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Energy consumption model of electric scooter for routing applications: Experimental validation

Given the low driving range of electric vehicles (EVs), the estimation of energy consumption plays a critical role in EV routing applications that compute energy efficient or optimal paths. The present work introduces an accurate and computationally efficient model to estimate the energy consumption of an electric scooter (e-scooter) under real-world driving conditions. The proposed model employs a dynamic approach to simulate the efficiency of the e-scooter motor and takes into account its overload capabilities in terms of torque or power requirements for highly demanding parts of a route. The calibration and experimental validation of the model was based on field measurements from test routes with a total distance over 100 km. The results show that the accuracy of the model coupled with its lightweight implementation using MATLAB code render it particularly suitable for route planning applications.