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JC virus infection: a cause of colorectal cancer?

Although demonstration of the presence of the virus in the tumor is an important step in the characterization of the role of JCV in colorectal carcinogenesis, additional lines of evidence are necessary to establish a causal role (25). First, with respect to the characterization of the virus in the tumor, a causal role for the virus would be supported by the isolation of JCV DNA to the nuclei of tumor cells, presence of viral DNA at high copy number (i.e. at least one viral copy per cell equivalent), and expression of the T-antigen oncoprotein. JCV viral load in the context of CRC has only been investigated in two studies (16;22), and although viral copy numbers were observed to be higher in CRC tumor as compared to adjacent normal tissue, the absolute copy numbers in the tumor tissue were lower than 1 copy per cell (16). Studies have also demonstrated expression of JCV T-antigen in CRC tissues by immunohistochemistry in 32-94% of CRC tissues investigated ranging in sample size from 18-766 tumors (17;18;21; 26-30). Although none of the CRC studies investigated the location of T-antigen staining within