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Clinical dysmorphology beyond developmental genetics: recent advances in some human developmental genes.

Dysmorphology is involved in abnormal development, genetic causes and embryological development. The clinical studies of dysmorphic syndromes must lead to the identification and analysis of developmental genes involved in normal and abnormal morphogenesis. The identification of different genes from various gene families involved in dysmorphogenesis has recently emerged. The authors review the recent advances in some human developmental gene families (PAX, FGFR, BMP genes). These genes often act as patterning genes and as possible oncogenes; they are of interest for developmental biologists and for medical geneticists.