Figure 13-161.  Crosscut runway surfaces drain water rapidly but  increase tire wear. Hydroplaning Tire failure upon landing can have several causes. Landing  with the brakes on is one. This is mitigated on aircraft with  anti-skid systems but can occur on other aircraft. Other errors  in judgment, such as landing too far down the runway and  having to apply the brakes heavily, can cause overheating or  skidding. This can lead to flat-spotting the tires or blow out. Skidding on a wet, icy, or dry runway is accompanied by the  threat of tire failure due to heat build-up and rapid tire wear  damage. Hydroplaning on a wet runway may be overlooked  as a damaging condition for a tire. Water building up in front  of the tire provides a surface for the tire to run on and contact  with the runway surface is lost. This is known as dynamic  hydroplaning. Steering ability and braking action is also lost.  A skid results if the brakes are applied and held.  Viscous hydroplaning occurs on runways with a thin film of  water that mixes with contaminants to cause an extremely  slick condition. This can also happen on a very smooth  runway surface. A tire with a locked brake during viscous  hydroplaning can form an area of reverted rubber or skid  burn in the tread. While the tire may continue in service if  the damage is not too severe, it can be cause for removal if  the reinforcing tread or protector ply is penetrated. The same  damage can occur while skidding on ice. Modern runways are designed to drain water rapidly  and provide good traction for tires in wet conditions. A  compromise exists in that crosscut runways and textured  runway surfaces cause tires to wear at a greater rate than a  smooth runway.  [Figure 13-161]  A smooth landing is of great  benefit to any tire. Much aircraft tire handling and care is the  responsibility of the pilot. However, the technician benefits  from knowing the causes of tire failure and communicating  this knowledge to the flight crew so that operating procedures  can be modified to avoid those causes.  13-94