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Orientation summary statistics are limited in processing capacity

The visual system may condense the vast amount of information in the natural world by summarizing properties across collections of similar items (Ariely, 2001). Under this view, once these summary statistical representations (SSRs) are established, representations of the groups’ constituents are inaccessible (Corbett & Oriet, 2011). The proposed function of SSRs is to reduce computational demands placed on the system by a world that is rich with information (Whitney, Haberman, & Sweeny, 2014). The rich perception of the world that we enjoy is thought to derive from the integration of an early summary representation with information sampled at fixation (Chong & Treisman, 2003). If true, then understanding SSRs is of considerable importance for theories of visual perception. The current view of SSRs originates in part from tasks that measure how averaging performance changes as a function of the number of items in the set (set size). Specifically, to the extent that performance is equal when sets of, for example, 4 versus 16 items are summarized, it has been concluded that those averages are established through spatially parallel processes. The large number of studies showing equal accuracy between small and large set sizes (e.g., Ariely, 2001) has led to an endorsement of the view that statistical summaries are established by mechanisms that “precede the limited capacity bottleneck” (Chong & Treisman, 2005, p. 899). An implication of this view is that summaries should depend almost exclusively on unlimited-capacity processes. That is, they should unfold independently of the number of stimuli to be processed.