⦁ $_{Set a cooperative learning climate. }$ ⦁ $_{Create opportunities for mutual planning. }$ ⦁ $_{Refrain from “spoon-feeding” the learner.}$$_{ }$ An aviation learner may be the retired business executive who always wanted to learn how to fly, an Army helicopter pilot who wants  to learn how to fly an airplane, or a former automobile mechanic who decides to pursue avionics. These learners may be financially  stressed, or they may be financially secure. They may be healthy but they may be experiencing such age-related problems as  diminished hearing or eyesight. Whatever the personal circumstances of the learner, he or she wants the learning experience to be  problem-oriented, personalized, and the instructor to be accepting of the learner’s need for self-direction and personal responsibility.  This chapter discussed how human behavior affects learning, the effect of human needs on learning, defense mechanisms learners use  to prevent learning, how adults learn, and the flight instructor’s role in determining a learner’s future in the aviation community. For  more information on these topics, it is recommended the instructor read a general educational psychology text or visit one of the many  online sites devoted to education.  Chapter Summary  2-18 