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Continuous Monitoring of Arterial Blood Gases

Over the last three centuries, blood gas analysis has developed from a physiologist's tool to an essential part of clinical management. It seems possible that the measurement of acid-base and blood gas parameters will take a new direction by the last decade of this century. A new technology is being developed using optical sensors designed to provide continuous intra-arterial monitoring. This article briefly reviews the history of current methods of blood gas analysis and then concentrates on prospects for the future. The review is divided into the principles of operation of the optical sensors and the practical considerations necessary for this technology to be used for in vivo measurements in critically ill patients. Performance data for the new systems are reviewed, together with their advantages and disadvantages compared with currently available bench blood gas analyzers.