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Cometabolic transformation and cleavage of nitrodiphenylamines by three newly isolated sulfate-reducing bacterial strains

Three sulfate-reducing bacterial strains (Desulfovibrio sp. strain SHV, Desulfococcus sp. strain WHC, and Desulfomicrobium sp. strain WHB) with the capacity to cometabolize 2-nitrodiphenylamine, 4-nitrodiphenylamine, and 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine were newly isolated. Before breaking down the diphenylamine structure, these strains cometabolically reduce the nitrodiphenylamines to the corresponding aminodiphenylamines during anaerobic oxidation of the growth substrate lactate (Desulfovibrio strain SHV and Desulfomicrobium strain WHC) or benzoate (Desulfococcus strain WHB), leading to the formation of aniline and a smaller quantity of methylaniline. These compounds were not further metabolized by the sulfate reducers. The anaerobic metabolism of aminodiphenylamines also led to the formation of heterocyclic condensation products such as phenazine and acridine derivatives, provided that they contained an amino group in the ortho position of the diphenylamine (e.g., 2-aminodiphenylamine or 2,4-diaminodiphenylamine). In addition, low levels of indole and benzothiazole derivatives were identified, but these also were not further metabolized by the three sulfate-reducing strains.