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Coupled Summer Circulation and Dynamics Between a Bay and the Adjacent Shelf Around Hong Kong: Observational and Modeling Studies

Observational and numerical modeling studies are conducted to investigate the coupled circulation between Mirs Bay to the east of Hong Kong and the adjacent shelf sea during an upwelling season. Long- and short-term observations are synthesized to characterize the circulations in the bay-shelf region. A three-dimensional-coupled bay-shelf-estuary circulation model was developed with realistic topography and forced with time-dependent wind, tides, and lateral ﬂ uxes to investigate the processes and physics in the circulation of the coupled bay-shelf regime. Based on the validated model, it was found that a strong northeastward coastal upwelling jet persisted over the shelf with highly variable topography outside the bay, and a strong upslope current occurred where the topography was sharply convex. This upslope current intruded into the bay in the lower layer ( > 10 m) as a cold-water stream. A horizontal anticyclonic circulation formed inside the bay with a seaward out ﬂ ow in the upper layer ( < 10 m). Momentum and vorticity analyses showed that a southwestward along-isobath pressure gradient force over the convex isobaths off the bay intensi ﬁ ed that bay-ward intrusion. Negative relative vorticity advection from the jet was responsible for this pressure gradient force. The horizontal anticyclonic circulation and elevation ﬂ uctuation inside the bay were determined by the interaction between the intruding shelf current and the topographic trough inside the bay, and they were also baroclinically modulated by the intrusion of denser shelf waters. Winds over Mirs Bay intensi ﬁ ed exchange ﬂ ow across its entrance but suppressed the anticyclonic circulation inside the bay.