b. Methods and assumptions used in the estimation of fair values of financial instruments: 1) The fair values of certain financial instruments recognized in the balance sheet generally correspond to the market prices  of the financial assets. Because of the short maturities of these instruments, the carrying value represents a reasonable  basis to estimate fair values. This method does not apply to the financial instruments discussed in Notes 2, 3, and 4  below. 2) If the financial instruments have quoted market prices in an active market, the quoted market prices are viewed as fair  values. If the market price of the other financial instruments are not readily available, valuation techniques are used  incorporating estimates and assumptions that are consistent with prevailing market conditions. 3) Financial assets carried at cost are investments in nonlisted shares, which have no quoted prices in an active market and  entail an unreasonably high cost to obtain verifiable fair values. Therefore, no fair value is presented. 4) The fair value of long-term loans (including current portion) is discounted based on projected cash flow which  approximate their carrying amounts. The projected cash flows were discounted using the interest rate of similar long- term loans. c.  Fair values of financial assets and liabilities using quoted market prices or valuation techniques were as follows: PART III The foreign exchange rate fluctuations would result in the Company’s foreign-currency-dominated assets and liabilities,  outstanding currency swap contracts, forward exchange contracts exposed to rate risk.  The fluctuations of market price would result in the index future contracts exposed to price risk. The financial instruments categorized as available-for-sale financial assets are mainly listed stocks, open-end mutual  funds and corporate bonds. Therefore, the market risk is the fluctuations of market price. In order to manage this risk,  the Company would assess the risk before investing; therefore, no material market risk is anticipated. Amount Based on Quoted  Market Price Amount Determined Using  Valuation Techniques December 31 December 31 2010 2011 2010 2011 NT$ NT$ NT$ NT$ (In Millions) Assets Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   $  43  $  40  $  34  $  6 Available-for-sale financial assets  2,089 2,480 102 77 Liabilities Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss ─ ─ ─ 4 d. Information about financial risks  1) Market risk F-55