{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03527435610302351, 'fraction_numerical': 0.03135498320268757, 'mean_word_length': 4.655063291139241, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Fentanyl Dosage and Timing when Inserting the Laryngeal Mask Airway

The study objective was to show that fentanyl given five minutes prior to induction improved insertion conditions for the Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway. Previous work had shown fentanyl at 90 seconds to be unpredictable. A probit analysis design was used in which success I failure rates of different doses of fentanyl were measured and dose-response curves drawn from which the ED50 and ED95 with 95% confidence intervals were determined. Adult Chinese patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I or II and requiring anaesthesia for minor surgery with a laryngeal mask were recruited. They were randomly assigned to one of six dosage groups: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 μg.kg-1. Fentanyl was given prior to propofol 2.5 mg.kg-1, and insertion was assessed 90 seconds later using six categories of patient response. Ninety-six patients, aged 18 to 63 years, were studied. The six dosage groups were similar. As the fentanyl dose increased, fewer patients responded to insertion (P <0.01). Dose-responses could be predicted for all categories, except resistance to insertion and laryngospasm. Probit analysis predicted an ED50 of 0.5 μg.kg-1 and ED95 of 7.5 pg.kg-1 for ideal insertion conditions (i.e. no swallowing, gagging, body movement or laryngospasm). Commonly used fentanyl doses of 1 to 2 μg.kg-1 only prevented patients responding to insertion in 70 to 80% of cases. When using propofol 2.5 mg.kg-1, administering fentanyl five minutes before laryngeal mask insertion does not provide ideal insertion conditions in 95% of cases unless excessively large doses are used. An ideal dose of fentanyl that produces optimum insertion conditions could not be determined.