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Conductometric and electrooptic relaxation spectrometry of lipid vesicle electroporation at high fields

Electrooptic and conductometric relaxation spectrometry of lipid unilamellar vesicles (Avanti 20) of radius a = 90 nm, filled with 0.2 M NaCl electrolyte, suspended in low conductive 0.33 M sucrose and 0.2 mM NaCl solution of vesicle number density ρv ≈ 2.4 × 1015 L−1 and exposed to a rectangular electric field pulse (up to E = 7.5 MV m−1, pulse duration tE = 10 µs) has been used to quantify the structural changes involved in membrane electroporation (ME) and rapid membrane transport, sometimes also called electropermeation (MP), as well as extent and rate of shape deformations. The data are consistent with the formation of ion-conductive membrane pores contributing to conductance not only via the ionic vesicle interior but 
also by releasing intravesicular electrolyte through the pores during the electric pulse, dominantly by interactive electrodiffusion. The surface area fraction fp and the conductivity λp of the membrane pores increase with increasing field strength, 0 ≤ E/MV m−1 ≤ 7.5, in the ranges 0 ≤ fp ≤ 1.4 × 10−2 and 0 ≤ λp/S m−1 ≤ 2.7 × 10−3, respectively. The data analysis suggests that electrostatic interactions between the ions and the low dielectric pore wall are the origin of the very small values of the Nernst distribution coefficient, e.g. = 6.6 × 10−4 at E = 7.5 MVm−1. The pore conductivity λp 
and are non-linear functions of the applied electric field, yielding a field-independent pore transport length lp = 0.56 nm. In summary, the new analytical proposal establishes quantitative relationships between structural electroporation quantities and characteristic parameters of the small ion transport or electropermeation.