Center of Gravity (CG) ..................................................2-9 The Axes of an Aircraft .................................................2-9 Stability and Control ......................................................2-9 Static Stability ............................................................2-9 Dynamic Stability.......................................................2-9 Longitudinal Stability.................................................2-9 Directional Stability .................................................2-10 Lateral Stability ........................................................2-11 Dutch Roll ................................................................2-11 Primary Flight Controls ...............................................2-11 Trim Controls...............................................................2-11 Auxiliary Lift Devices .................................................2-12 Lift Augmenting .......................................................2-12 Lift Decreasing .........................................................2-12 Winglets ...................................................................2-13 Canard Wings ...........................................................2-13 Wing Fences .............................................................2-14 Control Systems for Large Aircraft .............................2-14 Mechanical Control ..................................................2-14 Hydromechanical Control ........................................2-14 Fly-By-Wire Control ................................................2-14 High-Speed Aerodynamics ..........................................2-15 Rotary-Wing Aircraft Assembly and Rigging .............2-16 Configurations of Rotary-Wing Aircraft .....................2-17 Autogyro...................................................................2-17 Single Rotor Helicopter............................................2-17 Dual Rotor Helicopter ..............................................2-18 Types of Rotor Systems ...............................................2-18 Fully Articulated Rotor ............................................2-18 Semirigid Rotor ........................................................2-18 Rigid Rotor ...............................................................2-18 Forces Acting on the Helicopter ..................................2-18 Torque Compensation ..............................................2-19 Gyroscopic Forces....................................................2-19 Helicopter Flight Conditions .......................................2-20 Hovering Flight ........................................................2-20 Translating Tendency or Drift ..............................2-22 Ground Effect .......................................................2-22 Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation of  Angular Momentum) ............................................2-22 Vertical Flight...........................................................2-23 Forward Flight..........................................................2-23 Translational Lift ..................................................2-24 Effective Translational Lift (ETL)........................2-24 Dissymmetry of Lift .............................................2-25 Autorotation .............................................................2-27 Rotorcraft Controls ......................................................2-28 Swash Plate Assembly .............................................2-28 Collective Pitch Control ...........................................2-28 Throttle Control........................................................2-29 Governor/Correlator .................................................2-29 Cyclic Pitch Control .................................................2-29 Antitorque Pedals .....................................................2-30 Stabilizer Systems........................................................2-30 Bell Stabilizer Bar System .......................................2-30 Offset Flapping Hinge ..............................................2-31 Stability Augmentation Systems (SAS) ...................2-31 Helicopter Vibration.................................................2-31 Extreme Low Frequency Vibration ......................2-31 Low Frequency Vibration.....................................2-31 Medium Frequency Vibration...............................2-31 High Frequency Vibration ....................................2-31 Rotor Blade Tracking ...............................................2-31 Flag and Pole ........................................................2-31 Electronic Blade Tracker ......................................2-32 Tail Rotor Tracking ..................................................2-33 Marking Method ...................................................2-33 Electronic Method ................................................2-33 Rotor Blade Preservation and Storage......................2-34 Helicopter Power Systems ...........................................2-34 Powerplant................................................................2-34 Reciprocating Engine ...............................................2-34 Turbine Engine .........................................................2-35 Transmission System ...................................................2-35 Main Rotor Transmission.........................................2-35 Clutch .......................................................................2-35 Centrifugal Clutch ................................................2-36 Belt Drive Clutch..................................................2-36 Freewheeling Unit ....................................................2-36 Airplane Assembly and Rigging..................................2-37 Rebalancing of Control Surfaces..............................2-37 Static Balance .......................................................2-37 Dynamic Balance..................................................2-38 Rebalancing Procedures ...........................................2-38 Rebalancing Methods ...............................................2-38 Aircraft Rigging ...........................................................2-39 Rigging Specifications .............................................2-39 Type Certificate Data Sheet..................................2-39 Maintenance Manual ............................................2-40 Structural Repair Manual (SRM)..........................2-40 Manufacturer’s Service Information.....................2-40 Airplane Assembly ...................................................2-40 Aileron Installation ...............................................2-40 Flap Installation ....................................................2-40 Empennage Installation ........................................2-40 Control Operating Systems ......................................2-40 Cable Systems.......................................................2-40 Cable Inspection ...................................................2-42 Cable System Installation .....................................2-43 Push Rods (Control Rods) ....................................2-46 XVI