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Existing Optimal Water Network designs for addressing demand and supply needs for NamWater

Namibia, one of the driest countries in Africa, is facing water scarcity as reservoirs are depleting or are near-depletion. Designing a water network optimization model is considered as a conceivable approach that will determine possible linkages between locations of demand and the existing supply. Systematic literature review of existing water network optimization was undertaken to understand best water network optimization designs that may be applied in addressing water challenges in Namibia. Regular applied wireless Internet of Things (IoT) technologies such as short-range (Zigbee), long-range (LoRa), Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and remote communication technologies (cellular technologies and WiMAX) used in designing communication networks were identified. The study identified that these IoT technologies are used in designing water network optimizations. The use of IoT technologies to create water network optimization models is proposed in this paper as the way in which Namibia may use intelligent systems to reduce water scarcity. This paper concludes by recommending a water network optimization architectural design that can be implemented in a way that should solve water challenges in Namibia.