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Outgoing-Wave Adaptive Optics Systems: Error-Sensing Method In The Case Of Extended Targets In Turbulence

The conventional feedback of multidither outgoing-wave adaptive optical systems is inoperative in the presence of a featureless target resolved by the transmitting optics. This paper proposes to define an artificial glint by imaging the target laser pattern on a pinhole aperture. The concept is somewhat obvious but, in turbulence, the existing theory on resolution and coherence states that it is restricted to small scintillation strength. It is shown, through correlation measurements between the target irradiance and the artifificial-glint irradiance, that the range of validity is much broader than predicted. Operational tests with a two-degree-of-freedom system demonstrate that the artificial-glint technique allows effective tracking and tilt compensation at propagation distances reaching far into the scintillation-saturation region, in disagreement with recent models.