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Biology, Rhetoric, Reform: The Allure of Low-Born High Ideals*

At first glance the very word "biopolitics" appears to invite discussion of a range of data which are profoundly antithetical to the forms of analysis and the bases of success of the socio-political sciences. In considerable measure this can be traced to our separation from the natural sciences and the consequent elaboration of theories and concerns among social scientists who were decreasingly connected with work in biology, physiology, neurology, biochemistry, etc. The effort here in this essay is to reviewsome of the characteristics of the hiatus between the study of so-called nature and the study of so-called society, and the effects this has had on the political and ideological consequences of some recent biological work which bears, or threatens to bear, on what traditional social scientists continue to do. What, in effect,does "biopolitics" mean anyway? If, as Aristotle proclaimed. "Man is by nature a political animal", then the very study of politics must refer to the nature of the beast. However, it seems correct to say that by and large the emphasis of research on the political animal has been on the adjective "political" rather than on the significant uncertainty implied in the phrase "by nature". The question remains: what is that nature? And, if it is nature that we are concerned about, then in the truest sense of the word is the study of politics not a branch of the study of biology? In any event, man is not by nature the only political animal. Politics as conceived in the widest sense is finally a genetic process which involves alteration of the distribution of gene frequencies. It is a way of coping not only with the scarce resources of the present but also of establishing precedences or priorities over the realities of the future. As my fellow paper reader on this