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Urbanization, living standards and sustainability.

Abstract
 This chapter focuses on the negative and positive impact of urbanization and urban population growth on the environment and human health over the course of history. While urbanization creates challenges with waste disposal, air pollution and the provision of clean water, it enables economies of scale and resource efficiencies and enables administrative functions to emerge, including strong public health programmes and advanced medical systems. Another undeniable benefit of urbanization is that human health benefits from strong health care infrastructure and systems, and good access to these. The key to overcoming the urban challenge is to ensure that future urban development and expansion is carefully managed to preserve the health of the environment inside and outside the city, as well as the health of the urban inhabitants within it.