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Topologically dependent voltage measurement

In many cases the electric field is the gradient of a potential. In those cases a measured voltage is completely determined by the points connected to the measuring device. But if the curl of the electric field vector is non-vanishing (i.e. the magnetic field is time-dependent), a measured voltage may depend on the topology of the circuit. This effect was discussed in articles by Romer (1982), Reif (1982) and Akrill (1986), and demonstrated by Romer and by Peters (1983). In this note, after a brief introduction of the theory, we suggest a simple class demonstration. Faraday’s equation, known as Maxwell’s second equation, is