360° Power-Off Approach  .......................................8-25 Emergency Approaches and Landings (Simulated).....8-26 Faulty Approaches and Landings ................................8-27 Low Final Approach.................................................8-27 High Final Approach ................................................8-28 Slow Final Approach................................................8-28 Use of Power ............................................................8-29 High Round Out .......................................................8-29 Late or Rapid Round Out .........................................8-30 Floating During Round Out......................................8-30 Ballooning During Round Out .................................8-30 Bouncing During Touchdown ..................................8-31 Porpoising.................................................................8-32 Wheel Barrowing .....................................................8-33 Hard Landing............................................................8-33 Touchdown in a Drift or Crab ..................................8-34 Ground Loop ............................................................8-34 Wing Rising After Touchdown ................................8-35 Hydroplaning ...............................................................8-35 Dynamic Hydroplaning ............................................8-35 Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning................................8-35 Viscous Hydroplaning..............................................8-36 Chapter Summary ........................................................8-36 Performance Maneuvers.....................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 Steep Turns ....................................................................9-2 Steep Spiral ....................................................................9-4 Chandelle .......................................................................9-5 Lazy Eight......................................................................9-6 Chapter Summary ..........................................................9-8 Night Operations ...............................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Night Vision.................................................................10-2 Night Illusions..............................................................10-3 Pilot Equipment ...........................................................10-4 Airplane Equipment and Lighting ...............................10-4 Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids.........................10-5 Training for Night Flight .............................................10-6 Preparation and Preflight .............................................10-6 Starting, Taxiing, and Runup .......................................10-6 Takeoff and Climb .......................................................10-7 Orientation and Navigation..........................................10-7 Approaches and Landings............................................10-8 Night Emergencies ...................................................10-9 Chapter Summary ........................................................10-9 Constant Radius During Turning Flight.....................6-4 Tracking Over and Parallel to a Straight Line............6-6 Rectangular Course........................................................6-6 Turns Around a Point.....................................................6-8 S-Turns.........................................................................6-10 Elementary Eights........................................................6-11 Eights Along a Road ................................................6-11 Eights Across A Road ..............................................6-13 Eights Around Pylons...............................................6-13 Eights-on-Pylons ......................................................6-14 Chapter Summary ........................................................6-18 Airport Traffic Patterns .......................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations ........................7-2 Standard Airport Traffic Patterns...................................7-2 Non-Towered Airports...................................................7-5 Safety Considerations ....................................................7-5 Chapter Summary ..........................................................7-6 Approaches and Landings .................................8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Normal Approach and Landing .....................................8-2 Base Leg .....................................................................8-2 Final Approach ...........................................................8-3 Use of Flaps................................................................8-4 Estimating Height and Movement..............................8-5 Round Out (Flare) ......................................................8-6 Touchdown.................................................................8-7 After-Landing Roll .....................................................8-8 Stabilized Approach Concept.....................................8-9 Intentional Slips ...........................................................8-11 Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings) ................................8-12 Power........................................................................8-13 Attitude.....................................................................8-13 Configuration ...........................................................8-13 Ground Effect...............................................................8-14 Crosswind Approach and Landing...............................8-14 Crosswind Final Approach.......................................8-14 Crosswind Round Out (Flare) ..................................8-15 Crosswind Touchdown.............................................8-15 Crosswind After-Landing Roll.................................8-16 Maximum Safe Crosswind Velocities......................8-17 Turbulent Air Approach and Landing..........................8-18 Short-Field Approach and Landing .............................8-18 Soft-Field Approach and Landing ...............................8-21 Power-Off Accuracy Approaches ................................8-22 90° Power-Off Approach  .........................................8-22 180° Power-Off Approach  .......................................8-23 Chapter 9 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 10 ix