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Instabilities and bifurcations in lid‐driven cavity flows

The three‐dimensional flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a rectangular slab is calculated numerically using a pseudo‐spectral method. The fluid motion is driven by two facing sidewalls which can move in parallel or anti‐parallel directions. Examples for bifurcations from two‐dimensional to three‐dimensional flows are given for spanwise periodic systems. For a comparison with previous experimental results rigid end walls are also considered. Differences between periodic and rigid end conditions are highlighted.