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Characterization of Embryonic Tendon Mechanical Properties and Morphology

Introduction. Mechanical properties of embryonic tissues have been characterized with macro-scale tensile and compression methods for embryonic bone, tendon and cardiac muscle. A drawback to these techniques is that they are limited to the larger tissues of later stages of embryonic development, and that they do not elucidate the size, orientation, or density of macromolecular constituents present in the tissue in relation to changes in stiffness. In this study we applied force-volume AFM to characterize the elastic modulus and structural properties of chick embryonic tendon throughout HH developmental stages 28-43. The overall goal was to characterize tendon elasticity in correlation with tissue structure throughout embryogenesis, including early stage embryonic tendon tissue that has not been previously characterized.