{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.02240717029449424, 'fraction_numerical': 0.008962868117797696, 'mean_word_length': 5.327935222672065, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Special Session 3B: New Topic

As transistor dimensions approach atomic scale, quantum-mechanical effects such as tunneling and spin become important ingredients in accurate performance models of integrated circuits. Theoretical work suggests that power-density required to separate signal from noise motivates a departure from common practice of representing logic 0s and 1s by charges, voltages or currents. Conventional information processing relies on discretized analog signals to convey digital information. This is problematic at the nanoscale due to the inherent uncertainty and noise that manifest themselves in many different ways, already plaguing leading-edge CMOS technologies. At the nanoscale signals are drowned by noise, much of it quantum-mechanical in origin. Therefore we depart from the simple discretization of analog signals, and instead rely on ”a two-valued quantum degree of freedom” suggested in 1924 by Paul Dirac, now commonly known as the spin of nuclei, electrons and other particles. Spin is an example of a logical quantum bit or qubit, which replaces the conventional bit in quantum computing. Qubits can also be implemented by the polarization (horizontal and vertical) of photons. A well-publicized demonstration by IBM in 2000 subjected nuclear-spin qubits to quantum gates implemented by RF pulse trains. More recent work shows that such stationary qubits can be converted into “flying” photonic qubits, and back, while single-photon quantum communication has been demonstrated at distance of 100 kilometers in the open air.