US 9,394,339 B2  17  18  -continued  -continued  Hwnan protein  GTP-binding protein  (!DOA)  Ferritin (2FHA)  Procathepsin L (1CS8)  Growth hormone (lHGU)  Triose phosphate isomerase  (!HT!)  Interleukin-6 (1IL6)  DNA polymerase (lBPX)  Glutathione synthetase  (2HGS)  F ructose-1,6-bisphosphatase  (lFTA)  CDK2 kinase (!BUH)  Ribonuclease A (lAFK)  Ap endonuclease (lBIX)  Carbonic anhydrase  N  (lZNC)  Branched-chain -keto acid  dehydrogenase (lDTW)  Argininosuccinate lyase  (lAOS)  Creatine kinase ( 1 QKl)  Carbonic anhydrase II  (1BV3)  Interleukin-8 (1IL8)  Dihydropteridine reductase  (lHDR)  Proinsulin (lEFE)  Mitogen-activated protein kinase  P38 (lWFC)  Glutathione reductase (lBWC)  Ribonuclease 4 (lRNF)  Aldose reductase (1EL3)  -Lactalbumin (1B9O)  Ornithine transcarbarnoylase  (10TH)  Malic enzyme (lEFK)  Glucose-6-phosphate 1- dehydrogenase (1 QKI)  Procarboxypeptidase A2 (!AYE)  Apoptosis regulator bax (1F16)  Ornithine decarboxylase (1 D7K)  UDP-galactose 4-epimerase  (1EK6)  Stem cell factor (lEXZ)  Hypoxanthine guanine  phosphoribosyltransferase  (lBZY)  Electron transfer flavoprotein  (lEFV)  Phenylalanine hydroxylase  (lDMW)  Annexin V (lANX)  Platelet factor 4-HPF4 (lRHP)  Insulin (2HIU)  Prethrombin2 (!HAG)  Interleukin-4 (2CYK)  Interleukin-! (211B)  Neutrophil (gelatinase) (lDFV)  O6-alkylguanine-DNA  alkyltransferase (1EH6)  Glucosamine-6-phosphate  deaminase isomerase (1D9T)  Quinone reductase type  2 (1QR2)  NAD(P)H dehydrogenase  (lQBG)  Plasminogen activator inhibitor› ! (1C5G)  T cell surface glycoprotein CD4  (lCDJ)  -Thrombin (1A3E)  Eosinophil cationic protein  (lQMT)  Ribonuclease inhibitor (1A4Y)  Transforming growth factor- Tl/2  45  46  48  51  52  56  58  58  59  65  66  72  72  81  83  84  90  95  100  110  110  120  130  130  130  130  140  140  150  170  170  180  180  180  190  220  220  230  260  260  270  280  290  300  320  330  350  370  380  380  430  450  460  Tl/10  6.8  7.0  7.3  7.8  7.9  8.5  8.8  8.8  9.0  9.9  10  11  11  12  13  13  14  14  15  17  17  18  20  20  20  20  21  21  23  26  26  27  27  27  29  33  33  35  40  40  41  43  44  46  49  50  53  56  58  58  65  68  70  Hwnan protein  two (lKLA)  Thioltransferase (lJHB)  Profilin 1 (!FIL)  Lithostathine (!LIT)  Phosphatidylethanolamine  binding protein (1BD9)  Tl/2  470  480  490  680  Tl/10  71  73  74  100  Source of data: Deamidation of Human Proteins, Robinson &  Robinson, PNAS Oct. 23, 2001 Vol. 98 No. 22 12409-12413.  Other deamidation-susceptible proteins and peptides that  could be protected against deamidation by the present inven- tion, preferably in human or veterinary pharmaceutical or  vaccine preparations, include: acid phosphatase; alkaline  phosphatase; acidic fibroblast growth factor; amylin praline  analog (Pramlintide ); angiogenin; antiflammin; antithrombin  III; apolipoproteins; aspartate aminotransferase; atrial natri- uretic peptide; Bence-Jones protein TI; calbindin; calmodu› lin; carbonic anhydrase; CD4; cell surface protein G (as in a  vaccine, for example); chorionic somatomammotropin; class  II histocompatibility antigen; collagen; creatinekinase; deha› logenase; deoxyribonucleases; elastase; envelope glycopro- tein El (e.g., in a hepatitis C vaccine); epidermal growth  factor; fibroblast growth factor; glucagon and glucagon-like  peptides; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucose-6- phosphate isomerase; glutathione S-transferase; granulocyte› colony-stimulating factor; growth hormone releasing factor;  hexokinase; hexon protein; HMAP; high MW glycoprotein  (e.g., from skin fibroblasts); hirulog-3-thrombin complex;  histone; HIV-1 Rev; hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl› transferase; inorganic pyrophosphatase; interferon; interleu› kins 1, 2, 3, and 11; interleukin-I receptor antagonist; lactate  dehydrogenase; lactoferrin; L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate ami› notransferase; leukaemia protein P30 (e.g., in a vaccine);  lysozyme; macrophage migration inhibitory factor; major  internal protein of SKA virus; major intrinsic protein MP26;  membrane protein 4.1; beta-2-microglobulin; myoglobin;  N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; NAD(P)H dehydroge› nase; nerve growth factor; neu differentiation factor; neu› rotrophic factor; neutrophil activating peptide; nucleoside  phosphorylase; parathyroid hormone; parotid basic proteins  Pb-1 a, Pb-1 b and Pb2; phenylalanine hydroxy lase; phospho- glucomutase; 6-phospo-D-gluconate dehydrogenase; plas› minogen activator; prolactin; rotavirus protein VP6; staph  aureus protein A; prothymosin; purine-nucleoside phospho› rylase; retinal-binding protein; rhinovirus-14 3C protease;  somatomedinA (insulin-like growth factor); stem cell factor;  thioltransferase; thrombopioetin; transmembrane secretory  component; tumor necrosis factor;  uropepsinogen and  uropepsin; vascular endothelial growth factor; and vaso› pressin.  It should be noted that, in addition to the possibilities  of some of these compounds as active pharmaceutical com- pounds, some of them could be useful in pharmaceutical  preparations as targeting compounds, to target specific cells,  cells with specific disorders, or even pathogens in the body.  Vaccines are another class of formulations wherein deami› dation of proteins in the formulation can have serious nega- tive consequences, and wherein the current invention could  be applied. In the context of this invention, vaccines differ  from traditional pharmaceutical and even biopharmaceutical  products in that they are considerably more likely to contain  at least trace levels of enzymes that can induce enzymatic  deamidation. Thus, while protecting proteins and peptides  against non-enzymatic deamidation is the main focus of this  invention, it may nonetheless be true that the invention could 