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Nominal Word Formations in Toba Batak Language: A Study of Generative Morphology

Abstract The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formations can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. The results show that nominal word formations in Toba Batak language are distinguished in 3 main ways, they are: [1] by attaching affixations, [2] by inserting premodifier ni between adjectival bases and nominal bases, and [3] by moving the stress of free adjectival bases from the first syllable to the second syllable. There are 14 affixations that can form nouns in Toba Batak language, they are: (i) six prefixes (par-, na-, sa-, sanha-, hina-, ha-), (ii) two infixes (-ar-, -al-), (iii) one suffix (-na), (iv) four multiple affixations (ha-...-on, pa-...-an, pa-...-on, par-...-an), and (v) double affixations (par-in-). Nominal word formations derive from various free word bases, such as, free adjectival bases, free verbal bases, free nominal bases, free numeric bases, and free adverbial bases. The results of these affixations can be inflectional or derivational. Some complex words have to be put into filter to be processed morphophonologically before they are put into dictionary.

in Tano Batak 'Batak Land' such as Samosir sub district, Toba Samosir sub district, Humbang Hasundutan sub district, and Tapanuli Utara sub district Toba Batak language is used in daily social interaction. A person might utter one sentence in different ways depends on where he is, with whom he is speaking to, etc. (Ambarita, 2017a: 8557).
Toba Batak language belongs to Austronesian spoken by 3 million people in Sumatra (Crystal, 1993: 40). There have been a lot of studies on generative morphology, such as

A brief note on word formations
Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words (Haspelmath et al, 2002: 1). Morphemes as elements of words play important roles in word formation, therefore, there are a lot of morphological issues that can be discussed, not only free morphemes but also bound morphemes (Ambarita, 2017d: 131).
In other words, a base morpheme can be modified in order to form new word by affixation processes (Ambarita, 2017c: 131). Affixations are divided into four types, namely, prefixations, infixations, suffixations, and multi affixations.

Theoretical frame
According to generative morphology in Halle's model (1973), the rules of word formation would then tell us among other things how the morphemes are to be arranged in sequences to form actual words (Halle, 1973: 4). Halle suggested that morphology consists of three distinct components, they are: (1) List of Morpheme, (2) Word Formation Rules, and (3) Filter containing the idiosyncratic properties of words. One can think of the morphology, then, as producing a long list of words is designated by the term dictionary [5,7,8].
List of Morphemes includes roots, stems, bases, and affixes. It is the Word Formation Rules that determine how the morphemes of a language are arranged in sequences to form the actual words of that language. Word Formation Rules must be able to generate all the well-formed words of a language and exclude the ill-formed ones.
The words of a language, however, cannot be derived wholly by means of regular rules because there exist semantic, phonological, and lexical idiosyncrasies (Scalise, 1984: 25). Halle proposes to treat such words in Filter. The words that actually pass through the Filter constitute Dictionary of the language as the final component.

Research Method
This study applied qualitative descriptive method. This study is intended to describe the real phenomena of Toba Batak language. This study is both documentary and field research because the data were originated from written and oral sources.

Discussions
In reference to word formations in generative morphology (Halle, 1973: 8) there are four integrated components required, they are List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, and Dictionary.

Word formation rules
Nominal word formations as the central issue in this study can be derived from various free word bases, such as, free adjectival bases, free verbal bases, free nominal bases, free numeric bases, and free adverbial bases. The results of these affixations can be inflectional or derivational.

Nominal word formations
Based on the data collected, nominal word formations in Toba Batak language are distinguished in 3 main ways, they are: [1] by attaching affixations, [2] by inserting premodifier ni between adjectival bases and nominal bases, and [3] by moving the stress of free adjectival bases from the first syllable to the second syllable.

Prefix par-
Prefix parcan be inflectional and derivational. Prefix paris inflectional if it is attached to free nominal bases as in the following data.
[1] parhuta 'villagers' [2] parhoda 'the horse's owner' The forms parhuta and parhoda as complex words are formed from free nominal bases huta 'village' and hoda 'horse' respectively by attaching prefix -par. The attachment of prefix parboth to huta and to hoda as nouns does not alter the word class.
Therefore, prefix paris inflectional. Besides, prefix parcan also be derivational if it is attached to free verbal bases as in the following data.
[3] parkarejo 'worker' [4] parjuji 'gambler' The attachment of prefix parboth to karejo 'work' and to juji as verbs changes the word class to noun. Therefore, prefix paris inflectional. The meaning of prefix parin this context is person who …. as indicated by the free verbal bases karejo and juji. Juji is a precategorial lexeme or a stem which does not have syntactic category. It can only have meaning after affix is attached. There is another variation of prefix parto negate expression as shown in [5].

Prefix na-
Prefix nafunctions as derivational affix if it is attached to free adjectival bases as in the following data.
[6] natigor 'fair person' [7] namalo 'clever person' From data [6] and [7] it can be seen that prefix nais derivational because its attachment to free adjectival bases tigor 'fair' and malo 'clever' respectively changes the word class to nouns. The combination of prefix nato free adjectival base encodes person as indicated by the base morpheme to which the affix is attached.

Prefix sa-
Prefix sais inflectional if it is attached to free nominal bases as in the following data.

Prefix sanha-
Prefix sanhabelongs to inflectional affix because its attachment to free word base does not change the word class as presented below.
[10] sanhabona 'one trunk (of tree)' [11] sanhababa 'one piece (of word)' The forms sanhabona and sanhababa are complex words formed from free nominal bases bona 'trunk' and baba 'mouth' as simple words. The combination of the two morphemes brings new meaning to prefix sanhathat is one.

Prefix ha-
Prefix hacan be attached to free verbal bases, free numerical base, and to free adjectival bases. However, there is a special word formation rule for this category.
The first syllable of verb or adjective to which prefix hais attached is doubled until vowel sounds as follows.

Prefix hina-
Prefix hinacan be attached to free adjectival bases as in the data below.

AICLL
The function of prefix hinais derivational if it is attached to free adjectival bases.
The forms hinadenggan and hinaroa are formed from simple words denggan and roa respectively. The meaning of prefix hinain this data is the quality of being …. as mentioned by the free adjectival bases. There is another variation of prefix hinato negate expression as shown in [17].
Furthermore, prefix hinais attached to so-olo -> hina-so-olo 'unwillingness'. Prefix hinain this word formation is derivational because it changes the word class from adjective to noun.

Prefix ha-
Prefix haas a derivational affix can integrate with word combination in which the base of the word combination is adjectival bases.
[19] ha-hurang-turean 'the quality of being less kind' [20] ha-dang-olo 'unwillingness' [21] ha-nabadiaon 'the quality of being holy' The form ha-so-ra-malumon is a very complex word combination which is formed from free adjectival base malum 'recovered'. The sequence of processes to form the word ha-so-ra-malumon is started by presenting premodifier ra 'possible' to malum -> ra-malum. Later, premodifier so 'not' is attached to ra-malum -> so-ra-malum 'not possible to get recovered'. Finally, confix ha-…-on is attached to so-ra-malum -> haso-ra-malumon 'the impossibility to get recovered'. The same procedures also occur to  [28] harungkut 'contraction'

Infix -ar-
The form harungkut is a complex word which is formed from lexeme hungkut 'wrinkled' by attaching infix -in-within the free adjectival base hungkut. Therefore, infix -in-

Infix -al-
Infix -alis an alternative usage of infix -ar-that can be inserted within free nominal base. In this context, dental phoneme /r/ and /l/ are interchangeable reciprocally as shown in the following data.

Suffix -na
Suffix -na is a derivational affix because it changes the word class to which the affix is attached as in the following data.
[33] ulina 'beauty' [34] timbona 'height' Ulina and timbona are formed from uli and timbo as adjectives. It can be seen clearly that the attachment of bound morpheme -na to free adjectival base changes the adjectives becomes nouns. Therefore, suffix -na is a derivational affix.

Multiple affixations ha -on
Multiple affixations ha-…-on is a derivational affix as presented in the following data.

Multiple affixations pa-… -an
Multiple affixations pa-…-an is a derivational affix because it changes the free verbal base to noun as in the following data.

Multiple affixations pa-… -on
Multiple affixations pa-…-on is a derivational affixation because it changes the free verbal base to noun as in the following data.

Multiple affixations par-… -an
Multiple affixations par-…-an can be attached to verbs as in the following data.  The forms 'garemor, 'harumor, and 'garelllok are adjectives with infix -arof which the stress of the words is in the first syllable. However, those words can be generated into nouns by changing the stress of the words to the last second syllables.

Conclusions
As a theory of which has predictive power, generative morphology is eligible to be applied in language studies to explore language phenomena without exception. The theory stimulates the way of thinking critically. In so doing, other researcher especially linguistic students of master degree and doctoral degree are hoped to do other research using generative morphology to develop new theory. In other words, further research is expected to be theory finding rather than theory application.