Applying the Four-Step Process  ............................... 6-20 Pitch Control  ......................................................... 6-20 Bank Control  ......................................................... 6-20 Power Control  ....................................................... 6-21 Attitude Instrument Flying—Primary and Supporting Method  ................................................... 6-21 Pitch Control  ......................................................... 6-22 Straight-and-Level Flight  ...................................... 6-22 Primary Pitch  ........................................................ 6-22 Primary Bank  ........................................................ 6-23 Primary Yaw  ......................................................... 6-23 Primary Power  ...................................................... 6-24 Fundamental Skills of Attitude Instrument Flying  ...... 6-24 Instrument Cross-Check  ........................................... 6-24 Scanning Techniques  ................................................... 6-24 Selected Radial Cross-Check  ................................... 6-24 Starting the Scan  ................................................... 6-24 Trend Indicators  .................................................... 6-26 Common Errors  ............................................................ 6-27 Fixation  ..................................................................... 6-27 Omission  ................................................................... 6-28 Emphasis  .................................................................. 6-28 Entry  ..................................................................... 7-14 Leveling Off  .......................................................... 7-16 Descents .................................................................... 7-16 Entry  ..................................................................... 7-17 Leveling Off  .......................................................... 7-17 Common Errors in Straight Climbs and Descents .... 7-17 Turns ............................................................................ 7-19 Standard Rate Turns  ................................................. 7-19 Turns to Predetermined Headings  ............................ 7-20 Timed Turns ............................................................. 7-21 Compass Turns  ......................................................... 7-21 Steep Turns  ............................................................... 7-22 Climbing and Descending Turns  .............................. 7-24 Change of Airspeed During Turns  ........................... 7-24 Common Errors in Turns  .......................................... 7-25 Pitch  ...................................................................... 7-25 Bank  ...................................................................... 7-25 Power  .................................................................... 7-26 Trim ...................................................................... 7-26 Errors During Compass Turns  .............................. 7-26 Approach to Stall  ......................................................... 7-26 Unusual Attitudes and Recoveries  ............................... 7-26 Recognizing Unusual Attitudes  ................................ 7-27 Recovery from Unusual Attitudes  ............................ 7-27 Nose-High Attitudes  ................................................. 7-27 Nose-Low Attitudes  ................................................. 7-28 Common Errors in Unusual Attitudes  ...................... 7-28 Instrument Takeoff....................................................... 7-29 Common Errors in Instrument Takeoffs  .................. 7-29 Basic Instrument Flight Patterns  .................................. 7-30 Racetrack Pattern  ...................................................... 7-30 Procedure Turn  ......................................................... 7-30 Standard 45° Procedure Turn  ................................... 7-30 80/260 Procedure Turn  ............................................. 7-31 Teardrop Patterns  ..................................................... 7-31 Circling Approach Patterns  ...................................... 7-32 Pattern I  ................................................................. 7-32 Pattern II  ............................................................... 7-32 Chapter 7, Section II Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers Using an  Electronic Flight Display...................................7-33 Introduction  .................................................................. 7-33 Straight-and-Level Flight  ............................................. 7-34 Pitch Control  ............................................................ 7-34 Attitude Indicator  .................................................. 7-34 Altimeter  ............................................................... 7-36 Partial Panel Flight  ............................................... 7-36 VSI Tape  ............................................................... 7-36 Chapter 7, Section I Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers Using Analog Instrumentation ......................................7-1 Introduction  .................................................................... 7-1 Straight-and-Level Flight  ............................................... 7-2 Pitch Control  .............................................................. 7-2 Attitude Indicator  .................................................... 7-2 Altimeter  ................................................................. 7-3 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)  ............................... 7-4 Airspeed Indicator (ASI)  ........................................ 7-6 Bank Control  .............................................................. 7-6 Attitude Indicator  .................................................... 7-6 Heading Indicator  ................................................... 7-7 Turn Coordinator  .................................................... 7-7 Turn-and-Slip Indicator (Needle and Ball)  ............. 7-8 Power Control  ............................................................ 7-8 Power Settings  ........................................................ 7-9 Airspeed Changes in Straight-and-Level Flight  ... 7-11 Trim Technique  ........................................................ 7-12 Common Errors in Straight-and-Level Flight   ......... 7-12 Pitch  ...................................................................... 7-12 Heading................................................................. 7-13 Power  .................................................................... 7-13 Trim ...................................................................... 7-13 Straight Climbs and Descents  ...................................... 7-14 Climbs  ...................................................................... 7-14 xii