Human Behavior ..........................................................2-11 The Decision-Making Process .....................................2-12 Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM) ...........2-13 The 5 Ps Check ........................................................2-13 The Plan ...............................................................2-14 The Plane .............................................................2-14 The Pilot ...............................................................2-14 The Passengers .....................................................2-14 The Programming ................................................2-15 Perceive, Process, Perform (3P) Model....................2-15 PAVE Checklist: Identify Hazards and Personal Minimums ..............................................2-15 CARE Checklist: Review Hazards and Evaluate Risks ......................................................2-16 TEAM Checklist: Choose and Implement Risk Controls ........................................................2-16 The DECIDE Model .............................................2-18 Detect (the Problem).............................................2-20 Estimate (the Need To React)...............................2-20 Choose (a Course of Action) ................................2-20 Identify (Solutions)...............................................2-20 Do (the Necessary Actions) ..................................2-20 Evaluate (the Effect of the Action) ......................2-20 Decision-Making in a Dynamic Environment ............2-21 Automatic Decision-Making ...................................2-21 Operational Pitfalls ...............................................2-21 Stress Management...................................................2-21 Use of Resources ......................................................2-21 Internal Resources ................................................2-23 External Resources ...............................................2-23 Situational Awareness..................................................2-24 Obstacles to Maintaining Situational Awareness.....2-24 Workload Management ........................................2-24 Managing Risks ....................................................2-25 Automation ..................................................................2-25 Results of the Study..................................................2-27 Equipment Use .........................................................2-27 Autopilot Systems.................................................2-27 Familiarity.............................................................2-27 Respect for Onboard Systems...............................2-29 Getting Beyond Rote Workmanship.....................2-29 Understand the Platform ......................................2-29 Managing Aircraft Automation ...............................2-29 Information Management .....................................2-30 Enhanced Situational Awareness .............................2-30 Automation Management .........................................2-31 Risk Management.....................................................2-31 Chapter Summary .......................................................2-32 Chapter 3 Aircraft Construction ..........................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness.........3-2 A Note About Light Sport Aircraft ............................3-2 Lift and Basic Aerodynamics.........................................3-2 Major Components.........................................................3-3 Fuselage......................................................................3-3 Wings .........................................................................3-3 Empennage .................................................................3-6 Landing Gear..............................................................3-7 The Powerplant...........................................................3-7 Subcomponents ..............................................................3-8 Types of Aircraft Construction ......................................3-8 Truss Structure ...........................................................3-8 Semimonocoque .........................................................3-9 Composite Construction .............................................3-9 History ....................................................................3-9 Advantages of Composites ...................................3-10 Disadvantages of Composites...............................3-10 Fluid Spills on Composites...................................3-11 Lightning Strike Protection...................................3-11 The Future of Composites ....................................3-12 Instrumentation: Moving into the Future ....................3-12 Control Instruments .................................................3-13 Navigation Instruments ...........................................3-13 Global Positioning System (GPS)................................3-13 Chapter Summary ........................................................3-13 Chapter 4 Principles of Flight ..............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Structure of the Atmosphere ..........................................4-1 Air is a Fluid ..............................................................4-2 Viscosity .................................................................4-2 Friction....................................................................4-2 Pressure...................................................................4-3 Atmospheric Pressure.................................................4-3 Pressure Altitude ........................................................4-4 Density Altitude .........................................................4-4 Effect of Pressure on Density .................................4-4 Effect of Temperature on Density ..........................4-4 Effect of Humidity (Moisture) on Density .............4-5 Theories in the Production of Lift..................................4-5 Newton’s Basic Laws of Motion................................4-5 Bernoulli’s Principle of Differential Pressure ............4-6 Airfoil Design ................................................................4-6 Low Pressure Above ..................................................4-7 High Pressure Below ..................................................4-8 viii 