Red-collared widowbird

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Red-collared Widowbird
Red-collared widowbird.jpg
Male, breeding plumage
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Ploceidae
Genus: Euplectes
Species: E. ardens
Binomial name
Euplectes ardens
(Boddaert, 1783)
Pair of specimens
Nairobi National Museum

The Red-collared Widowbird (Euplectes ardens) is a species of bird in the Ploceidae family.Red-collared widowbirds are found in grasslands and bush clearings in Eastern and Southern Africa.[2] They are known for their long tails and brilliant red badges, both which act as sexual ornaments. They are often associated with other Widowbird and Bishop species. They are polygynous, where males acquisition of territory is an important determinant in their access to mates. Red-collared widowbirds have a wide range and there is little concern in terms of conservation status.


When Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert first described the Red-collared Widowbird from a South African specimen in 1783, he named it Fringilla ardens, assigning it to a genus of Old World finches.[3] In 1829, William John Swainson created Euplectes, and moved the widowbirds and bishops from Fringilla into this new genus.[4] Traditionally, Euplectes is thought to contain two clades, with the bishops in one clade and the widowbirds in another. However, molecular evidence suggests that the Red-collared Widowbird is actually a long-tailed bishop rather than a true widowbird.[2] In captivity, they have been successfully bred with Southern Red Bishop, Yellow-mantled Widowbird, Fan-tailed Widowbird, and Black-winged Red Bishop.[5]

There are three recognized subspecies:


Similar to other widowbirds, male red-collared widowbirds have both seasonal and sexual dimorphism. Males are about 25 cm (9.8 in) in length while females are only 13 centimeters. A similar trend is seen with weight, where males range from 20 to 26 g (0.71 to 0.92 oz) and females are only between 16 and 22 grams.[5] During non-breeding seasons, the male plumage is brown, while in breeding season, October to April, they have black plumage with a long tail, approximately 22 cm, and crescent –shaped carotenoid based chest patch.[7] There is significant variation in brightness, hue, and chroma of the carotenoid badges.[8] In contrast, females and subadults, like nonbreeding males, are streaky dull brown with a short tail, approximately 4 cm. Nonbreeding males, however, retain their black tails, while females and subadults' tails are dark-brown.[5]


Red-collared widowbirds feed on seeds of Sorghum and other grass seeds. They also feed on nectar, small berries, and insects, specifically ants, caterpillars, and termites. They often form large roosts, with between 50 and 100 individuals, which feed together on the ground. These roosts included breeding males. They are often formed with association with other species, like Red-billed Quelea, Fan-tailed Widowbird, Southern Red Bishop, White-winged Widowbird, and Yellow Bishop.[5]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Red-collared widowbirds are found throughout Eastern and Southern Africa. While their habitats are varied, they are often found in open grasslands, agricultural areas, clearings in forests, and on slopes with limited tree coverage.[5]

Euplectes ardens ardens are found in South Mali, North Guinea, inland Sierra Leone. North Liberia, North Ivory Coast, Southwest Niger, Central and Southeast Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central and Northeast Angola, Uganda, West Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Northwest and South Mozambique, Swaziland, and East South Africa.[6]

Euplectes ardens laticauda are found in Southeast Sudan. Ethiopia, and Eritrea.[6]

Euplectes ardens suahelicus are found in the highlands of Kenya and Tanzania.[6]

Behavior and Ecology[edit]

Breeding and Mating Systems[edit]

Typical of polygynous species, male red-collared widowbirds do not provide parental care. In fact, the only resources males provide are potential nest sites in their territories. They are different from other Euplectes species in that the males use only a simple nest ring in courtship and the females build and position the actual nests.[9] The nests are usually oval in shape and the females line the nests with grass. Females continue to add to the nest during the incubation. Old nests are often occupied by Zebra Waxbills.[5] There are usually between 2 and 4 eggs in a clutch, each egg being greyish or blue-green, with brown speckles. The incubation period, done only by the female, is between 12 and 15 days. Females also do all of the feeding, primarily via regurgitation, during the nestling period for the offspring, which is between 14 and 17 days. The nests are commonly parasitized by Diederik Cuckoos.[5]

Because they are offering no other gifts, it is very important for the males to establish an exclusive territory at the beginning of the breeding season to ensure successful mating. Males aggressively defend their territories from intruders. There is no difference in costs or benefits between females who choose unmated males, monogamy, and females who settle with mated males, polygyny.[9] Females may gain indirect benefits of picking higher quality males by producing higher-quality offspring, without suffering costs of shared territories.[10]

Sexual Ornaments[edit]


During prenuptial moulting, prior to the breeding season, the males replace their non-breeding feathers. Males that hold territory have shorter tails and carotenoid collars that are 40% larger than nonbreeding floating males .[11] The red collar is for male-male competition, while female choice is based on tail length.[11] Tail length is negatively correlated with carotenoid signal.[11] Also, looking at body size and condition, this accounts for 55% of the variation in tail length.[8] Body size may play a role in the variation of size and redness of both territorial and floater males.[8] Female preference for long tails was first observed in long-tailed widowbirds, and then subsequently observed in Jackson’s widowbird and the red-collared widowbird.[7] Tail length explains 47% of the male’s reproductive success, indicating the strength of this sexual ornament.[8] Tail symmetry, however, does not have an effect on mating success. In the red-collared widowbird there is a strong trade-off between carotenoid coloration, which is an agonistic signal and tail length, which is an epigamic signal, directly attracting females. These are both costly ornaments that are maintained through multiple receivers.[8]


The red-collared widowbird has one of the highest measured plumage carotenoid concentrations in birds.[12] There is a high presence of lutein and zeaxanthin in the feathers, which is consistent with their high dietary consumption of grass seeds. There is a carotenoid basis of ‘redness’ observed in the bird, and studies suggest that its color production is due to enzymatic conversion of dietary pigments into red keto-carotenoids, a costly process.[12] The red collar functions as a dominance signal, which was supported experimentally through manipulation of the badges. The experiment showed that red-collared males dominated orange males, which in turn dominated brown and blue collared males.[9] Furthermore, with additional manipulation of badges, males with enlarged red, enlarged orange, and reduced red collars obtained territories, while those with reduced orange and blackened or removed collars failed to establish or maintain territories. Lastly, males with reduced signals defended smaller territories, had more intruders, and spent more time, thus increased cost, on aggressive interactions. Collectively, these observations led to the conclusion that redness, and to a lesser degree size, indicate dominance status and fighting ability in male contests.[9]

Fluctuating asymmetry is a population phenomenon of random deviation in a morphological trait. Some researchers think that fluctuating asymmetry reflect an indirect measure of fitness.[13] This is because sexual ornaments are under intense directional selection. The sexual ornament displayed, the degree of fluctuating asymmetry, reflects the male’s ability to deal with environmental and genetic stress, thus as an observer, there is a compromise in males between tail length and symmetry.[13] The tail length itself is the strongest predictor of mating success.[14] However, when the tails were experimentally manipulated, comparing a shortened tail to the control, these males had equal success in acquiring territory with no difference in size or quality. The long-tailed controls spent less time flying and performing courtship displays and they attracted higher quality and more nesting females compared to short-tailed males.[13]

Demonstrating the high cost of the long tail, the control birds with longer tails showed a more significant decline in condition, measured by relative body mass, compared to the birds with shorter tailed birds.[14] Additionally, longer tails are aerodynamically costly, hindering flying ability by increasing drag.[14] Both the short tailed and control residents have declined condition compared to the floaters, the males who did not establish territories, which suggests an interaction between tail lengths and there is high cost of territory acquisition, defense, and courtship displays.[14]


To explain the existence of multiple handicap signals, multiple receiver hypothesis has been proposed.[11] In an environment, rivals and mates potentially assess different signals, thus making more than one ornament maintain stable condition-dependent signals, reflecting different qualities or associated costs. These signals are maintained because they target different receivers and reflect different aspects of fitness.[11] This is extended to explain increasing complexity of signals, where different receivers are receptive to different aspects of the same signal. In the case of the red-collared widowbird, the elongated tail addresses female choice, while the red carotenoid badge addresses aggressive male competition over territory.[11]


The Red-collared Widowbirds are not considered to be globally threatened. They have a very wide range and are found commonly in many regions. They can be found in Kruger National Park, located in South Africa, with a large population of an estimated 2000 individuals. Additionally, the species is found in South and Central Mozambique with approximately 11,000 individuals.[5]


  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Euplectes ardens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013. 
  2. ^ a b Prager, Maria; Johansson, E.I. Anette; Staffan Andersson (September 21, 2007). "A molecular phylogeny of the African widowbirds and bishops, Euplectes spp. (Aves: Passeridae: Ploceinae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 (2008): 290–302. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.010. PMID 17964815. 
  3. ^ Craig (2010), p. 144.
  4. ^ "ITIS Report: Euplectes". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 December 2012. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h del Hoyo, Josep; Elliot, Andrew; Christie, David A. (2003). Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol.8. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-50-4. 
  6. ^ a b c d "Red-collared Widowbird". Internet Bird Collection. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  7. ^ a b Pryke, Sarah R.; Lawes, Michael J.; Andersson, Staffan (2001). "Agonistic carotenoid signalling in male red-collared widowbirds: aggression related to the colour signal of both the territory owner and model intruder". Animal Behaviour 62: 695–704. doi:10.1006./anbe.2001.1804. 
  8. ^ a b c d e Pryke, Sarah R.; Andersson, Staffan; Lawes, Michael J. (26 March 2001). "Sexual Selection of Multiple Handicaps in the Red-Collared Widowbird: Female Choice of Tail Length but not Carotenoid Display". Evolution 55 (7): 1452–1463. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00665.x. PMID 11525467. 
  9. ^ a b c d Pryke, Sarah R.; Staffan Andersson, Michael J. Lawes, Steven E. Piper (December 18, 2001). "Carotenoid status signaling in captive and wild red-collared widowbirds: independent effects of badge size and color". Behavioral Ecology 13 (5): 622–631. doi:10.1093/beheco/13.5.622. 
  10. ^ Pryke, Sarah R.; Michael J. Lawes (October 2004). "Female Nest Dispersion and Breeding Biology of Polygynous Red-Collared Widowbirds". The Auk 121 (4): 1226–1237. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1226:fndabb];2. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f Andersson, Staffan; Pryke, Sarah; Ornborg, Jonas; Michael J. Lawes and Malte Andersson (November 2002). "Multiple Receivers, Multiple Ornaments, and a Trade-off between Agonistic and Epigamic Signaling in a Widowbird". The American Naturalist 160 (5): 683–691. doi:10.1086/342817. PMID 18707516. 
  12. ^ a b Andersson, Steffan; Maria Prager and E.I.Anette Johansson (2007). "Carotenoid content and reflectance of yellow and red nuptial plumages in widowbirds". Functional Ecology 21 (2): 272–281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01233.x. 
  13. ^ a b c Goddard, Keith W.; Michael J. Lawes (2000). %3B2 "Ornament Size and Symmetry: Is the Tail a Reliable Signal of Male Quality in the Red-Collared Widowbird?". The Auk. 2 117 (2): 366–372. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0366:OSASIT]2.0.CO;2. 
  14. ^ a b c d Pryke, Sarah R.; Staffan Andersson (2005). "Experimental evidence for female choice and energetic costs of male tail elongation in red-collared widowbird". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 86: 35–43. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00522.x. 

Cited texts[edit]

  • Craig, A. J. F. K. (2010). "Family Ploceidae (Weavers)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David. Handbook of Birds of the World, volume 15: Weavers to New World Warblers. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 74–197. ISBN 978-84-96553-68-2. 

External links[edit]