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Growth of pentacene on parylene and on BCB for organic transistors application, and DNA-based nanostructures studied by Amplitude : Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy in air and in liquids

This work reports the various aspects of the application of atomic force microscopy (AFM), for the characterization of organic semiconductors and DNA-based arrays, for organic electronics and biological applications. On these soft surfaces, the amplitude modulation AFM mode was chosen. This choice is argued by a study of dissipative processes, performed on a particular sample, a DNA chip. We showed the influence of experimental parameters on the topographic and phase image quality. By calculating the dissipative energy, it was shown that the dissipation on the DNA chip was mainly induced by a viscoelastic tip-sample interaction.The AFM study of the "thickness-driven” pentacene growth was made to link the morphology to the nature of the substrate and to the electrical performance of created pentacene-based Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFET). Deposited on two polymer substrates, parylene and benzocyclobutene (BCB), pentacene has been characterized for nanoscale film thicknesses between 6 and 60nm. It has been shown that the larger grains were created for a deposited thickness of 30nm. Spectroscopic AFM mode was used as an alternative to the method of contact angles, to measure local surface energy. Decrease of surface energy is characteristic of a more ordered surface and was measured for a thickness of 30 nm of pentacene deposited on both substrates. Models of statistical analysis of spectral images, based on the Power Spectrum Distribution (PSD) have been used to explain the morphology of pentacene films. In addition, these models have provided a comprehensive description not only of the accessible surface of the sample, but also of its internal structural properties. Highlighted in the models, the critical thickness of 30 nm corresponds to a transition from the orthorhombic phase to the triclinic phase for pentacene molecules deposited on parylene. Similarly, a polymorphic transition occurs on the BCB. On OFETs, based on pentacene on BCB, the largest mobility of 3.1x10-2 cm²/Vs corresponds to the pentacene layer of 30nm, that shows a better ordering of the orthorhombic molecular packing in comparison with the triclinic packing.The molecular arrangement of X and Y structures based on DNA was observed, by AFM, in air and in two buffer solutions of Tris and HEPES on a mica substrate. It was shown that the treatment of the mica by Ni2 + ions increases the strength of the DNA/substrate interaction and reduces the diffusivity of the molecules. In air, wired macromolecules containing one double-stranded structure are observed on untreated mica and macromolecules with a 2D geometry on pretreated mica. Onto a non-treated, the greater thermal motion of weakly bounded to mica DNA molecules leads to the rupture of intermolecular bonding and the forming structures are more simple and not branched. The organization is different in solutions of Tris and HEPES. In the Tris solution, containing Mg2+ cations, the arrangement leads to a well-organized 2D architecture. In the HEPES solution, containing Ni2+ cations, the ionic strength is 10 times lower, this leads to a breaking of the bonds previously formed between DNA and mica. However, DNA molecules are near each other due to a partial substitution of already adsorbed Mg2 + cations by Ni 2 + cations of higher affinity with the mica. These results show that the two liquids promote a 2D assembly. In air, the networks are not stable and the few observed ones remain in a dendritic structure on the surface of pretreated mica and as a linear macromolecule on the untreated mica.