system as self-organizing when one is interested in relating how the interactions of elements affect the global properties of a system. This can be applied to living systems at several scales. For technology, self-organization can be used as an approach to build adaptive and robust systems [52]: interactions are designed so that elements find solutions by themselves. Thus, systems can adapt constantly to changes in their environment. There cannot be a sharp distinction between non-living and living technology (just as there cannot be a sharp distinction between non-living and living systems). Nevertheless, it can be said that technology will be “more living” as it has more and more of the core properties of living systems. Living technology can be distinguished as primary or secondary [20, p. 91]. Primary living technology is constructed from non-living components, while secondary living tech- nology depends on living properties already present in its elements. Cities are secondary living technology, since living systems (humans, animals, plants, bacteria) are part of urban spaces. Nevertheless, the non-living components of cities have been acquiring with technol- ogy certain aspects of living systems, as mixed networks of soft, hard, and wet ALife [20, p. 92]. If cities always included living systems, have they always been using living technology? The answer depends on the deep question of the definition of life, which is far from being settled. To be able to decide “how living” a system is, measures based on information theory can be used [53]: we can measure how much the information of a system depends on the information of its environment. In this sense, “more living” systems are those which are more autonomous from their environment, i.e. they produce more information about themselves than the information about themselves produced by their environment. Still, this measure depends on the scale at which the information is measured [62]. For example, it can be argued that a bacterium is more autonomous than a cell from a multicellular organism because it produces more of its own information. However, a multicellular organism produces more information about itself than a bacterial colony, since its organization at the multicellular 5