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New World Angst and the Historical Archaeology of Modernity

complexity of this book. Roles are analytically defined by grave associations, with little discussion of what an artefact buried with a body may mean, other than a presumed straightforward interpretation based on ethnographic analogy. Estimates of the numbers of attendees at ceremonies are based on the assumption of one artefact in a cache deposited by one attendee. Thus, one can examine a deposit, say Deposit 5 in Mound 13 at the Mound City site, which involved 24 gift givers, of whom three were nonshaman-like leaders, 13 were shaman-like leaders, six were clan members, and two were individuals who had personal roles. Looking at the big picture, Hopewell emerged as a transformation of an Early Woodland Adena world view involving religious beliefs and shamanistic practices that emphasized vertical soul flight (trance) and the tree of life (axis mundi) to one focused on horizontal relationships among the living, the dead, and the spirits. The generalized roles of a classic shaman were redistributed to multiple, specialized shaman-like practitioners, a shift accompanying the transition from the more hunting and gathering reliant Adena to the Hopewell increasingly incorporating horticultural practices. As Carr notes, this is the pattern one would expect based on, for example, Winkelman’s (1990) cross-cultural survey. Within this framework, three local symbolic communities (which in part serve to unite the inhabitants of scattered hamlets), each having a pair of tripartite geometric earthworks and located along the Scioto River, Paint Creek, and the North Fork of Paint Creek, respectively, allied to form a sustainable community (one with long-term viability). The end of Hopewell in the Scioto region was presumably due to a unique socialspiritual event that led to the collapse of this alliance. The Scioto Hopewell is a monumental work, especially when coupled with Gathering Hopewell. A vast compendium of information has been assembled, and detailed, intricate arguments developed. In perusing the previous paragraph, one may find points of the argument with which to disagree. The strengths of this volume may lay in the breadth and complexity of the analysis, but one has the sense of the proverbial house of cards: the structures of the arguments are so dependent on previous assumptions and assertions that challenging one point may threaten the entire edifice.