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Different pathways to apoptosis induced by tetraphenylporphine derivatives and light in V79 cells

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced kinetics of apoptosis were studied in V79 cells using several differently localized photosensitizing dyes, mostly tetraphenylporphine derivatives. Apoptotic fractions were quantified by flow cytometry after staining the samples by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-assay. Methylene blue derivative (MBD), a new dye for PDT, and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX that are both localized in mitochondria, induced apoptosis rapidly within hours after PDT. With MBD it was shown that rapid apoptosis was induced only with dye concentration above a certain threshold. With a lower dye concentration apoptosis was delayed more than one day and was induced due to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. After PDT with two membrane localized dyes, tetra(3- hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (3THPP) and Photofrin, maximal induction of apoptosis took about 12 h. With two lysosomal localized sulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphines (TPPS2a and TPPS4) no apoptosis was induced until more than 12 h after PDT. The results are discussed in relation to evidence in the literature on the nature of possible pathways involved.