About This Manual •For information about MySQL Enterprise, the commercial MySQL release with advanced features and management tools, see Chapter 30,  MySQL Enterprise Edition . •For answers to a number of questions that are often asked concerning the MySQL Database Server and its capabilities, see Appendix A,  MySQL 8.0 Frequently Asked Questions . •For a history of new features and bug fixes, see the Release Notes. • Text in this style  is used for SQL statements; database, table, and column names; program listings and source code; and environment variables. Example: “To reload the grant tables, use the FLUSH PRIVILEGES  statement.” • Text in this style  indicates input that you type in examples. • Text in this style  indicates the names of executable programs and scripts, examples being mysql  (the MySQL command-line client program) and  mysqld  (the MySQL server executable). Typographical and Syntax Conventions This manual uses certain typographical conventions: This is the Reference Manual for the MySQL Database System, version 8.0, through release 8.0.25. Differences between minor versions of MySQL 8.0 are noted in the present text with reference to release numbers (8.0. x ). For license information, see the Legal Notices. This manual is not intended for use with older versions of the MySQL software due to the many functional and other differences between MySQL 8.0 and previous versions. If you are using an earlier release of the MySQL software, please refer to the appropriate manual. For example,  MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual covers the 5.7 series of MySQL software releases. Because this manual serves as a reference, it does not provide general instruction on SQL or relational database concepts. It also does not teach you how to use your operating system or command-line interpreter. The MySQL Database Software is under constant development, and the Reference Manual is updated frequently as well. The most recent version of the manual is available online in searchable form at https:// dev.mysql.com/doc/. Other formats also are available there, including downloadable HTML and PDF versions. The source code for MySQL itself contains internal documentation written using Doxygen. The generated Doxygen content is available https://dev.mysql.com/doc/index-other.html. It is also possible to generate this content locally from a MySQL source distribution using the instructions at Section 2.9.10, “Generating MySQL Doxygen Documentation Content” . If you have questions about using MySQL, join the MySQL Community Slack, or ask in our forums; see MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums. If you have suggestions concerning additions or corrections to the manual itself, please send them to the http://www.mysql.com/company/contact/. To report problems or bugs, please use the instructions at Section 1.6, “How to Report Bugs or Problems” . If you find a security bug in MySQL Server, please let us know immediately by sending an email message to <secalert_us@oracle.com> . Exception: Support customers should report all problems, including security bugs, to Oracle Support. Important 1.1 About This Manual 2