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High Precision Phase Measurement Technique for Cell Impedance Spectroscopy

This paper presents a new approach for high precision phase measurement. The new system is developed for biomedical applications such as complex cell impedance measurement and dielectric tissue analysis. In many of the named applications it is necessary to measure the complex dielectric constant of a sample as a function of frequency. Therefore the developed system is capable of measuring amplitude and especially high precision phase of the measurement signal over a wide frequency range from 10 Hz to 10 MHz. The experimental result of the new method shows a phase resolution of up to 0.01 degree at 1 MHz and 0.1 degree at 10 MHz. The excellent phase measurement resolution is achieved by a time transformation of the signal using a digital sampling circuitry. The functional principle of the digital sampling circuitry is based on Delta – Modulation and is implemented inside a cheap standard FPGA. The new system is successfully used in blood analysis applications and allows for a practical implementation of cost efficient capacitive hematocrit sensors for the first time.