The provision for income taxes consists of the following: The provision for income taxes differs from the statutory corporate rate due to the following: The 2017 tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to the impacts pursuant to enactment of the Tax Reform Act, the net impact of foreign operations, the establishment of a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets in various foreign jurisdictions, primarily Germany and Mexico, and taxes related to the sale of the Gestra and Vogt businesses. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we did not assert permanent reinvestment on any of our foreign subsidiaries and as a result recorded deferred tax liabilities of approximately $75.4 million on cumulative unrepatriated earnings in connection with the Tax Reform Act. These deferred tax liabilities primarily relate to foreign withholding taxes that would be due upon repatriation of the designated earnings to the U.S. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we have asserted permanent reinvestment on certain earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2019, we have recorded $67.9 million of deferred tax liabilities associated with the pre-December 31, 2017 earnings deemed available for repatriation as referenced above. 96 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Amounts in thousands) Current: U.S. federal $ 22,001 $ 5,150 $ 59,292 Foreign  61,976 36,897 22,442 State and local 4,506 2,647 5,537 Total current 88,483 44,694 87,271 Deferred: U.S. federal 2,933 11,242 135,294 Foreign (12,243) (4,585) 34,626 State and local 897 (127 ) 1,488 Total deferred (8,413) 6,530 171,408 Total provision $ 80,070 $ 51,224 $ 258,679 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Amounts in millions) Statutory federal income tax at 21% (21% for 2018 and 35% for 2017) $ 71.8 $ 37.0 $ 92.1 Foreign impact, net 4.5 (5.9) (36.4) Impact of U.S. Tax Reform Act — (5.7 ) 115.3 Change in valuation allowances 0.3 15.7 73.6 State and local income taxes, net 5.4 3.7 4.9 Other, net (1.9) 6.4 9.2 Total $ 80.1 $ 51.2 $ 258.7 Effective tax rate 23.4% 29.1% 98.4%