thereby reducing situational awareness and leading to  complacency. Information from these systems needs to be  continually monitored to ensure proper situational awareness.  It is essential that pilots be aware not only of equipment  capabilities, but also equipment limitations in order to  manage those systems effectively and safely.  Crew resource management (CRM) and single-pilot resource  management (SRM) is the ability for the crew or pilot to  manage all available resources effectively to ensure that the  outcome of the flight is successful. In general aviation, SRM  is more often than CRM. The focus of SRM is on the single- pilot operation. SRM integrates the following: Information workloads and automated systems, such as  autopilots, need to be properly managed to ensure a safe  flight. The pilot who effectively manages his or her workload  completes as many of these tasks as early as possible to  preclude the possibility of becoming overloaded by last  minute changes and communication priorities in the later,  more critical stages of the approach. Routine tasks delayed  until the last minute can contribute to the pilot becoming  overloaded and stressed, resulting in erosion of performance.  By planning ahead, a pilot can effectively reduce workload  during critical phases of flight. Situational awareness is the accurate perception of  operational and environmental factors that affect the flight.  It is a logical analysis based upon the airplane, external  support, environment, and the pilot. It is awareness on what  is happening in and around the flight. Pilots have a limited capacity for information. Once  information flow exceeds the pilot’s ability to mentally  process the information, any additional information becomes  unattended or displaces other tasks and information already  being processed. For example, do not become distracted  and fixate on an instrument light failure. This unnecessary  focus displaces capability and prevents the pilot’s ability to  appreciate tasks of greater importance.  Human Resource Management requires an effective use of  all available resources: human, equipment, and information.  Flying safely requires the effective integration of three  separate sets of skills: stick-and rudder skills needed to  control the airplane; skills related to proficient operation  of aircraft systems; and ADM skills. The ADM process  addresses all aspects of decision-making in the flight deck  and identifies the steps involved in good decision-making.  While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps  the pilot recognize errors and enables the pilot to manage the  error to minimize its effects. These steps are: Human resources include the essential personnel routinely  working with the pilot to ensure safety of flight. These  people include, but are not limited to: weather briefers,  flight line personnel, maintenance personnel, crew members,  pilots, and air traffic personnel. Pilots need to effectively  communicate with these people. This is accomplished by  using the key components of the communication process:  inquiry, advocacy, and assertion. Pilots must recognize the  need to seek enough information from these resources to  make a valid decision. After the necessary information has  been gathered, the pilot’s decision must be passed on to those  concerned, such as air traffic controllers, crew members, and  passengers. The pilot may have to request assistance from  others and be assertive to safely resolve some situations. Equipment in many of today’s aircraft includes automated  flight and navigation systems. These automatic systems,  while providing relief from many routine cabin or cockpit  tasks, present a different set of problems for pilots. The  automation intended to reduce pilot workload essentially  removes the pilot from the process of managing the aircraft,  The airport ramp can be a complex environment with airport  personnel, passengers, trucks and other vehicles, airplanes,  Ground Operations Resource Management Situational Awareness Human Resource Management Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) Task Management • Take a pilot who is more experienced or who is  certified as an instrument flight rules (IFR) pilot. • Delay the flight. • Cancel the flight. • Drive. • Situational Awareness • Human Resource Management • Task Management • Aeronautical Decision-making (ADM) • Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight; • Learning behavior modification techniques; • Learning how to recognize and cope with stress; • Developing risk assessment skills; • Using all resources; and • Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s own personal  ADM skills. 2-11