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Human translocation as an alternative hypothesis to explain the presence of giant tortoises on remote islands in the south‐western Indian Ocean

Giant tortoises are known from several remote islands in the Indian Ocean (IO). Our present understanding of ocean circulation patterns, the age of the islands, and the life history traits of giant tortoises makes it difficult to comprehend how these animals arrived on such small, remote and geologically young (8–1.5 Ma) landmasses. For colonization to have occurred by dispersal, giant tortoises must either have originated in Madagascar or Africa and swum for hundreds of km against the ocean currents, or have launched themselves from the eastern IO margin and drifted with the currents over several thousands of km of open ocean. After these navigational feats, the tortoises would have needed to found new, viable populations on potentially inhospitable volcanic or coral outcrops. Geologically recent sea level changes are likely to have eliminated terrestrial life from islands like Aldabra, complicating the scenario. We reviewed information relating to IO geology, the evolution and ecology of giant tortoises, and the spread of humans within the region, and propose an alternative explanation: we posit that giant tortoises were introduced to the IO islands by early Austronesian sailors, possibly to establish provisioning stations for their journeys, just as European sailors did in more recent historical times.