{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.017889087656529516, 'fraction_numerical': 0.007155635062611807, 'mean_word_length': 5.505813953488372, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Changes in the axial residual stresses in AISI 1045 steel bars resulting from a combined drawing process chain

The present paper investigates the redistribution of residual stresses resulting from manufacturing steps in the production of cold-drawn AISI 1045 steel bars. The main steps in this process chain are the pre-straightening of coiled material, shot-blasting, cold-drawing, cutting, and final straightening with crossed rolls. Drawing and final straightening parameters were changed to evaluate their influence on the residual stress distributions as measured by X-ray diffraction and hole-drilling techniques after the different manufacturing steps. It was found that, depending on the manufacturing parameters, the pre-straightened material generates non-homogeneity of residual stresses which can remain even after the last manufacturing steps. The angle between the crossed rolls in the final straightening has a high influence on the homogeneity of the surface residual stresses. Both the drawing angle and the angle between the crossed rolls significantly affect the residual stress depth distribution.