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SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE STRAWBERRY FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS

Much discussion has been devoted to sexual dimorphism in animals (Selander, 1966; Brown and Lasiewski, 1972; Ralls, 1977). Plants have received much less emphasis, although plant secondary sex characteristics were widely studied during the Darwinian period and again following the rediscovery of Mendel (Darwin, 1877; Correns, 1928). Those studies which have been done recently on plants are concerned mostly with unequal sex ratios, differences in resource allocation and the habitats of male and female individuals (Lewis, 1941; Baker, 1948; Putwain and Harper, 1972; Lysova and Khizhnyak, 1975; Freeman et al., 1976; Lloyd and Webb, 1977). The strawberry Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchn. (Rosaceae) offers an excellent opportunity to further study sexual dimorphism in plants. Sex can be easily determined by the presence or absence of functional stamens. The species survives in a diverse array of environments (Hancock and Bringhurst, 1979a). Most of the plants found in nature are dioecious, although a few hermaphroditic and polygamodioecious individuals exist (Staudt, 1967; Hancock and Bringhurst, 1979b). Fragaria chiloensis is a perennial species which reproduces both asexually and sexually. Runnering is its primary mode of asexual reproduction, although an occasional auxiliary bud may form a new crown (branch crown). Aggregations of plants connected by permanent runners are found in nature that vary in size from a few individuals to hundreds. In most cases, these aggregations appear to be composed of predominately one genotype, but other types may also be present. Since there is genetic variation in these groups, Revised December 27, 1979