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Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients at King Saud Medical City: a retrospective study

Background. COVID-19, a new viral disease caused by Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) was reported first by Chinese. WHO declared it a pandemic in March 2020. We saw a huge number of this illness that caused a stress on health care systems and a high proportion of mortality. World Health Organization declared  it as a pandemic in March 2020. We planned this study with the objective of knowing clinical presentation, hospital management and final outcome of COVID-19 in our population and compare it with other institution who studied the disease elsewhere. Materials and methods. A retrospective study on COVID-19 patients with severe to critical illness was conducted in King Saud Medical City Riyadh. Proper permission was issued by ethical committee of King Saud Medical City. Data was collected manually as well  from electronic  records. Data was analyzed using standard statistical methods. A total of 689 patients that were admitted to KSMC from 1st March 2020 to 30th of June 2020. Results. More than 50 % of our patients were from Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh). Our mean age was 50 years. Females comprised 17.3 % of our patients. Common presentation was breathlessness (79 %), cough (70 %) and fever (67 %). Mean oxygen saturation on presentation was 92 %. Around sixty one percent of our patients were critical and were treated in intensive care unit. Mortality was 35 % and multi-organ failure 25 %. Although diabetes mellitus (37.3 %) and hypertension (29.5 %) were common comorbidities but it did not increase the mortality in our patients. Our mortality seems to be related to late reporting to hospital and severe disease itself. Conclusions. A retrospective study conducted at King Saud Medical city on 689 patients of severe and critical COVID-19. A high proportion were admitted to intensive care unit (60.8 %), 41 % needed  invasive ventilation and 29 % required vasopressors and 14 % needed hemodialysis. Mortality of 35 % was recorded in our study. People of Indian subcontinent (Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indians) formed more than 50 % of patients.


Introduction
Since December 2019, cases of pneumonia due to new coronavirus were reported in Wuhan, China which spread rapidly in China to become an outbreak [1,2]. It was declared by World Health Organization (WHO) as a global emergency then as a pandemic on March 11, 2019 [3]. This virus has been identified as a new beta coronavirus. Later on, it received the name of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) while the disease was named Coronavirus disease . SARS-CoV-2 was similar phylogenetically to Severe Acute Respiratory Corona Virus (SARS-CoV) by around 79 % [2,4,5].
Initial reports from China found that around 81 % of the patients have a mild disease, while 14 % have severe disease and 5 % have a critical disease with higher mor- Оригінальні дослідження /Original Researches/ tality among hospitalized and critically ill patients [6], however asymptomatic infection was representing around 30-40 % in some reports [7,8].
The disease can affect all people with some patients have a risk to develop severe disease and higher mortality than the others, these include patients with advanced age and patients who have comorbid illness [9].
The first case reported in Saudi Arabia was on March 2, 2020, the total number of confirmed cases in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia till November 29, 2020, reached 356.911 cases with total mortality of 5870 patients [10,11].

Materials and methods
King Saud Medical City (KSMC) is one of the major tertiary care hospitals in Riyadh. This Ministry of Health Hospital has a capacity of 1200 beds and had some 400 intensive care unit (ICU) beds during the peak of the pandemic in May to August 2020. We conducted a retrospective study on patients admitted to KSMC starting from 1st March to 30 th June 2020. Very few patients were admitted in March. Most of the patients analyzed were admitted in April, May, and June 2020. Proper permission was secured from the Research center ethical committee of KSMC. We prepared an electronic excel sheet to collect the data. One of the researchers was given a job to keep all the online records of the data so extracted. A list of patients admitted during the period was acquired. Each file was physically examined by one of the authors. We extracted information like presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms, admission vital signs, oxygen saturation on admission, arterial blood gas, an electrocardiograph (ECG). This data was not available in electronic records of the patients. Other data that were also extracted manually were comorbidities, days spent in wards and ICU, and treatments given in ICU. The rest of the data like complete blood counts (CBC), acute phase reactants, inflammatory markers, biochemistry parameters, X-rays, computed tomography scans, and treatments given was extracted from electronic records. Each researcher extracted as much information as possible. SARS-CoV-2 PCR results were also extracted from a separate national-level data bank results were centrally reported and released. Two more researchers rechecked the data for its accuracy and searched for any missing data. All data was finally reviewed by the principal investigator, any patient with major missing data were removed from the data bank We analyzed the data for 694 patients. In the case of five patients, the data was grossly incomplete and they were removed from the observation. The remaining 689 patients were analyzed. The data were analyzed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). The categorical variables were presented in frequency and percentage for the deceased and discharged patients separately. The nonnormal variables INR, Ferritin, ESR, CRP, LDH, D-Dimer, BUN, Creatinine, ALT, AST, ASP, days of Ventilator support, days in ICU, days in the ward, stay in Hospital are presented as Median and Interquartile range (IQR) and tested using independent samples Mann-Whitney U test between the two groups -those who expired and discharged. The continuous variables BP, Pulse, Respiratory Rate, Oxygen (O 2 ) Saturation, Temperature, Blood Su gar, White Blood Cells, Lymphocyte, Platelets, Hemoglobin are presented as Mean, standard deviation (SD) and tested using student -t-test for independent samples. The non-parametric Chi-square test was used for the distribution of patients in the normal and abnormal values of all the characteristics measured on the outcome variable. The measure of association and the differences between the outcome variables were all statistically tested for two-tailed at 0.05 level of significance.
X-ray chest showed bilateral opacities on admission in 563 patients (87.5 %) and 16.7 % of patients (115) had bilateral opacities that involved more than 50 % of lung field on either side. ECG was normal in 58.8 % of the patients. The commonest abnormality seen was sinus tachycardia (40.5 %). Antibiotics were given to 91.8 % (633) patients. Most commonly Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin were used. Triple antiviral combination (Ribavirin Plus a combination of Ritonavir plus and Interferon alpha) was received by 33.5 % of patients (232), Favipiravir was received by 18.8 % (130) patients. Multivitamins like vitamin C and vitamin D plus Zinc were received by 74.9 % of patients (n = 516). Steroids were not received by 164 (23.9 %) and the rest all received some form of steroids. Anticoagulants were received by most patients, 19 % of patients (n = 131) received therapeutic doses of low molecular weight heparin, and 42 patients (6.1 % receive therapeutic unfractionated heparin infusions. Tocilizu mab was given to 32 patients (4.6 %). 252 patients (36.6 %) were admitted directly to ICU from the Emergency Department. Remaining 432 patients (62.7 %) were admitted to isolation wards. Out of these 167 were subsequently shifted to ICU, because of deterioration, making a total of 419 patients (60.8 %) who required ICU Vol. 17  hour; BUN -Blood Urea Nitrogen, mmol/l; Cr. -Creatinine, mcmol/l; K + -Potasium, Na + -Sodium, mmol/l.

Discussion
King Saud Medical City (KSMC) is a tertiary care hospital of the Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. People from all nationalities get medical care in this hospital. It is a large hospital with around 1200 bed capacity. During the pandemic, asymptomatic and mild cases were not admitted to our hospital. Such patients were either going to special quarantine centers or transferred to another hospital, so most of our cases were either severe or critical cases as per the classification of the local Ministry of Health guidelines [12].
The mean age of our patients was 50 years. The median age was 50.5 years with an interquartile ranged from 40 to 59 years, comprising 50 % of our patients, 17.0 % were females, more than 50 % of our patients were from Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan (Indian Subcontinent), and the rest, less than 50 % were from the Middle East and some North African countries. This proportion reflects the proportion of expatriates in the Kingdom. Further, all expatriates had free access to healthcare facilities during the pandemic. Our patients had more severe disease and had higher death rates. This severe disease could be attributed to social reasons like living in smaller rooms with less ventilation and more people staying per room. Further because of overcrowding they were taking fewer protective measures in the initial period of the pandemic. Whether genetic factors are contributing to this outcome needs to be studied separately.
Because of severe disease on admission, 60.8 % of our patients were treated in ICU, 36.6 % of them were directly admitted to ICU as they presented in critical condition, the remaining patients were transferred from the wards. During the initial days of the pandemic, invasive ventilation was the carried-out routine for the respiratory failure of COVID-19, so 41.0 % required invasive ventilation and another 4.4 % required noninvasive ventilation. A high proportion of 29 % was on vasopressors, and 14.1 % received hemodialysis, this might explain our high mortality rate than locally reported by other studies. The mortality rate of up to 50 % and above was reported in patients with severe COVID-19 from the USA and China [13][14][15], a mortality of 50 % among patients admitted to ICU was also reported locally by Barry et al. [16].
Although 92.6 % of our patients reported having a duration of symptoms less than 7 days, 87.5 % had bilateral opacities on initial X-ray chest, 16.7 % of them had severe X-ray findings, that involved more than 50 % of the lung area bilaterally. This supports the concept that patients had severe viral pneumonia. However inflammatory markers were also high, so the contribution of cytokine storm was adding fuel to the fire. Median oxygen saturation on admission was 87 % and 75 % of admitted patients had oxygen saturation less than 93 % on admission. All these features suggest that our patients were extremely sick and critical on admission.
Out of all comorbidities, 37.3 % had DM, 29.5 % had hypertension, 7-3 % bronchial asthma, and 6 % had heart disease. Only 1.6 % was found to be obese based on history documented in the charts because the body mass index was not calculated routinely, however it was not a major prognostic factor for mortality or severe disease in our population although it was documented to be so in other studies including one systematic review [17]. Neither hypertension nor was DM or obesity a risk factor for higher mortality in our patients. All our ESRD patients were admitted routinely if they tested positive even without symptoms. This was because they needed regular dialysis in the hospital and they were therefore not sent to separate isolation centers meant for asymptomatic patients. ESRD patients comprised 3.5 % of our patients. To our utter surprise, most of such patients were asymptomatic or just had mild symptoms, other studies showed higher mortality among patients with ESRD but having fewer respiratory symptoms [18,19].
Most of our patients received supportive treatment, oxygen when necessary, antibiotics especially azithromycin, and one of the presumptive treatments (Hydroxychloroquine, triple antiviral therapy, or Favipiravir) was given depending on regular updates from the ministry of health guidelines. Steroids were received by almost all patients who needed ICU management. However, we used Methylprednisolone initially in different doses as it was not standardized. But subsequently, when new data became available, dexamethasone was used. A few patients also receive Tocilizumab as a part of an investigational drug. Dexamethasone was conclusively proved to reduce mortality in ventilated patients and those who need oxygen therapy and we have used Dexamethasone in some of our patients.

Conclusions
Our patients comprised of a heterogeneous group of patients representing 25 nationalities with Pakistanis, Bangladeshi, and Indians making more than 50 % of the total. The majority of these patients > 90 % were severe and critical COVID-19. More than 60 % were admitted to ICU. Multiple organ failure was seen in more than 25 % of the patients. Mortality was 35 % and low initial oxygen saturation and high serum ferritin, LDH, CRP, and high D-dimer were associated with high mortality. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension was present in a high percentage of patients but mortality was not affected by these comorbidities. Obesity was not present in many patients and was not a contributing factor. Initial severe disease possibly related to high viral load or late presen-Mìžnarodnij endokrinologìčnij žurnal, ISSN 2224-0721 (print), ISSN 2307-1427 (online) Оригінальні дослідження /Original Researches/ tation to the hospital was thought to be the main reason for high mortality. Steroids were received by all except mild to moderate cases.

Acknowledgement
We sincerely acknowledge the help of Norhaya U. Abutazil, Secretary in Directors Office for extracting patient numerical identity and tallying it with physical identity and for her help in entering the data and counter checking some data and laboratory parameters.
Author Contribution. Latif Khan is the primary investigator. He conceived the idea and designed the study. He also checked the final data and wrote the manuscript for final publication. Marwa bin Talib was the research coordinator, maintaining the online data sheets and updated the data from time to time. She was also involved in writing the research proposal and following the proposal in research center and final uploading of manuscript. She was also involved in extracting the data from files manually. Abdullah Baredwan was involved in review of literature and refining the final manuscript. He was also involved in reviewing of data and interpretation of some of the data. Khalid Alenazi was involved in mobilization of records, organizing the administrative support for proper collection and extraction of data. Ali Almagooshi and Abdulrehman Alqahtani were involved in extracting data physically and later counter checking the entire data. Sultan Alsobayeg, Waad Awad, Ameera Alamri and Sarah Alhazmi were involved in data collection from the files. Manasik Abdu did the radiology data extraction. Parameaswari Jaganathan has done the statistical work of the research and formulated the Tables used in the manuscript.
Funding. No funding was sought or received from any source for this research. Money was spent from the personal pocket wherever necessary.
Availability of Data. Data is available in electronic form. Both original Excel sheets and Statistical outputs are available, if needed.
Ethics and approval. Proper approval was received from Ethical committee of Research center оf King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It can be produced on demand.
Consent of Participants. Ours was a retrospective study, so no consent was required or sort from patients.
Conflict of Interest. None of the authors has declared any conflict of interest.
Guarantor. Khalid Alenazi is the guarantor of this research project and is the administrative head of the study.
Consent for Publication. All authors have given the consent for publication of this work.