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Optimal substation PMU placement method for the two-level state estimator

This paper presents a new method for the optimal allocation of phasor measurement units in substations with a focus on the two-level state estimation process that was recently proposed in the specialized literature. A mixed heuristic/metaheuristic method is proposed to determine the number and location of those units in such a way to provide robust observability characteristics. Its reliable, robust, and precise results are shown for small and large substation layouts.