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The Future of Participatory Approaches Using Geographic Information : developing a research agenda for the 21 st Century Steve Carver

Geographical space is an important factor across a wide range of decision-making problems, not only because many human and environmental processes vary markedly from one place to another, but also because space determines people’s perception of the world and ultimately determines what we call ‘local’ and ‘global’. The ability of individuals and social groups to map out, in a true geographic sense, their vision for the future is a key prerequisite for informed and sustainable planning. Obtaining sufficient input from a representative sample of the broad population is often made more difficult by the lack of ‘connectivity’ (in both the technical and conceptual sense) between the different stakeholders involved. Technological approaches to improving participation, including the use of GIS and ICTs, are reviewed. The effects of space, place and locality are identified as key factors determining public interest in decision problems. Recommendations are made for further research directions in the field. of the technology within a framework of more traditional means of outreach and participation. This position paper reviews the current situation in respect to public participation and the use of geographical information to both encourage and facilitate wider involvement in the decision-making process. In doing so it is first necessary to give some attention to general theories of participation and empowerment within the democratic process before examining the role of GI, and space itself, in providing a framework for active public participation. The factors that work for and against this are analysed in some detail, before drawing up a list of recommendations for further research effort in this field. Democracy and Participation Democracy, the government by the population through elected representatives, is perhaps the single most defining characteristic of western civilization. Public participation involves ordinary citizens in decisions about, and the implications of, social and economic change. Participation in democratic society has for most people until recently been limited to choosing elected representatives through the voting process and then lobbying them over issues of concern. However, as people have become ever more informed about a variety of issues through mainstream media they have become noticeably more critical of decisions made on their behalf. Over the last decade ICTs have massively increased the amount of information available and the speed at which it is transmitted. Yet, despite technological advances, there are still relatively few opportunities for the general public to actively participate in decision making. Current modes of participation, including vot-