Performance Audit Report on the Control of F MD  Risk based vaccination in FMD high risk areas,  Biosecurity measures, disease surveillance,  Separation of livestock populations with different FMD status,  Movement control  Public education.  3.3.2 SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FMD  FMD is probably the most devastating animal disease in the world causing  impact on trade, both local, national and international, reductions in livestock  production and significant costs in prevention and treatment. In cattle, FMD  causes a range of production losses. It reduces milk production, with important  knock on impacts on the availability of milk for calves and for human  consumption. In some areas reduction of milk output has been reported to be as  high as 33%. There are also additional costs associated with the presence of  FMD, since countries with organised FMD control programmes have specialist  units dedicated to the disease with the state Veterinary Services. These groups  may be involved in disease investigations, surveillance, diagnostics, and control  measures such as vaccination, movement control and sometimes culling and  compensation. 8 FMD control in Botswana primarily derives guidance from the World Animal  Health Organisation (well known by its French acronym  Office International des  Epizooties –  OIE ) International Standards, commonly known as the OIE  International Standards. The OIE sets standards that are used worldwide in the  area of animal health and livestock trade. Botswana is a member of the OIE.  Managing FMD is spelt out in the standards set by the OIE which provide  standards for testing, abattoirs, animal welfare as well as controlling of animal  diseases (disease control). Terrestrial Animal Standards are the ones relevant to  3.3.3 GUIDANCE AND REGULARITY INSTRUMENTS IN FMD CONTROL  $^{8}$ OIE: The Global FMD Control Strategy, 2012  13 |  P a g e