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A study of the absolute intensity of muons at sea level and under various thicknesses of absorber

The absolute intensity of muons moving in the near-vertical direction has been measured under 209, 504, 1025, 1547 and 2066 g cm-2 thicknesses of absorber. In these measurements a range spectrograph was employed and this consisted of four arrays of crossed neon flash tube detectors triggered by a fourfold or a sixfold Geiger counter coincidence. The use of flash tubes to delineate the trajectory allowed unambiguous identification of single-particle traversals and improved the accuracy of determination of the acceptance solid angle. Since the nature and thickness of each of the absorbers were known, the different thicknesses were converted to muon energies and used to define the shape of the sea-level integral muon momentum spectrum, over the range 0.4 to 3 GeV/c. The diffusion model for particle propagation through the Earth's atmosphere is used to derive the muon spectrum and a comparison with the experimental data gave a value of -2.68 for the exponent of the pion production spectrum. An empirical relationship was derived to express the depth-intensity variation which best represents the present data together with that reported by other workers over a range of depths from the 10 to 104 hg cm-2 of standard rock measured from the top of the Earth's atmosphere. This relationship, together with the best-fit muon integral spectrum was used to produce a range-energy curve for muons in standard rock.