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LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF LITHIUM INHIBIT THE SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC AMP AND CYCLIC GMP IN THE RAT PINEAL GLAND

Abstract— Lithium chloride (2 mm) significantly inhibited the increases in cyclic AMP and in cyclic GMP caused by norepinephrine or high concentrations of potassium in intact rat pineal glands. Adenylyl cyclase activity in homogenates and its stimulation by isoproterenol, a β‐adrenergic agonist, were also inhibited. Lithium reduced the apparent Vmax of isoproterenol‐stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity without significantly affecting the apparent affinity for isoproterenol. There was no effect on the binding of the antagonist [3H]dihydroalprenolol to the β‐adrenergic receptors, nor on the competition for binding sites by isoproterenol. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity by lithium was inversely related to the magnesium concentration in the reaction mixture. There was no differential effect of lithium on adenylyl cyclase activity from supersensitive vs subsensitive glands. Lithium may inhibit cyclic nucleotide synthesis by interfering with the role of divalent cations.