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Changes of landscape fragmentation and connectivity with urbanization: a case study of Kunming City

Urbanization can not only change the landscape types and composition, but also change the spatial morphology and decrease the natural habitat connectivity. Depicting the spatial relationship between artificial surface, arable land and natural habitat is of great significance to examine the landscape ecological effects, especially for the interaction between different landscapes and changes of structure and function. The effects of fragmentation and morphological changes on landscape connectivity with urban expansion of Kunming City, Yunnan Province in 1990—2015 were analyzed in this study by using the urban fragmentation index (UFI) to depict the level of landscape fragmentation. Based on morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA), seven landscape morphological elements ( core, islet, bridge, loop, perforation, edge, and branch) of arable land and natural habitat were obtained. Three edge widths were selected to compare the influence of edge