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l-3-n-Butylphthalide attenuates β-amyloid-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells through regulating mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis and MAPK signaling

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Amyloid-β protein (Aβ), the hallmark of AD, invokes a cascade of mitochondrial dysfunction and eventually leads to neuronal death. l-3-n-Butylphthalide (l-NBP) has shown the potent neuroprotective effects in stroke and AD animal models. The present study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of l-NBP on Aβ25–35-induced neuronal injury and the possible mechanism in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our results showed that l-NBP significantly attenuated Aβ25–35-induced cell death and reduced neuronal apoptosis. l-NBP significantly inhibited Aβ25–35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, l-NBP could partially reverse the elevations of Aβ25–35-induced active caspase-3, caspase-9, and cytochrome c expressions, and the downregulation of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. Moreover, l-NBP markedly inhibited the activations of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. These results demonstrated that l-NBP was capable of protecting neuronal cells from Aβ25–35-induced toxicity through a mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Thus, l-NBP shows promising candidate of multi-target neuronal protective agent for the treatment of AD.