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Cross-Linguistic Lexicalization Patterns: Diachronic Evidence from Verb-Complement Compounds in Chinese

0. Introduction. The realization of the conceptual structure of a complex event across languages displays systematic patterns, according to which TALMY (1991) classifies the world's languages into two types. One is the English-type language, which expresses motion and manner in the main verb and path through sateUites. The other is the Spanish-type language, which expresses motion and path in the main verb, leaving manner to be expressed through adjuncts such as an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause. TALMY predicts that ifa language expresses the notion of path in the satellite, then we would find the notions of change of State, temporal contouring, action correlation, and realization to be expressed in the satellite as well. According to TALMY, modern day Chinese is such a language. TALMY also hypothesizes that Classical Chinese must have been a language of the Spanish type, which conflates path with motion in the main verb, leaving manner to be conveyed through an adjunct of some kind, such as a gerundial phrase. This study tested TALMY'S prediction and hypothesis. Data were collected from extant texts representing six different stages of the Chinese language. The corpus contains about 50,000 Chinese characters. Two findings are reported in this paper. The first finding concerns TALMY'S prediction about the syntactic site for such notions as path, State change, realization, action correlation and temporal contouring. Since modern day Chinese is an English type of language, it would use satellites to express the above notions. The complements (i.e. satellites in TALMY'S terminology) in verb-complement Compounds in modern day Chinese are found to encode path, State change and realization, showing that one of TALMY'S typological patterns of cognitive linguistic Organization is borne out in this set of data. In fact, it is argued in this paper that TALMY'S theory provides a more accurate account of the verb complements in modern day Chinese, because they all denote a State change of some kind, be it resultative complement, or directional complement, or phase complement. Just as TALMY (1992) pointed out, the satellite added to the verb indicates that the potential result expressed by the verb has been actualized, giving the event a bounded aspect. The second finding is that, as TALMY hypothesized, as a contrast to modern day Chinese in terms of the coding of the conceptual structure of a complex event at the surface level, Classical Chinese is indeed a Spanish type of language. Data from texts representing the Chinese language of the fourth through the fifth Century B. C. indicate that notions such as motion and path are conflated in the verb whereas manner is expressed through an adjunct such as a gerundial phrase. This means that the basic pattern in the language at an earlier stage is quite different from what it is today Specifically, at the earlier stage, it was a Spanish