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Physiological and structural changes of the lung tissue in male albino rat exposed to immobilization stress

In case of a life‐threatening, stressful event, the body prepares for an emergency. Indeed, the lung is unique in which alveolar cells are constantly exposed to physical and chemical stresses. This study aimed to study the impact of immobilization stress on the blood–air barrier and how it initiate and maintain an inflammatory response, plus determining the resolution of lung inflammation and repair. There was a significant increase in the plasma levels of stress markers “corticosterone and catecholamines” with a decrease in surfactant protein A (a lung‐injury marker). Chronic stress produced a significant increase in the pulmonary oxidative and inflammatory markers malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α, and induced nitric oxide synthase when compared with that of acute stress. Both stresses provoked marked pulmonary morphological and ultrastructural changes with a significant increase in caspase‐3 immunoexpression. There was increasing evidence of lung’s capacity for repair. This process involved edema resolution, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling in improving the lung‐injury, oxidative, and inflammatory markers.