ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 11 change kinetics in the Ising model both under shear and after a temperature quench; confirming existing results from theory and simulation. We also confirmed theo- retical results for the time-dependent critical behaviour of a model of driven diffusive transport. We anticipate that the method is useful for a very wide range of time- evolving processes in nature. Possibilities include the probabilities of abnormal cell differentiation during em- bryogenesis, fracture nucleation in materials under im- pact or time-varying load, and nucleation in glassy ma- terials approaching dynamic arrest. with respect to the real progress of the reaction because any bins which represent multiple stages of the ‘true’ re- action coordinate will require larger populations in order to give stable sampling; which will need to be crudely dealt with by setting a small γ and large N in eqn. 1. This paper presents a method, S-PRES, to investigate rare events in non-equilbrium and non-steady-state dy- namics. S-PRES can compute the evolution of the prob- abilities of rare events or rare states in any stochastic system with respect to time, providing that a suitable binning on the phase space can be defined. The method is based on Forward Flux Sampling with modifications to permit tracking of the ages of the configurations sampled. A version of the pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method is applied to the generation of path segments in order to achieve efficient sampling. To demonstrate the method we calculated phase We thank Kurt Binder, Martin Weigel, Colin Fox and Giovanni Peccati for discussions. This work was sup- ported by the DFG (Emmy Noether Programme and SPP1296) and with CPU time by NIC J¨ ulich and by the UK National Grid Service. [1] H. Eyring, J. Chem. Phys. 3 , 107 (1935). (2008). [19] R. J. Allen, C. Valeriani, and P. R. ten Wolde, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 , 463102 (2009). [20] E. N. M. Cirillo, G. Gonnella, and G. P. Saracco, Phys. Rev. E 72 , 026139 (2005). [21] R. P. Sear, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 , 4985 (2006). [22] P. Mirold and K. Binder, Acta Metall. 25 , 1435 (1977). [23] O. Penrose and A. Buhagiar, J. Stat. Phys. 30 , 219 (1983). [24] Kinetics of Phase Transitions , edited by S. Puri and V. Wadhawan (CRC Press, 2009). [25] L. Onsager, Phys. Rev. 65 , 117 (1944). [26] D. Stauffer, Phys. Rep. 54 , 1 (1979). [27] G. Sch¨ utz, Phys. Rev. E 47 , 4265 (Jun 1993). [28] A. Ma and A. R. Dinner, J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 6769 (2005). [29] A. Amadei, A. B. Linssen, and H. J. Berendsen, Proteins 17 , 412 (1993). [30] S. Yan, D. Xu, B. Zhang, and H.-J. Zhang (Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Com- puter Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005) pp. 830–837. [31] A. C. Pan and D. Chandler, J. Phys. Chem. B 108 , 19681 (2004). [2] E. Wigner, Trans. Faraday Soc. 34 , 29 (1938). [3] G. M. Torrie and J. P. Valleau, J. Comput. Phys. 23 , 187 (1977). [4] B. A. Berg and T. Neuhaus, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 , 9 (1992). [5] F. Wang and D. P. Landau, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 , 2050 (2001). [6] B. Strodel, C. S. Whittleston, and D. J. Wales, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 , 16005 (2007). [7] R. M. L. Evans, R. A. Simha, A. Baule, and P. D. Olm- sted, Phys. Rev. E 81 , 051109 (2010). [8] C. Dellago, P. G. Bolhuis, F. S. Csajka, and D. Chandler, J. Chem. Phys. 108 , 1964 (1998). [9] R. J. Allen, D. Frenkel, and P. R. ten Wolde, J. Chem. Phys. 124 , 194111 (2006). [10] R. J. Allen, D. Frenkel, and P. R. ten Wolde, J. Chem. Phys. 124 , 024102 (2006). [11] G. Huber and S. Kim, Biophys. J. 70 , 97 (1996). [12] B. W. Zhang, D. Jasnow, and D. M. Zuckerman, J. Chem. Phys. 132 , 054107 (2010). [13] A. K. Faradjian and R. Elber, J. Chem. Phys. 120 , 10880 (Jun 2004). [14] D. R. Glowacki, E. Paci, and D. V. Shalashilin, J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 16603 (2009). [15] W. Cai, M. H. Kalos, M. de Koning, and V. V. Bulatov, Phys. Rev. E 66 , 046703 (2002). [16] P. Grassberger, Phys. Rev. E 56 , 3682 (1997). [17] D. J. Wales, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 204111 (2009). [18] R. J. Allen, C. Valeriani, S. Tanase-Nicola, P. R. ten Wolde, and D. Frenkel, J. Chem. Phys. 129 , 134704 [34] A. I. Bartlett and S. E. Radford, J. Mol. Biol. 396 , 1329 (2010). [33] P. G. Bolhuis, C. Dellago, and D. Chandler, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 , 5877 (2000). [32] A. Dickson, A. Warmflash, and A. R. Dinner, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 074104 (2009).