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French Socialism in Lenin's and Stalin's Moscow: David Riazanov and the French Archive of the Marx‐Engels Institute*

In the spring of 1992, an article by Pierre Broue appeared in the French daily Le Monde describing some of the treasures awaiting historians with the opening of the archives of the former Soviet Union. Broue noted that among the vast holdings of the Central Party Archive there was a huge collection of papers relating to almost all the major socialist and communist movements that emerged in Germany and France in the nineteenth century. This material had been gathered in the 1920s by David Riazanov, a learned Soviet specialist in the history of socialism and the founder and first director of the Marx-Engels Institute. “These archives,” wrote Broue, “were gathered at a time when Moscow wished to be an international cultural capital—the capital of the workers’ movement.” They included not only the papers and libraries of labor militants and political activists but also major collections of manuscript material relating to the French Revolution, French utopian socialism, 1848, and the Paris Commune of 1871. In this “caverne d’Ali Baba de la memoire ouvriere,” all the early French socialists were represented: Henri Saint-Simon, Prosper Enfantin, Charles Fourier, Etienne Cabet, Pierre Leroux, Louis Blanc, Auguste Blanqui, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. The collections on the Commune and on radical movements during the French Revolution were also extremely rich.1 The existence of this “Ali Baba’s cave” was not unknown to Western European and American scholars. Citations to documents from the Marx-Engels Institute