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Prevalence and incidence of thyroid disorder during pregnancy in Bangladesh-a tertiary care hospital based study

Objectives: To establish the prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy in a tertiary care center in Bangladesh. Methodology: 749 cases were randomly selected among the pregnant women who reported to antenatal clinic. Later 121 women were excluded as they were already diagnosed cases of thyroid disorder. The rest were investigated for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and if required then they were also investigated for free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb). Thyroid status was classified according to TSH level – euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism (sub-clinical hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease/toxic multinodular goiter, transient hyperthyroidism of pregnancy). And all patients were divided into 2 groups – normal/euthyroidism and abnormal/thyroid disorder, considering their thyroid status. Result: The prevalence of thyroid disorder during pregnancy was 34.98% and incidence was 22.45%. The mean TSH levels (μIU/mL) of 1, 2 and 3 trimester were 2.67±3.59, 2.39±1.87 and 2.74±3.98, respectively. Significant number of overt hypothyroid cases were detected among rural people (P – 0.004). There were significant difference of incidence of euthyroid (P – 0.029) and SCHTh (P 0.031) cases at different stages of gestation. There were also significant number of cases with goiter (P ˂0.001) and TPOAb (P – ˂0.001) in different patient groups. Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are common in pregnancy. Early detection and proper treatment of thyroid dysfunction can help for better outcome. Hence, thyroid function test must be advised to all pregnant women.


Introduction
Pregnancy is a physiological condition where thyroid hormone has a significant role to play as it is necessary for fetal development and maturation. Thyroid diseases have strong predominance in woman of childbearing age and pregnancy is often associated with thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid disorders (TD) are the second most common endocrine disorders affecting women in the reproductive period (1) . A normal pregnancy undergoes a number physiological changes which are followed by alteration of thyroid and other hormonal status (2) (3) . It is not uncommon that thyroid dysfunction goes unnoticed during pregnancy because of the nonspecific symptoms. As fetus is dependent on maternal thyroid hormone supply until the end of 1 st trimester, a poorly managed hypothyroid mother can give birth a child of low intelligence (3) (4) . The risk of miscarriage is increased in autoimmune thyroid disease (4) . Maternal Graves' disease (GD) can lead to pregnancy loss as well as fetal thyroid dysfunction. Hyperthyroidism occurs in 0.2%-0.4% of pregnant women and is most commonly associated with GD (5) . Prevalence of hypothyroidism during pregnancy varies from 2.5% to 11% according to geographic distribution (6) .
The prevalence of hypothyroidism is higher in Asia compared to the West (6). In pregnancy, 0.2% and 2.3% cases are diagnosed as overt hypothyroidism and sub-clinical hypothyroidism, respectively (6) . The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of thyroid disorder of pregnant women, reported in the out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh.

Material and methods
This cross sectional study was conducted from 1 st December, 2018 to 30 th November, 2019 at Ad-din women's medical college, a tertiary care hospital. Amongst all pregnant women who reported to antenatal clinic, 749 women were randomly selected after obtaining written informed consent irrespective of their gestational age and gravida status. They were subjected to clinical evaluation with emphasis on the family history of thyroid disorder and presence of thyroid gland enlargement. Subjects' area of residence were documented and divided into 3 zones -urban (city corporation area), suburban (city corporation adjacent areas, district towns), rural (rest other area).

Inclusion Criteria:
 All pregnant women reported to antenatal clinic. 121 women were excluded as they were already diagnosed cases of TD. Rest of the subjects were investigated for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and in case of any diagnostic dilemma/abnormality, free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were estimated too. Although total triiodothyronine (TT3) and total thyroxine (TT4) measurement is more reliable during pregnancy and FT3, FT4 widely vary during pregnancy between different methods, yet we recommended FT3 and FT4 as TT3, TT4 levels are reliable during last stage of pregnancy (TT4 reaches the steady level after 16 weeks of pregnancy) (7) . But we had patients of different stages of pregnancy and they were only advised for FT3 and FT4 whenever there were diagnostic dilemma regarding the type of hyperthyroidism; which we mostly faced during the early stage of pregnancy. Thyroid status was classified according to TSH value -euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), overt hypothyroidism (O.HypoTh) and hyperthyroidism -sub-clinical hyperthyroidism (SCHTh), Grave's disease (GD)/ toxic multinodular goiter (TMG), transient hyperthyroidism of pregnancy (THP). Patients were divided into 2 groupsnormal/euthyroid and abnormal/ thyroid disorder (SCH, O.HypoTh, GD/TMG, SCHTh and THP). According to American Thyroid Association (ATA) and hospital laboratory reference value, pregnant woman with TSH 0.35 -3.99 μIU/mL was considered as euthyroid. Isolated hypothyroxinemia is defined as normal maternal TSH concentration in conjunction with FT4 levels in the lower 2.5 th -5 th percentile of the reference range (7) . Considering normal TSH value, patients of isolated hypothyroxinemia were grouped as euthyroid.
In SCH state, TSH was in the range of 4.0 -9.9 μIU/mL and O.HypoTh was considered when TSH was ≥10 μIU/mL (7). If TSH is <0.35 μIU/mL; FT4, FT3 and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) is elevated, then diagnosis is GD. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in women of childbearing age. But if TRAb is negative but β-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level is elevated (above the laboratory reference range), then diagnosis is THP. THP usually resolves spontaneously by 14-18 weeks of gestation (7) . If TSH is <0.35 μIU/mL, TRAb is negative β-hCG low/normal, then possibility of other causes of hyperthyroidism needs to be evaluated .e.g. TMG .SCHTh is diagnosed if TSH is <0.35 μIU/mL but FT4, FT3 are normal. But it is clinically insignificant during pregnancy (7) . TSH, FT4, FT3, TPOAb, β were analyzed by using emiluminescent sequential immunometric assay with IMMULITE 1000 immunoassay analyzer.
Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 23 software. The categorical variables were represented as percentages and measurable variables as mean±SD. One way -ANOVA test and Chi-square test were performed for comparing the variables between different groups as appropriate. P value <0.05 was considered to be significant. Figure 1: Prevalence of thyroid disorder during pregnancy. The prevalence of thyroid disorder during pregnancy was 34.98% (n = 749).   The mean age of all groups was ̴ 25 years. The incidence of TD was higher among urban dwellers but incidence of overt hypothyroidism was significantly higher among rural people (P-0.004).

Results
The incidence of TD during pregnancy was (22.45%, n= 628). Among TD, the incidence of SCH (14.17%) was the highest. There were significant difference of incidence of euthyroid (P -0.029) and SCHTh (P -0.031) cases at different stages of gestation.
Presence of family history of thyroid disorder (P -0.79) in euthyroidism and Thyroid disorder group wasn't significantly different. There were significant difference of goiter (P -˂0.001) and TPOAb (P -˂0.001) positive cases in both groups.

Discussion
In this study, the prevalence of thyroid disorder during pregnancy was 34.98% ,which was higher than Akram FH et al. (8) . The prevalence of hypothyroidism (overt and SCH) was 28.98% which was higher comparing to Chandrasekhara P et al (6) . The geographical position of Bangladesh might have an important role behind this (9) (10) .
Patients of O.HypoTh and SCH were treated with levothyroxine. Euthyroid (TSH 2.6-3.99 μIU/mL) patients but TPOAb positive were also considered for levothyroxine treatment if they had history of unexplained pregnancy loss and that was done after assessing the risk-benefit outcome (7) . Euthyroid patients with TSH .35 -2.5 μIU/mL irrespective of TPOAb status, patients with isolated hypothyroxinemia, THP and SCHy.Th weren't considered for treatment but were advised to check serum TSH level on regular interval (7) . Patients with hyperthyroidism (GD and TMG) were treated with anti-thyroid drugs (carbimazole and propylthiouracil) (7) .   (11) . This study had the similar result as the mean age of patients of different thyroid status groups; it was mostly indifferent, ̴ 25 years.
Residence has great importance regarding the prevalence and incidence of thyroid disorders (12) (13) . Although most of the people of our country live in rural area, this study reported that most of the reported cases of TD were hailed from urban area. Social awareness, education, and good communication facilities were the main reasons behind this. The effect of urban pollution should be acknowledged as well.
In this study, there were significant associations of presence of TPOAb (P-˂0.001) and goiter (P-˂0.001) with different thyroid status during pregnancy. But it failed to show any significant difference regarding the association of positive family history of TD (P-0.79) with various thyroid status.
The measurement of TPOAb does not give any indication of thyroid status but its presence does have important implications for the pregnancy. In 2011 a meta-analysis considering 12,126 patients, found that women with TPOAb had a 4-fold increased risk of miscarriage according to cohort studies; and a 1.8-fold increased risk according to case-control studies (14) . TPOAb is also associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery (15) . Even the presence of TPOAb at late weeks gestation can result in a significant IQ decrement in children of euthyroid mothers (16) . TPOAb positive women are associated with the risk decreased thyroid functional reserve during gestation which may result in overt hypothyroidism (17) . Besides that, they are at high risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis (18) .
Pregnancy is a physiological condition where goiter may be present due to increased demand (19) . Besides, women are always at higher risk of TD and goiter (20) . Positive family history of TD is also a risk factor for TD which should be considered during pregnancy with great importance despite our failure to show any significant relation with thyroid status in pregnancy (21) (22) .
One of the limitations of this study was that we only focused on TSH value, though it is recommended to check full thyroid hormone profile before initiating treatment, especially for hyperthyroidism (7 ). But because of the lack of trimester specific normal values for FT4, FT3 we decided to do so. Some of the cases failed to provide their thyroid antibody reports and information regarding family history. We only considered TPOAb because anti thyroglobulin antibody detection was not recommended by ATA during pregnancy and also because of limited availability of TRAb testing facility in our country (7) . In this study, we didn't follow up the patients throughout the gestational period. It would have been more appropriate had we included the data regarding the change of thyroid status and outcome, since we conducted a prevalence and incidence study.

Conclusion
This study has demonstrated high prevalence (16.15%) and incidence (23.57%) of TD. SCH has the highest incidence rate among TD. TPOAb (P-˂0.001). Family history of TD (P-˂0.001) was significantly associated with thyroid status during pregnancy. These indicate the necessity of extensive thyroid screening during pregnancy so that early diagnosis and management can be done which will eventually make a huge difference in pregnancy outcome.