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Ukrainian Historiography of the Holocaust through the Prism of Modern Discourse on Collaboration on the Territory of Ukraine

In late September and early October 2016, mourning events to mark the 75th anniversary of the beginning of executions of Jews by the Germans in Babi (Babyn) Yar were held in Ukraine. Within the framework of these meetings, Ukraine and Kyiv, its capital, hosted many international delegations. Among the guests of honor was the President of Israel, Reuven Rivlin. During his visit, he spoke at the Verkhovna Rada, the parliament of Ukraine, touching upon various aspects of Ukrainian–Jewish relations during the years of the German occupation. Speaking about the Ukrainians who saved the Jews from death, he also mentioned the collaboration with the Nazis and the activities of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) at the time: ‘Many of the collaborators were Ukrainian, among the most notorious the members of the OUN who carried out pogroms and massacres against the Jews and in many cases handed them over to the Germans.’ This part of Rivlin’s speech caused a flurry of antisemitic sentiments and comments on Ukrainian social networks. The participation of collaborative structures from Ukraine in war crimes during World War II is actively used by modern Russian propaganda, particularly following the events of Euromaidan and the beginning of the war in the Donbass. The main leaders and players in the Russian Federation are especially active in promoting this rhetoric. For example, Vladimir Medinsky, the minister of culture, was presented as a ‘scientific analyst’ in many propaganda films. He starred in Russian propagandist Arkady Mamontov’s film Banderovtsy: Hangmen Cannot Be Heroes, in which, commenting on the tragedy of Khatyn village, he said, ‘We are all ashamed to say that this village of Khatyn... it was not the SSs who burned it, but Bandera.’ In fact, it was the 118th Schutzmannschaft battalion that took part in the conflagration of the village, with the participation of some members of OUN-M, the older faction, which supported Andriy Melnyk, not OUN-B, which supported Bandera.