64  US 8,114,570 B2  63  tuted by fluorine atoms and which has one or more polar  functional groups. The alkyl group contains as the polar func› tional group at least one group selected from among ester,  acetal and cyano groups, and may additionally contain at least  one group selected from among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ether,  sulfide and carbonate groups. R$^{316 }$is a hydrogen atom, a  straight, branched or cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$alkyl group, aryl group or  aralkyl group.  Further included are heterocyclic nitrogen-containing  compounds having a polar functional group, represented by  the general formulae (Am-9) and (Am-10).  N-cyanomethy 1-N-(2-fanny loxyethy l)aminoacetonitrile,  N-cyanomethy 1-N-(2-methoxyethy l)aminoacetonitrile,  N-cyanomethy 1-N-[2-(methoxymethoxy )ethy l)aminoaceto› nitrile, N-cyanomethyl-N-(3-hydroxy-l-propyl)aminoaceto› nitrile,  N-(3-acetoxy-l-propyl)-N-(cyanomethyl)aminoac- etonitrile,  N-cyanomethyl-N-(3-formyloxy-l-propyl)  aminoacetonitrile, N,N-bis( cyanomethyl )aminoacetonitrile,  1-pyrrolidinepropiononitrile,  1-piperidinepropiononitrile,  4-morpholinepropiononitrile, 1-pyrrolidineacetonitrile, 1-pi› peridineacetonitrile, 4-morpholineacetonitrile, cyanomethyl  3-diethy laminopropionate,  cyanomethy I  N ,N-bis(2-hy› droxyethy l)-3-aminopropionate, cyanomethyl N,N-bis(2-ac› etoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate,  cyanomethyl  N,N-bis(2- formyloxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, cyanomethyl N,N-bis  (2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, cyanomethyl N,N-bis  [2-(methoxymethoxy )ethy l]-3-aminopropionate,  2-cyanoethyl 3-diethylaminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl  N,N› bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl  N,N› bis(2-acetoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl  N,N- bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate,  2-cyanoethyl  N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl  N,N-bis [2-( methoxymethoxy )ethyl ]-3-aminopropionate,  cyanomethyl 1-pyrrolidinepropionate, cyanomethyl 1-pip› eridinepropionate, cyanomethyl 4-morpholinepropionate,  2-cyanoethyl 1-pyrrolidinepropionate, 2-cyanoethyl 1-pip› eridinepropionate, and 2-cyanoethyl 4-morpholinepropi› onate.  Also included are amine compounds of imidazole structure  having a polar functional group, represented by the general  formula (Am-7).  Herein, R 311  is a straight, branched or cyclic C$_{2}$-C$_{20 }$ alkyl  group in which some or all hydrogen atoms may be substi› tuted by fluorine atoms and which has one or more polar  functional groups. The polar functional group is selected  from among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ester, ether, sulfide, carbon› ate, cyano and acetal groups and mixtures thereof. R 312 , R 313  and R$^{314 }$are each independently a hydrogen atom, a straight,  branched or cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$alkyl group, aryl group or aralkyl  group.  Also included are amine compounds of benzimidazole  structure having a polar functional group, represented by the  general formula (Am-8).  Herein, R$^{315 }$is a straight, branched or cyclic C$_{1}$-C$_{20 }$ alkyl  group in which some or all hydrogen atoms may be substi- Also included are amine compounds having an aromatic  carboxylic acid ester structure, represented by the general  formulae (Am-11) to (Am-14).  Herein,  J  is a nitrogen atom or  C-R 323 . K is a nitrogen  atom or  C-R 324 . R $^{317 }$is a straight, branched or cyclic  C$_{2}$-C$_{20 }$alkyl group in which some or all hydrogen atoms may  be substituted by fluorine atoms and which has one or more  polar functional groups, the polar functional group being  selected from among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ester, ether, sulfide,  carbonate, cyano and acetal groups and mixtures thereof.  R 318 , R 319 , R $^{320 }$and R$^{321 }$are each independently a hydrogen  atom, a straight, branched or cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$alkyl group or aryl  group, or a pair ofR$^{318 }$and R$^{319 }$and a pair ofR$^{320 }$and R 321 ,  taken together, may form a benzene, naphthalene or pyridine  ring with the carbon atoms to which they are attached. R$^{322 }$is  a hydrogen atom, a straight, branched or cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$alkyl  group or aryl group. R$^{323 }$and R$^{324 }$each are a hydrogen atom,  a straight, branched or cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$ alkyl group or aryl  group, or a pair ofR$^{322 }$and R 324 , taken together, may form a  benzene or naphthalene ring with the carbon atoms to which  they are attached.  R32yo~N~oyR32s  0  ~  0  R326  (Arn-12)  R32s  o~  ~O  R32s  y  N  y  0  ~  0  OYR325  0  (Arn-11)  (Arn-10)  (Arn-9)  (Arn-8)  (Arn-7) 