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Is professional regulation a highway to social immobility at top? Social closure and gendered outcomes in Italy

This article examines how processes of social closure promote persistence at the top ofthe occupational hierarchy and how it varies by gender. We focus on the link betweenprofessional closure strategies and intergenerational immobility in professionalemployment in Italy. Since Italian professions display the highest levels of service marketregulation across Europe and are the largest occupational group within the upper class,analyzing the link between professional closure and social inequality is crucial. ISTAT´ssurvey on Italian graduates (SPL, 2011), the Origin-Destination association isinvestigated at big-, meso- and micro-level with log-linear nested models. This sampleoffers in analyzing social mobility at the beginning of professionals’ careers and providein-depth explanations of micro-level dynamics of social reproduction. The analysesindicate that children of regulated professionals have a higher propensity to follow intheir parents’ footsteps (micro-classes). Self-employment functions as an independentdimension, which strongly increases intergenerational immobility at top similarly forprofessionals and larger entrepreneurs (meso- and micro-classes). Finally, itdemonstrates that the combination of specific parental resources strongly facilitatesprofessionals’ children to avoid social demotion (big-classes).