{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03663025062803061, 'fraction_numerical': 0.02646491791785944, 'mean_word_length': 5.24061246810062, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 1, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Toxicity of daily low dose cisplatin in radiochemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer

Purpose To evaluate toxicity of radiochemotherapy schedule using daily-low-dose-cisplatin in radiochemotherapy of locally-advanced head-and-neck-cancer (HNSCC). Methods and patients From October 2003 to October 2006, 50 patients with HNSCC (stage III/IVA/IVB) were treated. In 32 patients, surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy(64 Gy), in 18 patients definitive radiotherapy(70 Gy) was performed. Low-dose-cisplatin was applied concomitantly (6 mg/m2/every radiotherapy-day). Results Acute toxicity ≥grade 3 was observed in 22 patients (11 patients mucositis/dysphagia, 7 hematologic toxicity, 4 mucositis/dysphagia/hematologic toxicity). 90% of our patients received >80% of the planned cumulative chemotherapy dose, 94% the intended dose of radiotherapy. After median follow-up of 24.2 months, 3-year overall survival and loco-regional control rates were 67.1 and 78%. During follow-up, chronic toxicity ≥grade 3 (xerostomia, subcutaneous fibrosis, or lymphedema) was observed in nine patients. Conclusion We found chemoradiation with daily-low-dose-cisplatin to be feasible with advantage of low acute and chronic toxicity. Therefore, use of low-dose-cisplatin should be evaluated in future clinical trials.


Introduction
Radiotherapy is an important therapeutic modality in the treatment of advanced (UICC stage III and IVA/IVB) head neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in curative intent and is used either as adjuvant or primary treatment modality. It has been proven that concomitant chemotherapy improves overall survival as well as loco-regional control both in the primary and in the adjuvant situation (Bauchaud et al. 1996;Bernier et al. 2004;Browman et al. 2001;Cooper et al. 2004;El-Sayed and Nelson 1996;Pignon et al. 2000). However, concomitant chemotherapy also increases the risk of escalated acute toxicity. The optimal chemotherapy regimen has not been evaluated, yet. Common regimens besides several others are cisplatin 100 mg/m 2 on days 1, 22, and 43 of radiotherapy (Rades et al. 2008); 40 mg/m 2 weekly during radiotherapy (Geeta et al. 2006), or 20 mg/m 2 for 4 days in week 1 and 5 of radiotherapy (Lau et al. 2006), optionally combined with 5-FU (Adelstein et al. 2006). A relatively infrequent used regimen in radiochemotherapy for head and neck cancer is the use of daily low dose cisplatin, which includes the administration of cisplatin 6 mg/m 2 on each radiotherapy day. However, this application form is well established in the treatment of locally advanced non small cell lung cancers with primary radiochemotherapy (Pradier et al. 2005;Schaake-Koning et al. 1992;Semrau et al. 2007;Takiguchi et al. 2005). The experiences obtained from these studies regarding the treatment of NSCLC show that good treatment outcome with acceptable toxicity can be achieved with low dose cisplatin compared to radiotherapy alone. So far, there are only few reports on eYcacy and toxicity of low dose cisplatin in radiochemotherapy for advanced HNSCC (Hoebers et al. 2007;Jeremic et al. 2004;Jeremic and Milicic 2008). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity in patients treated with this regimen for locally advanced HNSCC either in the primary or adjuvant situation in our department.

Methods and patients
From October 2003 to October 2006, all stage III/IVA/B HNSCC patients treated in our department (primary or adjuvant) were designated to receive concomitant cisplatin 6 mg/m 2 on each radiotherapy day. No other cisplatin regimens were used in our department during the respective time period as patients, who were not able to receive cisplatin due to a reduced creatinine clearance (·60 ml/min), which was determined in every case before starting treatment, were either selected to receive radiotherapy alone or radiotherapy plus cetuximab in the primary situation. In summary, 50 patients with locally advanced HNSCC received concomitant radiochemotherapy with cisplatin 6 mg/m 2 on each radiotherapy day in the respective time period and therewith qualiWed for inclusion in the presented study. All tumors were histologically determined as squamous cell carcinoma (41 histologic grade 2 and 9 grade 3). Forty-eight patients were males and two females, patients age ranged from 43 to 80 years (median 61 years). Tumors were localized as follows: oral cavity (6), oropharynx (29), hypopharynx (7), and larynx (8). Disease was staged according to the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer/ American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) criteria. Eight patients were in stage III, 35 patients were in stage IVA, and 7 patients were in stage IVB. Thereby, in 2 patients the primary tumor was staged as T1, in 7 patients as T2, in 15 patients as T3, and in 26 patients as T4. In summary, 43 patients presented with histologically proven positive cervical lymph nodes (6 patients N1, 30 patients N2, and 7 patients N3). One day before the start of radiochemotherapy, the hemoglobin level was determined in each patient, and its median was 8.9 mmol/l (13.9 g/dl) [range 6-11.5 mmol/l (9.3-17.9 g/dl)]. Four male patients presented with an anemia grade 1 according to the CTC score before radiochemotherapy. These patients received blood preservations to correct anemia before starting treatment. Pretreatment characteristics of patients entered in study are concluded in Table 1.
Initial examinations before treatment included medical history, clinical ENT (ear-nose-throat) examination (magnifying laryngoscopy, upper bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy, ear-nose-throat endoscopy) with biopsies in potential mucosal primary sites, complete blood counts, biochemical analysis including creatinine clearance, electrocardiogram, chest X-rays, abdominal ultrasound, and CT scans of the thorax and the head and neck with contrast medium.
A total of 32 patients underwent curative surgery as a primary treatment followed by adjuvant radiochemotherapy up to a total dose of 64 Gy. Twenty-Wve of these patients had histologically proven involved lymph nodes; extracapsular extension of lymph nodes was detected in six of these patients. Eighteen inoperable patients were treated with primary radiochemotherapy to a total dose of 70 Gy. Thereby, all patients received conventional fractionated 3-D conformal external beam radiotherapy (2 Gy per fraction, Wve times a week, no alternative fractionation schemes like hyperfractionation were applied in our patient population). The Wrst phase delivered a dose of 50 Gy to the primary tumor and associated nodal drainage sites. Subsequently, a boost was applied: In the primary setting, the boost included the primary tumor and macroscopic involved lymph node areas to a total dose of 70 Gy. In the adjuvant situation, the boost was applied to the primary tumor region and tributary lymph node regions including such lymph nodes with extranodal spread to a total dose of 64 Gy. Treatment was delivered with a Varian Clinac 600 C/D accelerator (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The prescribed  1993). Simultaneous chemotherapy was given as follows to all patients in the study: Intravenous infusion of cisplatin 6 mg/m 2 was combined with 1l NaCl with facultative antiemetic medication on every radiotherapy day. Radiotherapy was applied after a minimum of 3 h following chemotherapy. Toxicity was monitored weekly during radiochemotherapy and every second week following therapy until disappearance of acute toxicity. Subsequently, chronic toxicity was monitored at least quarterly. Toxicity was classiWed according to the CTC score for acute (Trotti et al. 2000) and according to the LENT scoring system for chronic toxicity (Rubin et al. 1995).
After radiochemotherapy, remission was evaluated by clinical ENT-examination (ear-nose-throat endoscopy, magnifying laryngoscopy, whenever necessary upper bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy) and a computed tomography with contrast medium. Complete remission was deWned as the complete regression of all tumor manifestations. Afterwards, patients underwent quarterly clinical ENTexamination, complete blood counts, biochemical analysis, chest X-rays, abdominal ultrasound or a computed tomography of the head and neck, if necessary. Biopsies were taken from suspect Wndings to receive histological conWrmation of tumor growth.
Survival probabilities were calculated from the day of histological diagnosis. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to determine overall survival and locoregional control. Loco-regional control was deWned as the absence of local or regional recurrence or progression (Kaplan and Meier 1958). The impact of possible prognostic factors was estimated by univariate analysis (log-rank test) for gender, patient age, primary site, tumor stage, histological grading, surgery, and preradiotherapeutic hemoglobin levels. Statistical analyses were generated with the program StatSoft, Inc. (2002) STATISTICA for windows version 6.1.

Toxicity
In summary, therapy was well tolerated. There were no treatment-related deaths. Acute grade 3 sole mucositis/dysphagia was seen in 11 patients (22%), sole hematologic toxicity ¸grade 3 occurred in 7 patients (14%) [5 leukopenia (3 of these patients with grade 4 toxicity), 1 patient thrombopenia grade 3 and one patient leukopenia and additionally anemia grade 3]. In another 4 patients (8%) mucositis/dysphagia and hematologic toxicity grade 3 (2 leukopenia and 2 leukopenia and thrombopenia) was observed. Thus, toxicity related changes of the therapy schedule were infrequently necessary. Overall, 94% of our patients received the intended dose of radiotherapy (in 2 patients receiving adjuvant treatment radiotherapy dose was reduced from 64 to 60 Gy and from 64 to 62 Gy, respectively and in one patient receiving primary radiochemotherapy from 70 to 62 Gy). More than 80% of the intended cumulative chemotherapy dose could be applied in 90% of our patients (chemotherapy break for more than one week was necessary in 8 patients, only). During followup, high grade chronic toxicity (grade 3) was also infrequent and occurred in nine patients (18%), only (3 patients xerostomia, 2 patients subcutaneous Wbrosis, 2 patients lymphedema, and 2 patients subcutaneous Wbrosis and lymphedema, respectively). No grade 4 chronic toxicity was observed in our patients during follow-up.
Follow-up, response and overall survival/loco-regional relapse, loco-regional control and development of distant metastases All patients, who underwent surgery in curative intent, were at least macroscopically completely resected (28 patients R0-resection, 4 patients R1-resection). Complete remission after primary radiochemotherapy was seen in 12/ 18 patients (66%). In the other six patients, a partial remission was achieved. The median duration of follow-up was 24.2 months (range, 7.8-48.7 months). After this time, 38 patients (76%) remain alive. Death has occurred in 12 patients (24%); 9 of these died from tumor, and 3 died from intercurrent disease (secondary primary tumor, pulmonary embolism and one not known). Collectively, the 2-and 3year overall survival rates were 72.7 and 67.1%, respectively. Loco-regional relapse (recurrence after complete or progress after partial remission) occurred in ten patients (in 7 patients after adjuvant and 3 patients after primary radiochemotherapy); the median time to relapse was 9 months (range 0.8-13.9). In nine patients, the initial site of relapse was local and in one patient regional. Distant metastases occurred in two patients (one hepatic and one pulmonal), in both cases not associated with a loco-regional recurrence. Collectively, the 2-and 3-year loco-regional control rates were 78%.

Prognostic factors
To evaluate the prognostic value of individual factors, univariate subgroup analyses concerning gender, patient age, primary site, tumor stage, histological grading, surgery, and preradiotherapeutic hemoglobin levels have been done. Subgroup analysis of tumor stage (stage III versus stage IVA/B) showed that disease stage III at the time of diagnosis is associated with a statistical signiWcant (P = 0.02) higher 2-and 3-year year overall survival compared to the patients staged IVA/B (100 vs. 65.3%, and 100 vs. 57%, respectively). In contrast, subgroup analyses concerning gender, patient age, primary site, histological grading, surgery, and preradiotherapeutic hemoglobin levels showed no statistically signiWcant inXuence on overall survival or loco-regional control. Still, this may be due to the small sample size.

Discussion
Toxicity of diVerent chemotherapy regimens used in combined conventional fractionated primary or adjuvant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced HNSCC The data show that our radiochemotherapy regimen using low dose cisplatin is associated with relatively low high grade (¸grade 3) toxicity. Thus, 94% of the patients received the intended dose of radiotherapy and in 90% of the patients ¸80% of the intended cumulative chemotherapy dose could be applied. Other common chemotherapy regimens (cisplatin 100 mg/m 2 on days 1, 22, and 43 of radiotherapy, 50 mg/m 2 weekly during radiotherapy, or 20 mg/m 2 for 4 days in week 1 and 5 of radiotherapy) are associated with equal or considerably more high grade acute toxicity: As shown in Table 2, the incidence of grade 3 mucositis/dysphagia/hematologic toxicity in these studies varies from 41 to 89%. High acute toxicity may reduce quality of life in patients, and toxicity related changes of the therapy concept may be necessary which, however, may adversely inXuence prognosis. For example, Bernier et al. (2004) described 2004 that the third cycle of their chemotherapy (cisplatin 100 mg/m 2 on days 1, 22, and 43 of radiotherapy) could be administered on time without delay in only 49% of their patients.
Our data are in accordance with other studies using daily low dose cisplatin in radiochemotherapy for locally advanced HNSCC: Jeremic et al. (2004) and Hoebers et al. (2007) also demonstrated that concurrent normofractionated chemoradiation with daily low dose cisplatin for advanced head and neck cancer patients is feasible and eVective. Thereby, Jeremic et al. (2004) reported similar data concerning toxicity compared to our study, Hoebers et al. (2007), however, describe higher amounts (Table 2). Additionally, Zuur et al. (2008) considered this treatment scheme as a relatively safe protocol with respect to ototoxicity.
Our data show a 2-year/3-year overall survival rate of 72.7%/67.1%, and a 2-year/3-year loco-regional-control rate of 78%, respectively. However, as both, patients with surgery and postoperative radiochemotherapy and patients with radiochemotherapy alone as deWnitive treatment are regarded, conclusions concerning oncological eYcacy in comparison to the literature cannot be drawn from the data.
EYcacy and toxicity of hyperfractionated and/or accelerated radio-or radiochemotherapy regimens for primary treatment of inoperable locally advanced HNSCC Whereas in the adjuvant situation conventional fractionated radiotherapy is the standard approach, overall survival and loco-regional control may be improved by alternative fractionation like acceleration or hyperfractionation when using radiotherapy as primary therapy for inoperable advanced HNSCC: It has been shown that hyperfractionation with moderate dose escalation leads to a signiWcant improvement of loco-regional control and overall survival if radiation therapy is used as single modality. In contrast, accelerated radiation therapy alone, especially when given as split course radiation schedule, does not increase overall survival (Budach et al. 2006). However, no evidence proofs that hyperfractionation is better compared to conventional fractionation if chemotherapy is given concomitantly (Welz et al. 2007). Furthermore, it has to be considered that alternative fractionation is associated with higher acute toxicity and may lead to toxicity related changes of the therapy concept resulting in negative impact on prognosis. Potentially, daily low dose cisplatin is appropriate to reduce acute toxicity in hyperfractionated radiotherapy without compromising tumor control compared to regimens using higher single doses of cisplatin for radiosensitizing. In summary, despite hundreds of clinical trials in patients with advanced disease, there is no absolute consensus about patient selection for altered fraction regimens, type of chemo-radiotherapy association, radiation or chemotherapy dose schedule (Corvo 2007).

Conclusion
We found concurrent chemoradiation with daily low dose cisplatin to be feasible with advantage of low acute and chronic toxicity. Therefore, use of low dose cisplatin should be evaluated in future clinical trials testing conventional or alternative fractionated radiotherapy for locally advanced HNSCC. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.