245 32.4 Revaluation reserves Available-for- sale  investments Real estate  held for own  use Cash flow  hedging  reserve Total At January 1, 2013 4,969 39 1,065 6,073 Gross revaluation (3,238) (4) (496) (3,738) Net (gains) / losses transferred to income statement (435) - (26) (461) Foreign currency translation differences (113) (1) (33) (147) Tax effect 1,073 1 192 1,267 Other 4 - - 4 At December 31, 2013 2,262 35 702 2,998 At January 1, 2012  1) 2,314 43 1,124 3,481 Gross revaluation 4,200 (5) 6 4,201 Net (gains) / losses transferred to income statement (465) - (63) (528) Foreign currency translation differences (24) - (29) (53) Tax effect (1,075) 1 27 (1,047) Other 19 - - 19 At December 31, 2012 4,969 39 1,065 6,073 At January 1, 2011 493 41 424 958 Gross revaluation 3,012 2 1,016 4,030 Net (gains) / losses transferred to income statement (513) - (18) (531) Foreign currency translation differences 101 1 60 162 Tax effect (794) (1) (360) (1,155) At December 31, 2011  1) 2,299 43 1,122 3,464 1  Amounts for 2012 and 2011 have been restated for the changes in accounting policies IFRS 10, 11 and IAS 19. Refer to note 2 for details about these changes. The revaluation accounts for both available-for-sale investments and for real estate held for own use include unrealized gains and  losses on these investments, net of tax. Upon sale, the amounts realized are recognized in the income statement (for available-for-sale  investments) or transferred to retained earnings (for real estate held for own use). Upon impairment, unrealized losses are recognized  in the income statement.  The closing balances of the revaluation reserve for available-for-sale investments relate to the following instruments: 2013 2012 2011 Shares 249 194 125 Debt securities 1,976 4,737 2,183 Other 36 38 (9) Revaluation reserve for available­for­sale investments 2,262 4,969 2,299 The cash flow hedging reserve includes (un)realized gains and losses on the effective portions of hedging instruments, net of tax.  The amounts are recognized in the income statement at the moment of realization of the hedged position to offset the gain or loss  from the hedged cash flow. No amounts have been released from equity to be included in the initial measurement of non-financial  assets or liabilities. 32.5 Remeasurement of defined benefit plans 2013 2012 2011 At January 1 (1,085) (979) (547) Remeasurements of defined benefit plans 562 (149) (583) Tax effect (202) 37 180 Net exchange differences 19 6 (29) Total remeasurement of defined benefit plans (706) (1,085) (979)