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Whispering in the wind: Text and tradition in Blackfeet apologia

Freeman, Rowland G. M. Div., M. A., May 2003 Communication Studies Whispering in the wind: Text and Tradition in Blackfeet Apologia Director: Sara Hayden, Ph. D. According to Percy Bullchild, the author o f The Sun Came Down: The History o f the World as My Blackfeet Elders Told It, “What the whiteman wrote about, that all o f the Natives o f these Americas were savages and warlike people, is nothing but a lot o f wind that come out o f their mouths. Compassion for the life o f people and for everything that was created by Creator Sun and Mother Earth was theirs and still is in these days.” In order to refute the misrepresentation of the “Native o f these Americas,” Bullchild compiled a collection o f Blackfeet narratives that contain the, mythos, logos, ethos and pathos o f the traditional Piegan culture and offered this as an apologia in response to the kategoria (attack) on the Native by “whiteman.” Constructing a framework of hermeneutic and critique by engaging The Sun Came Down, I argue that a criticism o f intercultural rhetoric can be developed following these understandings: 1) The critic will be able to locate the text in time and space so the distinctiveness of cultures is apparent. 2) The critic will understand the limitations imposed by the intercultural location o f the text and realize the importance of contextualizing the critique. 3) The critic will undertake a radical reflection on his or her own culture as a consequence o f the encounter with the text. 4) The critic will discern the “right to speak” o f the author by virtue o f the standards present author’s speech community. 5) The critic will assume the presence of at least one redactor (the author). 6) The critic will comprehend the tasks of interpretation and redaction including, translation and exegesis and internal commentary. 7) The critic will assume at least four levels o f the multivalent nature of the intercultural audience including the intracultural, opposing, universal and critical audiences. 8) The critic will discern simultaneous and multivalent strategies including consubstantive identification as persuasion, allusion to historical, religious and literary understandings, metaphor, direct refutation and enthymemic commentary. 9) The critique will contribute to the project of a global understanding of human dignity.