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Viola hedercea01.jpg
Viola banksii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Violaceae

Violaceae /vəˈls/ (alternatively Alsodeiaceae J.G.Agardh, Leoniaceae DC. and Retrosepalaceae Dulac) is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 800 species in 21 genera. It takes its name from the genus Viola, the violets and pansies.



Though the best-known genus, Viola, is herbaceous, most species are shrubs or small trees. The simple leaves are alternate or opposite, often with leafy stipules or the stipules are reduced in size. Some species have palmate shaped leaves or deeply dissected leaves. Many species are acaulescent. Inflorescence with solitary flowers or paniculate like, some species have cleistogamous flowers produced after or before the production of typically petaled flowers. Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (e.g. Melicytus), typically zygomorphic or actinomorphic with a calyx of five sepals that are persistent after flowering. Corolla with 5 mostly unequal petals, the anterior petal larger and often spurred. Plants with five stamens with the abaxial stamen often spurred at the base. The gynoecium is a compound pistil of three united carpels with one locule. Styles simple, ovary superior, ovules many. The fruits are capsules splitting by way of three seams. Seeds with endosperm.


four subfamilies are recognized: Violoideae, Leonioideae and Fusispermoideae.[citation needed]

Subfamily Fusispermoideae[edit]

Subfamily Leonioideae[edit]

Subfamily Violoideae[edit]

Tribe Rinoreeae[edit]

Subtribe Hymenantherinae[edit]
Subtribe Isodendriinae[edit]
Subtribe Paypayrolinae[edit]
Subtribe Rinoreinae[edit]

Tribe Violeae[edit]

External links[edit]