{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014580801944106925, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.983050847457627, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
A Descriptive Review of Research Relating to Sadomasochism: Considerations for Clinical Practice

This review explores literature relevant to understanding the psychological well-being of people who have an interest in sexual sadomasochism (SM). It focuses on evaluating the traditional psychiatric and psychodynamic perspectives of SM, which conceptualize SM practitioners as being psychologically unwell. The empirical information reviewed is inconsistent with a number of aspects of the traditional theories of SM. The validity of conceptualizing the majority of SM practitioners as being psychologically unwell is questioned and the negative psychological impact that these traditional theories can have on SM practitioners is noted. The implications for professionals' working with SM-practicing clients is considered.