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Genotypic × Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis for Yield and Yield Attributes in Taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.)

Aims: To identify the stable genotypes across the different environments for yield and its  attributing traits. 
Study Design: Field experimental design was applied. 
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at Research Farm, SKN College of Agriculture, S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner (Rajasthan), India in different environments during rabi 2018-19. 
Methodology: An experiment was conducted on thirty genotypes of taramira (Eruca Sativa Mill.) in three environments created by three dates of sowing during rabi 2018-2019 in randomized block design with three replications to estimate genotypic × environment interaction and stability parameters for various yield and yield attributing traits. The stability analysis was carried out according to Eberhart and Russell model. 
Results: The highest yielding genotypes were RTM-1351, RTM-1810, RTM-1315 and RTM-314. Genotypes RTM-314, RTM-1800, RTM-1810 and RTM-1815 were found relatively stable for seed yield per plant. Genotypes RTM-1795, RTM-1798 and RTM-1799 had below average stability for seed yield per plant and suitable for better environmental conditions. Genotypes RTM-1791, RTM-1815 and RTM-1351 were showed above average stability for seed yield per plant and suitable for poor environmental condition. Further, these genotypes can be utilized in the development of stable cultivar taramira. 
Conclusion: Pooled analysis of variance indicated significant differences among environments and genotypes. Genotypes RTM-314, RTM-1800, RTM-1805 and RTM-1810 were found most stable for most of the characters, which can be grown in wide range of environments (all three dates of sowing).


INTRODUCTION
Taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) is an important winter season oil seed crop of the family Brassicaceae. South Europe and North Africa are believed to be the native place of taramira [1][2] and it is introduced to India. It has diploid number of chromosomes 2n = 22. Taramira has desirable traits particularly resistance to powdery mildew that can be transferred to Brassica compestris and Brassica juncea [3].The oil content in taramira ranges from 31.60 to 41.31 per cent [4]. Analysis of the oil profile has indicated that taramira oil has about 46.3 per cent erucic acid which is comparable to other rape seed mustard crops, while oleic acid (28.7 per cent), linoleic acid (12.4 per cent) and linolenic acid (2.1 per cent) are considerably lower as compared to mustard oil. Saturate fatty acids are around 10.5 per cent. Taramira oil is mainly used in adulteration of mustard oil to increase pungency. The cake of taramira is used as manure for improving the soil physical condition and soil fertility and it can also be used as nutritional feed for animals.
The phenotypic expression of a character is resultant of the interactions between genotypes and environments. The estimates of genetic parameters obtained in one environment are biased due to the confounding of the genotype x environment (G x E) interaction effect with the genotype effects. It is therefore, necessary to take into account the G x E interaction while determining the estimates of various genetic parameters to have unbiased picture in the expression of various characters. Looking these facts, the need is to develop varieties that would give stable production from year to year and place to place even under moisture stress conditions. The term stability analysis is often associated with the analysis of varietal trials. It refers to a method of assessing the variations of each variety between the test environments. The yield of a variety regressed linearly on the average yield of all varieties to determine its stability across to the test environments. The resulting regression coefficient, or slopes, can be taken to indicate whether each variety is stable across environments or it is sensitive to the differences between environments. The detection of significant genotype x environment (G x E) interaction indicates that phenotypic responses to changes in the environment are not the same for all genotypes. This means that the best genotype in one environment is not the best in another environment. If the interaction components are relatively large compared to the genotypic components, and if they are related to predictable environmental factors, the breeder searches for a cultivar that has general adaptability and universal performance over the range of environments [5]. Since the knowledge of the stability of the yield in taramira genotypes could be advantageous to judge their real performance.
Therefore, the present investigation planned to estimate the stability of yield and related characters over a range of environments. The success of tatamira crop depends not only on its high performance but also on its ability to perform consistently over environments as the phenotypic performance of a genotype is often influenced by diverse agroecological conditions. Some genotype may perform well in some environments but not in others. Thus, G x E interactions is of great significance in plant breeding as they affect stability of genotypes across environments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigation was conducted at Research Farm, SKN College of Agriculture, S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner (Rajasthan). The material for the present investigation were consist of a set of 30 germplasm lines including two checks i.e. RTM-314, and RTM-1351 which were obtained from the collection being maintained at the AICRP Oilseeds (Taramira Unit). These entries were evaluated in randomized block design with 3 replications. Each entry was sown in a plot of two rows with 4 metre length and plant to plant distance maintained at 10 cm. The three different environments were created by sowing at three different dates i.e. 10 Observations on ten different morphological and quality traits had been recorded. Days to 50 per cent flowering and days to 90 per cent maturity were recorded on plot basis. The plant height was measured from ground level to the tip of plant for ten randomly selected plants in centimeter from each plot and averaged. The number of primary branches, number of secondary branches and number of siliquae per plant were counted on ten randomly selected plants in a plot and averaged. The length of siliqua was recorded by measuring the length of one siliqua on each selected plant. Total seeds obtained from the ten randomly selected plants was weighted and recorded as seed yield in grams then averaged. The oil content was recorded on per cent basis using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer apparatus at DRMR, Sewar, Bharatpur.
The data on each character for the genotypes were subjected to standard statistical analysis of variance for each environment separately [6]. Later the data of each were subjected to pooled analysis of variance [7]. The stability analysis was done according to Eberhart and Russell (1966) model [8].

Pooled Analysis of Variance
The pooled analysis of variance showed highly significant difference among genotypes for all the characters. The environmental effects were also found highly significant for all the characters. While genotype x environment interaction were significant for most of the characters except days to maturity and oil content (per cent). It indicated the differential influence of environment on the expression of genotypes with respect to most of the characters including seed yield per plant (g). Similar finding of significant G × E interaction also have been reported by Badiger et al. [9], Jat et al. [10] and Ram et al. [11].

Joint
Regression Analysis for Stability of Yield and Yield Attributing Traits at Different Environment in Taramira Genotypes Joint regression analysis showing mean squares for different characters tested over three environments are presented in Table 2. The mean values and stability parameters (bi and S 2 d) of the taramira genotypes for various characters are presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Comparison of the means and range over the environments gives an idea about the suitability of an environment for character expression. In the present investigation the first environment that is timely date of sowing (10.10.2018) was found better for taramira as the mean of most of the characters was highest in this environment. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters in each of the three environments. It indicated that significant amount of genetic variability was present in all the genotypes for all the characters studied. Analysis of variance carried out as per the model given by Eberhart and Russell (1966) indicated that variance due to Env. + (G x E) was significant for all the characters except plant height, test weight and oil content Table 2. Partitioning of this variability indicated divergent linear response to the environmental changes however, the significant G x E (linear) for number of siliquae per plant while non-significant for rest of the characters. Supporting evidence for significant G x E (linear) component as observed in the present study were also reported by Kumar et al. [12] for number of siliquae per plant in mustard. Variance due to environment (linear) was significant for all the characters, which may be due to environmental fluctuations. The pooled deviations were significant for days to 50 percent flowering, plant height (cm), primary branches per plant, secondary bzranches and length of siliqua, suggesting that a substantial portion of G x E interaction was due to some factor other than the regression. Therefore, indicating non-predictable performance of genotypes across the environments. Verma et al. [13] observed significant pooled deviation for siliqua per plant in toria and safflower for all traits except capitula size and seed yield per plot.  The earliness in flowering in taramira is highly desirable character in the areas where water stress, edaphic or atmospheric adversities prevail during the growing season, particularly in the later parts of the crop growth so that the genotype may escape the adversities and mature before such stresses occurs. About 87 per cent genotypes showed non-significant S 2 d values exhibiting stability for this character. Among all the genotypes which were included in the present study, genotypes RTM-1796, RTM-1797, RTM-1795 and RTM-1817 had lower mean than the general mean and regression coefficient close to unity, hence these are most desirable Table 3. Similarly, early maturity is also a desirable character like early flowering in taramira to escape the crop from environmental adversities. 100 per cent genotypes showed nonsignificant S 2 d values exhibiting stability for this particular trait. Genotypes namely, RTM-1801 and RTM-1795 were most desirable and stable for this trait because these genotypes had the mean lower than general mean and regression coefficient close to unity. RTM-1793, RTM-1796, RTM-1802, RTM-1803, RTM-1805 and RTM-1808 had below average stability as these genotypes had low mean value with regression coefficient significantly higher than unity. Tallness is desirable and tall plant is expected to bear more siliqua. Positive association between seed yield and plant height in taramira has been reported by Nehra [14], Bibi et al. [15]. In the present investigation 84 per cent genotypes exhibited non-significant deviation from regression indicating, their general stability for plant height. RTM-314, RTM-1804, RTM-1807, RTM-1808 and RTM-1351 having highest mean and unity regression is most desirable among the genotypes evaluated. RTM-1792, RTM-1805, RTM-1810 and RTM-1815 exhibited below average stability as they had higher mean value with regression coefficient higher than unity. RTM-1793, RTM-1800 and RTM-1818 exhibited above average stability. The S 2 d estimates of 84 per cent genotypes for secondary branches per plant were non-significantly deviated from zero indicating their general stability for this trait Table  4. Genotypes namely, RTM-314, RTM-1796, RTM-1800, RTM-1805, RTM-1807 and RTM-1810 were most desirable and stable for this trait because these genotypes had the mean higher than general mean and regression coefficient close to unity. Nehra (1988) reported that Seed yield was positively associated with number of siliquae per plant.RTM-314, RTM-1800, RTM-1805 and RTM-1810 exhibiting average stability is thus, suitable for all environmental condition for this trait as it had high mean and regression coefficient near to unity. Yadava et al. [16] reported positive association between seed yield per plant and length of siliqua. Genotypes, RTM-1795, RTM-1798 RTM-1799 and RTM-1808 were suitable for better environment as they had higher general mean and high regression coefficient. Those genotypes, which having high test weight (per cent) are expected to be high yielders. In the present investigations, RTM-314 RTM-1800 RTM-1805 and RTM-1810 were found to stable with close to unity regression and high mean and are therefore, classified desirable. The S 2 d estimates for seed yield were non-significant for 90 per cent genotypes indicating general stability for seed yield. Genotypes RTM-314, RTM-1800, RTM-1805, and RTM-1810 were stable and desirable because these had high mean and regression coefficient was also equivalent to unity. RTM-1795, RTM-1798 and RTM-1799 exhibited below average stability as it had mean higher than general mean and higher regression coefficient than unity. The S 2 d estimates of all of the genotypes for oil content (per cent) were nonsignificantly deviated from zero indicating that most of the genotypes except RTM-1793, RTM-1807 and RTM-1808 were stable for this trait. Stability parameters revealed that genotypes RTM-314, RTM-1800, RTM-1805and RTM-1810 were most desirable and stable as had the higher mean than general mean and regression coefficient equivalent to unity.
The genotypes which had higher mean for seed yield and bi = 1 are RTM-314, RTM-1800, RTM-1805 and RTM-1810. These genotypes can be evaluated in advanced breeding traits for direct release. Genotypes RTM-1795, RTM-1798 and RTM-1799 were also having superior performance and also responsive to optimum sowing conditions as they were having greater mean with high regression coefficient, thus these genotypes should be used in hybridization programme to generate superior gene pool.

CONCLUSION
The genotypes which had higher mean for seed yield and bi = 1 are RTM-314, RTM-1800, RTM-1805 and RTM-1810. These genotypes can be evaluated in advanced breeding traits for direct release. Genotypes RTM-1795, RTM-1798 and RTM-1799 are also having superior performance and also responsive to optimum sowing conditions as they are having greater mean with high regression coefficient, thus these genotypes should be used in hybridization programme to generate superior gene pool.