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LOPA misapplied: Common errors can lead to incorrect conclusions

Layer of Protection Analysis is a powerful tool for quantitative risk assessments. If applied correctly, it can provide quick and efficient guidance on what additional safeguards are needed, if any, to protect against a given scenario. If misapplied, an overly conservative calculation of risk may result in over‐instrumentation, additional life‐cycle costs, and spurious trips. A nonconservative calculation of risk could result in an under‐protected system and unacceptable risk of an undesired consequence occurring.