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Effects of climate change on major elements of the hydrological cycle in Aksu River basin, northwest China

Water resources systems in arid regions are sensitive to climate change, which critically impacts the water cycle. In this study, we applied historical hydrometeorological data, CMIP5 data, and a large‐scale hydrological model (Community Land Model–Distributed Time‐Variant Gain Model [CLM–DTVGM]) to study the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle (i.e., runoff, actual evapotranspiration (ETa), and terrestrial water storage [TWS]) under different scenarios at the Aksu River basin (ARB) located in the arid region of northwest China. The primary findings of this study: (a) As the determination coefficient (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) reached desirable levels (R2 ≥ 0.583, NSE ≥ 0.371, and root‐mean‐square error ≤ 155.727), the CLM–DTVGM achieved a better simulation of runoff in the ARB; under climate change, the runoff depth in the irrigation area became shallower and followed a decreasing trend, with a minimum depth of 0.5 mm and a significant decreasing trend of −8 mm·a−1. (b) Along with changes in the precipitation and temperature of the baseline period (i.e., 1980–2010), runoff, ETa, and TWS were predicted to change significantly in future scenarios. (c) Climate change significantly impacted the historical runoff from the Shaliguilanke and Xiehela hydrological stations, with correlation coefficients larger than 0.9; however, the runoff from the Alaer hydrological station was not affected. However, runoff, ETa, and TWS in the ARB were very closely correlated with climate change in the future scenarios, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9. Related research in the future would be important for guiding the sustainable development of the ARB.