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The monetary reforms of Charlemagne and the circulation of money in early medieval Campania

The article examines the degree to which Charlemagne's conquest of Lombardy extended the domain of the Carolingian silver denarius into Italy, and argues that the changeover from gold to silver was markedly gradual and ultimately temporary in the south of Italy, especially in Campania. In the economic sphere at least, southern Italy was never fully integrated into the Carolingian sphere, but looked rather to the central and eastern Mediterranean.