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A General Theory of Russian Space: A Gay Science and a Rigorous Science

Living in a brave new world of jumbo jets, computer networks, and fast-food chains, we are tempted to believe that geography can be overruled by technology, that space can be conquered by means of communication. However, there is an exception lying flat and square across Eurasia and occupying about one-seventh of the world map. This is Russia, where space reigns supreme, defying modern communications, technologies, and beliefs, and defining the political institutions, economic activity, and mentality of its population. Space is generally considered to be a major Russian asset, but isn't it also a major pain in the neck? True, it shapes a "mysterious Russian soul," with its breadth and depth, its abysses, and "the ideal of Madonna living side by side with the ideal of Sodom" like ebony and ivory on a piano keyboard, as testified by Dostoyevsky. True, Russia's coat of arms is a double-headed eagle, borrowed from Byzantium (not mutating after Chernobyl), with one head looking east, the other west. And yet again, it is true that Russia, with its vastness, "cannot be embraced by mind,"1 as observed by Tyutchev and repeated by many for more than a century as an ultimate justification for everything that happens in that country. It is this same space that has prevented Russia from developing civil institutions, civic society, and the rule of law (Rechtsstaat) in fact the entire concept of civility, from civitas, is a specifically Western way of development by urbanization. In Russia, there has been little necessity to settle down and work at a plot of land. Endless space is forgiving and undemanding, irresponsible and undiscriminating; its human embodiment is the weak-willed and dreamy Iliya Iliych Oblomov of Ivan Goncharov's classical novel, a Russian archetype. If