{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016888888888888887, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0017777777777777779, 'mean_word_length': 5.75975975975976, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Comparison of differential Pavlovian conditioning in whole animals and physiological preparations of Pleurobranchaea: implications of motor pattern variability.

The present study compares differential Pavlovian conditioning in whole animals with the behavior of the same animals during electrophysiological recording. Untrained specimens of the sea slug Pleurobranchaea did not discriminate between two appetitive stimuli, one derived from an extract of beer (Sbr) and the other from a homogenate of squid muscle (Ssq). When animals received Sbr as the CS+ and Ssq as the CS- in a single day of five-trial, differential Pavlovian conditioning they learned to avoid selectively the Sbr but continued to exhibit appetitive responses to Ssq. Quantitative measures show that there was over a 1000-fold increase in the thresholds of the proboscis extension and bite-strike responses, many animals ceased all feeding behavior, and exhibited withdrawal responses to Sbr. We examined the behavior of the same trained animals immediately before preparing them for physiological recording and during the recording session. There was a close one-to-one relationship between these behavioral observations, showing that the qualitative and quantitative features of whole-animal Pavlovian conditioning persist into the physiological preparations. Unexpectedly, motor patterns from untrained preparations showed considerable variability both within the same preparation at different times and between preparations; conditioning appeared to increase such variability. Thus, it was not possible to state unequivocally the behavior of the animal by examining the electromyogram recording alone. Many of the trained preparations not only exhibited suppressed feeding behavior and withdrawal responses to Sbr, but, as a consequence of the multifunctional nature of the Pleurobranchaea buccal-oral system, also regurgitated previously ingested Ssq or squid meat when they were stimulated with Sbr. We discuss the findings with respect to self-organizing mechanisms that may establish motor patterns in multifunctional systems, and suggest that such mechanisms may lead to the generation of behaviors that are not specifically encoded by the conditioned cellular changes.