updated 4/2/2008 1:12:01 PM ET 2008-04-02T17:12:01


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"This is kind of a double whammy gene,'' said Christopher Amos, a professor of epidemiology at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and author of one of the studies. "It also makes you more likely to be dependent on smoking and less likely to quit smoking.''

Greater cancer risk
A smoker who inherits this genetic variation from both parents has an 80 percent greater chance of lung cancer than a smoker without the variants, the researchers reported. And that same smoker on average lights up two extra cigarettes a day and has a much harder time quitting than smokers who don't have these genetic differences.

The three studies, funded by governments in the U.S. and Europe, are being published Thursday in the journals Nature and NatureGenetics.

The scientists surveyed genetic markers in more than 35,000 people in Europe, Canada and the United States, zeroing in on the same set of genetic differences. They aren't quite sure if what they found is a set of variations in one gene or in three closely connected genes. But they said the result is the same: These genetic quirks increase the risk of addiction and lung cancer.


The genetic variations, which encode nicotine receptors on cells, could eventually help explain some of the mysteries of chain smoking, nicotine addiction and lung cancer that can't be chalked up to environmental factors, brain biology and statistics, experts said. These oddities include why there are 100-year-old smokers who don't get cancer and people who light up an occasional cigarette and don't get hooked.


The new studies point to surprising areas of the genes not associated with pleasure and addiction rewards. That may help explain why people have trouble quitting, said Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse in Bethesda, Md., which funded one of the studies. Eventual testing for the genetic variants could lead to custom treatments for quitting smoking.

"This is really telling us that the vulnerability to smoking and how much you smoke is clearly biologically based,'' said psychiatry professor Dr. Laura Bierut, of Washington University in St. Louis, and a genetics and smoking expert who did not take part in the studies. She praised the research as "very intriguing.''

The studies mostly looked at smokers and ex-smokers — although two of the studies also looked at several hundred nonsmokers. The research only involved white people of European descent. People of Asian and African descent will be studied soon and may yield quite different results, scientists said. Smoking-related diseases worldwide kill about one in 10 adults, according to the World Health Organization.

The studies show on average the consequences of the set of variations in the alphabet of genetic code that people inherit from each parent:

  • Smokers who get the set of variants from only one parent see a risk of lung cancer that is about one-third higher than people without any variants. They also smoke about one more cigarette a day on average than other smokers. This group makes up about 45 percent of the population studied.
  • Smokers who inherit the variants from both parents have almost a one in four chance of developing lung cancer. Their risk is between 70 and 80 percent higher than the cancer risk of other smokers without the genetic variants. They smoke on average of two extra cigarettes a day, and have a 45 percent higher risk of peripheral artery disease. This group accounts for about one in nine people of European descent.
  • Smokers who don't have the variants are still more than 10 times more likely to get lung cancer than nonsmokers. Smokers without the variant overall have about a 14 percent risk of getting lung cancer. By comparison, the risk of lung cancer for people who have never smoked is less than 1 percent, said another study author, Paul Brennan of the International Agency for Research onCancer in Lyon, France.

Brennan and Amos, working on different teams, linked the genetic variation itself — when triggered by smoking — directly to lung cancer. Brennan said the nicotine receptors that the variants acton also can stimulate tumor growth.

Brennan's study also found that lung cancer risk for nonsmokers with the variants was higher than for those without the variants. However, his small sample size of nonsmokers requires further study. Amos' study didn't find increased lung cancer risk for people with the set of variants who have never smoked.

But Kari Stefansson, lead author of the largest of the three studies and chief executive of deCode Genetics of Iceland, said the increased lung cancer risk was indirect, and that the variant caused more addiction and more smoking. It was the extra cigarettes from increased daily smoking and the inability to quit that contributed to the higher cancer risk, Stefansson said.

"It's very likely that in the end there's going to be a test and this is going to be folded into a panel of tests for the risk of cancers,'' said Stefansson, whose company already does prostate cancer genetic tests. The tests will lead to better treatments, but probably not prevention of smoking, he said.

Stefansson and others emphasize that people without the variants should not take that genetic finding as a green light to smoke.There are other smoking-related diseases and they would still be a thigh risk of lung cancer.

For Stefansson, the research hits home. His father, a smoker,died of lung cancer. And Stefansson, who doesn't smoke, frequently lectures his 23-year-old daughter "who smokes like a chimney.'' She acts like she is immortal and smoking can't kill her, Stefansson said. But his own research shows that her genes are probably stacked against her.



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