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Ecological agriculture in Poland

Intensive agricultural economy, characterized by a high use of chemicals, is one of the reasons of degradation of natural environment. It is estimated that in Poland on some 6 per cent of arable land production should be ceased due to ecological pollution of the agroecosystems (Michna, 1993). Ecological agriculture is one of the factors that can successfully counteract degradation of natural environment caused by intensified agricultural production. Its aim is not only to supply consumers with food of high biological value, but also to create conditions for a permanent development of the agroecosystem, i.e. for self-regeneration of its production abilities. The fundamental idea of ecological agriculture is to maintain sustainable plant and animal production on a farm, which creates the possibility of keeping the circulation of organic matter closed within the farm. Owing to this such farms use up less energy and are less dependent on non-regenerative resources, while at the same time they pertain to the growth of different, more varied agrocenoses. In Poland ecological agriculture has been functioning officially since 1990, when the first ecological farms were registered. At present there are 225 ecological farms which are in possession of a certificate given to them by EKOLAND Association. An agricultural farm can apply for a certificate of an ecological farm if it fulfills certain criteria: production, organizational and environmental ones. The production criteria determine which means of production may be used in the process of production. The organizational criteria specify the relations between the ecological farm and EKOLAND Association as the organization determining the criteria of ecological production, controlling their reinforcement, and giving certificates of ecological farms. The environmental criteria determine that the ecological farms: — should be situated at such a distance from dust emitting plants, from