Topological matter in optical lattices

Nov 28, 2011
Figure 1: In a metal an electron, depicted by a gray circle, can move to the conduction energy “bands” freely because there is no forbidden region (gap) present. This semimetal’s bands touch only at one point, allowing electrons to be mobile, but less so than a metal. Insulators have a gap large enough that electrons cannot make the jump to the conduction energy “band.” Thus, there are not electrons with energy associated with this “band” (shown here as an empty box). Semiconductors are a subset of insulators and at zero temperature would have no conduction. (This partial conduction is depicted as a half-filled box).


Researchers at the Joint Quantum Institute have shown that an system exhibits a never-before-seen called a topological semimetal. The semimetal, which debuts in this week’s Advance Online Publication for the journal Nature Physics, can undergo a new type of phase transition to a topological insulator.

Topological insulators are one of the hottest topics in condensed matter research because of their dual-personality. They are insulators throughout the bulk of the material but are conductors along the edges. Harnessing the underlying , known as quantum hall physics, is important for developing new types of electronics and quantum information.

Scientists can create this unusual behavior in certain two-dimensional materials--such as a layer of electrons at the interface between two semiconductors-- by employing extremely large magnetic fields. What makes topological insulators special is their ability to exhibit this physics without external magnets.

JQI postdoctoral fellow Kai Sun explains, “Magnetic fields and lattices have nothing to do with topology. If a particular quantum hall state is topological matter, then I should be able to create it in different ways just by constructing the right topology.”

While experiments using these new materials have made great advances, hurdles such as achieving the necessary sample purity, remain. Additionally, real-time control over experimental conditions can be quite difficult and in some cases, not possible.

In the paper, the team proposes an atom-optical lattice system as the ideal test bed. Ultracold gases offer versatility for studying topological matter [see Topology inset] because a single apparatus can be used for repeated experiments. Here, researchers are able to alter the effective material through adjusting laser power.

Kai Sun explains that these advantages motivated the team to “design a system to realize topological state that has not been seen in condensed matter systems.”

An ultracold gas may not sound like a solid, but under certain conditions, this unusual quantum matter behaves just like a crystal made in nature. Neutral trapped by a checkerboard of are analogous to electrons in a crystalline solid. The light intensity determines the mobility of the atom gas around the lattice. If the atoms do not interact with each other, an energy band structure emerges that represents the semimetal. This semimetal has special properties that allow it to transform into topological insulator when the atoms begin to interact.

What is a semimetal?

Condensed matter physicists classify materials according to their conductivity: insulators and metals. This property is related to the ability for electrons to leave their parent atoms and become mobile in a material.

In a single atom, electrons are restricted to certain energy levels. When many atoms form a solid, the individual energy levels mesh together and a new energy spectrum arises for the sea of electrons in a material. This is called a material’s band structure, where bands and gaps represent allowed and forbidden electron energies, respectively.

A valence band encompasses all the allowed energies if a solid were at absolute zero temperature. Electrons fill the valence band and are relatively localized to their parent atoms in the solid. Above the valence band is a conduction band, a zone that can be occupied but only if the electron somehow gains enough energy to overcome the forbidden gap region, becoming mobile.

So what makes a material an electrical conductor, or metal? Insulators have a gap between this conduction zone and valence band that exceeds the energy of the electrons. A well-known subset of insulators, called semiconductors, has a gap small enough that they can only conduct under certain conditions. Metals have no gap, so they are naturally conductive. This topological semimetal has no gap, but only at a small point in the energy spectrum. [see Figure 1]

Topological matter in optical lattices
Figure 2: The theoretical studies from JQI researchers and collaborators indicate that by loading ultra-cold fermionic atoms into higher orbitals of a double-well optical lattice, a topological semi-metal state will arise. If the particles are allowed to interact, this novel state of matter turns into a topological insulator exhibiting quantum Hall physics due to the spontaneously-generated rotation. Here, each atom is represented by what looks like two dumbbells that cross. This is because this particular topological state is a property of higher orbitals and physicists represent orbitals with different shapes. To date, much of the atom-optical lattice experiments focused on physics of the lowest orbital or "s" band, represented by a sphere. Recently, scientists have been exploring physics associated with higher orbitals, like the dumbbell shaped "p" orbitals shown here.

Starting with the semimetal, these researchers show that allowing the particles to interact disrupts the system and forces a phase transition. Previously studied topological insulators are the result of single particles interacting with a type of internal magnetic field (called spin-orbit coupling).

W. Vincent Liu, co-author and professor at University Pittsburgh, explains this key feature, "A most exciting aspect of this research is that we seem to have found a first example of optical lattice gases that can reveal a quantum Hall-like topological state without needing an external magnetic field or spin-orbital coupling. Instead it is due to the effects of internal many-body interactions."

The team found that upon adding these interactions the particles spontaneously began to rotate [see Figure 2/animation]. Normally, lasers can generate rotation, either by stirring the sample or engineering effective magnetic fields. The proposal here offers not only novel states, but the spontaneously generated rotation may be a complementary experimental technique.

The proposed experiment uses established atomic physics techniques. Combining these ingredients may prove tricky, but would certainly open new possibilities for studying condensed matter physics.

Explore further: The importance of three-way atom interactions in maintaining coherence

More information: 1. “Topological semimetal in a fermionic optical lattice,” Kai Sun, W. Vincent Liu, Andreas Hemmerich, and S. Das Sarma, Nature Physics, DOI:10.1038/NPHYS2134 (2011)

2. “Fractional quantum Hall effect in the absence of Landau levels,” D.N. Sheng, Zheng-Cheng Gu, Kai Sun, and L. Sheng, Nature Communications, 2, 389, (2011)

3. “Nearly Flatbands with Nontrivial Topology,” Kai Sun, Zheng-Cheng Gu, Hosho Katsura, and S. Das Sarma, Physical Review Letters, 106, 236803, (2011)

[Accompanying Physics Viewpoint]

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1.7 / 5 (3) Nov 28, 2011
Some readers maybe remember, I explained the behaviour of electrons within metals with behaviour of mercury fluid, which is covering the surface of atoms in continuous layer and it enables the spreading of EM waves in form of ripples along surface of metals (i.e. in form of so-called surface plasmons).


The topological insulators are extreme case of such behaviour: you can imagine them like the compact mesh, where the electron fluid is expelled from pores like the mercury fluid from porous teflon, so it's concentrating just at the free surface of material. Some electrons still exist inside of material, but they're trapped in free space between atoms, so they cannot move from here - which is why these materials are called the "topological insulators".
1 / 5 (2) Nov 28, 2011
The semimetal behaviour of topological insulators follows from the fact, they've many electrons around atoms (like the metals), but these electrons cannot propagate at distance (like at the case of insulators). But we can imagine the common insulators like the essentially dry materials, free of surface electron fluid. These topological insulators are soaked with electrons heavily instead, so they respond well for example to so-called photoelectric effect.

This paradoxical behaviour makes the topological insulators so interesting for solid phase physics, because it enables to study the behaviour of free electrons in their spatially isolated state in similar way, like the behaviour of cooled atoms packed inside of optical lattice - but in much more comfortable conditions and with using of cheaper experimental arrangement. This study just demonstrated the conceptual similarity of both systems.


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