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Association of a point mutation (m.9176T>G) of theMT-ATP6 gene with Leigh syndrome: A case report

1Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq 3Department of Biology, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey 4Department of Breeding and Genetics, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan 5Department of Internal Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq 6Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey 7Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 8Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran


INTRODUCTION
Leigh Syndrome (LS), also known as subacute necrotizing encephalomyopathy (SNEM) is an uncommon inherited, mitochondrial DNA-associated, and severe neurodegenerative disease which is marked by bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions in the brainstem and basal ganglia 1,2 . Typically, disease onset occurs between 3 and 12 months of age and progresses to death within two years 2 . Prognosis is poor, but late-onset and slower progression have also been observed 2,3 . LS was first described by Denis Leigh, a British neuropathologist in 1951, in a 7-month-old infant with a rapidly progressive form of the disease that resulted in death over six weeks 4 . LS is caused by abnormalities in mitochondrial energy generation 5 . Clinically, patients manifest a heterogeneous set of symptoms, including psychomotor regression (loss of mental and movement abilities), muscular hypotonia, ataxia, dystonia, respiratory insufficiency, and brainstem signs (strabismus, nystagmus and swallowing difficulties) 1-3 . Genetically, LS is a highly heterogeneous mitochondrial disease 5 . New genetic defects are being increasingly recognized in light of novel techniques of whole-genome and next-generation sequencing 5 . Investigation of causative genetic defects could be a cumbersome undertaking, as researchers are confronted with two distinguished genomes-mitochondrial, and nuclear 5,6 . LS may be caused by defects in more than 35 different genes of either nuclear or mitochondrial origin 5 . Nevertheless, the exact genetic defects, in many cases, remain unknown 5 . Mitochondrially-encoded ATP synthase 6 (MT-ATP6) gene, also known as ATPase-6, is a key enzyme of mitochondrial energy conversion 6 . It is situated in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-nucleotide bases 8527 to 9207-and belongs to a family of genes termed mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 7 . Approximately 10-20% of individuals with LS have a mutation in mtDNA of the MT-ATP6 gene, with the most common genetic alteration being 8993T>G 8 . The syndromes of LS and muscle weakness, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP), named 'striatal necrosis syndromes' , are associated with mutations at nucleotide position 9176 of the MT-ATP6 gene 8 . The MT-ATP6 defects that lead to LS impair the stability or function of the ATP synthase complex, suppressing ATP production and damaging oxidative phosphorylation 8 .
Here, we present the molecular and clinical features of a 19-year-old female as proband affected by LS associated with the mtDNA defect, and we also consequently evaluate other members of the family.

CASE PRESENTATION
The proband is a 19 years old female patient born to consanguineous Arab parents after a regular pregnancy and delivery, referred to genetic laboratory by a Neurologist. Her parents are first cousins (Figure 1); they are an Arab family from the Anbar Province of Iraq living in Erbil as war refugees. Phenotypically, the parents are normal, with no signs and symptoms of LS. Upon evaluation, the proband had retinitis pigmentosa, progressive dementia, and muscle weakness. Her problems started when she was in her early twenties, with movement disabilities and muscle weakness, followed by hearing and vision problems; after that, she could not speak normally. There was also a history of seizures. On ultrasound of ophthalmic cavities, there were a few thin bands in the left vitreous cavity, and the posterior wall of both globes was thick with the irregular inner surface. The electroencephalography (EEG) examination showed short runs and frequent bursts of bilateral synchronous spikes, polyspikes, sharp waves, slow-wave complexes, and phase reversal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed slightly dilated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces, suggestive of diffuse brain atrophic changes ( Figure 2). Unfortunately, before we finished her evaluations, she died due to respiratory failure. On molecular investigations, we studied four different known mutations as follows: 3243A>G in the MT-TL1 gene, 8344A>G in the MT-TK gene, as well as m.9191T>C and m.9176T>G in the MT-ATP6 gene. The mutations were assessed by monitoring highresolution melt (HRM) and nucleotide sequencing techniques. The case had m.9176T>G mutation in the MT-ATP6 gene (Figures 3 and 4), resulting in an amino acid substitution of Leu to Arg of ATPase-6. However, there were no mutations in the other three locations. The family has a history of early childhood death of their four offspring (three girls and one boy); three of them passed away in their first year of life and one passed away in her 4th year. All of them died due to respiratory failure. The parents had five live offspring, including four girls (the proband passed away in the course of our investigations), and one boy (three of them have abnormal phenotypes). After the detection of a mutation in MT-ATP6 in the proband, we decided to study all family members by molecular anal-yses. The clinical characteristics and molecular investigations of the living children and their mother are shown in Table 1. Notably, the mtDNA investigations of the mother at that position demonstrated that she was heteroplasmic for the mutation.

DISCUSSION
Leigh syndrome is an uncommon inherited, neurometabolic, subacute necrotizing encephalopathy that affects the central nervous system, and occurs in 1 of 40,000 newborns worldwide and 1 of 2,000 newborns in certain populations of Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada 3 . Leigh syndrome is a serious, multisystem and progressive metabolic neurodegenerative disorder, with distinct neuroradiological and neuropathological alterations as well as prominent clinical and genetic heterogeneity 5 . With current genetic diagnostic technology, Leigh syndrome has been diagnosed to be the result of mutations in more than 35 distinct genes of either nuclear or mitochondrial origin, including in each of the five respiratory chain complexes 5 . In the study herein, we detected a point substitution mutation of the MT-ATP6 gene (m.9176T>G) in a patient from Iraq. Similarly, Motohiro et al. (2012) reported the same mutation of ATP6 in Leigh syndrome 9 . The clinicopathological features of the mutated case include retinitis pigmentosa, progressive dementia, and muscle weakness. MT-ATP6 is one of the mitochondrial genes that is involved in ATP production through the oxidative phosphorylation process and mutation (m.9176T>G) of this gene results in a defect at complex V, and subsequently harms the capacity of the proton channel, resulting in loss of ATPsynthetic activity 10 . Alteration of this gene gives rises to the most well-known maternally-inherited Leigh syndrome (MILS), as the most widespread mtDNA mutation in Leigh syndrome 5 . The ATP synthase enzyme is a multi-subunit complex with a molecular mass of around 550,000 Da 5 . It has both a hydrophilic ATPase and a hydrophobic domain 5 . ATP synthase deformities might be of either nuclear or mitochondrial genetic origin since the biogenesis of the mitochondrial ATP synthase has 14 subunits that are nuclear-encoded, in addition to 2 mtDNA-encoded proteins 5 . Regarding the mutation, Carrozzo et al. has found inactive ATP synthetase in E. coli 9 . From this evidence, the mutation is believed to be a neurotic and vital part of the amino acid leucine at that position in ATPase 11 . Along with a mtDNA mutation at nucleotide 8993,     having a T-to-G or T-to-C mutation provides solid proof to the significance of ATP synthetase brokenness in maternally-inherited Leigh syndrome 9,10 .

CONCLUSION
Leigh syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by a vast spectrum of phenotypes and a variable disease course. This report corroborates previous studies since our findings in this case report comply with other case reports of this rare syndrome. Particularly, in this crowded family with nine kids, we observed considerable clinical variability among the siblings since 5 of them had passed away, while the 3 living sibling show a different clinical picture. Finally, there is a clinically normal 18year-old male offspring. Our case report may provide a rationale for examinations utilizing cells or tissues from these patients in order to identify novel genes and novel mechanisms involved in the maintenance and assembly of the mitochondrial complex in this syndrome.

FUNDING
Not applicable.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
Data and materials used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasionable request.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
This study was conducted in accordance with the amended Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional review board approved the study (approval number: 3/1/1011-2016), and all participants provided written informed consent.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
The author hereby consents that the publisher publishes the work.