{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.020080321285140562, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 4.62406015037594, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Challenges in the detection of line-line faults in PV arrays due to partial shading

Solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays have non-linear output characteristics, as a result the faults occurring in PV array may not be detected by conventional protection devices. Line-line fault is one such type of fault occurring in PV array which may remain undetected and the PV array may operates with lower power. Partial shading is also a condition where the PV array may operate at a lower power. Thus, the possibility of partial shading and line-line faults having same operating points has been investigated in this paper. As the effect of partial shading varies for thin-film and crystalline PV modules, the analysis for each of them has been done separately.