T r o p o s p h e r e $_{ }$S t r a t o s p h e r e M e s o s p h e r e T h e r m o s p h e r e E x o s p h e r e  Ozone lay er T r o p o p ause Figure 9-5.  Layers of the atmosphere. 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 General circulation,  monsoon circulation Jet stream Occluded front, hurricane  Land/sea breeze,  lee wave Thunderstorm,  downburst Tornado, dust devil,  thermal, turbulence second minute hour day week month year Space scale (NM) Time scale (lifetime) Standard Atmosphere A A B C D E F B C D E F Microscale Macroscale Mesoscale Figure 9-6.  Scale of circulation—horizontal dimensions and life spans of associated weather events. Smaller scale features are embedded in larger scale features.  For instance, a microscale thermal may be just one of many  in a mesoscale convergence line, like a sea breeze front.  The sea breeze front may occur only under certain synoptic  (i.e., simultaneous) conditions, which is controlled by the  macroscale circulations. The scales interact, with feedback  9-5