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Initial evaluation of profiles of temperature, water vapor and cloud liquid water from a new microwave radiometer

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program launches approximately 2600 radiosondes each year from its Southern Great Plains (SGP) facilities in Oklahoma and Kansas, USA, to acquire vertical profiles of temperature and moisture. The annual cost of this effort exceeds $500,000 in materials and labor. Despite this expense, the measured profiles are not as well suited to modeling as might be desired. Cost and slow ascent rate limit their temporal sampling interval (i.e., launch frequency) to 3 hours during intensive operational periods (IOPs) and 6 to 8 hours during routine operations. In contrast, the radiation measurements used for comparison with model calculations have temporal resolutions and reporting intervals of a few minutes at most. Conversely, radiosondes have a much higher vertical spatial resolution, about 10 meters, than most models can use. Modelers generally reduce the vertical resolution of the soundings by averaging over the vertical layers of the model.