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ELECTRON/PHOTON TRANSPORT AND ITS APPLICATIONS

This paper surveys the wide range of radiation physics topics that involve the transport of energetic electrons and x-rays. Applications in the high-energy range (100 keV to 30 MeV) include: radiation therapy physics (including treatment planning), industrial radiation processing of materials, shielding, experimental and theoretical dosimetry, dose profiles near material interfaces, beta-ray dosimetry, characterization of the photon spectrum from radioisotope sources, bremsstrahlung (x-ray) generation, and radiation charging of insulators. Lower energy applications (from below100eV to 100 keV) include: positron transport, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), prediction of x-ray tube spectra, x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), electron-beam-induced-current (EBIC), auroral phenomena, x-ray lithography, electron beam lithography, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary electron emission, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). As examples, we briefly discuss (1) radiation therapy physics,(2) dose enhancement at material interfaces, and (3) x-ray target spectrum prediction. Mathematical methods and models for electron/photon transport are briefly described. These include (1) the Monte Carlo simulation method, (2) numerical solution of the transport equation, (3) analytic or semi-empirical models, (4) several miscellaneous methods, and (5) multidimensional methods. These models must be verified be comparison with benchmark experimental data, such as for electron backscatter and transmission, energy and charge deposition, and x-ray target spectra. Finally we list some topics where further transport model research would be desirable. We also describe a book in progress, which will provide a broad introduction to the theory of electron/photon transport and its many applications in radiation physics.