{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.01997780244173141, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.489208633093525, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Solution electrostatics beyond pH: a coarse grained approach to ion specific interactions between macromolecules.

Oblivious to ion specificity, pH has been a key parameter for macromolecular solutions for little more than a century. We here widen the concept by describing the ionization of macromolecules not only via pH, but also pX where X are other binding species. Using binding constants, measured by NMR, of chloride and thiocyanate to amino acid motifs on y-crystallin, we calculate i) titration curves as a function of pH and pX and ii) estimate second virial coefficients using both approximate theory and computer simulations. In agreement with experiment, a Hofmeister reversal for protein-protein interactions is observed when crossing iso-electric conditions. Thiocyanate binding further leads to large charge fluctuations that may trigger intermolecular charge regulation interactions.