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The Virginia Colored Farmers' Alliance: A Case Study of Race and Class Identity

The defeat of the agrarian South ensured the spread of industrial capitalism in late nineteenth-century America and began the transformation of significant social relationships into commodity relationships. It thereby began to differentiate the emerging society along new lines, so that people's chances would soon be determined by the ownership of the means of production in an industrial, capitalist context. A sense of alienation was brewing on the part of the farming and laboring class: an alienation from the product of their work. Furthermore, the farming class, which had known continual expansion into endless land, found by the late ninteenth century that there was no new land. Farmers' risks multiplied and mechanisms for alleviation grew more unreliable. Thus, the period became marked with a growing, insurgent agrarianism,' which evolved essentially as a class movement. The neoteric freedmen were also thrust into a new economic order. Once capital himself in an agrarian-based capitalist society, the ex-slave found himself in a preindustrial capitalist system, where class was determined by the ownership of land and by access to the resources introduced by the industrial, capitalist hub. In this situation, the Afro-American had to conceive an economic class identity. At the same time, Afro-Americans were continuing to develop concepts of their own racial identity. As the farmers' movement of this time was, in general, a class revolt, a study of the Colored Farmers' Alliance can provide evidence on both class and race identity as perceived by Afro-Americans. The farmer movement of the late nineteenth century was spearheaded by various farm organizations: the Patrons of Husbandry or the Grange, the Agricultural Wheel and, later, the National Farmers' Alliance or the Northern Alliance, the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union or the Southern Alliance, and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union. Of the four organizations, the least is known about the Colored Farmers' Alliance. What was to become the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union began with the formation of a local alliance in Houston County, Texas, on December 11, 1886. The Alliance of Colored Farmers of Texas was formed by a union of the Houston County group and various other farm clubs later in December of that same year. Richard Manning Humphrey, a white Baptist minister