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Islam and Islamophobia in USA: The tip of the iceberg

Muslims and Islam in U.S. Education: Reconsidering Multiculturalism was published in 2014. Yet in some ways it already looks like an historical artifact. The formatting, production, and printing of the text, from my ‘final’ versions sent to the publisher, took a mere seven months. Nonetheless, in that time the global and US narratives of ‘Islamic terrorism’ steadily continued to evolve. As I completed my research and wrote in mid-2013, the bombing of the Boston Marathon reawakened US public fascination with the linkage between Islam and terrorism, while beyond the country’s borders ‘Islamic State’, ‘ISIL’, and ‘ISIS’ became household names. As Cecilia Orphan notes, a violent terroristic act involving Muslims took place in Texas as she completed her review of my text; Candyce Reynolds note in her review experiencing firsthand the public obsession with Islamic terror and Islamophobia, simply by carrying my book openly on her university campus this spring. It was partly due to this fundamental inability to tell the story of American Islamophobia and its educational implications in a historically conclusive way that stalled my work on this text, from when I finished my related doctoral dissertation in 2008. In that early outline and initial research, the still-living Osama bin Laden and recently executed Saddam Hussein loomed large, in the media and the textbooks. At that time the ‘Arab Spring’ was hardly a concept, not yet a series of compelling (if diverse) events in the Middle East, transforming the societies of Tunisia, Egypt, and—to a lesser extent—Turkey, whose peaceful multiculturalism had motivated me to take on Islamophobia in the USA postSeptember 11 (9/11) in the first place. When I wrote my dissertation, I was surprised to note the impact of Middle East politics on US textbook editions published in the 1980s and 1990s. I did not know at that time that more interesting changes to texts—and more fascinating debates about Islam in US popular culture and education—would take place toward the end of the 2000s, and into the 2010s. After completing my dissertation I was, like many other doctorate finishers, interested in moving on with my life, from the textbooks and nonstop media circus that