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Publication numberUS4609971 A
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 06/522,072
Publication dateSep 2, 1986
Filing dateAug 11, 1983
Priority dateAug 11, 1983
Fee statusLapsed
Also published asDE3474880D1, EP0135223A2, EP0135223A3, EP0135223B1
Publication number06522072, 522072, US 4609971 A, US 4609971A, US-A-4609971, US4609971 A, US4609971A
InventorsJesse S. Shaffer
Original AssigneeNorth American Philips Corporation
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Electrolytic capacitor with polymer conductor
US 4609971 A
A solid electrolytic capacitor includes a conductive polymer electrolyte. The electrolyte may comprise p-doped polyacrylonitrile, polypyrrole, or polyacetylene.
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What is claimed is:
1. A dry electrolytic capacitor comprising:
a metal anode foil;
an insulating oxide layer disposed on the surfaces of the anode foil;
a solid body of a conductive p-doped polyacrylonitrile polymer electrolyte, disposed in intimate physical contact with outer surfaces of the oxide layer;
anode contact means electrically connected to the anode foil; and
cathode contact means electrically connected to the polymer body.
2. The capacitor of claim 1 wherein the polymer includes an anionic dopant selected from the group consisting of iodine, bromine, group I metal perchlorates, group I tetrafluoroborates, and arsenic pentafluoride.
3. The capacitor of claim 2 wherein the conductive polymer includes lithium perchlorate as an anionic dopant.
4. The capacitor of claim 3 wherein the cathode contact means comprising a metal cathode foil disposed within the polymer body.
5. The capacitor of claim 3 wherein the cathode contact means comprise an electrical contact layer disposed on a surface of the polymer body.
6. The capacitor of claim 5 wherein the contact layer comprises one or more layers of conductive paint disposed on the surface of the polymer body.
7. The capacitor of claim 6 wherein the contact layer comprises a layer containing conductive carbon particles.

The invention relates to electrolytic capacitors. More specifically, the invention relates to solid electrolytic capacitors which includes a conductive polymer.


Electrolytic capacitors typically comprise a metal oxide dielectic layer which is electrochemically formed on the surface of a metal anode. A conductive electrolyte is disposed in intimate contact with the outer surface of the dielectric. The metal anode forms one electrode of the capacitor while the conductive electrolyte forms the second electrode. Ideally, the electrolyte must be chemically inert, and have good temperature stability and a proper electrical resistivity. If the electrolyte resistivity is too high, the capacitor will have a high equivalent series resistance and consequently will have a high loss factor. If the resistivity of the electrolyte is too low, electrolytic breakdown in the form of sparking occurs, and results in failure of the capacitor. Typical prior art liquid electrolytes have a resistivity between approximately 100 ohm-cm and 1,000 ohm-cm.

Wet electrolytic capacitors use a non-aqueous electrolyte, typically a solvent, a conductive salt, and a controlled amount of water. The anode and cathode of the capacitor are formed from two metal foil conductors which are separated by a porous, nonconductive material, for example gauze or unsized paper. The separator is saturated with the electrolyte. Theoretically, the cathode foil has no insulation or oxide coating and serves only to provide an electrical contact to the electrolyte. Actually, a thin oxide film usually forms on the cathode foil and slightly reduces the overall capacitacce of the component.

The conductivity of electrolytes used in wet electrolytic capacitors tends to vary with temperature. Furthermore, the useful life expectancy of wet electrolytic capacitors is inherently limited by evaporation or other loss of the electrolyte, while the life expectancy of dry electrolytic capacitors is not inherently limited by any equivalent effect.

Solid electrolytic capacitors are more stable and less sensitive to shock and vibration than wet electrolytic capacitors. Most prior art dry electrolytic capacitors utilize a manganese dioxide electrolyte which is formed by pyrolyzing Mn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 at or above approximately 275 the capacitor structure rendering it unuseful. Furthermore, nitrates which are formed during the pyrolyzation can react with the oxide dielectric.

The cathode contact in prior art capacitors with a manganese dioxide electrolyte was usually formed by painting a layer of conductive carbon particles on the surface of the manganese dioxide and then providing a metallic contact on the carbon layer, for example by utilizing a conductive metal paint.


In accordance with the present invention the manganese dioxide solid electrolyte of prior art capacitors is replaced with a solid conductive polymer. Typically, the polymer may comprise p-doped polyacetylene, polypyrrole, or polyacrylonitrile. An oxide dielectric layer is electrochemically formed on a metal anode electrode in the manner of the prior art. A body of polymer electrolyte may be cast directly in place over the oxide layer or may comprise a polymer film which is wound over the surface of the dielectric layer. A cathode connection to the electrolyte may be provided by a metal foil which is cast into the polymer body or by depositing successive layers of carbon particles and metal conductive particles on a surface of the polymer, for example by using the conductive paints of the prior art.


FIG. 1 is a preferred embodiment of a capacitor having a solid polymer electrolyte. A metal anode foil 101, typically high purity aluminum, is provided with a aluminum oxide dielectric layer 102 using any of the electrochemical forming techniques known in the prior art. The cathode electrode is laminated with a porous glass fiber separator 105 and a metal cathode electrode foil 104, typically high purity aluminum, and is wound to form a capacitor roll in the manner of the prior art. The surface of the electrodes and the volume of the separator are then impregnated with a p-doped liquid polymer which is cured to form a solid electrolyte 103. Wire leads 107 are then attached to the cathode and anode foils.

The solid electrolyte is preferably polyacrylonitrile (PAN) doped with lithium. Alternately, iodine, bromine, group I metal perchlorates, group I tetrafluoroborates or arsenic pentafluoride may be used as an anionic dopant.

The resistivity of the doped polymer is preferably between 1 ohm-cm and 1,000 ohm-cm but the invention is not so limited and polymers having other conductivity values may be utilized in special applications.

FIG. 2 shows an alternate construction of a capacitor in accordance with the present invention. An oxide dielectric 202 is formed on the surface of an anode foil 201 in the same manner as previously described with respect to FIG. 1. A conductive polymer electrolyte 203 is applied directly to the surface of the dielectric layer 202. The surface of the electrolyte 203 which is opposite the dielectric 202 is provided with a thin film 204 of conductive carbon particles, for example by applying a conductive carbon paint to the surface. A metallic contact layer 205 is then applied over the carbon layer 204, for example by application of a conductive paint. Leads 207 are then attached to the cathode foil and the contact layer 205.

The conductive polymer layer 203 may be cast directly in place, for example by using polyacrylonitrile or may comprise a conductive film of polypyrrole or polyacetylene. Methods of manufacturing and depositing conductive polymer films are described, for example, in European Patent Application No. 81-400522 (polyacrylonitrile), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,222,903 and 4,269,738 (polyacetylene), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,309,530, 4,281,105, and 4,263,187 (polypyrrole) which are incorporated herein, by reference, as background material.


25% (by weight) polyacrylonitrile (PAN) MW=9.4.times.10.sup.4, in powdered form was dissolved in butyrolactone plus 1% (by weight) water. 20% (by weight) lithium perchlorate (LiClO.sub.4) was dissolved in the solution. The solution was brought to 150 A dark brown, vicous liquid was produced.

Capacitors were wound using glass fiber separators and an etched aluminum anode foil. An aluminum cathode foil formed the second electrode. The capacitors were wound dry and then vacuum impregnated for one hour (or until the outgassing ceased) in the polymer liquid. The capacitors were removed and dried for three hours at 85

The resistivity of the polymer (measured with a 4-point probe) was approximately 1,000 ohm cm. The capacitor averaged 23.2 microfarads and 0.08 TAND at 120 Hz 25 leakage (100

A similar dry wound capacitor immersed in a conventional liquid electrolyte (resistivity 600 ohm cm) had a capacitance of 27 microfarads and 0.04 TAND.

Similar capacitors with a solid manganese dioxide electrolyte had a capacitance of 17 microfarads and 0.054 TAND with a leakage current of 0.75 uA.

Although the examples given above have been described with respect to aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the invention is not so limited and may utilized with other known capacitors structures, for example tantalum foil capacitors.


The following description of the preferred embodiments may be understood by reference to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a capacitor structure of the present invention which utilizes a foil anode electrode; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of an alternate embodiment of a capacitor of the present invention which utilizes electrodes which are deposited on the surface of the conductive polymer.

Patent Citations
Cited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US3955126 *Oct 9, 1974May 4, 1976Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, LimitedElectrolytic capacitor with combined solid electrolyte of TCNQ salts and nitrogen-containing polymers of moderate molecular weight
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Non-Patent Citations
1Murokumi et al, "An Aluminum Solid Electrolytic Capacitor with an Organic Semiconductor Electrolyte", 1975.
2 *Murokumi et al, An Aluminum Solid Electrolytic Capacitor with an Organic Semiconductor Electrolyte , 1975.
3North American Philips Corporation, "Doped Polyacrylonitrile", 1967.
4 *North American Philips Corporation, Doped Polyacrylonitrile , 1967.
5Technical Insight, Inc., "Organic Conductors", 1982.
6 *Technical Insight, Inc., Organic Conductors , 1982.
Referenced by
Citing PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US4729844 *Oct 17, 1986Mar 8, 1988Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Solid electrolytic capacitor
US4780796 *Dec 28, 1987Oct 25, 1988The Japan Carlit Co., Ltd.Solid electrolytic capacitor
US4803596 *Oct 23, 1987Feb 7, 1989Basf AktiengesellschaftSolid-state capacitor with an electroconductive polymer as constituent of the solid electrolyte
US4822638 *Feb 11, 1987Apr 18, 1989Lockheed CorporationElectronic device fabrication on non-conductive polymer substrate
US4864472 *Mar 30, 1988Sep 5, 1989Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Solid electrolyte capacitor
US4933394 *May 1, 1987Jun 12, 1990Foos Joseph SModified electrically conductive polymers
US4934033 *Aug 25, 1988Jun 19, 1990Nitsuko CorporationMethod of manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor
US5175114 *Jan 12, 1990Dec 29, 1992Seiko Epson CorporationMethod for production of a bidirectional nonlinear resistor, active matrix liquid crystal panel using bidirectional nonlinear resistor
US5187650 *Apr 14, 1992Feb 16, 1993Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Solid electrolytic capacitors and method for manufacturing the same
US5189770 *Aug 8, 1991Mar 2, 1993Siemens AktiengesellschaftMethod of making solid electrolyte capacitor
US5213983 *Dec 20, 1990May 25, 1993Neste OyMethod for the preparation of electronic and electro-optical components and circuits using conductive polymers
US5230818 *Dec 20, 1991Jul 27, 1993Eastman Kodak CompanyCoating compositions for master media for anhysteretic recording
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US5849025 *Jun 25, 1997Dec 15, 1998Medtronic, IncElectrochemical capacitor for implantable medical device
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US6454817 *May 22, 2001Sep 24, 2002Samwha Electric Co., Ltd.Method for manufacturing solid electrolytic capacitor using functional polymer electrolytic composition
US6674635Jun 11, 2002Jan 6, 2004Avx CorporationProtective coating for electrolytic capacitors
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US6890792 *Aug 22, 2003May 10, 2005Shinko Electric Industries Co., Ltd.Method of formation of a capacitor with a solid electrolyte layer comprising an organic semiconductor, and method of production of circuit board
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U.S. Classification361/525, 252/62.2, 438/99, 427/80
International ClassificationH01G9/025, H01G9/028, H01G9/02
Cooperative ClassificationH01G9/025
European ClassificationH01G9/025
Legal Events
Nov 10, 1998FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19980902
Nov 15, 1994FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19940907
Sep 4, 1994LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
Apr 12, 1994REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailed
Mar 2, 1990FPAYFee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
Aug 11, 1983ASAssignment
Effective date: 19830808