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Interrelationships between tourism, energy, environment and economic growth in Greece

ABSTRACT This study empirically investigates the interrelationships between tourism, energy, environment and economic growth in Greece over the period 1989–2018. The results reveal that there is a positive long-run relationship between tourism, investment, energy consumption, environmental pollution and economic growth. Tourism significantly stimulates economic growth in Greece. In addition, tourism has a favourable but not substantial effect on energy consumption and carbon emissions, while energy consumption and economic growth increase environmental pollution. The challenge for policymakers in Greece is to further support the tourism industry and to design and develop policies that aim to coordinate more efficiently tourism, energy, environment and economy, by keeping a sustainable and long-term economic growth path.