Piano Sonata No. 16 (Beethoven)

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Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 16 in G major, Op. 31 No. 1, was composed between 1801 and 1802. Although it was numbered as the first piece in the trio of piano sonatas which were published as Opus 31 in 1803, Beethoven actually finished it after the Op. 31 No. 2, the Tempest Sonata.

Due to his dissatisfaction with the classical style of music, Beethoven pledged to take a new path of musical composition and style. The Opus 31 works are the first examples of Beethoven's new and unconventional ideas, an attempt to make a name for himself in the annals of music history. It is important to take into account that these pieces were written after the famous Heiligenstadt Testament of 1802.

This sonata is light, breezy and has touches of humour and irony in its movements.[1] Critics say that the Opus 31 works show now a more pronounced "Beethovenian" sense of style that will become more evident in later, mature works.


The sonata consists of three movements. A typical performance lasts about 20 minutes.

  1. Allegro vivace
  2. Adagio grazioso
  3. Rondo, allegretto – presto

Allegro vivace[edit]

The first movement begins in an animated fashion. The humorous main theme is littered with brisk, semiquaver passages, and chords written in a stuttering fashion, suggesting that the hands are unable to play in unison with one another. Episodes suggest a more sensitive or romantic feeling, but overall, the piece is light, elegant and entertaining. The beginning of the piece is reminiscent of the Courante from J. S. Bach's French Suite No. 5, which is in the same key.

The second subject in the exposition alternates between B major and minor; this tendency to alternate between keys became typical later in Beethoven's career. Several other examples of Beethoven using the mediant major or minor for the second theme are the following: (Symphony no. 7 in A major, Op. 92 (movement 4); Sonata no. 21 in C major, Op. 53 (Waldstein) or submediant major (Piano Trio No. 7 in B-flat major, Op. 97 (Archduke); Piano Sonata no. 29 in B-flat major, Op. 106 (Hammerklavier).

Adagio grazioso[edit]

With long, drawn out trills and reflective pauses, the second movement in C major is the more sentimental movement. The heavy ornamentation almost suggests a grotesque parody, but the several graceful melodies in the piece save it from merely being a joke. The movement is full of quick, shimmering right hand passages that should be played as quick as possible, with a fairy-like glitter. Apart from the Hammerklavier Sonata's Adagio and the 32nd sonata's second movement, this is the longest slow movement of Beethoven in the piano sonatas (ca. 11 minutes). According to many great pianists (e.g. Edwin Fischer and András Schiff), this movement is a parody of Italian opera and Beethoven's contemporaries, who were much more popular than Beethoven at the beginning of the 19th century. Schiff explained this theory in his master class of this sonata;[2] he said it is totally uncharacteristic of Beethoven because it is not economical, it is incredibly long, everything is too much ornamented, it is filled with "show-off cadenzas (...) who are trying to make a cheap effect" and bel canto-like elements and rhythms (on them Schiff said "it's very beautiful, but it's alien to Beethoven's nature"). But there are also "very profound moments, because Beethoven cannot really jump out of his own skin".


The last movement is similar in character to the first movement: light, enthusiastic, and youthful. This rondo is considered by critics to be one of the finest rondos to be written by Beethoven. Here, a single simple theme is varied, ornamented, syncopated, modulated throughout the piece. But Beethoven's creativity never makes us bore of it. All the ideas are fresh, inviting, and intriguing, a delectable piece. Beethoven eventually pulls the movement into a brief adagio, but when it seems the piece has finished, a presto erupts, bringing this vibrant sonata to an ebullient conclusion.


  1. ^ "Musicians with a literary bent – Honourable failures" by Anna Goldsworthy, The Monthly, October 2013. Goldsworthy quotes Jeremy Denk and Alfred Brendel's "Must Classical Music be Entirely Serious?" in his Music Sounded Out (1990).
  2. ^ Andras Schiff's lectures on the 32 Beethoven piano sonata (audio only).

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