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Phonological coding abilities: Identification of impairments related to phonologically based reading problems

Relationships that exist between phonological coding abilities and reading outcomes have practical implications for differential diagnosis of language-based reading problems. The theoretical construct of specific phonological coding ability, which includes phonological encoding, phonological awareness and metaphonology, phonological coding in the context of lexical access, phonological coding in working memory, and expressive phonology, is explained. In addition, suggestions are provided for identifying specific phonological coding impairments.