PART I C. Research, Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.  Research and Development  Note 36 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report provides  a description of the significant difference between R.O.C. GAAP and U.S. GAAP as they related to us and a  reconciliation of net income and stockholders’ equity.  Our research and development efforts are focused on the development of advanced network services and  operation technologies as well as the development of core technologies for the domestic telecommunications  market. For 2008, 2009 and 2010, our research and development expenses were approximately NT$3.2 billion,  NT$3.2 billion and NT$3.2 billion (US$111.5 million), respectively, or approximately 1.6%, 1.6% and 1.6% of  our revenues, respectively.  As of March 31, 2011, we have more than 2,128 researchers focusing on the following areas:  For the year ended December 31, 2008 2009 2010 NTS NTS NTS US$ (in billions) R.O.C. GAAP: Consolidated net income 45.8  44.5  48.6  1.7  Attributable to: Stockholders of the parent 45.0  43.8  47.6  1.6  Minority interests 0.8  0.7  1.0  0.1  U.S. GAAP: Net income 44.2  45.8  49.2  1.7  Attributable to: Stockholders of the parent 43.7  45.1  48.3  1.7  Noncontrolling interests 0.5  0.7  0.9  — As of December 31, 2008 2009 2010 NTS NTS NTS US$ (in billions) Total stockholders’ equity: R.O.C. GAAP 379.7  379.0  368.6  12.6  U.S. GAAP 305.9  306.5  296.1  10.1  •  wireless communication;  •  broadband transmission and access;  •  internet and multimedia applications;  •  network operation support;  •  customer service information;  •  Information and communication security;  •  advanced technologies research; and  87