for pilots to reduce surprise and it mitigates confusion  during unexpected upsets. The goal is to equip the pilot to  promptly recognize an escalating threat pattern or sensory  overload and quickly identify and correct an impending  upset. UPRT stresses that the first step is recognizing any time  the airplane begins to diverge from the intended flightpath  or airspeed. Pilots must identify and determine what, if  any, action must be taken. As a general rule, any time  visual cues or instrument indications differ from basic  flight maneuver expectations, the pilot should assume an  upset and cross-check to confirm the attitude, instrument  error or instrument malfunction.  To achieve maximum effect, it is crucial for UPRT  concepts to be conveyed accurately and in a non- threatening manner. Reinforcing concepts through  positive experiences significantly improves a pilot’s  depth of understanding, retention of skills, and desire for  continued training. Also, training in a carefully structured  environment allows for exposure to these events and can  help the pilot react more quickly, decisively, and calmly  when the unexpected occurs during flight. However, like  many other skills, the skills needed for upset prevention  and recovery are perishable and thus require continuous  reinforcement through training. UPRT in the airplane and flight simulation training  device (FSTD) should be conducted in both visual and  simulated instrument conditions to allow pilots to practice  recognition and recovery under both situations. UPRT  should allow them to experience and recognize some of the  physiological factors related to each, such as the confusion  and disorientation that can result from visual cues in an  upset event. Training that includes recovery from bank  angles exceeding 90 degrees could further add to a pilot’s  overall knowledge and skills for upset recognition and  recovery. For such training, additional measures should be  taken to ensure the suitability of the airplane or FSTD and  that instructors are appropriately qualified.  Airplane upsets are by nature time-critical events; they can  also place pilots in unusual and unfamiliar attitudes that  sometimes require counterintuitive control movements.  Upsets have the potential to put a pilot into a life-threatening  situation compounded by panic, diminished mental capacity,  and potentially incapacitating spatial disorientation. Because  real-world upset situations often provide very little time to  react, exposure to such events during training is essential  Upset prevention and recovery training is different from  aerobatic training.  [Figure 4-15]  In aerobatic training, the  pilot knows and expects the maneuver, so effects of startle or  surprise are missing. The main goal of aerobatic training is  to teach pilots how to intentionally and precisely maneuver  an aerobatic-capable airplane in three dimensions. The  primary goal of UPRT is to help pilots overcome sudden  onsets of stress to avoid, prevent, and recover from unplanned  excursions that could lead to LOC-I. UPRT Core Concepts Figure 4-14. Maneuvers that better prepare a pilot for understanding  unusual attitudes and situations are representative of upset training. • Recovery refers to pilot actions that return an airplane  that is diverging in altitude, airspeed, or attitude to a  desired state from a developing or fully developed  upset. Learn to initiate recovery to a normal flight  mode immediately upon recognition of the developing  upset condition. Ensure that control inputs and power  adjustments applied to counter an upset are in direct  proportion to the amount and rates of change of roll,  yaw, pitch, or airspeed so as to avoid overstressing the  airplane unless ground contact is imminent. Recovery  training serves to reduce accidents as a result of an  unavoidable or inadvertently encountered upset event. 4-20