6-9 Figure 6-6.  S-turns. Upon entering the maneuver, depending on the wind’s speed,  it may be necessary to roll into the initial bank at a rapid rate  so that the steepest bank is set quickly to prevent the airplane  from drifting outside of the desired turn radius. This is best  accomplished by repeated practice and assessing the required  roll in rate. Thereafter, the pilot should gradually decrease the  angle of bank until the airplane is headed directly upwind.  As the upwind becomes a crosswind and then a downwind,  the pilot should gradually steepen the bank to the steepest  angle upon reaching the initial point of entry.  To perform a turn around a point, the pilot must complete  at least one 360° turn; however, to properly assess wind  direction, velocity, bank required, and other factors related  to turns in wind, the pilot should complete two or more  turns. As in other ground reference maneuvers, when wind is  present, the pilot must a constantly adjust the airplane’s bank  and wind correction angle to maintain a constant radius turn  around a point. In contrast to the ground reference maneuvers  discussed previously in which turns were approximately  limited to either 90° or 180°, turns around a point are  consecutive 360° turns where, throughout the maneuver, the  pilot must constantly adjust the bank angle and the resulting  rate of turn in proportion to the groundspeed as the airplane  sequences through the various wind directions. The pilot  should make these adjustments by applying coordinated  aileron and rudder pressure throughout the turn. During the downwind half of the turn, the pilot should  progressively adjust the airplane’s heading toward the  inside of the turn. During the upwind half, the pilot should  progressively adjust the airplane’s heading toward the  outside of the turn. Recall from the previous discussion on  wind correction angle that the airplane’s heading should be  ahead of its position over the ground during the downwind  half of the turn behind its position during the upwind half.  Remember that the goal is to make a constant radius turn  over the ground and, because the airplane is flying through  a moving air mass, the pilot must constantly adjust the bank  angle to achieve this goal. When performing a turn around a point, the pilot should  select a prominent, ground-based reference that is easily  distinguishable yet small enough to present a precise  reference.  [Figure 6-6]  The pilot should enter the maneuver  downwind, where the groundspeed is at its fastest, at the  appropriate radius of turn and distance from the selected  ground-based reference point. In a high-wing airplane, the  lowered wing may block the view of the ground reference  point, especially in airplanes with side-by-side seating during  a left turn (assuming that the pilot is flying from the left seat).  To prevent this, the pilot may need to change the maneuvering  altitude or the desired turn radius. The pilot should ensure  that the reference point is visible at all times throughout the  maneuver, even with the wing lowered in a bank.  The following are the most common errors in the performance  of turns around a point: Wind Wings level Shallowest bank Moderate bank Steepest bank Moderate bank Shallowest bank Steepest bank 2 1 3 4 5 Entry • Failure to adequately clear the area above, below,  and on either side of the airplane for safety hazards,  initially and throughout the maneuver.