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Maternal exercise in rats upregulates the placental insulin‐like growth factor system with diet‐ and sex‐specific responses: minimal effects in mothers born growth restricted

The placental insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system is critical for normal fetoplacental growth, which is dysregulated following several pregnancy perturbations including uteroplacental insufficiency and maternal obesity. We report that the IGF system was altered in placentae of mothers born growth restricted compared to normal birth weight mothers, with maternal diet‐ and fetal sex‐specific responses. Additionally, we report increased body weight and plasma IGF1 concentrations in fetuses from chow‐fed normal birth weight mothers that exercised prior to and continued during pregnancy compared to sedentary mothers. Exercise initiated during pregnancy, on the other hand, resulted in placental morphological alterations and increased IGF1 and IGF1R protein expression, which may in part be modulated by reduced Let 7f‐1 miRNA abundance. Growth restriction of mothers before birth and exercise differentially regulate the placental IGF system with diet‐ and sex‐specific responses, probably as a means to improve fetoplacental growth and development, and hence neonatal survival. This increased neonatal survival may prevent adult disease onset.