heart failure, inability of either or both sides of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body. The term is to be distinguished from heart attack, which generally refers to myocardial infarction, or death of a section of heart muscle. The condition also differs from heart block, a lack of coordination of the contractions of the upper and lower chambers of the heart, and from heart arrest, the sudden cessation of cardiac function. Heart failure is characterized by distension of the veins serving the lungs or of those serving the rest of the body, or of both; this engorgement is expressed in the term congestive heart failure. Failure of the right side of the heart may result from pulmonary heart disease. Other prominent causes of heart failure are abnormally high blood pressure (hypertension), coronary atherosclerosis (the presence of fatty deposits in the lining of the coronary arteries), and rheumatic heart disease.

A person with left-sided heart failure experiences shortness of breath after exertion, difficulty in breathing while lying down, spasms of breathlessness at night, and abnormally high pressure in the pulmonary veins. A person with right-sided failure experiences abnormally high pressure in the systemic veins, enlargement of the liver, and accumulation of fluid in the legs. A person with failure of both ventricles has an enlarged heart that beats in gallop rhythm—that is, in groups of three sounds rather than two.

Treatment is directed toward increasing the strength of the heart muscle’s contraction (rest in bed and digitalis are prescribed); toward reduction of fluid accumulation by restriction of sodium intake and increase of sodium excretion; and toward elimination of the underlying cause of the failure. See also heart block; myocardial infarction.

general condition in which the heart muscle does not contract and relax effectively, thereby reducing the performance of the heart as a pump and compromising blood circulation throughout the body. Heart failure is not a specific disease but the result of many different underlying conditions, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), hypertension (high blood pressure), cardiac valve insufficiency (leaking) or stenosis (narrowing), and exposure to toxins (alcohol or some cancer treatments).

When heart failure occurs, the ability of the heart to contract is decreased (systolic dysfunction), or the heart becomes stiff and does not relax normally (diastolic dysfunction); in some cases both conditions exist together. With less blood ejected from the heart at each beat, the body attempts to compensate for the decreased circulation to peripheral organs. Perhaps the most important response is the retention of salt and water by the kidneys in an attempt to increase intracardiac pressures and improve circulatory volume. As a result of these reflex actions, patients with heart failure usually show signs of congestion, along with weight gain and swelling of the extremities and abdominal organs—a condition known as congestive heart failure. Patients with congestion in the lungs or chest cavity suffer from short-windedness, particularly with exertion or while trying to lie flat. The heart’s response to the systemic effects of circulatory failure is to enlarge the chambers (cardiomegaly) and increase the muscle mass (hypertrophy).

Treatment of heart failure is complex and multifaceted. Of prime importance is treatment of the specific underlying disease (such as hypertension, valvular heart disease, or coronary heart disease). Prescribed medications are usually aimed at blocking the adverse effects of the various neurologic, hormonal, and inflammatory systems activated by heart failure. These are generally drugs in the class of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to lower blood pressure and decrease the heart’s workload, beta-adrenergic blockers (beta-blockers) to stabilize the heartbeat, aldosterone antagonists to decrease salt retention, and vasodilators to relax the smooth-muscle lining of the veins and arteries. Diuretics are prescribed to remove excess fluid. Digoxin and digitoxin are commonly prescribed to increase the strength of heart contraction. (These latter drugs evolved from digitalis, which was introduced in the 18th century as one of the first effective remedies for congestive heart failure, known at the time as “dropsy.”) Patients are also advised to limit their intake of salt and fluids, avoid alcohol and nicotine, optimize their body weight, and engage in aerobic exercise as much as possible. Much can be done to prevent and treat heart failure, but ultimately the prognosis depends on the underlying disease causing the difficulty as well as the severity of the condition at the time of presentation.