Aug. 30, 2012  7  US 2012/0220962 Al  clic aryl-substituted alkyl, all of which may be substituted  with one or more nonhydrocarbyl substituents, e.g., 1 to 3  halo, hydroxyl, thiol, or lower alkoxy groups.  [0062]  Aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycles, typi› cally contain a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic substituent, or  a bicyclic fused or linked 5- or 6-membered ring, such as  imidazolyl, indolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quino› linyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, etc.  [0063]  Aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycles suitable  as the organic base herein include, by way of example,  2-amino-pyridine, benzimidazole, 2,5-diaminopyridine, 2,4- dimethylimidazole, 2,3-dimethylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyri› dine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, imidazole, methoxypyridine,  y-picoline,  2,4,6-trimethylpyridine,  and  combinations  thereof.  [0064]  Non-aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycles,  typically contain 4- to 6-membered rings such as acetimido,  morpholinyl, lactams and imides ( e.g., y-butyrolactam, E-ca› prolactam, N-phenyl-~-propiolactam), phthalimido, pip› eridyl, piperidino, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, succinimido, etc.  [0065]  Non-aromatic  nitrogen-containing  heterocycles  include, by way of example, 1,2-dimethylpiperidine, 2,5- dimethylpiperazine, 1,2-dimethylpyrrolidine, 1-ethylpiperi› dine, n-methylpyrrolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperi› dine,  pyrrolidine,  2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine,  2,2,4- trimethylpiperidine, and combinations thereof.  [0066]  The active agent administered may be any com› pound that is suitable for topical, transdermal ortransmucosal  delivery and induces a desired local or systemic effect. Such  substances include the broad classes of compounds normally  delivered through body surfaces and membranes, including  skin. While appreciating the fact that active agents may be  classified in more than one category, exemplary categories of  interest include: Alzheimer’s drugs; analgesic agents such as  narcotic analgesics; anesthetic agents; anti-acne agents; anti› anxiety drugs; anti-arthritic agents; anti-arrhythmic agents;  anti-asthmatic agents and other respiratory drugs; antibiotics  including antibacterial agents; anticancer agents, including  antineoplastic drugs; anticholinergics and anticholinergic  antagonists; anticonvulsants; antidepressants; antidiabetic  agents; antidiarrheals; anti-emetics; antifungal agents; anti› glaucoma agents; antihelminthics; antihistamines; antihyper› lipidemic agents; antihypertensive agents; anti-infective  agents such as antibiotics and antiviral agents; anti-inflam› matory agents; antilipemic agents; antimigraine prepara› tions; antinauseants; antineoplastic agents; antipanic agents;  antiparkinsonism drugs; antipruritics; antipsoriatics; antipsy› chotics; antipyretics; antirheumatic agents; antispasmodics;  antitubercular agents; antitussive agents; anti-ulcer agents;  antiviral agents; anxiolytics; appetite stimulants and suppres› sants; attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit  hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drugs; benign prostatic  hyperplasia agents; ~-blockers and anti-arrhythmic agents;  bone density regulators; cardiovascular preparations includ› ing calcium channel blockers; central nervous system agents;  central nervous system stimulants; cholesterol-lowering  agents; cough and cold preparations, including deconges- tants; depigmenting agents; diuretics; erectile dysfunction  therapies; fatty acids; gastrointestinal agents; genetic materi› als; hematinic agents; hemostatic drugs; herbal remedies;  hormonolytics; hypnotics; hypocalcemics; hypoglycemic  agents; immunosuppressive agents; lenkotriene inhibitors;  mitotic inhibitors; muscle relaxants; narcotic antagonists;  nicotine; nutritional agents, such as vitamins, minerals,  essential amino acids and fatty acids; motion sickness drugs;  oxytocics; parasympatholytics; peptide drugs; prostaglan› dins; psychostimulants; sedatives; serotonin antagonists;  serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists; steroids; sym› pathomimetics; thyroid preparations; tocolytics; topoimerase  inhibitors; Tourette’s Syndrome agents; tranquilizers; vasodi› lators including general coronary, peripheral and cerebral;  wart preparations; and combinations thereof.  [0067]  Vitamins. Vitamins are organic compounds required  for normal growth and maintenance of life by animals,  including man. As a rule, animals are unable to synthesize  these compounds by anabolic processes that are independent  of environment other than air. These compounds are effective  in small amounts, do not furnish energy, and are not used as  building units for the structure of the organism, but are essen› tial for transformation of energy and for regulation of the  metabolism of structural units. They or their precursors are  found in plants and, so far as is known, have specific meta› bolic functions to perform in plant cells, Plant tissues are  sources for the animal kingdom of these protective nutritional  factors. In addition to carbohydrates, fats, proteins, mineral  salts, and water, it is essential that the food of man and  animals contain small amounts of these organic substances  called vitamins.  If any one of at least 13 of these compounds  is lacking in the diet, this breakdown results in a reduced rate  or complete lack of growth in children and in symptoms of  malnutrition that are known as deficiency diseases.  [0068]  Vitamins are unlike each other in chemical compo› sition and function. They are alike only in that they cannot be  synthesized at all or at least not at an adequate rate in the  tissues of animals or humans. The functions they serve fall  into two categories, the maintenance of normal structure and  of normal metabolic functions. For example, vitamin A is  essential for the maintenance of normal epithelial tissue; vita› min D functions in the absorption of normal bone salts for the  formation and growth of bone and other tissue. Certain vita› mins of the water soluble group, among them thiamine, ribo› flavin, pantothenic acid, and niacin, are known to be essential  constituents of the respiratory enzymes that are required in  the use of energy from oxidative catabolism of sugars and  fats.  [0069]  It is convenient in a discussion of this subject to  divide these nutritional substances into two groups, the fat› soluble and the water-soluble factors. Vitamins A, D, E and K  fall into the fat-soluble group, since they can be extracted with  fat solvents and are found in the fat fractions ofanimal tissues.  The water soluble vitamins include ascorbic acid and the B  group of vitamins, which consists of some 10 or more well› defined compounds. Additional vitamin nomenclature can be  found in Table 106-3. The characterization of vitamins as  essential metabolic factors with discrete chemical structures  required their isolation in pure form from natural sources and  subsequent laboratory synthesis. Commercial chemical or  microbiological syntheses, some from relatively simple com› pounds, are the source of most of the vitamins now used in  pharmaceutical preparations, dietary supplements, and forti› fied foods.  III. THE ACTIVE AGENT  Non-Aromatic Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles  Aromatic Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles 