Discussion Elasticity and the different scaling techniques are an area of Kubernetes that are still actively evolving. HPA recently added proper metric support, and VPA is still experi‐ mental. Also, with the popularization of the serverless programming model, scaling to zero and quick scaling has become a priority. Knative serving is a Kubernetes addon that exactly addresses this need to provide the foundation for scale-to-zero as we briefly describe in “Knative Serving” on page 210 and “Knative Build” on page 230. Knative and the underlying service meshes are progressing quickly and intro‐ duce very exciting new cloud-native primitives. We are watching this space closely and recommend you to have an eye on Knative too. Given a desired state specification of a distributed system, Kubernetes can create and maintain it. It also makes it reliable and resilient to failures, by continuously monitor‐ ing and self-healing and ensuring its current state matches the desired one. While a resilient and reliable system is good enough for many applications today, Kubernetes goes a step further. A small but properly configured Kubernetes system would not break under heavy load, but instead would scale the Pods and nodes. So in the face of these external stressors, the system would get bigger and stronger rather than weaker and brittle, giving Kubernetes antifragile capabilities. More Information • Elastic Scale Example • Rightsize Your Pods with Vertical Pod Autoscaling • Kubernetes Autoscaling 101 • Horizontal Pod Autoscaler • HPA Algorithm • Horizontal Pod Autoscaler Walk-Through • Kubernetes Metrics API and Clients • Vertical Pod Autoscaling • Configuring Vertical Pod Autoscaling • Vertical Pod Autoscaler Proposal • Vertical Pod Autoscaler GitHub Repo • Cluster Autoscaling in Kubernetes • Adaptive Concurrency Limits • Cluster Autoscaler FAQ • Cluster API Discussion | 219