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Pulmonary Hypertension Associated to Schistosomiasis and Marfan Syndrome

A Case report about a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension which during the investigation non-hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was found, concomitant with pulmonary thromboembolism and Marfan syndrome phenotype is discussed.


Introduction
Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a disorder formed by various diseases that have pathological similarities, therefore diverge in pathophysiology and prognosis. Clinically, it is characterized by dyspnea, chest pain and syncope, causing progressive limitation, right-heart failure and death. Histopathologically occurs pulmonary vascular remodeling, with subsequent increase of resistance, and in situ thrombosis [1,2]. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is defined by the presence of Pulmonary Artery Mean Pressure (mPAP) ≥ 25 mmHg, measured by right-heart catheterization, with Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP) ≤ 15 mmHg [1][2][3]. PH is divided in 5 groups, according to the 2008 Dana Point classification: 1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension, 2. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated to left-heart diseases, 3. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with pulmonary illnesses and/or hypoxia, 4. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with chronic thromboembolism, 5. Pulmonary hypertension with uncertain or multifactorial mechanism [4].
Schistosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases in the world, endemic in more than 70 countries, especially at those with lower socioeconomic development (85% of all the cases in sub-Saharan Africa, India, China and Brazil), estimating 200 million individuals infected worldwide and 10 million in Brazil [1][2][3]. The lung is a mandatory checkpoint in parasite's lifecycle, which leads to acute and chronic local damage. Hepatoesplenic form, most prevalent form of the chronic illness, characterized by periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension, causes PH as a well-known complication [2,5]. In fact, the real prevalence of the association between schistosomiasis and PH is not well defined due to lack of data, with great variability among the publications. Therefore, studies showed up to 7.6% prevalence of PH associated to hepatosplenic form, with 4.6% as PAH and 3% as postcapillary PH [2,3,5]. Other studies showed that schistosomal PH may be the most frequent cause of PH worldwide, responsible for up to 30% of all the cases [1][2][3]5]. Schistosomal PH is categorized at group 1-PAH.
Marfan Syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disease, with autosomal dominant inheritance, related to fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1chromosome 15). It affects especially the musculoskeletal, ocular and cardiovascular systems. Defined by its clinical characteristics, its diagnosis is made according to Ghent's nosology criteria [6,7].

Case Report
A 27 year-old caucasian male, catholic, single, born in Paraíba-Brazil, not schooled, unemployed. He complained about progressive fatigue and dyspnea for the last year, with worsening to minimal exertion in the last 6 months, also with nonproductive cough. Reported often lower-limbs edema, especially vespertine, anorexia, and difficult to eat due to dyspnea, with consequent substantial weight loss.
He had medical history of amaurosis secondary to acute glaucoma due to crystalline luxation with 9 years-old, when he had surgery in 1994 (surgical extirpation and prosthetic insertion). He denied any other known comorbidities. He had adequate vaccination, and denied use of any lawful or unlawful drugs, even medicine. Concerning his familiar history, his sister had also amaurosis secondary to acute glaucoma, his mother had systemic arterial hypertension and his grandfather died because of heart disease.
The patient was admitted for investigation and clinical compensation. PH (Pulmonary Hypertension) was diagnosed after right-heart catheterization that revealed reduced cardiac index and output, elevation of systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance and the following results: mean pulmonary arterial pressure=60 mmHg; Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure=28 mmHg; Right atrial pressure=16 mmHg.
Various tests were performed, based on algorithms proposed by PH guidelines. The first echocardiography indicated significant dilation of the right chambers, small pericardial effusion, paradoxal movement of the interventricular septum, mild to severe tricuspid insufficiency, with estimated Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) of 90 mmHg. Kato-Katz technique on feces revealed 24 eggs per field. Abdominal ultrasonography showed homogeneous hepatomegaly related to an enlarged right lobe and hepatic veins ectasia. Thoracic computed tomography indicated small right pleural effusion, cardiomegaly mainly related to the right chambers, mild pericardial effusion ( Figure  1), pulmonary artery trunk in the superior limit of normality (Figure 2), areas compatible with mosaic perfusion, and multiple lack of contrast filling in the interlobar arteries and its branches, with many collateral circulation, and also peripheral lingula consolidation, compatible with pulmonary infarction.
The patient was treated with warfarin, furosemide, dygoxin, supplementary O2, enalapril and bosentan. After optimizing therapeutics and with greater compensation of the symptoms, the patient was discharged, but still needing supplementary O2 at home and waiting for pulmonary transplantation. The complaints worsened and got refractory to the treatment. The patient had hemoptysis, hemothorax, cardiogenic shock and then died at the hospital.

Discussion
The patient had clinical condition compatible with PH, which was confirmed by right-heart catheterization. The procedure revealed disproportional postcapilar reactive PH (transpulmonary index > 12), in other words, there were pre and post-capilar components causing hypertension [8].
Furthermore, test for schistosomiasis was positive. However,  hepatoesplenic form, commonly related to PH, wasn't confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography. It has been demonstated that the presence of hepatic changes is not necessary for occurrence of pulmonary involvement, since it follows multiple mechanisms, still in research: mechanical impaction (embolism) of the parasite eggs in pulmonary arteries; inflammatory process and vascular remodeling; high pulmonary blood output due to arteriovenous shunts in presence of portal hypertension [2,5].
There are difficulties on diagnosing Marfan Syndrome (MS) due to findings also present in general healthy population; some of those, however, are uncommon but frequent in MS, like crystalline luxation, present in 50-80% of the patients [6]. Our patient's background of ocular illness, added to other musculoskeletal characteristics aroused suspicion of MS. It has been asked then if MS was contributing for PH in that patient. It is known that some collagenosis can cause PH. MS is not described as a possible cause of PH, but instead of its rarity, it has been described the association of these two diseases. It is related, for example, a case that a patient was treated as a bearer of idiopathic PH for years, and later discovered that he had MS, with pulmonary artery dilation [9].
Likewise it was evidenced the presence of pulmonary thrombosis which when associated to schistosomiasis occurs because of the great dilation of pulmonary vessels, slowing of blood flow and consequent formation of thrombosis in situ at arterial inner wall. In this case, however, pulmonary artery trunk was on superior limit of normality and CT scan evidenced thrombo embolism. We believe that the probable origin of this embolus is the right ventricle, since it was very enlarged and liable to thrombi formation. The presence of pulmonary thrombosis was also a determinant of the clinical worsening.
Other characteristic concerning the prognosis is the presence of pericardial effusion in this case, already established as independent severity factor on PH [3].