Sport pilot applicants take a knowledge test required by 14 CFR  part 61, s ection 61.307(a). The regulation requires a logbook  endorsement from an authorized instructor in order to be able to take the knowledge test. 14 CFR  part 61, s ection  61.405(a) requires a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor for sport pilot instructor applicants. A Fundamentals of  Instructing test may also apply in accordance with  part 61, s ection 61.405(a)(1).  If the applicant fails a knowledge test, the applicant needs an endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave additional training  in $_{ }$accordance with 14 CFR  part 61, s ection 61.49(a) in order to retake  the test. There is an unsigned endorsement provided on the  knowledge test report that may be utilized by the instructor.  Additional Training and Endorsements  Flight instructors may provide training and endorsements for certificated pilots. AC 61-98, Currency Requirement and Guidance for  the Flight Review and Instrument Proficiency  Check, contains relevant information for certificated pilots and flight instructors for  flight review required by 14 CFR part 61,  s ection 61.56 or meeting recent flight experience requirements of  s ection 61.57.  The AC includes general guidance in each o f these areas, references to oth er related documents , and sample training plans tha t are  pertinent to this type of training.  The requirements for a flight review are contained in 14 CFR part  61, section  61.56. The flight review is the aeronautical equivalent  of a regular medical checkup and ongoing health improvement program.  Effective pilot refresher training should be based on specific objectives and standards. The objectives should include a thorough  checkout appropriate to the pilot certificate and aircraft ratings held, and the standards should be at least those required for the  issuance of that pilot certificate. Before beginning any training, the pilot and the instructor should agree fully on these objectives and  standards, and, as training progresses, the pilot should be kept appraised of progress toward achieving those goals.  Flight Reviews  A flight review is an excellent opportunity for a  flight instructor $_{ }$to review pilot decision-making  (ADM)  skills. To get the information  needed to evaluate ADM skills, including risk management, give the pilot multiple opportunities to make decisions and ask  questions about those decisions. For example, ask the pilot to explain why the alternate airport selected for a diversion exercise is  a safe and appropriate choice. What are the possible hazards, and what can the pilot do to mitigate them? Be alert to the pilot’s  information and automation management skills as well. For example, does the pilot perform regular “common sense crosschecks?”  For  more  ideas  on  generating  scenarios  that  teach  risk  management,  visit  www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/ handbooks_manuals/aviation/pilot_risk/ .  AC 61-98,  Currency Requirement and Guidance for the Flight Review and Instrument Proficiency Check , provides guidance for  conducting a flight review.  An a ppendi x in the AC includes a $_{ }$sample flight review checklist, which contains portions of 14 CFR  part 61, s ection 61.56 and a sample endorsement. At the conclusion of a successful flight review, the logbook of the pilot should be  endorsed, as recommended.  [Figure C-2]  Figure C-2.  This sample logbook endorsement is for completion of a flight review.  Instrument Proficiency Checks  Instrument rated pilots who fail to meet instrument currency requirements of 14 CFR  part 61, s ection 61.57(c) for more than 6  calendar months are required by 14 CFR  part 61, s ection 61.57(d) to complete an instrument proficiency check (IPC) in  order to regain their instrument flying privileges. This does not apply to pilots meeting certain exceptions outlined in  s ection  61.57(e).  14 CFR  part 61, s ection 61.57(d) contains the requirements for an IPC. AC 61-98 contains guidance for the conduct of an  (IPC). The Instrument Rating Airman Certification Standards (ACS) provides additional IPC information.  C -3