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47,XXY/48,XXXY/49,XXXXY mosaic with hydrocephaly: a case report and review of the literature

Klinefelter's syndrome is a frequent genetic sexual alteration in males, associated with the 47,XXY aneuploidy. Several syndrome variants are caused by different X and Y polysomy and mosaicisms, including the 49,XXXXY condition described by some authors as Fraccaro's syndrome. Mosaics with three or more different chromosomal lines are very rare. Here, we describe a case with XXY/XXXY/XXXXY mosaic in a newborn with clinical features of Fraccaro's syndrome, but also with obstructive hydrocephaly which has not been reported previously.

The 49,XXXXY chromosomal constitution was described by Fraccaro in 1960 [5]. Despite being usually considered as a Klinefelter variant, the 49,XXXXY aneuploidy shows a distinct phenotype and more severe clinical features [6,7]. More than one hundred cases have been reported, with a frequency of 1 in 85,000 males [1,8].
Klinefelter with mosaicisms presents a moderate phenotype and accounts for 15% of all cases [6]. The 47,XXY/ 48,XXXY/49,XXXXY is a very rare mosaic, and to our knowledge, only three cases have been reported until now [9][10][11]. In this paper, we described XXY/XXXY/XXXXY mosaicism in a newborn with congenital obstructive hydrocephalus and mild cardiopathy.

Case presentation
Clinical history. A 5-day old male was admitted at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa in México. His parents were unrelated. He was born by cesarean section at week 39 due to fetal arrhythmias and intrauterine growth retardation. He had an Apgar score of 8 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes, 2 Kg birth weight, 47 cm body length and 37 cm cephalic circumference. The patient was hospitalized because clinical examination revealed several congenital abnormalities: hypotrophy, macrocephaly, facial asymmetry, hypertelorism, low nasal bridge, low-set ears, micrognathia, short neck, narrow thorax, bulky abdomen, clinodactyly of the fourth and fifth fingers of both hands, hyperpigmented genitals, micropenis, hypospadia and a mid-scrotal septum with left cryptorchism.
Laboratory data. Radiographs showed no osseous abnormalities in joints and long bones. Echocardiography revealed a 1.6 mm arterial vessel with bidirectional flux and atrioventricular concordance. Abdominal ultrasound was normal, but anomalies were observed in the transfontanelle ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head confirmed the presence of supratentorial noncommunicating hydrocephaly with slightly hypoplastic corpus callosum (figure 1).

Discussion
Fraccaro's syndrome is caused by 49,XXXXY chromosomal aneuploidy and is a rare condition often classified as a Klinefelter's syndrome variant, however, as stated by Peet and Hou, we propose that it should be diagnosed as an independent clinical syndrome [8,7].
In this paper, we describe a newborn with a XXY/XXXY/ XXXXY mosaicism with Fraccaro's syndrome phenotype. The percentage of the 49,XXXXY line was 61% as determined by nuclei FISH analysis (figure 1), which is in accordance with the clinical features of the patient. To our knowledge, this is the fourth report of this mosaicism in the literature, but with different line proportion and clinical phenotypes. Moreover, the child had mild cardiopathy and supratentorial non-communicating hydrocephalus (figure 2). Whether this congenital hydrocephaly is a new syndrome variant or just an independent event remains to be determined. As the presence of hydrocephaly in patients with XXY/XXXY/XXXXY mosaicism has not been reported before in any Klinefelter variants nor in Fraccaro's syndrome, it should be considered in future cases, during cytogenetic analysis and in the first six months after birth.

Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions
DAJE provided genetic counselling to the parents. AMM and DAJE collected the data relative to this case report. VMJB and VSA conducted the data analysis and interpreted experiments and revised the manuscript. AMM, AME, GJ and RPR performed genetic studies and elaboration and drafting of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Magnetic Resonance of head (MR-Head) Figure 1 Magnetic Resonance of head (MR-Head). MR-Head showing supratentorial non-communicating hydrocephalus (a, b) and slightly hypoplastic corpus callosum (c).