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Risk Assessment for South Africa’s first direct wastewater reclamation system for drinking water production

In Beaufort West, South Africa’s first direct wastewater reclamation plant (WRP) for the production of drinking water was constructed in the end of 2010 as a result of acute water scarcity. Due to high pathogen load and limited knowledge of WRP’s a risk assessment were conducted. Information and knowledge were gathered during a study visit to the world’s first direct reclamation plant in Windhoek, Namibia. As suggested by the EU project TECHNEAU risks were not only assessed by water quality, but also by water delivery interruptions (quantity). The system boundaries were defined in such a way that the new reclamation system could be stressed and risks originating from the reclamation system could be identified. Hazards were identified by using a hazard database also developed by TECHNEAU, and an early version of a hazard database from South Africa’s Water Research Commission. The databases were useful, but to general to be used without modification of the defined hazards. The risk analysis was performed by using risk matrices, and an ALARP approach when evaluating the risks. Originally, 70 risks were identified as valid to the system and five critical risks were identified, one quality related risk and four quantity related risks. The most important treatment barrier used in Beaufort West is reverse osmosis, which has high treatment efficiency with very few pathogens able to pass through. Therefore fewer qualityrelated risks were identified compared to quantity related risks. By the use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, suggested risk reduction measures were ranked by costs and reduced risk in both quantitative and qualitative terms.