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Expiation in Levinas and His Understanding of Judaism, and in the Catholic Mass

The Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas describes ethical substitution as a suffering for another’s suffering. Levinas’s phenomenology would make of the act of substitution a universal calling, a calling regardless of race, culture, and ethnicity, that makes one truly human. Levinas’s ethical phenomenology, imbued with his Jewish faith tradition, provides philosophical illumination on the Christian and specifically Catholic understanding of Jesus Christ as the Suffering Servant of God, as found in the New Testament and in the Liturgy of the Mass. These connections and illuminations return us to our Christian roots and re-emphasize the primordially ethical basis of Christian spirituality and worship, an ethics of vicarious substitution and expiation celebrated in the Holy Eucharist.