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Projecting Hope and Making Reel Change in Africa

Finally, Clark describes the role that powerful countries, international institutions of those times (the League of Nations, the international donors, and in particular, Fritjof Nansen, the first High Commissioner for Refugees) and the political leadership of Greece and Turkey played. Clark concludes that often the fate of the actual people concerned was trumped by political considerations, including the consolidation and re-birth of modern nation-states and the retention of power in the Middle East. Yet the book also mentions the incredible work of a number of individuals, such as Nansen, Henry Morgenthau, and a few others, who powerfully used their diplomatic and political skills to save lives and help people start anew, despite the counter productive political aims of this period. The resonance with situations around the world at present is sobering. A human rights lawyer may miss somewhat an analysis of the extent to which this population exchange, agreed upon by the Lausanne Treaty of 1923, was in fact legal then. It is clear that it would not be today. The pioneering work on population transfers, the prohibition of arbitrary displacement and internally displaced persons provide a solid basis for this conclusion. Perhaps it does not matter anymore for those millions of Greeks, Turks, Muslims, Christians, and others, who have either passed away or are very old now, but Clark gives us much to think about. Can aspiring to create ethnically homogenous societies, especially in the context of the creation of new states, possibly bring peace and prosperity in a region when the refugees created in the process are perceived as an unfortunate consequence which will eventually sort itself out? Do international agreements sanctioning such situations, even when nominally providing for the return of refugees and for multi-cultural societies, differ much from the Treaty of Lausanne?