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The impact of time‐restricted feeding in combination with aerobic exercise on weight gain and markers of hepatic metabolism

Obesity is a significant public health problem in many countries and has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. Obesity and its associated metabolic disease are a culmination of an unbalanced wellbeing with multiple factors prior to development. Lifestyle/living environment and resource availability has changed tremendously since the industrial revolution. Indeed, increased work hours, 24 h food availability and other lifestyle habits have altered the relationship of the internal circadian system with the external environment. Consequently, many adults are going to bed later, sleeping less and consuming calories during most hours of the day, all of which are considered to contribute to an obesogenic environment. One potential therapeutic tool to counter obesity is time-restricted feeding (TRF), a dietary pattern in which food is consumed within a limited window of time (e.g. 8−10 h) during the active phase resulting in a prolonged fasting period (example: >14 h), within a 24 h period. Studies in murine models have demonstrated that TRF may prevent or ameliorate the detrimental effects of high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders independent of factors such as caloric intake, macronutrient composition and normal circadian rhythm (Zang et al., 2022). Weight loss via dietary changes and increased physical activity or exercise are the cornerstone therapeutic for obesity and metabolic disease. Recently, Vieira et al. (2022) investigated TRF combined with exercise training on metabolic outcomes and the mechanisms at play compared to TRF alone. Physical activity and TRF has several additive effects on all organ systems and whole-body metabolism (Chaix et al., 2019; Piercy et al., 2018). Although both probably have overlapping mechanisms and each also have tissue-specific and pathway-specific mechanisms of action, TRF and aerobic exercise may even potentiate each other leading to synergistic benefits.