% Change For the year ended December 31 2019 2018 (1) 2017 (1) 2019 vs. 2018 2018 vs. 2017 Operations Performance Gross ton-miles (“GTMs”) (millions) 280,724 275,362 252,195 2 9 Train miles (thousands) 32,924 32,312 30,632 2 5 Average train weight – excluding local traffic (tons) 9,129 9,100 8,806 — 3 Average train length – excluding local traffic (feet) 7,388 7,313 7,214 1 1 Average terminal dwell (hours) 6.4 6.8 6.6 (6) 3 Average train speed (miles per hour, or "mph") 22.2 21.5 22.6 3 (5 ) Fuel efficiency (U.S. gallons of locomotive fuel consumed /1,000 GTMs) 0.955 0.953 0.980 — (3) Total employees (average) 13,103 12,756 12,083 3 6 Total employees (end of period) 12,694 12,840 12,215 (1) 5 Workforce (end of period) 12,732 12,866 12,294 (1 ) 5 Safety Indicators FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours 1.42 1.48 1.65 (4 ) (10 ) FRA train accidents per million train-miles 1.06 1.10 0.99 (4) 11 $^{(1)}$ Certain figures have been updated to reflect new information or have been revised to conform with current presentation. These key measures of operating performance reflect how effective CP's management is at controlling costs and executing the Company's operating plan and strategy. CP continues to drive further productivity improvements in its operations, allowing the Company to deliver superior service and grow its business at low incremental cost. A  GTM  is defined as the movement of one ton of train weight over one mile. GTMs are calculated by multiplying total train weight by the distance the train moved. Total train weight comprises the weight of the freight cars, their contents, and any inactive locomotives. An increase in GTMs indicates additional workload. GTMs for 2019 were 280,724 million, a 2% increase compared with 275,362 million in 2018. This increase was primarily driven by increased volumes of Energy, chemicals and plastics and Intermodal. This increase was partially offset by decreased volumes of Potash, frac sand and Coal. GTMs in 2018 were 275,362 million, a 9% increase compared with 252,195 million in 2017. This increase was primarily driven by increased volumes of Energy, chemicals and plastics, Potash, and Intermodal, partially offset by decreased shipments of U.S. grain. Train miles  are defined as the sum of the distance moved by all trains operated on the network. Train miles for 2019 were 32,924 thousands, an increase of 2% compared with 32,312 thousands in 2018. This reflects the impact of higher GTMs in 2019. Train miles in 2018 were 32,312, an increase of 5% compared with 30,632 thousands in 2017. This reflects the impact of higher volumes partially offset by continuous improvements in train weights as evident in the relative comparison to GTMs, which grew by 9% in 2018. Average train weight  is defined as the average gross weight of CP trains, both loaded and empty. This excludes trains in short-haul service, work trains used to move CP’s track equipment and materials, and the haulage of other railways’ trains on CP’s network. Average train weight of 9,129 tons in 2019 increased by 29 tons compared with 9,100 tons in 2018. This slight increase was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency. This increase was partially offset by the implementation of CP's winter contingency plan in the first quarter of 2019 resulting in shorter and lighter trains within the operating plan. Average train weight of 9,100 tons in 2018 increased by 294 tons, or 3%, from 8,806 tons in 2017. This increase was due to continuous improvements in operating plan efficiency, as well as higher volumes of heavier commodities, such as crude and Potash, compared to the same period in 2017. Average train length  is defined as the average total length of CP trains, both loaded and empty. This includes all cars and locomotives on the train and is calculated as the sum of each car or locomotive's length multiplied by the distance travelled, divided by train miles. Local trains are excluded from this measure. Operations Performance Performance Indicators The following table lists the key measures of the Company’s operating performance: CP 2019 ANNUAL REPORT /  34