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The Independence of East Timor: Multi-Dimensional Perspectives – Occupation, Resistance and International Political Activism

In 1975, the Indonesian military invaded East Timor and occupied the territory for 25 years. During this period, attainment of independence for the country was widely regarded as impossible. Yet, in 1999, its people voted overwhelming for independence, and under intense international pressure Indonesia was forced to withdraw, and East Timor became independent. The army of the fifth most populous country in the world, with huge resources at its disposal, was effectively defeated by a small country of some 750,000 people, with extremely limited resources. Crucial to this were the changes in policy by leading governments – the USA, Australia, Japan and the countries of the European Union, most of whom previously had supported the Indonesian occupation. During the 1990s, they became increasingly critical, and then, most importantly, in 1999, they insisted emphatically on withdrawal and threatened the Indonesian government with strong sanctions if it did not do so.