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Into the Secrets of Jazz Arranging: Chromatic Scale in Different Harmonic Contexts

: Herein we introduce a reliable and effective method, allowing any musician, regardless of the theoretical background, to carry out a 4-way jazz harmonization of whatever melodic progression almost instantly, with few exceptions. Many jazz students experience a deep frustration in dealing with the harmonization of non-diatonic notes. Sometimes, moreover, a coherent harmonization of the aforementioned notes can turn out to be a very challenging task even for extremely skilled professionals. In this paper, the harmonization of the chromatic scale in different harmonic contexts is accurately discussed, by resorting to the well-known concepts of harmonic functions, tonicization, chromatic and diatonic parallelism, and auxiliary chords. All the chords are labelled so as to allow the reader to immediately understand their role in the particular harmonic context. Consequently, the procedure essentially translates into an optimization of the "harmonic flow".


Introduction
We propose different harmonizations of the chromatic scale in different contexts. In detail, we accurately discuss major seventh, dominant seventh and minor seventh chords, briefly mentioning the half-diminished chords.
By starting from the explicit writing of the so-called 4-Way Close voicings [1], built on the conventional jazz scales (such as the Be-Bop Major and Minor Scales) [2], several useful harmonizations of the chromatic scale are herein explicitly deduced and thoroughly analyzed.
In jazz, the fundamental "rules" characterizing an effective harmonization process are the following: a. The motion of the parts must not be contrary: consequently, it can be parallel, direct or oblique; b. It is advisable (not compulsory) to avoid clusters involving external parts; c.
Consistent with the concept of 4-Way Close (from now onwards 4WC), the interval between the external voices must be no greater than a major seventh; d. Any major seventh, minor seventh and dominant seventh chord can be tonicized by resorting to the corresponding (functioning) secondary dominant (e.g., G7 can be preceded by D7) [1,3,4] e.
Any dominant seventh chord, if it is regarded as provided with an added flat ninth, can be replaced by a diminished chord built on the (major) 3rd, the 5th, the (minor) 7th, and the flat 9th [5]; f.
Any major seventh and dominant seventh chord can be preceded by the corresponding diminished auxiliary chord (e.g., G7 can be preceded by Gdim7) [6];

g.
It is possible to harmonize different notes, even if they are adjacent, by resorting to the same kind of chord. The procedure is carried out by exploiting the inversions of the chord and/or adding tensions, altered or not; h.
In order to guarantee coherence to the harmonization, the functions of the chords [7] should be always taken into account.
For the sake of clarity, we underline how the harmonized notes coincide with the upper voices.

Harmonic Flows
The suggested harmonic flows are shown in the following diagram ( Figure 1):

Voicings on Conventional Scales: Ionian and Be-Bop Major
Staves (1) and (2) contain two harmonizations of the C Ionian Scale [7], carried out by resorting to the Diatonic Parallelism [3,8,9]. The first harmonization, devoid of clusters involving external voices and since harmonically coherent, can be used as it is. The second harmonization, nothing but a series of tertian quadrichords, cannot be exploited in its entirety, but generates some very useful voicings.
(1)  (1) and (2), we obtain the following modified 4WC for the C Be-Bop Major Scale [3], devoid of clusters involving external voices: (4) Finally, by modifying the voicing built on the dominant (the 5th), from the previous we obtain the following alternative harmonization: The voicing built on the dominant, labelled as C∆ 9 , has been taken from Staff (1).

Chromatic Scales
From Staff (1), by resorting to the Chromatic Parallelism [3,9], we obtain: The descending motion in Staff (7), although acceptable, is not harmonically coherent. As an alternative, we can substitute the voicing built on the submediant (the 6th) and, as a consequence, the one built on the minor 6th, thereby obtaining the following solution: The voicing built on the dominant, labelled as C6, has been taken from Staff (3). Unfortunately, it contains a cluster involving the upper voice. Consequently, the choice between the two options exclusively depends on the priorities of the arranger. Now, from Staff (4), by resorting to Diminished Auxiliary Chords [6] and Tonicization [1,3,4,9], we easily deduce the underlying alternative harmonization:

Quasi-Static Harmonization
With the expression "Quasi-Static" harmonization we refer to a series of voicings built by maximizing the common notes between consecutive chords. This kind of procedure turns out to be extremely useful to pianists interested in the so-called "Locked-Hands" technique [1].
We propose the following solution, built by starting from Staff (5):

Practical Applications
We propose three solutions for the harmonization of the so-called Cataldo's Fundamental "Sentence" for Major Seventh Chords [10,11]:

Quasi-Static Harmonization
We propose the following solution, built by slightly modifying Staves (22) and (23): The following represents an extreme version of the previous, predominantly addressed to pianists interested in the "Locked-Hands" technique [1]:

Practical Applications
We propose two solutions for the harmonization of the so-called Cataldo's Fundamental "Sentence" for Dominant Seventh Chords [10,14]:

Half Diminished Chords (in brief)
For the sake of brevity, we herein limit ourselves to suggesting a single solution, which can be evidently regarded as Quasi-Static: The voicings labelled as Sub. are obtained by simply resorting to Diatonic Substitutions [7,12,13]. Referring to the particular case in Staves (43) and (44), if the chord Cm7b5 is, as is usually the case, considered as being associated with the Locrian Mode, it can be replaced by Ab7 (Mixolydian). Similarly, if the chord Cm7b5 is considered as being associated to the Locrian #6 Mode, it can be replaced by Adim7 (Ultralocrian) [4].

Final Remarks and Conclusions
Obviously, the solutions introduced herein are not exhaustive: therefore, any further harmonization complying with the suggestions listed in Paragraph 1 is fully admissible.
All the Staves herein proposed can be subjected to a dropping procedure [3,8,9].
As an example, the DROP-2 version of Staff (11), extremely useful to jazz guitarists, yields the following: If the arrangement is intended for an ensemble, two consecutive notes, identical in pitch, should always be considered as being tied, at least as far as the Quasi-Static Solutions are concerned. In particular, the Quasi-Static Solutions, played exactly as they are written, are predominantly suitable for the jazz pianist interested in the so-called "lockedhands" technique.
Solutions suitable for Diminished Chords can be deduced by slightly modifying the harmonization proposed in Paragraph 5. Solutions suitable for Minor Major Seventh Chords can be deduced by slightly modifying the harmonizations proposed in Paragraph 4. Solutions suitable for Augmented Major Seventh Chords can be deduced by slightly modifying the harmonizations proposed in Paragraph 2.
The understanding of the method introduced herein, based on the simple rules listed in Paragraph 1, allows one to effectively deal with 4WC Harmonization of non-diatonic melodic lines built on the most common jazz progressions, such as IIm7 | V7 | Imaj7 (or Im7) and IIm7b5 | V7 | Im7 (or Imaj7).