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Women's Memory, Women's History, Women's Political Action: The French Revolution in Retrospect, 1789-1889-1989

In April 1989, over five hundred scholars and women's movement activists gathered in France, at the Le Mirail campus of the University of Toulouse, to commemorate the bicentennial of the French Revolution by insisting on the historical role of women, the issue of their rights, and the importance of gender in the politics of the revolutionary era. Nearly two hundred papers were presented. MostÂ—though by no means allÂ—of them were the work of women scholars with graduate degrees in history, law, literature, political science, and art history. These scholars came not only from France, both Germanies, neighboring Belgium and Switzerland, and the Netherlands, but also from Tunisia, Canada, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Japan. The Toulouse congress had several official and several unofficial justifications. The organizers' stated objectives included highlighting the participation of women as active subjects in the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary movements, thereby encouraging critical reflection on the issues of equality, citizenship, natural law, and universalism. Other objectives were to arrive at a deeper understanding of the social construction of the sexes, and its historical operations during the revolutionary period, and to encourage an interdisciplinary enrichment of methods of historical research.1 Participants shared what they had learned from exhuming and reexamining the historical memory of French women's participation in the revolution. They reevaluated its varied aspects in accordance with the rigorous evidential standards of contemporary historical analysis, and often in the light of theoretical concerns generated by contemporary feminism. Some of those present also deemed it important to remind present-day women's movement activists and the world at large of the important tradition of French women's political activism, the difficulties of their struggle, and the obstacles they faced, and to celebrate the vital legacy of French revolutionary principles for contemporary womenÂ—and men.2 Activists