National Airspace System (NAS).  The common network of  United States airspace. air navigation facilities, equipment  and services, airports or landing areas; sectional charts,  information and services; rules, regulations and procedures,  technical information; and manpower and material. National Security Area (NSA).  Area consisting of airspace  of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established at  locations where there is a requirement for increased security  and safety of ground facilities. Pilots are requested to  voluntarily avoid flying through the depicted NSA. When it  is necessary to provide a greater level of security and safety,  flight in NSAs may be temporarily prohibited. Regulatory  prohibitions are disseminated via NOTAMs. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).  A United  States Government independent organization responsible for  investigations of accidents involving aviation, highways,  waterways, pipelines, and railroads in the United States.  NTSB is charged by congress to investigate every civil  aviation accident in the United States. NAVAID.  Naviagtional aid. NAV/COM.  Navigation and communication radio. Newton’s Third Law of Motion.  Whenever one body exerts  a force on another, the second body always exerts on the first,  a force that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Nontowered Airport.  An airport that does not have an  operating control tower. Two-way radio communications  are not required at uncontrolled airports, although it is good  operating practice for pilots to transmit their intentions on  the specified frequency. NOTAM.  See Notice to Airmen. Notice to Airmen.  A notice containing information  concerning facilities, services, or procedures, the timely  knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with  flight operations. Notice To Airman (NOTAM).  Notice to Airman that is  regulatory in nature. Octane.  The rating system of gasoline with regard to its  antidetonating qualities. Operating limitations.  Limitations published by aircraft  manufacturers to define limitations on maneuvers, flight load  factors, speeds and other limits. Presented in the aircraft in  the form of placards and printed in the limitations section of  the aircraft flight manual. Overcontrolling.  Using more movement in the control  column than is necessary to achieve the desired pitch-and- bank condition. Overshooting.  The act of over flying an intended spot for  landing or flying through a course intended for intercept. Overspeed.  A condition in which an engine has produced  more rpm than the manufacturer recommends, or a condition  in which the actual engine speed is higher than the desired  engine speed as set on the propeller control. Overtemp.  A condition in which a device has reached a  temperature above that approved by the manufacturer or any  exhaust temperature that exceeds the maximum allowable for  a given operating condition or time limit. Can cause internal  damage to an engine. Parallel runways.  Two or more runways at the same airport  whose centerlines are parallel. In addition to runway number,  parallel runways are designated as L(left) and R(right)  or if three parallel runways exist, L(left), C (center) and  R(right). Parasite drag.  That part of total drag created by the design or  shape of PPC parts. Parasite drag increases with an increase  in airspeed. Pattern altitude.  The common altitude used for aircraft  maneuvering in the traffic pattern. Usually 1,000 above the  airport surface. Personality tendencies.  Personal traits and characteristics of  an individual that are set at a very early age and extremely  resistant to change. P-factor.  A tendency for an aircraft to yaw to the left due  to the descending propeller blade on the right producing  more thrust than the ascending blade on the left. This  occurs when the aircraft’s longitudinal axis is in a climbing  attitude in relation to the relative wind. The P-factor would  be to the right if the aircraft had a counterclockwise rotating  propeller. PIC.  See pilot in command. Pilotage.  Navigational technique based on flight by reference  to ground landmarks. Pilot in command.  The pilot responsible for the operation  and safety of an aircraft.  G-12