymbionts), respectively. Resulting PCR amplicon sequences obtained for fungal or bacterial samples were established from chromatogram analysis [14] and the confirmed set of sequences was compared with those stored in the GenBank using the BLASTn alignment software (http://www. blast.genome.ad.jp/).

Statistical scrutiny of data emerging from three disparate methods comprising chemical, microbiological, and molecular approaches to detect the same bacteria
The standard error calculations emerging from each data sets comprising chemical (TGA), molecular (culture-PCR and direct tissue), and microbiological (plate culture) analyses would have unequal replicates. To statistically validate the assumptions made for standard errors and the linear correlation (magnitude of variance) between the three methods, an altman-bland estimation [15] was used for drawing comparative relationships of agreement between variant measurements while achieving the detection of the same bacteria.

TGA MaxRes Method for the Detection of PGPR Biostimulants in Wheat Roots
Aliquot colonies representative of the specific introduced microbial biostimulant PGPR strains identified in the aforesaid microbiological and molecular steps were further analyzed using combinatorial chemical methods. Thermogravimetric pyrolysis first derivative weight loss profiles [ Figure 1] is shown Figure 1a and b inset blocks *Mean (biostimulant bacteria inoculum applied to soil) >2.0×10 6 (cfu) ml-1 g-1 . **The mean total bacterial counts recovered from root surfaces at the time of sampling for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The bacterial cell composites comprising lipids, polysaccharides and proteins tended to thermally degrade over a temperature range starting around 150°C up to 450°C. In the case of the Gram-positive bacteria, Figure 1a, the thermograms consist of a main broad weight loss event in this range. The thermal degradation profiles of the Gram-negative bacteria, Figure 1b, exhibited difference in profiles from that of the Gram-positive bacteria in that the appearance of a well-defined shoulder to the main weight loss peak around 250°C indicated the presence of more volatile components. In the case of Burkholderia sp. the main weigh loss peak, being narrow and of increased magnitude, suggested a relatively chemically homogeneous composition of cell wall material.

Thermogram traces from TGA analysis of cell walls of biostimulants
The TGA MaxRes method generated a detailed thermogram, separating the individual thermal weight loss events occurring over the range of degradation that resulted in defined profiles as first level dependent TGA fingerprints. The MaxRes fingerprints [ Figure 1c and d] for the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, demonstrated that the extent of thermal degradation of organic molecules which is dependent on intramolecular strength of bonding, the degree of crosslinking, and the nature of the various subunits involved in disparate molecules. It can be inferred that the number of individual peaks relates to the heterogeneity of the bacterial cell wall. For example, while the cell wall of B. mucilaginosus was the most homogeneous  with only three separate weight loss peaks [ Figure 1c] compared to the six of B. amyloliquefaciens and the seven of B. subtilis.

Thermal pyrolysis and degradation peak variations between biostimulant strains
The peak temperatures of all the individual MaxRes weight loss peaks are summarized in Table 2. A clear distinction between the Gram-positives themselves was evident. No two bacteria had identical peak attenuations in lower, central, or higher weight loss peak range. While all Gram-positives tested in this study had no peaks before 249°C, Gram negatives have degradation peaks starting from 213°C. The only cell wall components degradation peak common zone observed for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, is the central thermal degradation temperatures (shown in the box highlighted with a dark border in Table 2) that fell between 299 and 328°C. It is noteworthy that strain level variation is evident amongst all three categories of low, central, and higher range of thermal degradation peak sets.
The weight loss of thermal degradation [ Figure 1d] of both strains of R. aquatilis showed that they have a more heterogeneous cell wall composition than that of Burkholderia sp. For Burkholderia sp., the lower degradation points started from peaks at °C-226, 256, 294, and 317, with a final attenuated peak of 344; and none detected beyond that point [ Table 2]. However, for the two R. aquatilis strains, the degradation temperature patterns were variant starting from peaks for R. aquatilis (H.2.6) at °C-217, 242, 265, 286, 310, 334, 360, and 388 and through to 429 while for R. aquatilis (RC 2.5) the peak attenuations started from 213, with peaks at °C-237, 260, 281, 305, 328, 352, 379, and 409, respectively. The greater degree of definition on offer by MaxRes pyrolysis heightened corresponding peak temperature divergences. This thereby raised the potential of this method, further to allowing for differentiation of bacterial species, for strain level bacterial identification within the speciation of either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria.

PCA on the data produced from FTIR and TGA analysis on specific strains, namely, six commercial rhizobacteria
PCA of the FTIR data [ Figure 2a] for statistically significant replicate composites for each bacteria showed a relatively greater clustering (e.g., Burkholderia sp), B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens and these assemblages illustrated a clear delineation between the Gram-negative and the Gram-positive bacteria but not within the group. Quite remarkably, the PCA cluster plots of TGA pyrolysis data for bacteria [ Figure 2b and c] indicated an improvement in differentiation between the two Gram bacterial groups using TGA rather than FTIR. In addition, the two strains of R. aquatilis were distinctly differentiated using TGA whereas the FTIR was unable to clearly discriminate from one another. However, it has to be noted that FTIR allowed a clearer distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria than the TGA [ Figure 3]. The use of FTIR as a combinatorial tool alongside TGA MaxRes pyrolysis data might heighten the qualitative differentiation between Gram-positive and  Gram-negative bacterial colonizers in the rhizosphere. For instance, the FTIR bands associated with cell wall chemical constituentspecific organic molecules comprising carbohydrates, lipids, amino/ amides, and others that have definitive reactive groups, namely, hydroxyl (-OH), methyl (-CH3), methylene (-CH2), carbonyl (-CO), amide (C-N), and amide (-NH2) that exhibits unique chemical 3-D structural features such as bonding patterns (bending, stretching) and molecular hierarchical speciation (e.g., scissoring, vibrations rocking) that are readable from the FTIR spectral traces of the bacterial cell wall.

Microbiological methods
An initial estimate of bacterial count yielded ca. >2.0 × 10 6 CFU ml-1 g-1 of soil. A mean total bacterial count of 1.34 × 10 6 CFU ml-1 g-1 was recovered from 6 week old root surfaces at the time of our microbiological, molecular, and chemical analyses of the roots. Aliquots of 6 weeks old winter wheat plant roots [ Figure 4a] were obtained from the pot trial in which the host received biostimulant bacteria as foliar and root treatments (shown in cartoon Figure 4b).
A piece of the root tissue of winter wheat was examined under the light microscope. In this routine root surface microscopic visualization technique, methylene blue dye staining revealed an intense bacterial colonization of the root surface [ Figure 4c], and Biotium R DMAO membrane-permeable DNA dye staining of root surface microtome section fixates revealed live' bacteria as blue-green fluorescent under the microscope ×100 (visual still and video effects not displayed). An aliquot of root sample was surface sterilized first and then placed on potato dextrose agar yielded emergent presumptive fungi and from infected tissue and bacterial colonies that were adjacent to the fungal colonies in the same plate [ Figure 5a]. The plates yielded predominantly carmine red colonies that were presumptively read as Fusarium hyphae obtained from the root tissue (left hand side Petri plates depicted in Figure 5a) and swarms of bacterial colonies surrounding the emergent mycelial hyphae (right hand side Petri plates shown in Figure 5a).

Molecular analysis on culture derived colonies or direct tissue extracted samples
≥ Molecular analyses [ Figure 5b] were performed on culture derived colonies or direct tissue extracted samples. Using 18S rDNA ITS 1 region universal fungal primers, following gel electrophoresis and sequence BLASTn checks revealed PCR products that corresponding to Fusarium oxysporum wild types naturally occurring in Northern Ireland soils. Using 16S rDNA universal sets of primers, molecular assays on the same sample sets identified the presence of the bacterial  biostimulants comprising three Gram-positive bacteria, namely, B. mucilaginosus, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. subtilis and three Gram negatives Burkholderia sp., R. aquatilis (strain H 2.6), and R. aquatilis (strain RC 2.5) in all the winter wheat rhizosphere samples tested between 6 week old plants. In addition, three specific native bacteria, namely, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Paenibacillus polymyxa were also detected as rhizosphere soil inhabitants. P-solubilizing capabilities [ Figure 5c] of the individual colonies corresponding to the bacterial biostimulants that were confirmed through the molecular assay were evidenced from their zones of clearance seen when assayed on a culture medium supplied with tri-calcium phosphate. A semi-quantitative multiplex PCR assays (data not shown) on the total bacterial cocktail culturable representations (ca. 1.34 × 10 6 CFU ml-1 g-1 ) recovered from 6 weeks old root surfaces indicated that the six inoculant PGPRs introduced into the soil collectively make up to over roughly ca. 43.76% of the total root surface dominant competitive wheat rhizosphere bacterial colonizers.

Distinction and specificity of six bacterial inoculant biostimulants and their identification achieved through cultural, molecular, and chemical (TGA) approaches
The distinction specificity of six PGPR strains applied to soil and their recovery through microbiological methods and follow-on identification by molecular and chemical methods is summarized in Table 3. In general, the molecular assay using standard polymerase chain reaction techniques offered high specificity of identification of individual bacteria and discrimination within 2 days after sampling directly from roots. Microbiological methods as would be expected needs at least 3-5 days initially for colonies to emerge from culture plate methods. Such putative colonies of individual strains of biostimulant bacteria arising from root surface samples can also be ascertained with a high degree of accuracy for their identity through molecular assays within 1-2 days after the colonies were isolated from culture plates. In the chemical methods applied in this study for strain identification, FT-IR can distinguish either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial strains but did not clearly differentiate strains within the same Gram group sets. On the other hand, TGA MaxRes technique gave distinctive thermal degradation peak pattern fingerprints unique for individual strains of either Gram group sets of bacteria tested. When the TGA MaxRes was used in combination with FT-IR, the individual strain's cell wall compositional data heightened the specificity of the individual strains of bacteria regardless of their Gram groupings. Furthermore, the TGA MaxRes either as a standalone or in tandem with FT-IR facilitated the biostimulant bacterial identification the same day of sampling. Our results [ Table 3] on the detection of bacteria in roots demonstrated significant confidence interval variances (Standard Error = P < 0.05) over the variant methods of detection.  In this study, we achieved the distinction specificity of six PGPR strains by disparate techniques comprising microbiological, molecular, and chemical methods. Using a universal Student's t-test on each of the methods, the data indicated that they were statistically very significant (P < 0.05) by themselves. However, bearing in mind, our laboratory methods for detecting bacteria in this study were quite different techniques; the datasets emerging from individual testing measurements can be, therefore, expected to vary not only in unequal replicate numbers but also in the quantitative underlying values in one type of method or the other. To this end, measurement gauge and emergent quantitative (replicate) differences evinced in different laboratory methods, namely, chemical, molecular, and microbiological tools for comparison studies applied for the same target (i.e., detection of bacteria in our present study) are inevitable. To contend with this innate anomaly in our tripartite analyses, using Altman-Bland test and statistically setting a 95% limits of standard error (P ≤ 0.05) confidence intervals, our data provided an agreement of relationship for comparisons of the three variant diagnostic methods for the distinction of the same six inoculant biostimulant bacteria.

Precision agriculture model for utilizing the rapid chemical tools for rhizosphere domination of PGPRs
Plant root-soil rhizosphere (Figure 4 illustration B) is a versatile and dynamic ecological environment of intense plant root-microbe interactions for harnessing essential microbiological actors (e.g., introduced PGPR) in the soil. The roots respond dynamically to their specific soil environment by playing an active role in the plant-soil biome. As shown in Figure 4b cartoon, plants are constantly exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. A key plant adaptation is priming which offers a means to prepare for a future stimuli/stress. Priming is a physiological state triggered by an exposure to a stimulus such as introduced biostimulant PGPR among other stresses from pests, pathogens, chemicals, flood, drought, and cold.

DISCUSSION
Our results showed that bacterial cell wall composites' thermal degradation patterns obtained through TGA MaxRes analyses derived unique structural patterns and group assignations. The thermogravimetric variations in its breakdown components of bacterial cell walls served as extra chemical signature drew marked distinctions between Grampositive and Gram-negative bacterial cohorts. Furthermore, these chemical spectra have the potential to exploit the different chemical bonding energy profiles. Our sample analytics showed that bonding energy profiling could further heighten the discrimination of wheat root colonizing biostimulant type strains of bacterial PGPR inoculants to potted wheat plants. Current approaches for chemical fingerprinting of bacterial cell wall composition analyses often include expensive tools such as cryogenic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [16] and spectral snapshots through NMR [17]. FTIR and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py -GC-MS) have been used as cheaper options for cell wall composites fingerprinting and diagnostic tool in microbiology and food safety [18], characterization of cellular composites of algal biostimulants [19], and as successful drug discovery research [20]. TGA and FTIR described in this study are also regarded as versatile combinatorial tools for the identification of food industry and environmental health impacting bacteria Staphylococcus aureus [21], Listeria monocytogenes [22], and Bacillus species [23]. Nevertheless, unlike TGA MaxRes/Py-GC-MS, FTIR has limitations in its efficacy while distinguishing bacterial strains within a given species whose cell walls comprise similar IR functional groups.
Microbial biostimulants (e.g., B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, Burkholderia sp, Paenibacillus spp, and R. aquatilis) were detected through cultural, molecular (PCR), and chemical methods. These technically disparate methods inevitably carried variances of replicates, standard errors, and linear correlation deviances in the data [24]. Subsequent statistical Altman-Bland estimations validated an agreement in 95% confidence intervals between the three methods for drawing equitable comparisons. The wheat roots' surface preponderance with the six bacterial biostimulant inoculants was found alongside cocolonizing saprophytic fungi Fusarium spp., and F. oxysporum [25]. This finding is consistent with recent literature [26,27] for plant pathogen biocontrol [28]; and growth promotion effects [29] such as biostimulant bacteria exhibited P-solubilizing capabilities ideal for low P soils, when tested on triphosphate containing growth media. Protocols of PCR and TGA MaxRes Py-GC-MS, and FTIR on bacterial samples are all real-time data. Recently researchers [30], by combining an analytical tool such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS, they successfully achieved the tracing and detection of two well-characterized PGPR Pseudomonas strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf153 and Pseudomonas sp. DSMZ 13134), in the pot grown maize root and rhizoplane in di-erent soils using a TaqMan-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays with a sensitivity of up to 1.4 × 10 2 CFU and 1.3 × 10 4 CFU g-1 root fresh weight for the biostimulant inoculant PGPR strains. However, whereas PCR techniques require gene amplification steps, chemical tools cut the need and time to amplify target cellular amplicons. Despite pot grown sample size limitations, our results raise the possibility of utilizing TGA MaxRes Py-GC-MS, FTIR profiling of PGPR bacterial cells on direct root tissues for rapid detection of root predispositions with biostimulants in the plant biome [31].
TGA may provide critical insight into field grown crops and the predispositions to introduced PGPR biostimulant-mediated "priming of plant-soil biome" are increasingly sought nowadays for maximizing precision farming. A fascinating aspect of priming is the associated plant memory, a sensory plant biology described as "Darwinian root brain" hypothesis [1]. Early stage gaining of insight into plant neurobiological information on priming stimulus helps farmers to combat soil and plant environmental challenges efficiently. Automated spectral data of farm management information system interfaced with geographic information system optimizes field logistics [32]. Chemical spectral signatures from TGA Py-GC-MS, FTIR data from this study may be easily transposable into chip-based emergent software architecture of electronic agriculture [33]. Given that, our data further heightens the information-intensive farm management involving biological solutions for plant growth and soil health improvement.

CONCLUSIONS
Our proposed thermogravimetric (TGA) led technique yields a thermal weight loss distinctive "fingerprints" representative of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell pyrolysis composites. The ensuing unique thermogravimetric spectral signatures have not previously been explored for their potential to identify commercial biostimulant PGPR strains. Combinatorial TGA-MaxRes, FTIR methods that we have described in this study could yield a compendium of information on the same day of sampling on bacterial cell composition, their identity and precise location of biostimulants present in the plant-soil-microbe biomes. Our results on thermogravimetric spectral traces of plant/ bacteria cell wall composites could be used as a tool for continuous monitoring and in tandem with more renowned molecular microbiology protocols for virtual imaging of the plant-microbe interactive snapshots in action on a day-to-day basis. Our pot trial study suggests that an intelligent use of analytical tools for gaining foresight of PGPR's root occupancy may help harness the overarching biostimulant's efficacy in field sown crops for sustainable precision agriculture practice.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank EU-BIOFECTOR (Grant Agreement No. 312117) funded by the European Commission within the 7 th Framework Programme, and the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), Northern Ireland, UK for their Evidence and Innovation grant (activity 48125) to carry out the study at the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute laboratories (AFBINI.GOV.UK), Dr C Selby and Professor HSS Sharma for pot culture, sampling facilitations, and Dr D Nelson for the microbiology support.

DECLARATIONS
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. This research work does not contain any studies with human participants or animal involvement in the experiments.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.