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THE IMPROVEMENT OF COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS TO INCREASE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs) PERFORMANCE

This study aims to examine the effect of collaborative networks on business performance. This study tries to find a collaborative network format that can improve business performance. The respondents in this study were 295 owners of the fashion sector SMEs in Central Java, Indonesia. Data analysis used the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach. The results showed that collaborative networks (CN) significantly influence innovation capability (IC), competitive advantage (CA), and business performance (BP). Furthermore, the capability of innovation and competitive advantage also significantly influence business performance. Innovation capabilities and competitive advantages can mediate the relationship between collaborative networks and business performance.

. Collaborative networks are also designed as an innovation strategy and are developed to assess the competence of external network partners, namely universities, companies, and government (Varrichio et al., 2012). Effective collaborative networks will create cooperative relationships that are able to expand business opportunities and company growth (Starr & MacMillan, 1990;Garnsey, 1998).
This study aims to determine the effect of collaborative networks on the capabilities of innovation, competitive advantage, and fashion SMEs performance in Central Java, Indonesia. Central Java was chosen due to the number of fashion SMEs that is very large and the ability to access information is still limited. Also, the development of fashion SMEs requires companions from competent institutions and regulatory support from local and central governments that support SMEs.
According to the author's knowledge, there has not been much research on the relationship between collaborative networks and SMEs performance in Central Java, Indonesia. The author has examined the collaborative networks and entrepreneurial orientation with different objects, that is in the creative industry. This research focus on examining the ability of networking with external parties conducted by leaders or owners of creative industries. The results showed that the average ability of the owner or leaders of the creative industry in building networks with external parties was not optimal because of the limited ability of human resources, the ability to access information, and differences in regulations among local governments (Mulyana and Sutapa, 2016).
Previous research also has found inconsistent results and no one has even found a standard format on the role of collaborative networks as a determinant of business performance. Previous studies have shown that collaborative networks are determinants of business performance (Ramayah et al., 2011), and drivers of trade transactions (Ziemer & Long, 2009). Likewise, networking built by SMEs with customers, research institutions, supporting institutions can increase company growth (Panda, 2014). Other studies show different results, collaborative networks conducted by SMEs in Australia with research and development institutions, customers, industry, distributors and other collaborations cannot improve financial performance (Wang & Lee, 2014) and collaborative network size in non-profit organizations is also not able to improve organizational performance (Ofem, 2014).
Central Java, Indonesia, consists of 35 districts/cities with different regulations in developing SMEs so that not all SMEs can adapt quickly to district/city government regulations. Besides, there are also differences in the ease of information access in each region and the limited capabilities of human resources and the current network. Based on the research problem and conceptual model developed, the five hypotheses can be developed and it is expected to be able to explore the role of collaborative networks in improving SMEs performance.

Collaborative Networks
Collaborative is defined in many ways that describe mutually beneficial cooperation (Camarinha-Matos, 2009). Collaborative networks with business partners will make them easier to share knowledge and information to improve innovation capabilities through relationships with clients, suppliers, competitors, and research organizations (Tsai, 2009). Collaborative networks can be developed vertically through clients, suppliers, and competitors and horizontally through research institutions, universities, and government support (Zeng et al., 2010). Collaborative networks as a means to build synergies for the development of organizational innovation for mutual progress (Ziemer et al., 2009;Najib et al., 2014). Collaborative innovation networks are interactions with suppliers, customers, competitors, and research organizations that are designed for new product development (Najafi-Tavani et al., 2018). In this study, collaborative networks are interactions with suppliers, competitors, customers, and the government that is designed to strengthen innovation, competitive advantage, and business performance. Penrose (1959) states that Resources Based View (RBV) regards resources and capabilities as components in the company. Barney (1991) believed that if the valuable, scarce, and difficult to imitate resources are managed properly, it can create a competitive advantage. Capability is a managerial skill to empower company assets to create competitive advantage (Day, 1994). Innovation is a process of thinking that starts from an idea, continue to develop findings and produce new products, processes, and services that can be offered to the market (Thornhill, 2006). Innovation capability can be demonstrated through the ability to try new ideas, find new ways, new operating methods, enter the market with new products to improve company performance (Hult et al., 2004). Innovation capability is needed by organizations to support product innovation so that it has an impact on increasing sales, profits and becoming a competitive force (Battor & Battor, 2010). Innovation capability is an internal capability that influences an organization in achieving sustainable innovation and adds value to the organization and its stakeholders (Saunila, 2016). Innovation capability can be used to ensure company performance through meeting customer needs so companies need to build satisfying relationships and retain customers (Ngo & O'Cass, 2012). In this research, innovation capability is the ability to develop creativity and innovation through business networks to produce new products and expand markets.

Competitive Advantage
Barney (1991), Resources Based View (RBV) illustrates that there is a strong relationship between organizational resources and competitive advantage. Companies try to use their resources to create a competitive advantage in the market and have an impact on superior performance. Likewise, superior resources owned by a company will create a competitive advantage in the market (Hunt & Morgan, 1996). The position of competitive advantage can lead organizations to achieve superior performance through increased market share and profitability (Fahy et al., 2000). Competitive advantage can be created through better service than competitors, lower costs, having the right strategic choices and the potential to improve company performance (Kuo et al., 2017). Likewise, competitive advantage developed through price, quality, delivery of goods, interdependence, product innovation, and speed of delivery of products to the market so that it can drive business performance (Wijetunge, 2016). In this study, competitive advantage is the company's ability to meet customer needs and satisfaction and create customer value better than competitors.

Business Performance
Business performance can be achieved through multidimensional indicators of company success, as measured through returns on sales, returns on assets, profitability, market share, sales revenue, labor productivity and employment (Rosli & Sidek, 2013). Company performance is output that can be measured through Return on assets (ROA), Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Sales (ROS), and overall profitability (Calantone et al., 2002). The measurement of company performance is directed at how much the company controls the market and is oriented towards financial goals so that it can be measured through market share growth, sales growth, profits and return on assets (Hsu, 2012). Business performance is the company's success in finance and marketing measured by return on assets, return on sales, market share growth and sales growth (Dibrell et al., 2014). Business performance is the company's achievements in new product performance, market performance, and financial performance. The performance of a new product is successful when the new product is on purpose, more profitable and successful than competitors. Market performance is achieved through customer satisfaction, customer value, and the fulfillment of customer needs, while financial performance is achieved through return on investment and return on sales (Tzokas et al., 2015). Business performance is the achievement of internal and external work results from all operational activities of the organization, measured through return on assets, sales growth, market share growth, and profit growth (Nuryakin et al., 2018). In this study, business performance is the company's ability to achieve marketing and financial performance goals.

Collaborative Networks and Innovation Capabilities
Collaborative networks become a means of strengthening innovation capabilities (Ziemer & Long 2009;De Noni et al., 2018) and are built through four elements; suppliers, clients, competitors, and research organizations (Tsai, 2009). Collaborative networks can be built through external networks, which is cooperation with universities, competitors, and governments able to support the development of innovation (Varrichio et al., 2012;Najib et al., 2014). Collaborative networks can be built vertically through collaboration with clients, suppliers, and competitors while horizontally covering research institutions, universities, and government to strengthen innovation (Zeng et al., 2010). In SMEs, the implementation of informal collaborative networks is more effective than the formal ones by utilizing knowledge and information quickly and flexibly to improve innovation performance (Santoro et al., 2018). Collaborative innovation networks have a strong relationship with new product innovations (Najafi-Tavani et al., 2018). Therefore, harmonious collaborative networks with external partners will be shared knowledge, experience, and information sharing so that it creates the spirit to change for the better and has the potential to improve innovation capabilities.

H1
: Colaborative networks has a significant effect on innovation capability

Collaborative Networks and Competitive Advantage
Competitive advantage can be enhanced by building an external network on an ongoing basis. Organizations that can develop harmonious cooperation strategies with suppliers and customers will be able to create a competitive advantage (Gilaninia et al., 2011). Competitive advantage is one of the keys to long-term business success and will be created if the company can provide higher value than other companies. The development of the right network will make it easy to share company knowledge, skills, and resources so that the right cooperative strategy is needed to be able to create a competitive advantage (Wu et al., 2011). Collaborative networks as a means to share knowledge, skills, and resources that can create a competitive advantage through specialization and cooperation (Kolaković & Morić Milovanović, 2010). Collaborative networks can create competitive advantage by sharing roles in collaboration so that they will deliver maximum results in the face of environmental pressures (Mezgár et al., 2000). Therefore, the ability to build networks will increase knowledge, skills and cost efficiency in creating new products and services so that it has the potential to create a competitive advantage.
H2: Collaborative networks has a significant effect on competitive advantage

Collaborative Networks and Business Performance
Collaborative awareness is needed to create more harmonious cooperation with business partners (Barnes & Liao, 2012) and networking developed among leaders, customers and the government can drive business performance improvement (Panda, 2014). Likewise, SMEs that can build networking with the right partners will influence the growth of the company (Širec & Bradač, 2009), while the customer collaboration developed by SMEs can improve marketing performance (Fidel et al., 2015). Collaborative network orientation has a relationship with business performance (Sorenson et al., 2008). Likewise, the characteristics of the non-individual external business such as economic, political, and social are very influential on the success of SMEs after experiencing a failure (Nikolić et al., 2019). Therefore, good collaborative networks with partners will create information and knowledge sharing. In addition, strong cooperation can encourage sales, profit, and risk-sharing, thereby potentially increasing business performance.
H3: Collaborative networks has a significant effect on business performance

Innovation Capability and Business Performance
The ability of companies to create quality and inexpensive products is needed creativity and innovation and the better the quality of the product, the higher the performance of the organization (Lakhal, 2009). Innovation carried out by making product changes, production processes, new product designs, and new business development are able to improve business performance (Bayraktar et al, 2016). Likewise, sustainable growth in small and medium-sized companies is largely determined by the ability of innovation ( Mirza & Ali, 2011). Companies that are proactive to external stimuli will be able to improve innovation capabilities and improve market performance better than those that are only reactive to external stimuli (Ribau et al., 2017). Innovations developed through the introduction of new products, new production processes, and new management systems can improve company performance (Rosli and Sidek, 2013;Naranjo-Valencia et al, 2016;Serna et al, 2016). The development of innovation by trying new ideas and methods, new operating methods, and entering new market targets by offering new products can improve company performance (Calantone et al., 2002). The development of innovation by SMEs through creating new products that are different from competitors, trying new production process methods, and improving management, can drive sales growth, profits and market share (Mulyana & Sutapa, 2016;Serna et al., 2016;Sulistyo & Siyamtinah, 2016). The speed of product innovation will allow companies to enter the market faster so that they can increase profits and market share better than competitors (Jovanović et al., 2018). Therefore, innovation capabilities developed through product innovation, process innovation, market innovation, and packaging innovation have the potential to improve business performance.

H4
: Innovation capability has a significant effect on business performance

Competitive Advantage and Business Performance
Competitive advantage has a big role in determining business performance. Competitive advantage can be created through superior value for customers, product and service quality, innovation, and organizational effectiveness (Chiou, 2011). Companies that are able to add value to customers are better than competitors and have the capability of innovation will have a competitive advantage (Dustin et al., 2014). The higher the company's ability to create a competitive advantage, it can illustrate the higher company's performance (Naala & Rosli, 2016). Competitive advantage that is created through better service than competitors, lower costs, and the right choice of strategies has the potential to improve company performance (Kuo et al., 2017). Likewise, competitive advantage developed through price, quality, delivery of goods, interdependence, product innovation, and speed of products delivery to the market can drive business performance, for example increasing annual sales, increasing annual profits, employee growth, market share growth, and growth investment (Wijetunge, 2016). Therefore, competitive advantage created through increasing product quality, lower prices than competitors, creating new products that are different, and building good relationships with customers has the potential to improve business performance.

H5: Competitive advantage has a significant effect on business performance
The hypotheses development that contribute to this paper is shown in Figure 1.

Data collection and Sample
The research object is the fashion sector SMEs in Central Java, Indonesia and respondents are the owners or leaders of SMEs who have experience in managing a business for at least 3 years. SME owners or leaders are considered to know collaborative networks, innovation capability, competitive advantage, and business performance. Data is collected by distributing questionnaires and interviews with SME owners or leaders to obtain accurate information. The questionnaire was distributed to 412 respondents and were returned as many as 326 questionnaires, after being selected only 295 questionnaires (71.6%) were eligible as respondents. Distribution of respondents consisted of 32.4% men and 67.6% women and ages between 24 to 55 years and having experience in managing business on average 3 to 18 years.

Measurement
The construct is measured by using a scale of 1 to 5, (1 = Strongly Disagree and 5 = Strongly Agree). The scale is used to measure the variables of collaborative networks, innovation capability, competitive advantage, and business performance. The measurement of the research construct was adapted from some of the available literature and was modified to suit the research context. Collaborative networks are measured through indicators adapted from (Najib et al., 2014;Najafi-Tavani et al., 2018), which are: collaborative with suppliers, collaborative with customers, collaborative with competitors, collaborative with the government. In addition, innovation capability is measured through indicators adapted from (Lee & Hsieh, 2010;Najib et al., 2014) which are: market innovation, product innovation, process innovation, and packaging innovation. Competitive advantage is measured through indicators adapted from (Wingwon, 2012; Hosseini et al., 2012) include price/low cost, quality innovation, customer relationship, and difference. Business performance is measured through indicators adapted from (Wingwon, 2012;Nuryakin et al., 2018) include market share growth, sales growth, profit growth, and Return on Assets (ROA).

Data analysis and Measurement models
The Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach is used to process data and facilitate the testing of research hypotheses.
There are two types of variables that need to be analyzed through SEM, namely latent variables and manifest variables. Latent variables are measured through indicators as a reflection of the construct being developed and manifest variables can be known directly. The results of the evaluation of the fit model are done through several goodnessof-fit indices, such as normal fit index (NFI); comparative index (CFI); Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI); root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA); and the Chisquare statistic.
In Table 1, all indicators have a loading factor > 0.5, so all indicators are valid. Table  2 shows all constructs are reliable or all indicators of the latent variables measured have internal consistency (Hair et al., 2010). All indicators tested have met internal 220 M. Mulyana / SJM 16 (1) (2021)

FINDINGS
There are several criteria that must be met in SEM so that the model is suitable to be used to test the relationship between research variables. Test results on the Goodness-of-Fit index are good and fit the recommended criteria of SEM. The value of 2 = 102.63 and not significant at α: 0.05, GFI index: 0.95; AGFI: 0.94; TLI: 0.99, meaning that all values meet the recommended SEM, which is ≥ 0.90. The value of RMSEA: 0.01 <0.08 and CMIN / DF 1.03 less than 2.00. Thus, the model is feasible to use to test the relationship between the variables. Table 3 and Figure 2 show that CN has a significant effect on IC (Std β = .40, CR = 4.79,prob. < 0.05

DISCUSSION
Collaborative networks have a big role to play in enhancing the capabilities of innovation. The results of this study support the results of previous studies, that collaborative networks can encourage the development of innovation (Ziemer & Long 2009;Najib et al., 2014). Likewise, collaborative networks are needed to design an innovation strategy by utilizing external network competencies, both with universities, companies, and government (Varrichio et al., 2012). SMEs fashion has built a network with suppliers of raw materials to maintain the continuity of the availability of raw materials. The style element is very dominant in the fashion industry and changes very quickly according to market needs, so the speed of innovation is needed in order to respond to needs. The availability of raw materials is one of the supports for the success of product innovation and process innovation in meeting customer needs. Networking with customers is needed in order to know the needs and desires of customers so that SMEs can re-arrange their resources in order to provide the best value for customers. Cooperation with competitors is expected to occur in sharing knowledge, sharing market information, and mutually beneficial collaboration so that it can encourage the strengthening of innovation. Likewise, government regulations that support SMEs are urgently needed in order to encourage innovation success. The results of this study are supported by the findings that building networks with suppliers, clients, competitors, and research organizations is a model of collaborative networks to support the development of innovation (Tsai, 2009;Zeng et al., 2010).
Collaborative networks can create a competitive advantage. The results of this study support the findings of previous studies that the development of business networks will occur sharing knowledge, experience, skills, and resources so as to create competitive advantage through specialization and cooperation ( Kolaković & Morić Milovanović, 2010). Good cooperation with suppliers of raw materials has an important role to support the smooth production process, efficient management of raw materials, and the creation of efficient production processes so as to create products at affordable prices for customers. A harmonious relationship with the customer is always done by providing new products according to customer expectations, responding to customer complaints quickly so that customer loyalty is maintained. Collaboration with competitors is carried out in order to meet the target market, so competitors are considered partners by carrying out sub-contract production if there is a demand that exceeds production capacity or customer demand that cannot be fulfilled. The role of the government is providing regulatory support, means of promotion, tax relief, coaching, and training to strengthen competitiveness. Strengthening the network of cooperation can encourage the creation of competitive advantage through knowledge sharing both externally and internally (Scott-Kennel & Giroud, 2015).
Collaborative networks can improve business performance. In line with the findings that collaborative networks can improve business performance (Ramayah et al., 2011, Al-Hakim & Lu, 2017. The ability of fashion SMEs to build partnerships with suppliers can guarantee the availability of raw materials, cost efficiency, and companies can set affordable prices for customers so that it will affect the increase in sales.
Likewise, cooperation with competitors is carried out mainly in meeting the surge in unserved demand, by conducting mutually beneficial production subcontracts. SMEs always maintain good relations with their customers, this is very petrified in promotional activities, for example, by word of mouth or through social media groups owned by customers so that it affects the expansion of market share, sales, and profits.
Innovation capability can improve SMEs performance. The findings of this study are in line with the opinion that the capability of innovation can improve company performance (Mulyana & Sutapa, 2016). Product innovations made by fashion SMEs always follow the developing trend, for example, design, style, style, and color with the aim of providing a variety of products according to customer expectations. Process innovation is carried out by trying new production process methods to produce quality new products according to market trends so as to increase the number of customers and sales. The results of previous empirical studies also stated that the company's performance is strongly influenced by product innovation and process innovation (Mahmood & Hanafi, 2013). The packaging is also a concern for fashion SMEs, with attractive packaging that will enhance the company's image that the products produced have good quality for customers. Therefore, fashion SMEs are always looking for new market breakthroughs by offering quality products and attractive packaging in order to increase sales and corporate profits.
Competitive advantage has an important role to improve business performance. Russell ans Millar (2014) stated that business performance can improve if the company has a competitive advantage. Likewise, improving business performance can be achieved if the company is able to develop appropriate competitive strategies (Abdul Halim et al., 2011). Fashion SMEs always try to provide quality products according to market trends and try to provide new products that are different from competitors to retain customers. New products that are unique as the characteristics of certain regions often become excellent products that are much favored by local customers, so that cooperation with communities, government, and nongovernment organizations becomes a potential market. Likewise, building longterm relationships with customers continues, with the hope that loyal customers are willing to provide input in the interests of both parties. Efforts to retain loyal customers also continue to be done by providing a variety of products, discounts, bonuses, and respond quickly for customer complaints. Fashion SMEs also provides a variety of products at varying and affordable prices according to the ability of sales customers and corporate profits.
Innovation capabilities are able to mediate the relationship between collaborative networks and business performance. Collaborative networks developed by fashion SMEs with external parties, such as customers, suppliers, competitors, and the government have created sharing knowledge, experience, and information that encourage to strengthen innovation and have an impact on business performance. Competitive advantage can mediate the relationship between collaborative networks and business performance. The ability of fashion SMEs to build good relationships with customers, suppliers, competitors, and the government will create advantage so that it can create quality products and affordable prices for customers. Furthermore, maintaining good relations with customers should continue, so that it impacts on improving business performance.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICTIONS
Collaborative networks can be developed by building harmonious cooperation with suppliers, competitors, customers and the government. Networking with suppliers can maintain the availability of raw materials so that the production process is not interrupted and create cost-efficient procurement of raw materials. Networking with competitors can build mutually beneficial cooperation in order to meet market demand that exceeds production capacity between them by conducting sub-contract production and market sharing agreements. Maintaining good relations with customers can know the wants and needs of customers and be able to respond quickly to customer needs. Government regulations that support fashion SMEs are very much needed so that fashion SMEs can develop and be able to compete in the market. Collaborative networks with appropriate and mutually beneficial partners will encourage knowledge and information sharing to strengthen product innovation, process innovation, market innovation and packaging innovation, so that it will have an impact on improving business performance. Likewise, a good implementation of collaborative networks will help fashion SMEs in providing a variety of new products with the best quality for customers. The availability of unique products according to the characteristics of certain regions, affordable prices and in accordance with market trends will be the customer's expectations. These advantages will encourage increased business performance.
The managerial implications of this study are that to improve the performance of fashion SMEs, strong collaborative networks are needed with external partners. Fashion SMEs must build harmonious cooperation with suppliers, competitors, customers and the government to create knowledge, experience, market information sharing so that innovation and competitive advantage occur. Fast-changing fashion trends require the speed of innovation in order to be able to provide new products according to customer needs, which then it has an impact on business performance. The results of this study are expected to strengthen the development of knowledge, especially in the field of marketing management.
The limitations of this study are; (a) this study does not separate small and mediumsized companies in its analysis, while the ability to build collaborative networks between small and medium-sized companies varies. (b) this study only takes the object of fashion SMEs so that the results cannot be generalized to all SMEs that have many types. (c) researchers have not discussed the role of network capacity as an important element for determining network success. Therefore, future research can be developed with broader objects by adding network capacity with its main focus on each category of small and medium-sized companies so that this will provide more comprehensive results.