G H I L I-3 thrust........................................................................... 4-3 weight  ......................................................................... 4-3 function of ADF  ............................................................. 9-4 glideslope (GS)  ............................................................ 9-37 global navigation satellite system (GNSS)  .................. 9-24 global positioning system (GPS)  ....................... 5-27, 9-25 components  ............................................................... 9-25 errors......................................................................... 9-31 function  ..................................................................... 9-26 instrument approaches  .............................................. 9-29 nearest airport function  ............................................. 11-9 substitution ............................................................... 9-27 substitution for  ADF  or  DME  .................................. 9-27 ground proximity warning system (GPWS)  ................ 5-34 ground wave  ................................................................... 9-2 gyroscopic instruments  ................................................ 5-19 gyroscopic systems  ...................................................... 5-16 heading ......................................................................... 7-44 heading indicator  ................. 5-19, 6-7, 6-10, 7-7, 7-38, 8-6 head-up display (HUD)  ...................................... 5-34, 9-46 height above landing (HAL)  ........................................ 1-27 helicopter trim  .............................................................. 6-10 holding instructions  .................................................... 10-10 holding procedures  ..................................................... 10-10 homing ........................................................................... 9-5 horizontal situation indicator (HSI)  ................... 5-23, 7-38 how radio waves propagate  ............................................ 9-2 how to prevent landing errors due to optical illusions  ... 3-9 IAP  minimums ........................................................... 10-21 ICAO cold temperature error table  ................................ 5-5 icing  .............................................................................. 4-13 antenna icing ............................................................. 4-17 clear ice ..................................................................... 4-13 effects of icing on critical aircraft systems  ............... 4-16 general effects of icing on airfoils  ............................ 4-14 induction icing  .......................................................... 4-13 mixed ice  .................................................................. 4-14 propeller icing ........................................................... 4-16 rime ice  ..................................................................... 4-14 structural icing  .............................................. 4-13, 10-23 IFR en route charts  ......................................................... 1-6 airport information  ..................................................... 1-6 charted IFR  altitudes .................................................. 1-6 navigation features  ..................................................... 1-7 IFR flight plan  .............................................................. 10-2 IFR flight using GPS  .................................................... 9-28 illusions leading to spatial disorientation  ....................... 3-5 inadvertent icing encounter  .......................................... 11-2 inadvertent thunderstorm encounter  ............................ 11-2 inertial navigation system (INS)  .................................. 9-34 INS components  ....................................................... 9-34 INS  errors ................................................................. 9-34 inoperative components  ............................................... 1-27 instrument approach capabilities  .................................. 9-32 instrument approaches to civil airports  ...................... 10-13 instrument approach procedure charts  ......................... 1-12 margin identification ................................................. 1-12 pilot briefing  ............................................................. 1-16 plan view  .................................................................. 1-16 instrument approach procedure (IAP)  .......................... 1-12 approach systems  ...................................................... 9-35 cross-check  .............................................. 6-10, 6-24, 8-2 instrument flight  ............................................................. 8-2 instrument flight patterns  ................................... 7-30, 7-61 instrument flying common errors  ................................. 6-27 emphasis  ................................................................... 6-28 fixation  ...................................................................... 6-27 omission ................................................................... 6-28 instrument interpretation  ...................................... 6-13, 8-3 instrument landing systems (ILS)  ................................ 9-35 airborne components  ................................................ 9-38 components  ............................................................... 9-35 errors......................................................................... 9-40 function  ..................................................................... 9-40 instrument takeoff ..................................... 7-29, 7-60, 8-17 common errors  ....................................... 7-29, 7-61, 8-18 instrument weather flying  .......................................... 10-22 integrated flight control system  .................................... 5-25 intercepting bearings  ...................................................... 9-8 intercepting lead radials  ............................................... 9-18 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)  ........ 1-1 international standard atmosphere (ISA)  ....................... 4-5 intersections  ................................................................... 1-7 inverted-V cross-check  ................................................ 6-11 landing........................................................................ 10-22 landing minimums ....................................................... 1-23 large airplanes  .............................................................. 4-10 law of inertia, the  ........................................................... 4-4 law of momentum, the  ................................................... 4-4 law of reaction, the  ......................................................... 4-4 learning methods .................................................. 6-2, 6-16 letters of agreement (LOA)  .......................................... 2-15