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Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell senescence is associated with altered expression profiles of cellular memory-involved gene

To evaluate the contributions of cellular memory mechanisms to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) senescence. HSPCs (Lin−CD117+, hereafter referred to as HSPC) were separated from young (6-week-old) and aged (18-month-old) mice using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS). Cell cycle distribution of HSPCs was determined using flow cytometry. The mixed colony forming unit (CFU-Mix) assay was used to study the HSPCs’ ability to proliferate. The mRNA expression levels of cellular memory-implicated PCG family (enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), B lymphoma mo-MLV insertion region 1 (Bmi-1), embryonic ectoderm development (Eed), melanoma nuclear protein 18 (Mel18), Mph1/polyhomeotic-like protein 1 (Rae-28)) and Trithorax group (TrxG) family (mixed lineage leukemia (Mll), thioredoxin (Trx)) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. We obtained highly purified populations of mouse HSPCs (Lin−CD117+) (92.2 ± 4.5% CD117+). The percentage of HSPCs was significantly higher in older mice compared with younger control mice and the percentage of SA-β-galactosidase positive cells was significantly higher in HSPCs isolated from older mice (P<0.05). The percentage of HSPCs in G0/G1 was significantly higher in older mice compared with younger control mice (52.0 compared with 47.1%), indicating increased cell cycle arrest in senescent HSPCs. The amount of CFU-Mix was significantly decreased in aged group (13.8 compared with 40.0), indicating a diminished ability to proliferate in senescent HSPCs. Ezh1, Bmi-1, Eed, Rae-28 gene mRNA expression was significantly lower in HSPCs from older mice compared to younger controls, while Mel18 mRNA expression was significantly higher in HSPCs from older mice (P<0.05). The expression of genes associated with cellular memory is altered in senescent (Lin− CD117+) HSPCs, which may affect the potential plasticity of aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and thereby contribute to senescence-associated disease processes.


Introduction
Senescence of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) is linked to aging, geriatric diseases, bone marrow hematopoietic depression, and leukemia [1]. Increased understanding of HSPC senescence mechanisms is important in defining aging and treating aging-associated diseases. To date, little attention has been focussed on cellular memory as a mechanism underlying hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) senescence. Cellular memory is a process by which extracellular stimuli triggers permanent differentiation of stem cells into specific tissue types, associated with a regulated gene mRNA expression profile [2,3]. Cellular memory involves interactions between the members of the transcriptional repressor PcG (Polycomb group) and the transcriptional activator Trithorax group (TrxG) families. Interactions are maintained in a dynamic equilibrium [4] whereby PcG gene antagonizes TrxG gene-mediated transcriptional activation at the genomic level [5].
We used HSPCs isolated from 18-month-old mice as a model for cell senescence. We correlated cell senescence indicators with expression of PCG family important genes (B lymphoma mo-MLV insertion region 1, Bmi-1; enhancer of zeste homolog 2, Ezh2; embryonic ectoderm development, Eed; melanoma nuclear protein 18, Mel18; polyhomeotic-like protein 1, Rae-28) and TrxG family important genes (mixed lineage leukemia, Mll; thioredoxin, Trx) to evaluate cellular memory as a possible mechanism of HSC senescence. We found that cellular memory plays a role in HSPC senescence, which opens the window to identify potential therapies for aging-associated diseases.

Animals
Equal numbers of male and female C57BL/6J specific pathogen free (SPF) mice were obtained from Shanghai Sippr-BK Experimental Animal Center (certificate number SCXK (Shanghai) 2013-0016). Young mice were 6 weeks of age and 18-22 g in weight, and old mice were 18 months of age and 25-30 g in weight.

Reagents
Red blood cell lysis buffer, SA-β-Gal staining, and cell cycle kits were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Anti-c-kit (CD117) MicroBead, anti-stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1) MicroBead, and Lineage Cell Depletion kits were purchased from Miltenyi Co., Ltd. MethoCult TM GF M3434 medium was purchased from Stem Cell Technologies Co. RNA Extraction and Purification, Reverse Transcription, and Fluorescence Quantitative PCR kits were purchased from Takara, Japan.

Isolation and purification of HSPCs
Mice were killed by cervical dislocation. Bone marrow was removed from the femur and rinsed on to nylon mesh (30 μm pore size) under sterile conditions. The filtrate was centrifuged, the pellet was suspended in red blood cell lysis buffer, and then incubated at room temperature for 5 min. The lysate was centrifuged at 1400g for 5 min, the supernatant was discarded and the cell pellet was washed once. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) were suspended in PBS containing 0.5 M EDTA and 0.5% BSA. HSPCs were obtained using anti-c-kit (CD117) microbeads and lineage cell depletion kits. The lineage cell depletion kit is a magnetic labeling system for the depletion of mature hematopoietic cells, such as T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, and erythrocytes, and their committed precursors from bone marrow. All animal experiments were performed in compliance with the guidelines of the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Flow cytometry
To test HSPC purification, 10 6 MNCs (unpurified) and 10 6 Lin − c-kit + selected MNCs were collected and centrifuged at 400g for 5 min. The cells were washed once by PBS. Ten microliters of CD117-PE and Sca-1-FITC were added to the cells. The cells were incubated at 4 • C for 15 min in the dark, washed once, resuspended in FACS buffer, and analyzed by flow cytometry using a Becton Dickinson AccuriTM C6.

SA-β-gal (senescence-associated β-galactosidase) staining
HSPCs (10 6 ) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 15 min. The cells were washed with PBS and incubated at 37 • C without CO 2 for 16 h in β-galactosidase staining solution. The number of β-galactosidase positive cells per 400 total cells was counted under a microscope.

Cell cycle testing
HSPCs (10 6 ) were washed with cold PBS and fixed in cold 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 h at room temperature. Cells were centrifuged at 1000 g for 5 min, washed with PBS, and fixed overnight in 70% ethanol at 4 • C. Cells were then centrifuged at 1000 g for 5 min, washed with PBS, and incubated in propidium iodide staining solution (Beyotime) at 37 • C for 30 min in the dark. Flow cytometry was performed using an excitation wavelength of 488 nm. The cell cycle distribution was analyzed using FACS Express software.

Mixed colony-forming unit of HSPC culture
Cells were diluted with IMDM + 2% FBS and MethoCult TM GF M3434 medium to a final concentration of 1 × 10 5 per 35-mm dish. Diluted cells (0.3 ml) were thoroughly mixed with 3 ml of pre-aliquoted MethoCult TM in duplicate, and dispensed into 35-mm dishes with a total of 1.1 ml in each. The cells were incubated at 37 • C, in 5% CO 2 for 10 days. The percentage of mixed colony forming unit (CFU-Mix) per 5 × 10 3 cells represented the pluripotency of the HSPCs.

Quantitative RT-PCR
Total RNA extraction and reverse transcription were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions for each kit used (9108/9109; RR047A; RR420A, Takara). The A260/280 ratio of RNA extracted from HSPCs was 1.8-1.9, indicating RNA of high purity. The primers used were: YBR green dye was used for real-time PCR. The 2 − C t method was used to calculate mRNA expression levels. C t = C t target gene -C t internal control gene (where C t is the cycle number when the fluorescence signal reaches the set threshold). The amplification parameters were: 95 • C for 30 s (95 • C for 5 s, 60 • C for 34 s) for 40 cycles.

Statistical analysis
The data were expressed as the mean + − S.D. Single-factor ANOVA was performed using SPSS 18.0. The LSD or Tamhane test was used to compare difference between the two groups. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

SA-β-gal positive HSPCs were significantly increased in aged mice
SA-β-gal is a cell senescence marker yielding a blue stain in the cytoplasm of aging cells. We observed a higher percentage of SA-β-galactosidase positive HSPCs in older mice compared with younger controls ( Figure 2E,F and Table 1).

Senescent HSPCs were arrested in G 0 /G 1
The G 0 /G 1 rate in senescent HSPCs (52.2%) was higher than younger mice (46.9%), while the percentage of S-phase cells in senescent HSPCs (21.6%) was decreased relative to younger mice (25.9%) ( Figure 2C,D). These results suggest a greater degree of cell cycle arrest in senescent HSPCs from older mice relative to younger control.

The percentage of CFU-Mix per 5 × 10 3 cells was significantly decreased in aged HSPC
There was a significant decrease in the percentage of CFU-Mix formed by 5 × 10 3 HSPCs from old mice compared with the young control ( Figure 2G,H and Table 2). CFU-Mix represented the multidifferentiation potential of the   HSPCs, and the CFU formation ability is one of the major indexes for evaluating HSPC aging and functions. When HSPCs age, the capacity to form CFU-Mix colonies reduces with diminished self-renewal and multidifferentiation potential. From our results, we also can easily find a negative correlation existing between the positive rate of SA-gal and the CFU-Mix.

The mRNA expression profiles of PcG, but not TrxG genes change with HSC aging
The transcription levels of Ezh1, Eed, Bmi-1, and Rae-28 were significantly lower in aged HSPCs compared with young HSPCs. Mel18 mRNA levels, by contrast, was higher in aged HSPCs. The transcription levels of Mll and Trx genes were not significantly different in aged compared with young HSPCs (Figure 3 and Table 3).

Discussion
Currently, the mechanism of HSC senescence is poorly understood owing in part to the low numbers of karyotypes in the bone marrow. Here positive and negative MACS systems can be used to isolate and purify mouse Lin − c-Kit + cells, namely HSPC, at >85% purity [6,7]. HSPCs isolated from 18-month-old mice were used as a model for cell senescence. In this model, the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells and the ratio of G 0 /G 1 cells were both significantly increased relative to HSPCs purified from younger control mice, indicating stem cell senescence. The previous studies showed that HSCs in older mice had decreased potential for per cell repopulating activity and self-renewal [8]. In our research, we also found that the significant reduction in the number of CFU mixtures formed by old group HSCs, indicated stem cell senescence. We also found that significantly more HSCs were associated with aging mice consistent with previous observations that numbers of HSCs increase with age [7,9]. Studies on HSC senescence have largely focussed on telomeres, DNA damage, and oxidative injury with little attention to cellular memory [10]. Cellular memory involves a dynamic equilibrium between PcG and Trx family proteins. PcG proteins repress transcription of target genes through chromatin modification, and act as novel epigenetic factors in stem cell fate determination. PcG consists mainly of two protein complexes: polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) [11][12][13]. PRC1 comprises Rae-28, Bmi-1, Mel18, and other proteins that maintain the stability of a repressive chromatin state [14]. PRC2 comprises Eed, Ezh2, and other proteins [15] that can methylate histones at HlK26 and H3K27 and thereby repress target gene transcription [16]. Ezh2 is a key member of the PcG family. It can promote the survival of HSCs [17,18]. Ezh2 forms a complex with Eed that silences target genes. We found that the expression of Ezh2 and Eed genes was significantly reduced in senescent HSPCs relative to yong HSPCs thus, suggesting that Ezh2 and Eed might delay HSPC senescence. PRC1 complex member Bmi-1 regulates cell proliferation, senescence, and immortalization through multiple distinct pathways. Mutations of the Bmi-1 gene results in decreased numbers of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells and reduced cell proliferation [19]. In this study, Bmi-1 expression in senescent HSPCs was significantly lower than in young HSPCs, again suggesting a role for Bmi-1 in delaying HSPC senescence. Mel18 negatively regulates the self-renewal capacity of HSPCs, and Mel18 gene silencing leads to increased numbers of HSPCs in G 0 phase of the cell cycle. We also found that Mel18 transcript level was significantly higher in senescent HSPCs compared with younger HSPCs. The previous studies show that Rae-28 had a crucial role in sustaining the activity of HSCs to maintain hematopoiesis [20]. Our study showed that Rae-28 expression in senescent HSPCs was significantly lower than in younger HSPCs. In contrast with PcG proteins, Trx-mediated histone modification promotes target genes transcription through chromatin modification. In TrxG protein family, the key members are SET domain-containing proteins, including Trx, Ashl, and Mll [21]. Previous studies show that Mll modulates myeloid cell differentiation by regulating HOXA10 gene expression in acute myeloid leukemia cells [22]. Whereas Trx promotes cell survival, cell proliferation, and responses to oxidative stress [23]. However, we found no differences in Mll and Trx mRNA levels of senescent and young HSPCs, suggesting that Trx group member dynamics do not contribute to cellular memory dysregulation in HSPC senescence in mouse.
Under physiological conditions, the PcG and TrxG family proteins can maintain cellular memory and prevent alteration of HSCs identity by promoting or repressing the expression of target genes, respectively. Our findings suggest that PcG family gene mRNA expression changes as HSPCs age, whereas TrxG gene mRNA expression does not. Therefore we conclude that altered HSPC cellular memory, leading to cell senescence and age-related diseases, results from an abrogation of PcG-TrxG regulatory equilibrium in HSPCs of aging mice. These observations extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HSC senescence and aging-associated diseases.