prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintained while  within the airspace.  A pilot departing from the primary airport or satellite airport  with an operating control tower must establish and maintain  two-way radio communications with the control tower,  and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating in the  Class C airspace area. If departing from a satellite airport  without an operating control tower, the pilot must establish  and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC  facility having jurisdiction over the Class C airspace area as  soon as practicable after departing.  If the aircraft radio fails in flight under VFR, the PIC may  operate that aircraft and land if weather conditions are at or  above basic VFR weather minimums, visual contact with  the tower is maintained, and a clearance to land is received.  Unless otherwise authorized by the ATC having jurisdiction  over the Class C airspace area, all aircraft within Class C  airspace must be equipped with the appropriate transponder  equipment meeting all applicable specifications found in 14  CFR part 91, section 91.215. Additionally, beginning January  1, 2020, aircraft operating in the Class C airspace described  in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.225, must have ADS-B  Out equipment installed, which meets the performance  requirements of 14 CFR part 91, section 91.227.  No pilot may take off or land an aircraft at a satellite airport  within a Class D airspace area except in compliance with  FAA arrival and departure traffic patterns. A pilot departing  from the primary airport or satellite airport with an operating  control tower must establish and maintain two-way radio  communications with the control tower, and thereafter as  instructed by ATC while operating in the Class D airspace  area. If departing from a satellite airport without an operating  control tower, the pilot must establish and maintain two- way radio communications with the ATC facility having  jurisdiction over the Class D airspace area as soon as  practicable after departing.  Two-way radio communications must be established and  maintained with the ATC facility providing air traffic services  prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintained while  within the airspace.  If the aircraft radio fails in flight under IFR, the pilot should  continue the flight by the route assigned in the last ATC  clearance received; or, if being radar vectored, by the direct  route from the point of radio failure to the fix, route, or  airway specified in the vector clearance. In the absence of  an assigned route, the pilot should continue by the route  that ATC advised may be expected in a further clearance;  or, if a route had not been advised, by the route filed in the  flight plan.  When approaching to land at an airport without an operating  control tower in Class G airspace:  If the aircraft radio fails in flight under IFR, the pilot should  continue the flight by the route assigned in the last ATC  clearance received; or, if being radar vectored, by the direct  route from the point of radio failure to the fix, route, or  airway specified in the vector clearance. In the absence of  an assigned route, the pilot should continue by the route  that ATC advised may be expected in a further clearance;  or, if a route had not been advised, by the route filed in the  flight plan. Additionally, beginning January 1, 2020, aircraft  operating in the Class E airspace described in 14 CFR part 91,  section 91.225, must have ADS-B Out equipment installed,  which meets the performance requirements of 14 CFR part  91, section 91.227.  Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person  may operate an aircraft to, from, through, or on an airport  having an operational control tower unless two-way radio  communications are maintained between that aircraft and the  control tower. Communications must be established within  four nautical miles from the airport, up to and including 2,500  feet AGL. However, if the aircraft radio fails in flight, the PIC  may operate that aircraft and land if weather conditions are at  or above basic VFR weather minimums, visual contact with  the tower is maintained, and a clearance to land is received.  Unless otherwise required by 14 CFR part 93 or unless  otherwise authorized or required by the ATC facility having  jurisdiction over the Class E airspace area, each pilot  operating an aircraft on or in the vicinity of an airport in a  Class E airspace area must comply with the requirements  of Class G airspace. Each pilot must also comply with any  traffic patterns established for that airport in 14 CFR part 93.  Class E  Class D  Class G  1.  Each pilot of an airplane must make all turns of that  airplane to the left unless the airport displays approved  light signals or visual markings indicating that turns  should be made to the right, in which case the pilot  must make all turns to the right.  2. Each pilot of a helicopter or a powered parachute must  avoid the flow of fixed-wing aircraft.  15-10 