{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.027161862527716185, 'fraction_numerical': 0.010532150776053215, 'mean_word_length': 5.5398550724637685, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 1, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Efferent innervation to the auditory basilar papilla of scincid lizards

Hair cells of the inner ear of vertebrates are innervated by afferent neurons that transmit sensory information to the brain as well as efferent neurons that receive feedback from the brainstem. The function of the efferent feedback system is poorly understood and may have changed during evolution when different tetrapod groups acquired sensitivity to airborne sound and extended their hearing ranges to higher frequencies. Lizards show a unique subdivision of their basilar papilla (homologous to the mammalian organ of Corti) into a low‐frequency (<1 kHz) and a high‐frequency (approximately 1–5 kHz) region. The high‐frequency region was reported to have lost its efferent innervation, suggesting it was insignificant or even functionally detrimental at higher frequencies. We re‐examined the innervation to the basilar papilla of five species of Australian scincid lizards, by using immunohistochemistry. Anti‐choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was used as an efferent marker. Co‐localization with anti‐synaptic vesicle protein 2 confirmed the synaptic identity of label. Cholinergic terminals were observed along the whole length of the basilar papilla, including the regions that had previously been described as devoid of efferent innervation. However, there was a clear decrease in terminal density from apical, low‐frequency to basal, high‐frequency locations. Our findings suggest that efferent innervation is a general feature of the hair cells in the basilar papilla of lizards, irrespective of tonotopic location. This re‐enforces the notion that efferent feedback control of hair cells is a fundamental and important property of all vertebrate hearing organs. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:74–85, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.