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The trapping of uridine phosphates by D-galactosamine. D-glucosamine, and 2-deoxy-D-galactose. A study on the mechanism of galactosamine hepatitis.

The effects of d-galactosamine, d-glucosamine, and 2-deoxy-d-galactose on rat liver uracil nucleotides were studied in vivo. Enzymic and isotope dilution analyses of the UDP-sugars and of uridine phosphates revealed three major, related changes: an accumulation of the respective UDP-sugar derivatives, a marked decrease of UTP, UDP, and UMP, and a subsequent increase of the sum of hepatic uracil nucleotides. The decrease of uridine phosphates was accompanied by diminished contents of UDPG and UDP-galactose. UMP of total liver RNA was not altered significantly. Inhibition of uridylate synthesis by use of 6-azauridine resulted in a suppression of the d-galactosamine-induced stimulation of uridine phosphate synthesis and of the increase in total acid soluble uracil nucleotides. The trapping of uridine phosphates by formation of UDP-sugar derivatives was most pronounced and most prolonged after administration of d-galactosamine. The uridine phosphate content was lowered to less than 10% of normal within three hours, while the sum of uracil nucleotides increased by 0.35 μmole x g liver−1 x hour−1, from an initial value of 1.24 μmole/g. The quantitative analysis of the time dependent changes of UDP-hexosamines, UDP-N-acetylhexosamines, UDPG, and UDP-galactose revealed a pronounced alteration by d-galactosamine of the UDP-sugar pattern. 
 
 
 
Corresponding changes in the distribution of liver uracil nucleotides were obtained after administration of d-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-d-galactose. Both, however, are ineffective in provoking hepatitis. In contrast to d-galactosamine, d-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-d-galactose do not lead to the formation of UDP-hexosamines; furthermore they are less efficient in trapping uridine phosphates in vivo. These observations contribute to an understanding of the orotate-mediated prevention of the galactosamine-induced liver damage, and of the role of pyrimidine nucleotides in this experimental hepatitis.