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Two distinct mechanisms of actin bundle formation.

Actin filaments (F-actin)-one of the major types of cytoskeletal filament-can be induced to form bundles by the addition of any of a number of polycations, including divalent metal ions, trivalent hexaminecobalt, or basic polypeptides. The general features of bundle formation, as detected by light scattering, centrifugation, optical and electron microscopy, are largely independent of the specific structure of the bundling agent used. The formation of lateral aggregates of actin filaments in response to polycations begins at a threshold concentration that varies strongly with the valence of the cation and increases with the ionic strength of the solution. Polyanions, such as nucleoside phosphates and acidic polypeptides, disperse actin bundles into single filaments. These features are similar to those associated with DNA condensation and