Basic Engine Operating Principles ............................10-29 Combustion Process ...............................................10-29 Detonation ..............................................................10-30 Pre-Ignition.............................................................10-30 Backfiring...............................................................10-31 Afterfiring...............................................................10-31 Factors Affecting Engine Operation ..........................10-31 Compression...........................................................10-31 Fuel Metering .........................................................10-31 Idle Mixture............................................................10-33 Induction Manifold.................................................10-34 Operational Effect of Valve Clearance ..................10-34 Engine Troubleshooting.............................................10-35 Valve Blow-By.......................................................10-39 Cylinder Compression Tests ......................................10-40 Differential Pressure Tester....................................10-40 Cylinder Replacement ............................................10-41 Cylinder Removal ......................................................10-42 Cylinder Installation...................................................10-43 Cold Cylinder Check..................................................10-44 Turbine Engine Maintenance.....................................10-45 Compressor Section................................................10-45 Inspection and Cleaning .........................................10-46 Causes of Blade Damage........................................10-47 Blending and Replacement.....................................10-49 Combustion Section Inspection .................................10-49 Marking Materials for Combustion Section  Parts ........................................................................10-50 Inspection and Repair of Combustion  Chambers ...............................................................10-50 Fuel Nozzle and Support Assemblies.....................10-51 Turbine Disk Inspection .........................................10-51 Turbine Blade Inspection .......................................10-51 Turbine Blade Replacement Procedure..................10-52 Turbine Nozzle Inlet Guide Vane Inspection.........10-53 Clearances ..............................................................10-53 Exhaust Section ......................................................10-53 Engine Ratings ...........................................................10-55 Turbine Engine Instruments.......................................10-55 Engine Pressure Ratio Indicator .............................10-55 Torquemeter (Turboprop Engines).........................10-56 Tachometer ............................................................10-56 Exhaust Gas Temperature Indicator (EGT)............10-56 Fuel-Flow Indicator................................................10-56 Engine Oil Pressure Indicator.................................10-56 Engine Oil Temperature Indicator..........................10-56 Turbine Engine Operation..........................................10-56 Ground Operation Engine Fire ...............................10-58 Engine Checks........................................................10-58 Checking Takeoff Thrust........................................10-58 Ambient Conditions ...............................................10-58 Removing Hard Carbon............................................10-6 Structural Inspection ....................................................10-7 Dye Penetrant Inspection..........................................10-7 Eddy Current Inspection...........................................10-7 Ultrasonic Inspection................................................10-7 Pulse-Echo ............................................................10-7 Through Transmission ..........................................10-8 Resonance .............................................................10-8 Magnetic Particle Inspection ....................................10-8 X-ray.........................................................................10-8 Dimensional Inspection ...............................................10-8 Cylinder Barrel .........................................................10-8 Valves and Valve Springs ........................................10-9 Crankshaft ..............................................................10-10 Checking Alignment...............................................10-10 Repair and Replacement.........................................10-11 Cylinder Assembly Reconditioning .......................10-12 Piston and Piston Pins ............................................10-12 Valves and Valve Springs ......................................10-13 Refacing Valve Seats..............................................10-13 Valve Reconditioning.............................................10-16 Valve Lapping and Leak Testing ...........................10-17 Piston Repairs.........................................................10-18 Cylinder Grinding and Honing...............................10-18 Reassembly ................................................................10-20 Installation and Testing..............................................10-20 Engine Testing of Reciprocating Engines ..............10-20 Test Cell Requirements ..........................................10-21 Engine Instruments.................................................10-21 Carburetor Air Temperature (CAT) Indicator........10-22 Fuel Pressure Indicator...........................................10-22 Oil Pressure Indicator.............................................10-23 Oil Temperature Indicator ......................................10-23 Fuel Flow Meter .....................................................10-23 Manifold Pressure Indicator ...................................10-23 Tachometer Indicator .............................................10-23 Cylinder Head Temperature Indicator....................10-24 Torquemeter ...........................................................10-24 Warning Systems....................................................10-25 Reciprocating Engine Operation................................10-25 Engine Instruments.................................................10-25 Engine Starting .......................................................10-25 Pre-Oiling ...............................................................10-25 Hydraulic Lock.......................................................10-25 Engine Warm-Up ...................................................10-26 Ground Check.........................................................10-27 Fuel Pressure and Oil Pressure Check....................10-28 Propeller Pitch Check.............................................10-28 Power Check...........................................................10-28 Idle Speed and Idle Mixture Checks ......................10-28 Engine Stopping .....................................................10-29 XIV