Until recently, most general aviation aircraft were equipped  with individual instruments utilized collectively to safely  maneuver the aircraft by instrument reference alone. With  the release of the EFD system, the conventional instruments  have been replaced by multiple liquid crystal display (LCD)  screens. The first screen is installed in front of the left seat  pilot position and is referred to as the primary flight display  (PFD).  [Figure 6-21]  The second screen is positioned in  approximately the center of the instrument panel and is  referred to as the multifunction display (MFD).  [Figure 6-22] The pilot can use the MFD to display navigation information  (moving maps), aircraft systems information (engine  monitoring), or should the need arise, a PFD.  [Figure 6-23] With just these two screens, aircraft designers have been able  to declutter instrument panels while increasing safety. This  has been accomplished through the utilization of solid-state  instruments that have a failure rate far lower than those of  conventional analog instrumentation. However, in the event of electrical failure, the pilot still  has emergency instruments as a backup. These instruments  either do not require electrical power, or as in the case  of many attitude indicators, they are battery equipped.  [Figure 6-24] Pilots flying under visual flight rules (VFR) maneuver their  aircraft by reference to the natural horizon, utilizing specific  There are two basic methods utilized for learning attitude  instrument flying. They are “control and performance” and  “primary and supporting.” These methods rely on the same  flight instruments and require the pilot to make the same  adjustments to the flight and power controls to control aircraft  attitude. The main difference between the two methods is the  importance that is placed on the attitude indicator and the  interpretation of the other flight instruments. Understanding how each flight instrument operates and  what role it plays in controlling the attitude of the aircraft  is fundamental in learning attitude instrument flying. When  the pilot understands how all the instruments are used in  establishing and maintaining a desired aircraft attitude, the  pilot is better prepared to control the aircraft should one  or more key instruments fail or if the pilot should enter  instrument flight conditions. reference points on the aircraft. In order to operate the aircraft  in other than VFR weather, with no visual reference to the  natural horizon, pilots need to develop additional skills.  These skills come from the ability to maneuver the aircraft by  reference to flight instruments alone. These flight instruments  replicate all the same key elements that a VFR pilot utilizes  during a normal flight. The natural horizon is replicated on  the attitude indicator by the artificial horizon. Learning Methods XPDR 5537 IDNT LCL23:00:34  VOR 1 270 °  2  1  1  2  4 300  4 200  4 100  4 000  3 900  3 800  4300  3600  3500  3400  3300  3200  3100  60 20 000 000  130  120 110 90 80 70  1 100 9 TAS 100KT  OAT  7°C  NAV1 108.00 113.00 NAV2 108.00 110.60 134.000 118.000 COM1 123.800 118.000 COM2 $_{WPT }$_ _ _ _ _ _$_{ DIS }$_ _ ._ $_{NM}$ $_{DTK }$_ _ _$_{°}$ TRK 360° DC ELEC  L R  Figure 6-21.  Primary flight display (PFD) and analog counterparts. 6-16