er performance “rectangular” wings would dampen  quicker than higher performance “elliptical” wings.  For purposes of this discussion, turns are divided into  three types: shallow, medium, and steep. To maintain altitude during a turn, you must direct - ly coordinate the amount of steering input with the  amount of throttle increase because of the loss in ver - tical lift, as covered in Chapter 2. To make a shallow  turn, only a modest amount of steering control input  and throttle increase is required. As the steering in - put is applied, you will also simultaneously apply the  corresponding amount of throttle increase to maintain  level flight throughout the turn. The greater the bank angle, the greater the throttle re - quired to remain in level flight. Also, with increased  bank, greater skill is required to reduce the pendulum  effect when coming out of the turn or reversing the  direction of the turn. [Figure 6-5] Bank angle is measured in a PPC from angle of the  horizon and any level component on the PPC, typical - ly the instrument panel, steering bars, cart frame, or  any other cart component that can provide a horizon - tal reference. Each design will have its own unique  reference. Exceeding the limitations specified in the regulations  or in the aircraft pilot operating handbook is consid - ered aerobatics and not authorized by the manufac turer limitations. • Shallow turns are those in which the bank is  less than approximately 20°. • Medium turns are those resulting from  approximately 20° to 45° of bank. • Steep turns are those resulting from 45° or  more of bank. Steep turns are generally not  recommended in a PPC. To initiate a turn, drag is created on the side of the  wing you want to turn via the steering control bar,  slowing and dropping that wing into the desired bank.  The side without the drag is flying faster and hence  pivots around the slower side. As discussed in Chap - ter 2, the PPC is designed to track directly into the  relative air stream, similar to a weight-shift control  aircraft. Therefore, no rudder is needed to coordinate  a turn. A shallow bank produces a noticeable turn but you  likely will not notice an increase in load or airspeed.  A constant pressure is required on the steering bar to  maintain the bank angle for the turn. Abruptly releas - ing the pressure on the foot bar would typically bring  the PPC back to straight flight because the pendulum  effect is so minor. To stop the turn and return to straight-and-level flight,  you need to smoothly release the steering control  input to achieve pendulum effect coordination. The  pendulum stability of the PPC will do the rest to re - turn to the straight flightpath. Figure 6-5. To turn, coordinate increased throttle with foot  steering input.  All PPC controls should be manipulated with a smooth  and slow motion. This will prevent pilot induced os - cillation (PIO). Whether you are pushing the throttle  forward to increase the pitch angle, or pushing the  steering control to induce a turn, both controls should  be operated smoothly and slowly—whether applying  input or removing it. [Figure 6-6] A medium bank turn requires more PPC performance  than a shallow bank. Higher and noticeable loads,  plus noticeable airspeed increases are the result of  a medium bank turn. After the bank has been es - tablished in a medium banked turn, pressure on the  steering control must be maintained to continue the  bank. If the control pressure is released, the PPC will  return to the level position because of the pendulum  stability discussed in Chapter 2. If it is a medium bank  angle, such as 40 degrees, and the pressure is released  abruptly, there will be some dampening oscillations  until the PPC returns to level flight. Slower responses  are required so the bank angle is reduced gradually  to maintain “coordinated pendulum effect.” All PPCs  have unique flying characteristics, but generally, low - The rate at which a PPC turns is directly related to  the amount of steering control input. The more input,  the quicker the rate of turn. Be advised, however, if  full steering input is used and adequate throttle is not  6-6