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Racism and Colonialism: Essays on Ideology and Social Structure. Edited by Ross Robert. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff (for Leiden University Press), 1982. Pp. vi + 228. Dfl.90 (approx. $39.50).

Racism and colonialism are not necessarily allied, though in practice colonial rule has often been enforced by racial authority. Moreover, as Robert Ross points out in his editor's introduction to Racism and Colonialism, the ideology of racism may maintain its power after colonial rule has vanished. His collection is one in a series of ' Comparative Studies in Overseas History' published from Leiden University under the general editorship of H. L. Wesseling. The contributions are grouped under headings. 'Ideology' includes four pieces concerned with the evolution of racial theories in Europe. Here the political implications are muted: indeed, Leon Poliakov calls racism 'an entirely sociological phenomenon'. In the next section,' Social Structure', we move into worlds where race has been used as an overt political weapon. Ross, in an important historical contribution, illustrates how racial hierarchies were enforced in pre-industrial South Africa an aspect of his wider concern to demonstrate how the division customarily made between pre-industrial and industrial South Africa is less deep than some recent historians have made it appear. He describes in particular how, after emancipation, the Masters and Servants Ordinance of 1841 was used to stratify labour relations racially. Raymond Smith, in a study of the post-emancipation Caribbean, illustrates how liberal ideology came to incorporate racial concepts. The three following contributions show racial categories enforced by whites being accepted and interpreted by their victims. Terence Ranger (in the same vein as his recent collaborative book with Eric Hobsbawm, The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge, 1983) explains how in central Africa racial labels affixed by whites were adopted by Africans as badges of identity. D. A. Washbrook illustrates how, conversely, in India, Bengalis, finding themselves denied the status of a 'martial race' by the British, reacted by deliberately cultivating a martial spirit. V. A. February moves from the white stereotypes of 'natives' to black stereotypes of whites, drawing on the literature of black America, the Caribbean and South Africa. John Rex concludes with a schematic survey to verify a definition of racism which stresses coercion and exploitation. C.F.