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The U.S. Children's Bureau and Mothers' Pensions Administration, 1912–1930

This article analyzes the U.S. Children's Bureau's vision for supporting mothers' pensions, its practice as the sole federal advocate for this new social policy, and its influence in reforming local administration. The bureau investigated local administration, worked with a network of female reformers, and developed a reform agenda to improve the policy and practice of this early form of welfare. Despite these significant contributions, the bureau's support for fitness criteria and social casework helped to undermine its expansive vision of social security for all families.