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Analysis of Geometric Invariants for Three Types of Bifurcations in 2D Differential Systems

Little is known about bifurcations in two-dimensional (2D) differential systems from the viewpoint of Kosambi–Cartan–Chern (KCC) theory. Based on the KCC geometric invariants, three types of static bifurcations in 2D differential systems, i.e. saddle-node bifurcation, transcritical bifurcation, and pitchfork bifurcation, are discussed in this paper. The dynamics far from fixed points of the systems generating bifurcations are characterized by the deviation curvature and nonlinear connection. In the nonequilibrium region, the nonlinear stability of systems is not simple but involves alternation between stability and instability, even though systems are invariably Jacobi-unstable. The results also indicate that the dynamics in the nonequilibrium region are node-like for three typical static bifurcations.