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Problems of laser monitoring of photosynthetic organisms

Monitoring of photosynthetic organisms (PSO) -- phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation -- is one of the most important tools for controlling the ecological state of the environment. Being the primary element of a trophic chain, PSO play a significant role in the functioning of an ecological system, because they provide an inflow of oxygen into water and the atmosphere and regulate the carbon-dioxide content. Sometimes it is principally necessary to use remote quick-response techniques. In this paper we consider spectroscopic methods that imply an analysis of the optical characteristics of the objects under study and are most convenient in remote regime. Remote methods can be divided into passive and active ones. Passive methods require comparatively simple equipment and, hence, are cheap. They can be used from an aircraft or a satellite providing thus an ability of monitoring large areas. However, results obtained from the Earth's surface albedo can be used only for rough estimations and, as a rule, require calibration on specially selected polygons. Active methods based on exciting and detecting a fluorescent response from the object, are free of these drawbacks. In many cases, the possibility of controlling the regimes of pumping and detection eliminates an ambiguity of the result of measurements and improve their informativity. However, for such methods, the