Table of Contents XV Volume Contents ................................................... V Preface.................................................................. VII Acknowledgments................................................ IX Table of Contents ................................................ XV Chapter 1 Aircraft Structures...............................................1-1 A Brief History of Aircraft Structures ...........................1-1 General...........................................................................1-5 Major Structural Stresses ...............................................1-6 Fixed-Wing Aircraft.......................................................1-8 Fuselage......................................................................1-8 Truss-Type..............................................................1-8 Monocoque Type ....................................................1-9 Semimonocoque Type ............................................1-9 Pressurization ...........................................................1-10 Wings ...........................................................................1-10 Wing Configurations ................................................1-10 Wing Structure .........................................................1-11 Wing Spars ...............................................................1-13 Wing Ribs.................................................................1-15 Wing Skin.................................................................1-17 Nacelles ....................................................................1-19 Empennage...................................................................1-22 Flight Control Surfaces ................................................1-24 Primary Flight Control Surfaces...............................1-24 Ailerons.................................................................1-26 Elevator.................................................................1-27 Rudder...................................................................1-27 Dual Purpose Flight Control Surfaces......................1-27 Secondary or Auxiliary Control Surfaces ................1-28 Flaps......................................................................1-28 Slats.......................................................................1-30 Spoilers and Speed Brakes....................................1-30 Tabs.......................................................................1-31 Other Wing Features ................................................1-34 Landing Gear ...............................................................1-35 Tail Wheel Gear Configuration................................1-37 Tricycle Gear Configuration ....................................1-38 Maintaining the Aircraft ..............................................1-38 Location Numbering Systems ..................................1-39 Access and Inspection Panels...................................1-40 Helicopter Structures ...................................................1-40 Airframe ...................................................................1-40 Fuselage....................................................................1-42 Landing Gear or Skids..............................................1-42 Powerplant and Transmission ..................................1-42 Turbine Engines....................................................1-42 Transmission.........................................................1-43 Main Rotor System...................................................1-43 Rigid Rotor System...............................................1-44 Semirigid Rotor System........................................1-44 Fully Articulated Rotor System................................1-44 Antitorque System....................................................1-45 Controls ....................................................................1-46 Chapter 2  Aerodynamics, Aircraft Assembly, and  Rigging Introduction....................................................................2-1 Basic Aerodynamics ......................................................2-2 The Atmosphere.............................................................2-2 Pressure ......................................................................2-2 Density .......................................................................2-3 Humidity.....................................................................2-3 Aerodynamics and the Laws of Physics ........................2-3 Velocity and Acceleration ..........................................2-3 Newton’s Laws of Motion..........................................2-3 Bernoulli’s Principle and Subsonic Flow...................2-4 Airfoil.............................................................................2-4 Shape of the Airfoil ....................................................2-5 Angle of Incidence .....................................................2-5 Angle of Attack (AOA)..............................................2-6 Boundary Layer..........................................................2-7 Thrust and Drag .............................................................2-7