{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0367504835589942, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0012894906511927789, 'mean_word_length': 5.5210084033613445, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Cytokine and Apoptotic Effects of Resuscitation Fluids in the Lungs of a Rodent Hemorrhagic Shock Model

Resuscitation following hemorrhagic shock has been studied in rodent models using anesthetized, uncontrolled bleeding methods. This study further develops a non‐anesthetized model of hemorrhagic shock with a controlled, weight based bleed. Resuscitation from the severe acute shock used: lactated ringers (LR), ketone ringers (KR), normal saline (NS), 25% serum albumin (SA), hypertonic saline (HTS) and HTS with dextran (HTS‐d) to compare the immuno‐modulatory and apoptotic affects of the different fluids. The goal of this study was to compare: (i) systemic cytokine expression, (ii) lung cytokine expression and (iii) apoptosis. Cytokine expression was changed by the type and volume of fluid used during resuscitation. Systemically, the LR, KR and SA groups showed an induction of several different cytokines when compared to hemorrhage control (HC). When compared to the appropriate volume and tonicity control SA induced several cytokines indicating the SA itself is immunogenic. Cytokine expression patterns in the lung showed the greatest immune induction by SA, LR and KR including the induction of TNF‐[alpha]. TNF‐[alpha] is a known inducer of apoptosis. Comparison of lung apoptosis showed that LR, KR and SA groups has significantly more apoptotic cells than all of the other groups. In conclusion, the non‐anesthetized rodent model of hemorrhagic shock showed immuno‐modulatory and apoptotic changes caused by resuscitation fluids.