{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.018321513002364065, 'fraction_numerical': 0.012411347517730497, 'mean_word_length': 5.29368029739777, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
The Primary Journal for Secondary Education, 1893-1938: Part I of a History of School Review

The time was ripe. Secondary education in America had finally come of age. For most of the nineteenth century, Americans had accorded relatively scant attention to their middle schools. Primary education remained the central concern of both reformers and status quo defenders. Although Horace Mann's annual reports as Massachusetts School Board secretary did not launch the movement for commonschool reform, they served as its charter, while the system they envisaged served as a concrete model readily available for emulation. For most of this time public secondary education had severe difficulties in defining a constituency. On the one hand, for much of the century most Americans failed to complete their primary education; on the other, the many "colleges," both public and private, established during the nineteenth century found the bulk of their enrollments in their "preparatory" departments. Others desiring secondary education enrolled in academies; in fact only in the 1880s would enrollments in public secondary schools exceed those in "private" academies.1 Public funding for secondary education gained constitutional legitimacy in 1874 as a result of the Kalamazoo decision rendered by Michigan Supreme Court Justice Thomas Cooley. Not all states acted upon the Michigan decision immediately. Academies and colleges viewed such funding as inimical to their own interests, while many with no vested interests believed secondary education to be at best useless and at worst Godless. As late as 1890 Harvard University President Charles Eliot could only lament that the rapid growth of