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Case management applications in Australia.

Case management approaches in Australia were first introduced in the fields of intellectual disability and vocational rehabilitation in the 1970s and 1980s by major system reformers very much influenced by international trends in these particular fields. A broader diffusion occurred in the 1980s and 1990s with federal and state governments beginning to incorporate case management approaches into key policy documents, particularly in the fields of aging, mental health, and employment. The models of case management introduced have not been particularly sophisticated in terms of financial control nor have many models been specifically evaluated. They have, however, been introduced into a system in which they are underpinned by a basic safety net of universal health coverage and a noncontributory pension system funded out of general revenue. There is now fairly widespread diffusion of the concept and practice of case management across a broad range of client populations and an interest in more sophisticated implementation models.