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The Lost Lead Tank from Icklingham, Suffolk

vicinity of this place-name. The association of Gildas's receptaculum ursi with the occupation of hillforts in fifth-century Britain therefore seems remote. Assuredly, Gildas could have informed us in great detail concerning the structure and organisation of settlement at the date of composition: the fact remains that his purposes were different. In conclusion, therefore, Patrick's mention of his father's villula refers to a rural settlement and estate of high status. Archaeology can presently offer nothing more plausible for this period than the late occupation of a conventional Roman villa, so, at least as an interim measure, that interpretation should be preferred. Gildas's silence concerning villas is irrelevant to the chronology of their demise: his text has an urban bias for reasons which are rhetorical and which relate to his use of Biblical analogies for the present. Nor does he refer specifically to hillforts: those passages which have been deployed in this regard cannot, on closer examination, be made to sustain this interpretation. If it is valid to speculate about the type of settlement in which Gildas himself resided, it may be appropriate to recall his vision of a well-used countryside, with widespread agriculture and seasonal pasturage, inhabited by such numbers that he judged (retrospectively) the Romans to have been forced to retire for lack of land; even in adversity, the Britons were depicted as swarming like bees around their hive, and as 'a great multitude'. The British clergy were rich, so presumably in control of significant estates (with their labourers) as well as alms. His own education, like Patrick's interrupted one, was of a kind which was unlikely to have spread far outside the ranks of the gentry so primarily a landowner's schooling and his social attitudes would certainly sustain the view that he belonged to this sector of society. It would not be unreasonable to suppose Gildas, and those of his peers for whom he primarily wrote, to have been as much villa-dwellers as was Patrick's father, but the matter remains at present beyond definite proof.