{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.020761245674740483, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0057670126874279125, 'mean_word_length': 5.263537906137184, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Transnational Writers and Double Literary History in Communist Romania

: In this article, I examine some aspects that define transnational literature written by Romanians during the second half of the twentieth century and the conceptual crisis induced by the presence of exiled writers in a national literary system dominated by the idea that Romanian literature can only be written in Romanian. The fact that exiled writers conceived their work for a foreign audience helped them to adapt to a transnational context; without completely abandoning their Romanian roots, they adopted the values of a new culture and a new language of circulation, and achieved a cultural synthesis. By dealing mainly with literary themes inspired by their native culture or by their exile experience, they became a kind of literary double agent, disseminating the values of their original homeland and also belonging to the larger family of transnational writers. Not only the study of comparative literature might profit from the study of transnational literature, but also national literary history, especially for the period of the Cold War in Eastern Europe. Where the transmission of “national” traditions was once the major theme of a world literature, perhaps we can now suggest that transnational histories of migrants, the colonized, or political refugees – these border and frontier conditions – may be the terrains of World Literature. The center of such a study would neither be the “sovereignty” of national cultures, nor the “universalism” of human culture, but a focus on those “freak displacements” – such as Morrison and Gordimer display – that have been caused within cultural lives of postcolonial societies. (Bhabha 1992, 145–146)