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Micronutrient Supplementation and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Dengue Fever

Abstract. Dengue fever (DF) is a viral infection that is common in tropical countries and represents a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality. Despite its prevalence and severity, treatment options for DF remain limited and consist primarily of supportive measures. Several recent studies have concluded that micronutrient supplementation may improve clinical outcomes in patients with DF, but no review has summarized and synthesized these findings. We conducted a literature review to identify articles investigating the effect of micronutrient supplementation on clinical outcomes among patients with DF. We found several studies which indicated that supplemental vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and zinc may be useful adjuncts in DF treatment. Folic acid supplementation did not appear to affect clinical outcomes. The reviewed studies have significant limitations including small sample sizes and limited data about the baseline nutritional status of study subjects. We identify a need for additional high-quality randomized trials to elucidate the role of micronutrient supplementation in DF treatment.


INTRODUCTION
Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne viral infection that is common in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. 1 Symptoms are variable but often include fever, rash, retroorbital pain, thrombocytopenia, and severe myalgias. 2 Although DF is often self-limited, some DF patients will progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever, a syndrome characterized by plasma leakage, changes in consciousness, and internal bleeding. Dengue hemorrhagic fever can ultimately lead to dengue shock syndrome, a severe condition consisting of circulatory collapse and sometimes death. 3 The pathophysiology of these syndromes is complex, but dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome are thought to be caused in part by an excessive cytokine response leading to increased vascular permeability, which contributes to vascular leakage and subsequent shock. 4 Growing evidence also suggests that oxidative stress may play a role in DF pathogenesis. 5 Dengue fever and its complications are a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality, with approximately 300 million infections and 10,000 deaths per year. [6][7][8][9] Treatment options for DF patients remain limited, as no effective antiviral drugs are currently available. 10 Current guidelines for clinical treatment of DF patients largely focus on supportive measures, with specific attention paid to management of fluid status and hemodynamic parameters among those patients who develop dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. 11,12 Providers caring for DF patients sometimes provide micronutrient supplements as an adjunct to standard supportive care, [13][14][15] as these supplements are generally inexpensive and some may offer hypothetical benefits to dengue patients via numerous potential mechanisms, including modulation of the host immune response [16][17][18][19][20] and antioxidant effects. 13,21 Proposed mechanisms of clinical benefit in DF for several micronutrients are outlined in Table 1.
Several recent studies have sought to evaluate the efficacy of micronutrient supplementation among DF patients. These studies have investigated associations between clinical outcomes and supplementation of various micronutrients, including vitamin C, 13,22 vitamin D, 23 vitamin E, 21,24 folic acid, 14 and zinc. 25 No prior literature review has summarized the findings of these clinical studies. Our goals in this review, therefore, were to consolidate and synthesize the findings of studies between 2010 and 2020, which investigated the role of micronutrient supplementation in the clinical care of patients with DF, and to identify gaps in the current literature to guide future research on this topic.

METHODS
We conducted a literature search using five major databases: MEDLINE, Global Health, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, and Embase. Search terms including "dengue" and "breakbone fever" were paired with micronutrient-related terms such as "vitamin" and "supplement" and the names of specific micronutrients, including "zinc," "folate," and "iron." Facilitation of lymphocyte maturation and cytokine production, promotion of T-cell and neutrophil activity, acceleration of apoptosis 15 We restricted our search to human studies, English language articles, and articles published between January 1, 2010 and March 23, 2020. All abstracts and articles were managed through EndNote X9 (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA). We initially de-duplicated records using the "Find Duplicates" feature in EndNote X9, and then screened each title for terms related to micronutrients and DF. We subsequently reviewed each abstract with possible relevance and excluded those in which micronutrient supplementation in human DF patients was not discussed. We then performed full-text review of each included article and removed those which did not contain novel findings relevant to our research question. Our complete search strategy is attached as Supplemental Appendix 1.

RESULTS
We identified a total of 1,244 records ( Figure 1); 928 remained after de-duplication. We excluded 920 after screening for abstracts referencing associations between micronutrient supplementation and clinical outcomes among patients with DF. Content that caused exclusion included studies on the nutritional patterns of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, articles commenting on the use of traditional herbal remedies to manage DF, and research investigating the impact of micronutrients on dengue-infected cells in vitro. We completed full-text review of the remaining eight records. One additional record was then excluded, as it was a letter to the editor that did not present any novel findings relevant to our research question. The remaining seven studies (six original articles and one conference abstract) were included in our review ( Table 2). They included two observational studies investigating vitamin C, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating vitamin D, one RCT and one prospective randomized open blinded evaluation of vitamin E, one observational study investigating folic acid, and one RCT investigating zinc.
Of the seven reviewed studies, six were assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (Effective Public Health Practice Project, Hamilton, ON, Canada). 26 The seventh reviewed study was described only in a conference abstract, and thus the information necessary to evaluate it was not available. Of the six studies assessed, three received global ratings of "weak," two received a global rating of "moderate," and one received a global rating of "strong" (Supplemental Table 1). Study features that resulted in lower scores included failure to adequately address possible confounders, inadequate provision of information regarding withdrawals and dropouts, and lower-quality study types (e.g., observational studies).
Vitamin C. Ramalingam et al. 13 and Rammohan et al. 22 both investigated the effect of supplemental vitamin C in the management of DF. Ramalingam et al. 13 conducted a retrospective study of 200 patients infected with dengue virus across various hospitals in India. The authors stated that 35.5% of patients were aged 0-15 years, but did not provide any other information regarding the ages of study participants. One hundred of these patients were given supplemental vitamin C and 100 were not, but information about dosing was not provided. Among the patients receiving vitamin C, 67% received oral vitamin C, 28% received intravenous (IV) vitamin C, and 5% (described by the authors as "more severe cases") received both. The authors determined that the average increase in platelet count was greater among patients who received vitamin C than among those who did not (363% versus 105%; P = 0.00). Patients receiving vitamin C were also hospitalized significantly fewer days than those who did not receive vitamin C. Of patients who received vitamin C, 39% had hospitalizations lasting fewer than 5 days. Of those who did not receive vitamin C, only 3% had hospitalizations lasting fewer than 5 days. In describing outcomes, the authors did not differentiate between patients who received oral vitamin C and patients who received IV vitamin C. Of note, this study did not include any information about patients' baseline nutritional status, did not state whether patients were deficient in vitamin C, nor did it contain any information about the patients' diets.
Rammohan et al. 22 conducted a prospective observational study of 123 DF patients with thrombocytopenia at an academic medical center in Bangalore, India. The results were summarized in a conference abstract, which did not provide effect sizes for the study's results or any demographic information about the enrolled patients. Study subjects were FIGURE 1. Flowchart summarizing literature search and selection process for review of micronutrient supplementation and clinical outcomes in patients with dengue fever (see separate file). This figure appears in color at www.ajtmh.org.  randomized into two groups: patients in one group received standard care with no vitamin C (n = 60), whereas patients in the other group received standard care in addition to 500 mg of oral vitamin C four times/day (n = 63). The authors assessed hemoglobin and white blood cell (WBC) counts at day 7 of treatment. They found no change in hemoglobin in either group, and noted that WBC counts increased in both groups. White blood cell counts in the treatment group, however, increased significantly more than those in the nontreatment group (P = 0.00). Vitamin D. Zaman et al. 23 conducted an RCT of 124 patients suffering from DF at an academic medical center in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The mean age of the study subjects was 33 years, but baseline data were not provided separately for the intervention and control groups. Patients were randomized either to receive a single dose of 200,000 international units of vitamin D (n = 62) in addition to standard care, or to receive standard care only (n = 62). Both groups were followed for development of dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Among patients who received the vitamin D supplement, only one patient (1.6%) developed dengue hemorrhagic fever. In the group that did not receive the supplement, 17 patients (27%) developed dengue hemorrhagic fever. Those not receiving vitamin D were more likely to develop dengue hemorrhagic fever (χ 2 = 16.43, P = 0.00). The relative risk of progressing to dengue hemorrhagic fever in patients who received vitamin D compared with those who did not receive vitamin D was 0.0588 (95% CI: 0.0081, 0.4285). However, this study did not assess whether patients were vitamin D deficient at baseline, and did not contain any information about the patients' diets.
Vitamin E. Chathurangana et al. 21 conducted an RCT of 127 children aged 5-12 years with DF at a tertiary care hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka. They were randomized to one of two groups: 1) the experimental group, in which patients received either 200 mg of vitamin E once daily for 7 days (for children aged 5-9 years) or 400 mg of vitamin E once daily for 7 days (for children aged 10-12 years) in addition to supportive care; or 2) the control group, in which patients received only supportive care. A wide array of clinical, biochemical, and hematological parameters were measured across both groups including duration of capillary leaking, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), albumin, serum cholesterol, serum calcium, WBC count, platelet count, and packed cell volume (PCV). Each of these parameters was evaluated twice per day from day 2 to day 7 of hospitalization. The only statistically significant differences between the two groups were as follows: the group receiving vitamin E had a shorter mean duration of capillary leakage (33.5 hours versus 44.8 hours; P = 0.02), a higher mean WBC count on day 6 (6.453 versus 5.100; P = 0.02), a higher mean albumin on days 2.5 (45.8 versus 41.5; P = 0.00) and 5, a lower mean PCV at days 3 (38.36 versus 39.66; P = 0.01) and 3.5 (38.80 versus 39.93; P = 0.00), a lower mean ALT level on days 4 (40.8 versus 92.0; P = 0.01) and 5 (54.8 versus 101.2; P = 0.03), and a lower mean AST level on days 3 (67.7 versus 110.5; P = 0.02), 4 (82.1 versus 117.7; P = 0.01), and 5 (91.8 versus 182.5; P = 0.00). There was no difference in the 1) duration of hospital stay or 2) occurrence of capillary leakage. This study did not assess patients' baseline nutritional status and did not evaluate for vitamin E deficiency at baseline.
Vaish et al. 24 performed a prospective randomized openblinded evaluation of 59 patients with DF at a tertiary teaching hospital in Lucknow, India. The intervention group included 31 DF patients who received 400 mg vitamin E once daily in addition to standard care, whereas the control group consisted of 28 patients who received standard care without vitamin E. Most study subjects were male, and the mean age of enrolled patients was 28.7 years in the intervention group and 31.7 years in the control group, with no statistically significant difference in mean age between the two groups. Platelet counts in both groups were measured on days 0, 1, 4, and 7 of illness. The authors found that mean platelet counts among those patients in the intervention group were significantly higher than those among patients in the control group on days 4 (122.19 × 10 3 cells/mm 3 versus 92.57 × 10 3 cells/mm 3 ; P = 0.04) and 7 (217.35 × 10 3 cells/mm 3 versus 146.78 × 10 3 cells/ mm 3 ; P = 0.00) of treatment. Of note, this study did not provide information about patients' baseline nutritional status, did not state whether they were vitamin E deficient at baseline, and did not assess whether patients experienced side effects.
Folic acid. Syed et al. 14 conducted a retrospective observational study of 1,464 patients who were hospitalized with DF at an urban academic medical center in Karachi, Pakistan. Patients had a mean age of 36.5 years. The study's primary goal was to determine whether there was a significant difference in the duration of recovery of thrombocytopenia between patients who received folic acid supplements and patients who did not. As secondary endpoints, they also investigated whether any differences existed in the mortality rate, likelihood of needing admission to the intensive care unit, length of stay, and creatinine levels between the two groups. Of the 1,464 patients, 1,322 (90.3%) received folic acid and 142 (9.7%) did not. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to any of the above endpoints, but the authors did not provide effect sizes. This study did not assess for baseline nutritional status, did not evaluate for zinc deficiency, and did not assess for side effects among patients receiving supplements.
Zinc. Rerksuppaphol and Rerksuppaphol 25 conducted an RCT in 50 children (mean age 6.3 years) with DF at an academic medical center in Bangkok, Thailand. Patients were randomized to receive either: 1) 15 mg oral bis-glycinate zinc three times daily for 5 days or until defervescence, or 2) placebo. Baseline zinc deficiency was present in 48% of patients in the treatment group and 44% of patients in the control group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The authors found no statistically significant difference in mean time to defervescence between the supplement group and the placebo group (29.2 hours versus 38.1 hour; P = 0.27). However, the mean duration of hospitalization was shorter in the supplementation group than in the placebo group (62.5 hours versus 84.7 hours; P = 0.01).

DISCUSSION
In this review, we describe seven studies published between 2010 and 2020 which analyzed the association between micronutrient supplementation and clinical outcomes in patients with DF. We evaluated six of these studies using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies and found that they were of varying quality, with three receiving a global rating of "weak," two receiving a global rating of "moderate," and one receiving a global rating of "strong." In all studies that provided dosing information, the doses used were between 2.63 times and 500 times higher than the daily recommended nutrient intake suggested by the WHO and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 27 Vitamin C supplementation was associated with higher platelet counts, 13 shorter duration of hospitalization, 13 and greater increases in WBC counts. 22 Vitamin D supplementation was associated with lower likelihood of progression to dengue hemorrhagic fever. 23 Vitamin E supplementation was associated with improvements in various clinical and hematological parameters, 21 including significantly higher subsequent platelet counts among patients admitted for thrombocytopenia. 24 Folic acid supplementation was not associated with a change in clinical outcomes. 14 Zinc supplementation was associated with shorter duration of hospitalization. 25 There is limited previous research investigating relationships between micronutrient supplementation and clinical outcomes in DF patients. A 2014 review by Ahmed et al. 15 summarized existing work on micronutrients and dengue, but at the time of its publication, there were only two articles evaluating the use of micronutrient supplements in the clinical treatment of DF patients. These two articles were the 2012 Vaish et al. 24 study described in our review and a 2009 case series by Sánchez-Valdéz et al. 28 The Sánchez-Valdéz et al. case series concluded that supplementation of vitamin D3 and calcium may result in "improved overall clinical condition and shorter duration of symptoms of DF." 28 This assessment, however, was based on only five cases and did not have a control group. The other articles included in the Ahmed et al. 15 review described laboratory studies of dengue virus-infected cells, 29,30 observational studies assessing associations between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and DF disease in humans, 31,32 laboratory studies of dengue virus-infected mice, [33][34][35] and noninterventional studies analyzing the serum or plasma components of DF patients. [36][37][38][39][40][41] None of these studies directly investigated any clinical interventions for DF. Our review, performed 6 years after the Ahmed et al. 15 review was published, identified six new clinical studies assessing micronutrient supplementation among DF patients, which may reflect a growing interest in this topic.
Although six of the seven articles in this review identified clinical benefits of supplementation of vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and zinc in DF patients, these findings must be interpreted in light of the studies' significant limitations. Of the seven studies described, five did not include any information about patients' baseline nutritional status, 13,14,21,22,24 and six did not state whether patients were deficient in the micronutrient to be supplemented. 13,14,[21][22][23][24] Five of the studies did not assess whether patients experienced any side effects related to the supplements. 13,14,[22][23][24] None of the seven studies contained any information about study subjects' diets.
Six studies had small sample sizes, with 200 or fewer total participants. 13,21-25 One study did not provide any information about the micronutrient doses provided and pooled data from multiple hospitals using multiple routes of administration. 13 One study investigated a wide array of laboratory parameters across many days and reported a handful of statistically significant results which may have limited clinical importance. 21 Another study was described only in a conference abstract, which provided no effect sizes and contained very limited background information about the study population. 22 In this review of the literature, we found studies demonstrating possible improvement of DF clinical outcomes associated with the supplementation of vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and zinc. However, these studies have significant limitations, including small sample sizes and failure to assess baseline nutritional status. As micronutrient supplementation may represent a simple, low-cost adjunct to standard medical care, 15 there is a need for additional high-quality studies of this topic. To obtain the most robust evidence possible, we recommend RCTs with large sample sizes and clinically meaningful endpoints. Studies should provide clear baseline data regarding both intervention and control groups with respect to possible confounders. Rates of withdrawals and dropouts should be stated explicitly, and authors should provide effect sizes in their results. We further recommend that future studies use consistent micronutrient doses, provide detailed demographic data about study subjects, and clearly specify the frequency, duration, and route of administration for each supplement administered. In addition, it is essential that future research investigates whether the benefits of micronutrient supplementation are seen in all patients or only in those with specific nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, future studies should provide baseline data about study subjects' nutritional status, such as relevant micronutrient deficiencies, anthropometrics, laboratory tests such as prealbumin, or inventories of nutritional intake. Information about the diet provided to hospitalized patients should also be included. Furthermore, we agree with the recommendations of Ahmed et al. 15 that future studies should include both adults and children, and should assess the impact of nutritional interventions on dengue of all levels of severity using standardized WHO clinical severity case definitions. These steps will help to provide clearer evidence of the potential benefits micronutrient supplementation may offer to DF patients.