Feb. 18,2016  14  US 2016/0044917 Al  [0156]  Similarly, a composition of propionic acid is pre› pared as a liquid using any of the following three methods  shown below. The active ingredient is proprionic acid and  either ACS or sulfurinc acid is used to adjust the pH down› ward or one of the propionic salts to adjust the pH upward.  ACS-P consists of calcium sulfate saturated with sulfuric  acid, can also be used to adjust the pH and/or to make slurry.  ACS-P can be dried and/or infused into bentonite clay, ver› miculite, or some other functional equivalent carrier capable  of making a  dry  product. All formulations can be made to vary  in concentration according to the needs and applications of  the user or EPA standards. For example, the pH of the final  product solution will for most purposes be at 2.0 or above in  order to meet the HAZMAT criteria for non-hazardous prod› ucts.  [0157]  Formulation 1. Propionic Acid in Water.  [0158]  To make an approximate 10% solution, add about  5-15 ml of propionic acid (90%+ purity) to 100 ml of water.  Mix and check pH to make sure it falls within the range from  2.0 to 2.5.  If  pH is greater than 2.5, titrate pH downward by  adding a small amount (0.25 to 1.0 ml) of sulfuric acid (90%+  purity).  If  pH is less than 2.0 adjust pH upward using a small  amount ( +/-about 0.5 to 1.0 gram) of sodium propionate. In a  one embodiment, the concentration range of propionic acid is  in the range of about 5.0% to about 15%, and the pH is in the  range of about 1.5 to about 3 .5. In a preferred embodiment,  the concentration range of propionic acid is in the range of  about 8.0% to about 12.5%, and the pH is in the range ofabout  1.8 to 2.8. In the most preferred embodiment, the concentra› tion range of propionic acid is in the range of about 9.5% to  about 10.5%, and the pH is in the range of about 2.2 to about  2.5. Alternatively, the pH can be titrated for the various con› centration ranges using a superacid such as ACS-100, ACS- 50, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or combination thereof  (Note: a pipette or syringe can be used to slowly add sulfuric  acid for adjusting pH downward to between about pH 2.0 and  about pH 2.5. In some instances, it may be unadvisable to  allow the total percentage of sulfuric acid used to adjust pH be  above about 10% of the total solution, as not to surpass EPA  tolerance limit for the use of sulfuric acid as a pH adjuster in  pesticides. Additionally, propionic acid is a volatile chemical  and may evaporate out of solution within a given period of  time. It is therefore advisable to use methods known in the art  to prevent such evaporation from occurring. One having ordi› nary skill in the art will understand that methods and ratios  used to industrialize large scale manufacturing protocols of  these compositions is included in the spirit and scope of the  invention.  [0159]  Formulation 2. Salt of Propionic Acid in Water.  [0160]  To make an approximate 10% solution, add about 10  grams of either sodium or calcium propionate to about 100 ml  of water, wherein sodium propionate is preferred because it  does not leave a precipitant. The initial pH should be in the  range of about 4.0 to 6.0. Adjust pH range to about 2.0-about  2.5 using sulfuric acid, ACS-P, ACS-100, or ACS-50. In a one  embodiment, the concentration range of the salt of propionic  acid is in the range of about 5.0% to about 15%, and the pH is  in the range of about 1.5 to about 3.5. In a preferred embodi› ment, the concentration range of the salt of propionic acid is  in the range of about 8.0% to about 12.5%, and the pH is in the  range ofabout 1.8 to about 2.8. In the most preferred embodi› ment, the concentration range of the salt of propionic acid is  in the range ofabout 9 .5% to about 10.5%, and the pH is in the  range of about 2.2 to about 2.5. Alternatively, the pH can be  titrated for the various concentration ranges using a super› acid, ACS-100, ACS-50, sulfuric acid, or hydrochloric acid.  One having ordinary skill in the art will understand that  methods and ratios used to industrialize large scale manufac› turing protocols of these compositions is included in the spirit  and scope of the invention.  [0161]  Formulation 3. ACS-P andACS-100 in Water.  [0162]  ACS-P andACS 100 in water with or without the use  of any other ingredients to adjust the pH of the solution, in one  embodiment of this invention, an approximate 10% solution  can be made by adding about 10 grams of ACS-P 50 to 100 ml  of tap water and mix thoroughly. The pH should be should be  in the range of about pH 1.1 to about pH 1.3. The pH can be  adjusted within the desired range of about pH 1.0 by adding a  few ml of ACS.  If  the pH adjustment results in a pH that is  below 1.0, a small amount of calcium hydroxide can be added  to increase the pH. The clear liquid can be decanted from any  precipitant; the decanted liquid can be used as a spray. Save  the white precipitant created in this process for use as a slurry  product as described in Formulation 4 described below.  [0163]  Since, the pH of this solution is about pH 1.0, it may  harm certain plants by turning the leaves yellow, wherein  most plants should recover and plants should not die from  application of this product. Although not wanting to be bound  by theory, this product should be maintained in a range  between about pH 0.5 to about pH 2.0. In a preferred embodi› ment, the pH range should be between about pH 0.9 and about  pH 1.5. In the most preferred embodiment, the pH range  should be about pH 1.0 to about pH 1.3 in order to remain  effective at killing frogs. Additionally, to be effective, about 1  ml of this product should come into direct contact with the  frog. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, more than  about 1 ml of product may be needed to kill larger female  frogs since they may withstand and may be capable of neu› tralizing the product due to females being more highly  hydrated than male frogs. Although not wanting to be bound  by theory, female frogs may retain more water in their bodies  in order to keep their eggs hydrated. One having ordinary skill  in the art will understand that methods and ratios used to  industrialize large scale manufacturing protocols for these  compositions is included in the spirit and scope of the inven› tion. (Note: By adding a sticker that is normally used in  pesticides to any of the above solutions in the manner known  by one of ordinary skill in the art of sticker products, the  efficacy of this pesticide product may be improved by the  reduction in surface tension brought about as a result of  adding the sticker.)  [0164]  Formulation 4. ACS in Combination with Citric  Acid.  [0165]  Citric acid is currently the only substance approved  by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) for use  against Coqui frogs. Although not wanting to be bound by  theory, ACS can be used to extend and potentiate citric acid  and make a solution that is equally if not more effective at a  cheaper price. In one embodiment, about 14 grams of citric  acid can be added to about 10 ml ACS 100 or about 10 ml of  sulfuric acid or about 18 grams ofACS-P 50 andabout200 ml  of water. The pH of this solution can be increased to about pH  2.0 by adding sodium propionate. In a preferred embodiment,  the concentration range of the citric acid is in the range of  about 5 .0% to about 20%, and the pH is in the range of about  1.0 to about 3.0. In the most preferred embodiment, the con› centration range of the salt of propionic acid is in the range of  about 9 .5% to about 10.5%, and the pH is in the range of about 