Figure 2-2.  Advisory Circular (AC) 60-22, “Aeronautical Decision Making,” carries a wealth of information for the pilot to learn.  not received ADM training. The differences were statistically  significant and ranged from about 10 to 50 percent fewer  judgment errors. In the operational environment, an operator  flying about 400,000 hours annually demonstrated a 54  percent reduction in accident rate after using these materials  for recurrency training.  Contrary to popular opinion, good judgment can be taught.  Tradition held that good judgment was a natural by-product  of experience, but as pilots continued to log accident-free  flight hours, a corresponding increase of good judgment  was assumed. Building upon the foundation of conventional  decision-making, ADM enhances the process to decrease the  probability of human error and increase the probability of a  safe flight. ADM provides a structured, systematic approach  to analyzing changes that occur during a flight and how these  changes might affect the safe outcome of a flight. The ADM  process addresses all aspects of decision-making in the flight  deck and identifies the steps involved in good decision-making.  The goal of risk management is to proactively identify  safety-related hazards and mitigate the associated risks. Risk  management is an important component of ADM. When a  pilot follows good decision-making practices, the inherent risk  in a flight is reduced or even eliminated. The ability to make  good decisions is based upon direct or indirect experience  and education. The formal risk management decision-making  process involves six steps as shown in  Figure 2-3.  Consider automotive seat belt use. In just two decades, seat  belt use has become the norm, placing those who do not  wear seat belts outside the norm, but this group may learn to  wear a seat belt by either direct or indirect experience. For  example, a driver learns through direct experience about the  value of wearing a seat belt when he or she is involved in a car  accident that leads to a personal injury. An indirect learning  experience occurs when a loved one is injured during a car  accident because he or she failed to wear a seat belt.  As you work through the ADM cycle, it is important to  remember the four fundamental principles of risk management.  2-3  Steps for good decision-making are:  1.  Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight  2.  Learning behavior modification techniques  3.  Learning how to recognize and cope with stress  4.  Developing risk assessment skills  5.  Using all resources  6.  Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s ADM skills  Risk Management 