Figure 1-18. A sample before landing checklist used by pilots. stay on the controls until the instructor says: “I have the  flight controls.” There should never be any doubt as to who is  flying the airplane at any one time. Numerous accidents have  occurred due to a lack of communication or misunderstanding  as to who actually had control of the aircraft, particularly  between students and flight instructors. Establishing the  above procedure during initial training ensures the formation  of a very beneficial habit pattern. During flight training, there must always be a clear  understanding between the student and flight instructor of  who has control of the aircraft. Prior to any flight, a briefing  should be conducted that includes the procedures for the  exchange of flight controls. The following three-step process  for the exchange of flight controls is highly recommended.  This chapter discussed some of the concepts and goals of  primary and intermediate flight training. It identified and  provided an explanation of regulatory requirements and  the roles of the various entities involved. It also offered  recommended techniques to be practiced and refined to  develop the knowledge, proficiency, and safe habits of a  competent pilot. When a flight instructor wishes the student to take control  of the aircraft, he or she should say to the student, “You  have the flight controls.” The student should acknowledge  immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The flight  instructor should then confirm by again saying, “You have  the flight controls.” Part of the procedure should be a visual  check to ensure that the other person actually has the flight  controls. When returning the controls to the flight instructor,  the student should follow the same procedure the instructor  used when giving control to the student. The student should  1-15 Chapter Summary  Positive Transfer of Controls