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Developmental Time Course in Human Infants and Infant Monkeys, and the Neural Bases of, Inhibitory Control in Reaching a

Development appears to proceed by destruction and inhibition, as well as by construction and acquisition. For example, neural development involves, in part, pruning back an oversupply of neurons and an exuberance of axonal projections (see, e.g., Frost, this volume; Innocenti & Clarke, 1984). There are more nerve cells at birth in the neocortex of monkeys and humans than at any time thereafter (e.g., Rakic, 1974; 1985). Motor development and cognitive development, likewise, are made possible, in part, by the inhibition of reflexive and automatic reactions (e.g., Diamond & Gilbert, 1989). More and more regions of frontal cortex are being found to play a role in inhibition, although various subdivisions of frontal cortex appear to participate in different aspects of inhibition. Frontal cortex is by far the largest area of cortex in the human brain, it has increased the most in size (and in the proportion of brain mass devoted to it) over the course of evolution, and it takes longer to reach maturity than any other area of the brain (frontal cortex only becomes fully mature around puberty [e.g., Diamond, in press, a]). There is general agreement that the most anterior regions of frontal cortex (i.e., prefrontal cortex) subserve the highest cognitive abilities, the crowning intellectual achievements of the human race. The role of frontal cortex in inhibition is probably critical to its ability to subserve complex cognitive operations. Take, for example, the importance of prefrontal cortex for focusing attention. The role of frontal cortex in aiding attention appears to depend on the inhibitory functions of frontal cortex. Frontal cortex activity is critical to reduce distractibility