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SARS-CoV-2 S1, S2, M & N antigens expressed in Pichia pastoris: Affordable, safe & effective vaccine for developing countries

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 encodes multiple structural proteins viz., S, N, M, and E that could potentially serve as immunogens for an anti SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The virus uses spike glycoprotein (S protein) containing subunits, S1 and S2, mediating attachment and membrane fusion, respectively and generates neutralizing antibodies. The highly immunogenic S1 subunit and the highly conserved S2 subunit are key targets for vaccines. The virus surface membrane protein (M protein) is conserved and immunogenic eliciting strong cellular immune response. Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is representative antigen for T-cell response in human body. These antigens induce potent and stable immune responses, both humoral and cellular, that presents the idea of a multivalent vaccine against SARS-COV-2 viral infections. There is an urgency to address and respond to Gavi’s call and pursue safe, low-cost, easily administered and rapidly scalable approaches for low-and-middle income countries. The selected host Pichia pastoris, provides for high expression and post-translational modifications to produce cost effective product with a scalable process.