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TRADING WITH THE ENEMY DURING WARTIME

IN THEIR DEFENSE of the town of Grave against a siege by the Dutch and their allies in 1674, the French, concerned that the town was dangerously overstuffed with ammunition from other fortresses that were being evacuated, sold half of their gunpowder to the Dutch, who then used it to bombard the French. Nearly a century later, a member of the British Parliament declared that the Dutch were “so careful to preserve the inlets of gain from obstruction, that they make no scruple of supplying their enemies . . . , and have been known to sell at night those bullets which were next day to be discharged against them.” Americans are no strangers to this age-old tradition of trading with the enemy. In the first two years of the War of 1812, Americans provided approximately two-thirds of the beef rations for the British army in Canada. They also supplied the British fleet that blockaded the American coast and destroyed Washington, D.C. During the Second World War, American firms supplied oil and trucks to Nazi Germany through Switzerland, while Allied forces suffered shortages of both. The long-standing and seemingly paradoxical practice of trading with the enemy during wartime continues to the present day. As Peter Andreas concluded in his study of the clandestine political economy of the Bosnian war, “the besiegers were supplying the