PIA TS 135  Opening Time Allowed (sec.) = (MOW  –  250) * 0.01 + (MPOS/150 * 3.0)  -OR-  Altitude Loss Allowed (ft) = (MOW-250) + (MPOS/150 * 300)  There shall be a minimum of 48 tests at weights and airspeeds (at the time of pack opening) as  outlined in Table 3. The test condition airspeeds are in KEAS. From the time of pack opening,  the parachute canopy must be functionally open within the allowed time or altitude as calculated  in 4.3.8.  (b) The greater of 300 feet or the value determined as follows:  (a) The manufacturer shall specify the Maximum Operating Weight and the Minimum  Operating Weight.  (b) The Maximum Pack Opening Speed (MPOS) shall not be less than 150 knots.  (c) The MPOS and MOW shall be established by successful completion of the structural  overload testing in Paragraph 4.3.6  (d) The manufacturer will be allowed to select whether to measure altitude loss or opening  time, but within each block on the test grid the same method must be used.  (e) The maximum allowable opening time shall be calculated using the formula in 4.3.8(a):  there shall be a minimum of 4 successful tests for each block; the opening times will be  averaged and presented to the Administrator in the format shown in Figure 2.  (f) The maximum allowable altitude loss shall be calculated using the formula in 4.3.8(b):  there shall be a minimum of 4 successful tests for each block; the altitude loss must be  averaged and presented to the Administrator in the format shown in Figure 2.  (g) The opening times and/or altitude loss for each test block will be averaged and published  in the format shown in Figure 2  in the owner‟s manual or in some other readily available  location.  4.3.8.1 DIRECT DROP TESTS: NOTE: 4.3.8.2 BREAKAWAY DROP TESTS (systems with main canopy release): Eight drop tests shall be made by breaking away from an open and normally functioning main  parachute canopy and actuating the reserve parachute within 2 seconds of the breakaway. These tests shall be conducted by a person (or suitable other devices) weighing not more than  the maximum operating weight. The initial vertical velocity shall be less than 20 ft/s (6.1 m/s) and  the total velocity less than 36 ft/s at the time of breakaway. From the time of pack opening, the  parachute canopy must be functionally open within the altitude or within the allowed time as  calculated in 4.3.8.  If  a “MARD device”  option is offered, an additional 8 drops at weights and airspeeds (at the  time of pack opening) must be performed as outlined in the Table 3 with the MARD attached.  DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification St andards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or  website www.pia.com for contact details.  Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement  arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.  Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.  PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 10 of 18  NOTE : (a) If a reserve static line is part of the assembly, then 4 of the breakaway drops shall be  made with the reserve static line actuating the reserve pack. (b)  If a “MARD device” option is offered, a n additional 16 drops at weights and airspeeds (at  the time of pack opening) must be performed as outlined in the Table 3 with the MARD  attached.  A-35 Change 1 (December 2015)