Squall Line .........................................................12-23 Tornadoes ..........................................................12-23 Turbulence .........................................................12-24 Icing ...................................................................12-24 Hail ....................................................................12-25 Ceiling and Visibility .........................................12-25 Effect on Altimeters ...........................................12-25 Lightning.............................................................12-25 Engine Water Ingestion .....................................12-25 Chapter Summary ......................................................12-25 Aviation Weather Services ...............................13-1 Introduction..................................................................13-1 Observations ................................................................13-2 Surface Aviation Weather Observations ..................13-2 Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) ........13-2 Upper Air Observations............................................13-2 Radar Observations ..................................................13-3 Satellite.....................................................................13-4 Service Outlets .............................................................13-4 Flight Service Station (FSS).....................................13-4 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) .....13-4 Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS) .....................................................13-4 Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska Only) ..........................................................13-4 Weather Briefings ........................................................13-5 Standard Briefing .....................................................13-5 Abbreviated Briefing................................................13-5 Outlook Briefing ......................................................13-5 Aviation Weather Reports............................................13-5 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) ..........13-6 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) ..............................13-8 Aviation Forecasts....................................................13-9 Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF).....................13-9 Area Forecasts (FA) ...............................................13-10 Inflight Weather Advisories ...................................13-11 AIRMET .............................................................13-11 SIGMET .............................................................13-12 Convective Significant Meteorological Information (WST) .............................................13-12 Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB).........13-13 Weather Charts...........................................................13-13 Surface Analysis Chart...........................................13-13 Weather Depiction Chart........................................13-15 Significant Weather Prognostic Charts ..................13-15 ATC Radar Weather Displays ..................................13-16 Weather Avoidance Assistance ..............................13-18 Electronic Flight Displays (EFD) /Multi-Function Display (MFD) Weather ...........................................13-18 Airport Operations.............................................14-1 Introduction..................................................................14-1 Airport Categories........................................................14-1 Types of Airports......................................................14-2 Towered Airport ...................................................14-2 Nontowered Airport..............................................14-2 Sources for Airport Data..............................................14-3 Aeronautical Charts..................................................14-3 Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility  Directory) .................................................................14-3 Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) ..................................14-4 Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS)...14-5 Airport Markings and Signs.........................................14-5 Runway Markings and Signs....................................14-5 Relocated Runway Threshold...............................14-5 Displaced Threshold .............................................14-5 Runway Safety Area ............................................14-6 Runway Safety Area Boundary Sign....................14-6 Runway Holding Position Sign ............................14-6 Runway Holding Position Marking ......................14-8 Runway Distance Remaining Signs......................14-8 Runway Designation Marking..............................14-8 Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) .......14-10 Taxiway Markings and Signs .................................14-11 Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Markings............14-12 Destination Signs ................................................14-12 Holding Position Signs and Markings for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) Critical Area ..14-12 Holding Position Markings for Taxiway/Taxiway  Intersections........................................................14-14 Marking and Lighting of Permanently Closed  Runways and Taxiways ......................................14-14 Temporarily Closed Runways and Taxiways .....14-15 Other Markings.......................................................14-15 Airport Signs ..........................................................14-15 Airport Lighting .........................................................14-16 Airport Beacon .......................................................14-16 xiii  Weather Products Age and Expiration ...................13-18 What Can Pilots Do? ..........................................13-19 NEXRAD Abnormalities....................................13-21 NEXRAD Limitations ........................................13-21 AIRMET/SIGMET Display ...................................13-21 Graphical METARs................................................13-21 Data Link Weather .................................................13-21 Data Link Weather Products ..................................13-23 Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B)..13-23 Pilot Responsibility....................................................13-24 Chapter Summary ......................................................13-24 Chapter 14 Chapter 13