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Syncytial Theory [1]

The syncytial theory of neural development [5] was proposed by Victor Hensen [6] in 1864 to explain the growth and differentiation [7] of the nervous system. This theory has since been discredited, although it held a significant following at the turn of the twentieth century. Neural development was well studied but poorly understood, so Hensen proposed a simple model of development. The syncytial theory predicted that the nervous system was composed of many neurons with shared cytoplasm. These nerves were thought to be present in the embryo from a very early stage and were selected by the function of the target tissue. There were two competing theories to the syncytial theory. Theodor Schwann and Francis Maitland Balfour proposed the sheath cell theory [8] , which states that nerve fibers were the product of secretions by chains of sheath cells. Santiago Ramón y Cajal [9] and Wilhelm His [10] proposed the outgrowth theory [11] of fiber development for individual neurons. The most substantial evidence against the syncytial theory of neural development [5] was produced by Ross Granville Harrison [12] in his studies of the development of nerve fibers. The syncytial theory of neural development [5] proposed that all the cells of an embryo are connected by fine protoplasmic threads that form the basis of the nervous system. Hensen predicted that these connections would be strengthened through the function of their targets. In this way, the nerve fibers could refine their connections by maintaining the correct neurons and allowing the unsuccessful connections to degenerate. This was an appealing model because it provided a simple and elegant explanation for neural development [5] . The syncytial theory depended on a few principles, namely that all nerves were present early in development, all possible neural connections were made early in development, and every successful neural connection depended on the function of the target tissue. First , The syncytial theory of neural development was proposed by Victor Hensen in 1864 to explain the growth and differentiation of the nervous system. This theory has since been discredited, although it held a significant following at the turn of the twentieth century. Neural development was well studied but poorly understood, so Hensen proposed a simple model of development. The syncytial theory predicted that the nervous system was composed of many neurons with shared cytoplasm. These nerves were thought to be present in the embryo from a very early stage and were selected by the function of the target tissue. There were two competing theories to the syncytial theory. Theodor Schwann and Francis Maitland Balfour proposed the sheath cell theory, which states that nerve fibers were the product of secretions by chains of sheath cells. Santiago Ram&oacute;n y Cajal and Wilhelm His proposed the outgrowth theory of fiber development for individual neurons. The most substantial evidence against the syncytial theory of neural development was produced by Ross Granville Harrison in his studies of the development of nerve fibers.