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Biomarker Optimization of Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapies

We are in the process of designing and testing an intradural stimulation device that will shorten the distance between the location of the electrode array and the targeted neural tissue, thus improving the efficacy of electrical current delivery. Identifying a biomarker that accurately reflects the response to this intervention is highly valued because of the potential to optimize interventional parameters or predict a response before it is clinically measurable. In this report, we summarize the findings pertaining to the study of biomarkers so that we and others will have an up‐to‐date reference that critically evaluates the current approaches and select one or several for testing during the development of our device.