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Rethinking the future with evolving technology: It’s time to empower change in heart transplantation

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomarker Definition Working Group, biomarkers are characteristics objectively measured and indicators of a physiologic or pathologic process. In 1847, the first cancer biomarker was discovered when the Bence Jones proteins were found in the urine of patients with Multiple Myeloma; since then, biomarkers have played a crucial role in modern medicine. An ideal biomarker should be non-invasive, low cost, quantifiable, consistent across ethnic and gender groups, and reflect correlation in different diseases or conditions.