{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0319634703196347, 'fraction_numerical': 0.019178082191780823, 'mean_word_length': 4.829787234042553, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Intrathecal Morphine for Spinal Fusion in Children

Intrathecal morphine (0.025 mg/kg) was administered preoperatively to 20 children undergoing major surgery of the rachis, ie, either posterior (16 cases) or anterior (4 cases) spinal fusions. During the surgical procedure, hemodynamic control was easily maintained. Blood loss was slightly less than 50% of blood volume and the mean infusion rate of blood was 6.3 ± 4.5 ml/kg/hour for the duration of surgery. The technique did not significantly interfere with wake-up tests, and memory of awakening was only observed in one case. The postoperative course was also positively affected. The children could be extubated within the 30 minutes following completion of surgery, and they could perform effective breathing exercises early on. High degree and long duration (36 to 72 hours) of pain relief were obtained in every case. No major adverse effect was observed. Thus, the administration of intrathecal morphine prior to spinal fusion appears to be safe, easy, and reliable. We think it should be recommended for major surgery of the rachis.