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Reply to Gamfeldt: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning

In his letter (1), Gamfeldt asks questions concerning broader aspects of our study (2). In response, salamander biomass has been substantially reduced. In the upper cloud forest habitat at El Rincon, San Marcos, Guatemala, 3 formerly abundant salamander species and a 4th relatively rare species were not found. Although 3 other species were found as often or slightly more so than in the past, the overall salamander density at El Rincon is much lower compared to previous decades. These 7 species constitute the entire salamander community at this site, and no species were found on our recent surveys that were not present in the 1970s. The total salamander biomass at the site is only a fraction of what it once was; vastly fewer amphibians and reptiles (specifically salamander-eating snakes) were encountered than in the past. Similarly, forest habitat with formerly dense populations of Pseudoeurycea and Thorius on Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico, now contain no Pseudoeurycea (based on our surveys) and very few Thorius compared with previous decades, although suitable habitat remains. All salamander species have declined at this site, with no compensation from any other salamander species.