C L A S $^{S}$  $^{E}$ a b o v e 7 0 0 $_{ }$A G L CLASS E above 700 AGL CLASS E above 700 AGL CLASS E above 1,200 AGL CLASS E to surface C L A S E  t o s u r f a c e CLASS E above 12,300 MSL FEDERAL AIR WAY F E D E R A L $_{ }$A $_{I}$R $_{ }$W A Y FEDERAL AIR WAY F E D E R A L $_{ }$A $_{I}$R $_{ }$W A Y CLASS E above 1,200 AGL Restricted Restricted Military  Operations  Area CLASS D  Airspace Surface to 6,400 MSL Class E  to surface C L A S G s u r $_{f}$a c e $_{t}$o $_{ }$7 0 0 A G L .  C L A S E a b o v e 7 0 0 A G L CLASS G surface  to 1,200 AGL. CLASS E above Figure 8-7. Class E airspace as shown on a sectional chart. Figure 8-8. Class D airspace shown on a sectional chart. If WSC aircraft operations are being conducted below 10,000  feet MSL, minimum visibility requirements are three statute  miles and basic VFR cloud clearance requirements are  1,000 feet above, 500 feet below, and 2,000 feet horizontal  (remember the C152 mnemonic). Operations above 10,000  feet MSL for private pilots of WSC aircraft require minimum  visibility of five statute miles and cloud clearances of at least  1,000 feet above, 1,000 feet below, and one statute mile  horizontally.  [Figure 8-5]  See  Figure 8-6  for specifi c VFR  visibility requirements. Unless otherwise authorized, each aircraft must establish two- way radio communications with the ATC facility providing  air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter  maintain those communications while in the airspace. Radio  contact should be initiated far enough from the Class D  airspace boundary to preclude entering the Class D airspace  before two-way radio communications are established. It is  important to understand that if the controller responds to the  initial radio call without using the WSC aircraft’s call sign,  radio communications have not been established, and the  WSC aircraft may not enter the Class D airspace.  All student pilots must have an endorsement to operate within  Class B, C, and D airspace and within airspace for airports  that have a control tower, per 14 CFR section 61.94 or 14 CFR  section 61.95. Only private pilot students can operate within  Class B airspace with the proper endorsements per 14 CFR  section 61.95. Sport pilots must also have an endorsement  per 14 CFR section 61.325 to operate within Class B, C, and  D airspace and within airspace for airports with a control  tower.  [Figure 8-5]  All students and Sport pilots have further  restrictions regarding the specific Class B airports out of  which they may operate, per 14 CFR section 91.131. Many airports associated with Class D airspace do not  operate a control tower on a 24-hour-a-day basis. When not  in operation, the airspace will normally revert to Class E or  G airspace, with no communications requirements. Refer to  the AF/D for specific hours of operation airports. The minimum visibility requirements for Class D airspace  are three statute miles; cloud clearances are the 1,000 above,  500 below and 2,000 vertical.  [Figure 8-6] Class C airspace normally extends from the surface to 4,000  feet above the airport elevation surrounding those airports  having an operational control tower, that are serviced by a  radar approach control, and with a certain number of IFR  Class D is that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet AGL  (but charted in MSL) surrounding smaller airports with  an operational control tower.  [Figures 8-3  and  8-8]  The  configuration of each Class D airspace area is individually  tailored. When instrument procedures are published, the  airspace is normally designed to contain the procedures.   Class C Airspace  Class D Airspace  Towered Airport Operations 8-6