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No evidence for proactive suppression: Enhancement of explicitly cued distractor features

Visual search benefits from advance knowledge of non-target features. However, it is unknown whether these negatively cued features are suppressed in advance (proactively) or during search (reactively). To test this, we presented color cues varying from trial-to-trial that predicted target or non-target colors. Experiment 1 (N=96) showed that both target and nontarget cues speeded search. To test whether attention proactively modified cued feature representations, in Experiment 2 (N=200), we interleaved color probe trials with search and had participants detect the color of a briefly presented ring that could either match the cued color or not. Interestingly, people detected both positively and negatively cued colors better than other colors, indicating that to-be-attended and to-be-ignored features were both proactively enhanced. These results demonstrate that nontarget features are not suppressed proactively, and instead support reactive accounts in which anticipated nontarget features are ignored via strategic enhancement.