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Recognition of Microbunodon (Artiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae) from the Eocene of China

The anthracotheres (family Anthracotheriidae) are a large group of fossil artiodactyl mammals and have long been considered to be a useful group for the study of worldwide terrestrial biochronology and paleobiogeography during the Cenozoic (Pickford, 1987, 1991; Rasmussen et al., 1992; Ducrocq, 1995, 1996; Ducrocq and Lihoreau, 2006). Microbunodon Depéret, 1908 is a genus of bunodont anthracotheres that existed in the late Oligocene of Europe (France, Switzerland, Austria, and Germany) and in the middle to late Miocene of Indo-Pakistan (Pickford, 1987; Lihoreau et al., 2004; Lihoreau and Ducrocq, 2007). It possibly existed in the late Oligocene of Turkey and in the early Oligocene to early Miocene of Pakistan (Lihoreau et al., 2004). The earliest known Microbunodon is from the late Oligocene (European Mammal Zone MP28; ca. 26 Ma) of Switzerland (Lihoreau et al., 2004). However, this genus is considered to stem from Anthracokeryx of the middle Eocene to early Oligocene of Asia and to have immigrated from Asia to Europe during the Oligocene because it does not have a European ancestor (Lihoreau et al., 2004). Microbunodon has a very similar dental morphology and size to Anthracokeryx, particularly to Anthracokeryx thailandicus from the upper Eocene Krabi basin of Thailand and to Anthracokeryx gungkangensis from the upper Eocene/lower Oligocene Gongkang Formation of southern China (Qiu, 1977; Ducrocq, 1999; Lihoreau et al., 2004). In this short article, I point out an Eocene fossil record of Microbunodon in southern China. The specimen had been originally described as Anthracokeryx; but my reappraisal of the specimen showed that it belonged to Microbunodon. This is the oldest record of the genus Microbunodon, suggesting an Eocene eastern Asian origin of the genus and also indicating subsequent migration of the genus from Asia to Europe during the Oligocene. Abbreviations.—C, upper canines; I, upper incisors; M, upper molars; P, upper premolars; IVPP, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China; MNHN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.