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ORTHOPEDIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUES

Subcutaneous emphysema may be noted in birds with ruptured air sacs or with fractures of the humerus, thoracic girdle or some ribs (the pneumatic bones). The emphysema will generally resolve within a few days. In many cases, birds may require several days of stabilization with fluids, steroids, antibiotics or supportive alimentation before anesthesia and surgery can be safely performed (see Chapter 40). N C H A P T E R