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Predictors and in-hospital outcomes of cardiogenic shock on admission in patients with acute coronary syndromes admitted to hospitals without on-site invasive facilities

Abstract Background: The purpose was to identify predictors of cardiogenic shock (CS) on admission and to asses associations between CS and real-life management patterns and outcomes in unselected cohort of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients admitted to hospitals without onsite invasive facilities. Methods: Data concerning in-hospital management and mortality of 56 (4.3%) patients with and 1257 (95.7%) without CS on hospital admission was assessed. Results: Prior myocardial infarction, prior heart failure symptoms, age, and diabetes mellitus were independently associated with increased risk of CS on admission. A total of 23.8% patients were transferred for invasive treatment during index hospital stay and the frequency of transfer was similar among patients with and without CS on admission (21.4% versus 23.9%; P = 0.75), but in the STEMI subgroup, patients with shock were transported less frequently (21.4% versus 43.8%; P = 0.0027). CS patients were less likely to receive guideline-recommended therapies including antiplatelet drugs, statins, and beta-blockers. In-hospital mortality was lower in non-shock patients (6.2% versus 63.6%; P < 0.001) and CS on admission was an independent predictor of in-hospital death. Conclusions: CS on admission is an important determinant of treatment strategy selection and is associated with unfavorable prognosis of ACS patients admitted to hospitals without on-site invasive facilities.