⦁ $_{The two-way process of effective communication includes actively listening to the learner. }$ ⦁ $_{Technical knowledge is useless if the instructor fails to communicate it effectively. }$ In the previous scenario, Bob uses the guided group discussion period to listen to his learners discuss the weight and balance  problem. By listening to their discussion and questions, he can pinpoint problem areas and explain them more fully during the review  of the solved problem.  People skills also include the ability to interact respectfully, pick up when learners are not following along, provide motivation, and  adapt to the needs of the learner when necessary. Another important people skill used by effective instructors is to challenge learners  intellectually while supporting their efforts. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express  themselves clearly.  A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. For  example, the instructor in the opening scenario is an aviation maintenance SME.  Effective instructors have a sincere interest in learning and professional growth. There are a number of professional development  opportunities for aviation instructors, such as Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) seminars, industry conventions, professional  organizations, and online classes. Networking with and observing other instructors and seeking mentoring from an experienced  instructor to learn new strategies is also helpful. By being a lifelong learner, the aviation professional remains current in both aviation  and education. This topic is explored more thoroughly in the section titled Professional Development found within Chapter 8 of this  handbook: Instructor Responsibilities and Professionalism  Management skills generally include the ability to plan, organize, lead, and supervise. For the effective instructor, this translates into  being able to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. A well-planned lesson means the instructor is also practicing time management  skills and ensures the time allocated for the lesson is used effectively.  To manage time well, it is important that an instructor plans how to use the time to achieve the lesson goals. This includes time for  what needs to be done as well as time to handle the unexpected. It minimizes stress by not planning too much for the allotted time.  Time management also come into play for the aviation instructor who is teaching a class. Consider the opening scenario in which Bob  arrived early for the class and ensured the classroom was ready by completing a series of tasks.  Management Skills  Subject Matter Expertise  Figure 5-1.  Aviation instructors organize course material and use procedures and methods that promote learning.  5-2 