The Learning Process...................................................10-6 Definition of Learning..............................................10-6 Characteristics of Learning ......................................10-6 Principles of Learning ..............................................10-6 How People Learn ....................................................10-7 Perceptions ...........................................................10-7 Factions Which Affect Perception ........................10-7 Insight ...................................................................10-8 Motivation.............................................................10-8 Levels of Learning ...................................................10-8 Transfer of Learning ................................................10-9 Habit Formation .......................................................10-9 Theories of Forgetting .............................................10-9 Disuse ...................................................................10-9 Interference ...........................................................10-9 The Teaching Process.................................................10-10 Preparation .............................................................10-10 Performance-Based Objectives...........................10-11 Presentation ............................................................10-11 Review and Application .........................................10-11 Teaching Methods ......................................................10-12 Organizing Material ...............................................10-12 Introduction ............................................................10-12 Attention .............................................................10-12 Motivation...........................................................10-12 Overview.............................................................10-12 Development ..........................................................10-12 Conclusion..............................................................10-13 Lecture Method..........................................................10-13 Demonstration-Performance Method.........................10-13 Computer-based Training .......................................10-14 Techniques of Flight Instruction ................................10-14 The Telling-and-Doing Technique ..........................10-14 Instructor Tells-Instructor Does ..........................10-15 Student Tells-Instructor Does..............................10-15 Student Tells-Student Does .................................10-15 Student Does-Instructor Evaluates .....................10-15 Critique and Evaluation .............................................10-16 Purpose of a Critique..............................................10-16 Methods of Critique ...............................................10-16 Student-Led Critique ..............................................10-16 Self-Critique ...........................................................10-16 Ground Rules for Critiquing...................................10-16 Characteristics of an Effective Critique .................10-17 Evaluation...............................................................10-18 Oral Quizzes ...........................................................10-18 Characteristics of Effective Questions ...................10-18 Answering Questions from Students ..................10-19 Written Tests ...........................................................10-19 Characteristics of a Good Test ............................10-19 Test Development ...................................................10-19 Presolo Knowledge Tests ....................................10-19 Performance Tests ...............................................10-19 Planning Instructional Activities................................10-20 Course of Training ..................................................10-20 Objectives and Standards .......................................10-20 Blocks of Learning .................................................10-20 Training Syllabus....................................................10-20 Syllabus Format and Content .................................10-21 How to Use a Training Syllabus .............................10-22 Lesson Plans...........................................................10-22 Characteristics of a Well-Planned Lesson ..............10-23 How to Use a Lesson Plan Properly.......................10-25 Lesson Plan Formats ..............................................10-25 Chapter Summary ......................................................10-25 The Gas Balloon ................................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 The History of Gas Ballooning ................................11-2 Balloon Systems ..........................................................11-2 Netted Balloon Systems ...........................................11-3 Quick Fill Balloon Systems......................................11-3 Lifting Gases ............................................................11-3 Components of the Gas Balloon ..................................11-4 Envelope...................................................................11-4 Gondola ...................................................................11-4 Support Cabling........................................................11-4 Equipment ................................................................11-5 Theory of Gas Ballooning............................................11-5 Physics of Gas Ballooning .......................................11-5 Lift at Sea Level ...................................................11-5 Lift at Altitude ......................................................11-5 Pressure Ceiling ....................................................11-6 Additional Factors That Affect Lift ......................11-6 Weather Considerations ...............................................11-6 Meteorological Differences......................................11-6 Meteorological Flight Planning................................11-7 Flying in Inversions ..............................................11-7 The Practice of Gas Ballooning ...................................11-8 Gas Balloon Regulations ..........................................11-8 Flight Planning .........................................................11-9 Layout and Inflation .................................................11-9 Launch....................................................................11-10 Inflight Procedures .................................................11-10 Solar Heating ......................................................11-10 Purity of Lifting Gas...........................................11-11 Landing, Retrieval and Packup...............................11-11 The America’s Challenge Race, 2006 ....................11-12 Chapter Summary ......................................................11-15 xi Chapter 11