COMMON ERRORS DURING STRAIGHT CLIMBS AND DESCENTS LEVELOFF TURNS 12-15 Figure 12-20. Flight instrument indications for a standard rate turn to the left. to the approximate setting for the desired rate. If the descent is started at the descending airspeed, the air- speed indicator is primary for pitch until the VSI approaches the desired rate. At this time, the vertical speed indicator becomes primary for pitch, and the  airspeed indicator becomes primary for power. Coordinate power and pitch attitude control as was described earlier for constant rate climbs. The leveloff from a constant airspeed descent may be made at descending airspeed or at cruise airspeed, if this is higher than descending airspeed. As in a climb leveloff, the amount of lead depends on the rate of descent and control technique. For a leveloff at descending airspeed, the lead should be approximately 10 percent of the vertical speed. At the lead altitude, simultaneously increase power to the setting necessary to maintain descending airspeed in level flight. At this point, the altimeter becomes primary for pitch, and the airspeed indicator becomes primary for power. When making turns by reference to the flight instru- ments, they should be made at a definite rate. Turns described in this chapter are those that do not exceed a standard rate of 3° per second as indicated on the turn- and-slip indicator. True airspeed determines the angle of bank necessary to maintain a standard rate turn. A rule of thumb to determine the approximate angle of bank required for a standard rate turn is to divide your airspeed by 10 and add one-half the result. For exam- ple, at 60 knots, approximately 9° of bank is required (60 ÷ 10 = 6 + 3 = 9); at 80 knots, approximately 12° of bank is needed for a standard rate turn. To level off at a higher airspeed than descending air- speed, increase the power approximately 100 to 150 feet prior to reaching the desired altitude. The power setting should be that which is necessary to maintain the desired airspeed in level flight. Hold the vertical speed constant until approximately 50 feet above the desired altitude. At this point, the altimeter becomes primary for pitch, and the airspeed indicator becomes primary for power. The leveloff from a constant rate descent should be accomplished in the same manner as the lev- eloff from a constant airspeed descent.  To enter a turn, apply lateral cyclic in the direction of the desired turn. The entry should be accomplished smoothly, using the attitude indicator to establish the approximate bank angle. When the turn indicator indi- cates a standard rate turn, it becomes primary for bank. The attitude indicator now becomes a supporting instru- ment. During level turns, the altimeter is primary for pitch, and the airspeed indicator is primary for power. Primary and supporting instruments for a stabilized stan- dard rate turn are illustrated in figure 12-20. If an 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 10 20 30 TORQUE PERCENT GLYPH<.notdef> Primary Bank Initiall yGLYPH<.notdef> Supporting Pitch Primary Power Primary Pitch Supporting Pitch Primary Bank asGLYPH<.notdef> Turn is Established SupportingGLYPH<.notdef> PowerGLYPH<.notdef> GLYPH<.notdef> 5. Failure to level off on desired altitude. 4. Failure to maintain proper pedal trim. 3. Poor control of pitch attitude. 2. Improper use of power. 1. Failure to maintain heading.