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Interleukin (IL)-15 significance in aging associated asthma pathogenesis.

Asthma, a chronic debilitating condition associated with increase emergency ward admission in the hospitals or mortality in elderly patients in both industrialized and nonindustrialized societies.1, 2 Diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder is associated with chronic asthma in older patients suggesting that long-standing asthma may lead to irreversible airflow obstruction.3 In the United States, nearly 25 million of the population, 8% adult and 9% children are suffering from asthma, a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder responsible for over 5000 deaths/year. About 140,000 Americans have been diagnosed with different types of pulmonary asthma. Food and aeroallergens are strongly linked to asthma. Most interestingly, a recent analysis of people with asthma showed that those elderly patients that had both allergies and asthma were much more likely to have night-time awakening due to asthma and require more powerful medications and understanding of the disease pathogenesis to control their symptoms. Therefore, a great need to continue with innovative fundamental studies to uncover new possibilities for the therapeutic interventions for airway hyperactivity/obstruction in elderly patients effectively from asthma. Airway hyperreactivity is a characteristic of asthma and to a lesser extent of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, airway hyperreactivity is a highly specific term with meaning, it is not a disease diagnosis; rather it represents a physiological abnormality of the airway. Currently, anti-inflammatory corticosteroid inhalers and other medications are available to treat airway inflammation and obstruction. These treatments show a significant reduction in inflammation; but fail to restrict or reverse the progression of the bronchial airway obstruction. A decaling immune function is also reported in asthmatic patients that are prone to increased risk and severity of airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness and remodelling with aging. 4, 5, 6 The proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and transforming growth factors (TGFa and b) are expressed at elevated levels in the allergic lung, and are thought to be central regulators of many of the hallmark features of asthma pathogenesis.7, 8, 9 The association of IL-15 a immunoregulatory molecule has the potential to inhibit ‘pro-Th2’ immune responses that promotes airway inflammation in age-associated human asthma. Recently, IL-15 and shortening of telomere in age associated asthma pathogenesis is reported. Additionally, the association of IL-15 with asthma and its role in minimizing the