5. Profit on Disposals Disposal of subsidiaries  and joint ventures Disposal of associate  investments  (iii) Disposal of other non-current assets  Total 2012  (i) 2011 (ii) 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 €m €m €m €m €m €m €m €m Assets/(liabilities) disposed of at net carrying amount: - non-current assets (notes 14,15,16)  607   206  -  128   92   74   699   408  - cash and cash equivalents  36   38  - - - -  36   38  - working capital and provisions (note 20)  45   35  - - - -  45   35  - current tax (6)  1  - - - - (6)  1  - non-controlling interests (32)  - - - - - (32)  - - interest-bearing loans and borrowings (108) (50) - - - - (108) (50) - deferred tax (note 27) (73) (9) - - - - (73) (9) - pension liabilities (note 28) (18)  - - - - - (18)  - Net assets disposed   451   221  -  128   92   74   543   423  Re-classification of currency translation effects on disposal   14   2  - - - -  14   2  Total  465   223  -  128   92   74   557   425  Proceeds from disposals (net of disposal costs)   652   250  -  128   135   102   787   480  Profit on disposals  187   27  - -  43   28   230   55  Net cash inflow arising on disposal Cash proceeds  652   250  -  128   135   102   787   480  Less: cash and cash equivalents disposed (36) (38) - - - - (36) (38) Total  616   212  -  128   135   102   751   442  (i)  This relates principally to the disposal in May 2012 of our 49% investment in our Portuguese joint venture Secil (which was part of the Europe Materials  segment) to our former joint venture partner, Semapa, following the ruling of the Arbitral Tribunal in Paris. Proceeds from this disposal amounted to €564  million (with a further €73 million net debt disposed) resulting in a profit of €138 million. As disclosed in our 2011 Annual Report, Semapa initiated legal  proceedings in November 2011 to appeal against the Tribunal ruling and this continues to be the case. No provision has been made in respect of these  proceedings in the numbers shown above. (ii)  This relates principally to the disposal of the Insulation and Climate Control business in Europe Products. (iii) This relates to the disposal of our 35% associate investment in the Trialis distribution business in France. The average number of employees (including the Group’s proportionate share of employees in joint ventures) is as follows: Year ended 31 December 2012 Materials Products Distribution Total Group Europe 10,707   16,146   11,920   38,773  Americas 18,324   15,546   3,532   37,402  Total 29,031   31,692   15,452   76,175  Year ended 31 December 2011 Europe 11,649   16,636   12,147   40,432  Americas 17,805   14,895   3,301   36,001  Total 29,454   31,531   15,448   76,433  6. Employment Employment costs charged in the Consolidated Income Statement (including the Group’s proportionate share of joint ventures’ costs) are analysed as follows: 2012 2011 €m €m Wages and salaries  2,924   2,692  Social welfare costs  369   344  Other employment-related costs  439   378  Share-based payment expense (note 8)  14   21  Total pension costs (note 28)  164   158  Total  3,910   3,593  Total charge analysed between: Cost of sales  1,960   1,791  Operating costs  1,943   1,795  Finance costs (net) - applicable to defined benefit pension schemes (note 9)  7   7  Total  3,910   3,593  CRH 87