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When viruses play team sports: mixed infections in plants.

The pathological importance of mixed viral infections in plants might have been underestimated except for a few well-characterized synergistic combinations in certain crops. Considering that the host ranges of many viruses often overlap, and that most plant species can be infected by several unrelated viruses, it is not a surprise to find more than one virus simultaneously in the same plant. Furthermore, dispersal of the great majority of plant viruses relies in quite efficient transmission mechanisms mediated by vector organisms, mainly but not exclusively insects, that can contribute to the occurrence of multiple infections in the same plant. Recent work using different experimental approaches has shown that mixed viral infections can be remarkably frequent, up to a point that they could be considered the rule more than the exception. The purpose of the present review is to describe the impact of multiple infections, not only on the participating viruses themselves, but also on their vectors and on the common host. From this standpoint, mixed infections arise as complex events that involve several cross-interacting players, and consequently require a more general perspective than the analysis of single-virus/single-host approaches for a full understanding of their relevance.