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Footprinting: A seasonal connection between the tropics and mid‐latitudes

A connection between the mid‐latitude and tropical Pacific is identified in a coupled general circulation model (CGCM). The connection involves a seasonal coupling between winter mid‐latitude atmospheric circulation anomalies, and summer equatorial wind stress anomalies. The seasonal coupling results from a “footprinting” mechanism, in which the summer tropical atmosphere responds to subtropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that are generated by the mid‐latitude atmospheric variability during the previous winter. Details of the connection, and of the footprinting mechanism are presented. Implications for interannual ENSO and decadal ENSO‐like variability are discussed.