PIA TS 135  1.3  LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS, TABLES AND FIGURES:  2.  DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS  2.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS:  Figure 1  Multiplier Factors for Structural Overload Testing  Figure 2  Functional Direct Drop Tests Required per 4.3.8.1  Table 1  Data Marking Requirements  Table 2  Human Factors and Actuation Force Tests  –  Primary Actuation  Device/Ripcord  Table 3  Performance Test Requirements  Table 4  Performance Test Requirements for Component Qualification  For the purposes of this document, the following definitions are used:  a.  “Administrator” –  The FAA Administrator or equivalent chief executive of the cognizant  agency and/or his designated subordinate personnel and/or designated subordinate  organization acting on his behalf and with his authority in the matter concerned.  b. "Airspeed, Calibrated" (KCAS) means the indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for  position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard  atmosphere at sea level. c. "Airspeed, Equivalent" (KEAS) means the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for  adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. Equivalent airspeed is equal to  calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. d. "Airspeed, Indicated" (KIAS) means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its pitot static  airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at  sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors.  e.  “Airspeed ,  True” (KTAS) –  means the airspeed relative to undisturbed air. True airspeed is  equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by ( $_{0}$ /  )$^{ ½. }$where  $_{0 }$ is the air density at standard day  conditions and    is the air density at the local altitude.  f.  "Approved", unless used with reference to another person, means approved by the  Administrator for use within the limits specified by the manufacturer and verified by  compliance with the requirements of this standard.  g. “ Canopy ” - The part of the parachute that opens up and fills with air and provides the lift  and/or drag required to decelerate the payload to the desired value. h.  “Certified”, unless used with reference to another agency, means certified by the cognizan t  agency as having met the requirements of this standard.  i.  “Cognizant Agency” –  The governmental agency or other organization tasked with oversight  or regulation of aviation activities within a given geographical area or country. e.g. the  Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) within the United States, the Joint Airworthiness  Authorities (JAA) within the European Union and similar agencies worldwide. In some cases,  the cognizant agency may delegate part or all of its authority to a subordinate agency such  as a national aero club.  j.  “Drogue” –  A small aerodynamic decelerator towed behind a falling body to slow its velocity.  k. “Manufacturer” –  The person (or business/corporate entity) who controls the design and  quality of the article produced including the parts of them, and any processes or services  related to them that are procured from an outside source.  l.  “ Main Assisted Reserve Deployment (MARD) device ” –  An automatically releasable  connection between the main parachute and the reserve deployment system which uses a  malfunctioned main canopy to speed reserve deployment upon breakaway.  PIA TS-135, Revision 1.4, Issued April 22, 2010, Page 2 of 18  DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: All Rights Reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from Parachute Industry Association. PIA Headquarters, Parachute Certification St andards Committee, 3833 West Oakton Street, Skokie, IL 60076 Phone: 847-674-9742 Fax: 847-674-9743 or  website www.pia.com for contact details.  Disclaimer: This document is published by the PIA to provide technical and engineering standards that can be used by reference by all those who may benefit from them. The use of this document is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent or trademark infringement  arising there from, is the sole responsibility of the user. There may be errors, especially in numbers. PIA disclaims any responsibility for accuracy. The PIA reviews each technical publication periodically, at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or canceled. The PIA invites your written comments and suggestions.  Copyright © 2010 Parachute Industry Association.  A-27 Change 1 (December 2015)