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Establishment of Simple Cell-based Screening Assay and the Identification of Potent Antiviral Activity of a Plant Extract against HSV-1

The journey of drug discovery from screening to its commercialization is complex, lengthy, and costly which usually takes more than ten years to get one approved drug from millions of compounds. Current advances in chemistry, genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics have led to tremendous progress in high-throughput screening (HTS) for lead identification and optimization. There are two well-known strategies of the HTS system for drug discovery screening, namely biochemical assays and cell-based assays. In biochemical assay, the specific binding or affinity of tested compounds to the target of interest is carried out in homogeneous reactions that allow miniaturization with low variations. However, biochemical assays have limitations because not all targets can be purified or prepared in a manner suitable for biochemical measurement and cannot precisely represent tissue-specific responses.1 Cellbased assays can distinguish between agonists and antagonists, identify allosteric modulators, and provide direct information on cell permeability, the stability inside cells, and acute cytotoxicity, thus provides more relevant in vivo biological information than biochemical assay. There are three major cell-based assays for HTS that are used for lead compounds screening: second messenger assay, reporter gene assay and cell proliferation assay.1-3 These three types of assays are using different approaches for targeting lead compounds. The second messenger and reporter gene assay allow the target identification which provides relevant in vivo biological information. However, these systems are costly and limit the identification of late phase of compounds activity. On the contrary, cell proliferation monitors changes in cell growth as a response to external stimuli without a focus on target identification4 and is cheap and easy to perform thus more reliable for HTS assays. Some research has been proved the use of cell proliferation in identifying potential compounds against virus infection.5-8