{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.016817593790426907, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00129366106080207, 'mean_word_length': 4.5285714285714285, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
1 Should Payment Card Issuers Reissue Cards in Response to a Data Breach ?

Credit card issuers face a choice when card data has been exposed in a data breach but has not yet been used for attempted fraud: reissue the cards or wait until fraud is attempted. This article empirically investigates the first-order public and private costs and benefits of each of these options. Based on extrapolations of the total number of credit card records exposed in data breaches, the probability that a card exposed in a breach will be used for fraud, and the cost of fraud, the first-order costs of automatically reissuing cards seems to be higher than waiting until fraud is attempted. We also briefly discuss second-order costs that may change the results of our first-order model.