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Enhancing the stability of perovskite solar cells through cross-linkable and hydrogen bonding multifunctional additives

Ions migration, especially I- migration, is a main issue limiting the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we introduce a multifunctional additive of dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (DPPA) into perovskite films to suppress the ions migration. The CH2=CH groups in DPPA will crosslink at grain boundaries and block the channels of ions migration. Importantly, the alkoxy (-O-CH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups in DPPA can bond with the FA+ and I- ions in perovskite through hydrogen interaction, chemically immobilizing these migrated ions. As a result, ions migration in perovskite is effectively inhibited owing to the synergistic function of DPPA. PSCs with DPPA exhibit high efficiency of over 22% with good operational stability, retaining over 90% of maximum efficiency after maximum power point (MPP) tracking for 800 hours under continuous illumination. In addition, the air and thermal stability are also enhanced and over 90% of initial efficiency is retained after aging in air or at 85 oC for 1000 hours.