dependencies as a part of encoding, e.g. a tile of a second view may depend on the respective tile of a first view, where the first and second view are frame-packed. In some embodiments, the apparatus identifies one or more dependent tiles by analyzing metadata files associated with each of the tiles in the bitstream, such as tile identifier for motion vector anchor position derivation. In some embodiments, the apparatus determines dependencies of each of the tiles. Each of the one or more dependent tiles is dependent on another dependent tile within a coded picture or form a logical atomic unit with another dependent tile. [00174] As shown in block 44, the apparatus 10 includes means, such as the processing circuitry 12, for constructing an indication of an in-picture-prediction-enabled tile set comprising the one or more dependent tiles. In some embodiments, a tile within an IPPE tile set does not depend on any tile outside the IPPE tile set for in-picture prediction. In some embodiments, it may be further indicated that tiles outside of a particular IPPE tile set do not depend on any tile within the IPPE tile set. [00175] As shown in block 46, the apparatus 10 includes means, such as the processing circuitry 12, for causing storage of the bitstream and the indication of the in-picture- prediction-enabled tile set. The IPPE tile set may be stored along with or inside the bitstream. Indications of IPPE tile sets may reside, for example, in a sequence parameter set file, a picture parameter set file, a supplemental enhancement information message file, or the like. [00176] In some embodiments, an IPPE tile set can also be indicated by the indications or otherwise (e.g. by using temporal motion-constrained tile set SEI message) to be a temporal motion-constrained tile set. A tile set that is both an IPPE tile set and a temporal motion- constrained tile set can be used for spatial-temporal random access and extraction. Spatial random access is the situation where only a subset of tiles is needed for rendering and indications may be utilized to conclude which tiles are needed for correct decoding of the subset of tiles. In extraction, indications may be utilized to conclude which tiles can be extracted and decoded independently of the other tiles. [00177] In some embodiments, in-picture prediction (e.g., intra block copy) may be enabled between the tiles of an IPPE tile set. In an embodiment, in-picture prediction enabled across tiles of an IPPE tile set comprises one or more of: intra prediction, intra block copy prediction, motion vector candidate derivation from a block of a reference tile to the respective block in a current tile of the same IPPE tile set, in-loop filtering across tiles such as deblocking filtering across adjacent tiles of the same IPPE tile set, context state updating and utilization across tiles in context-adaptive entropy coding. In an embodiment, a slice is allowed to span across a tile boundary within an IPPE tile set even when the slice start position and/or the slice end position is not aligned with a tile boundary. In an embodiment,