Normal heptane.  A hydrocarbon, C$_{7}$H$_{16}$, with a very  low critical pressure and temperature. Normal heptane is  used as the low reference in measuring the anti-detonation  characteristics of a fuel. Normal shock wave.  A shock wave that forms ahead of a  blunt object moving through the air at the speed of sound. The  shock wave is normal (perpendicular) to the air approaching  the object. Air passing through a normal shock wave is  slowed to a subsonic speed and its static pressure is increased. Normalizing.  A process of strain-relieving steel that has been  welded and left in a strained condition. The steel is heated to  a specified temperature, usually red hot, and allowed to cool  in still air to room temperature. Nose-gear centering cam.  A cam in the nose-gear shock strut  that causes the piston to center when the strut fully extends.  When the aircraft takes off and the strut extends, the wheel is  straightened in its fore-and-aft position so it can be retracted  into the wheel well. NPN transistor.  A bipolar transistor made of a thin base of  P-type silicon or geranium sandwiched between a collector  and an emitter, both of which are made of N-type material. Null position.  The position of an ADF loop antenna when  the signal being received is canceled in the two sides of the  loop and the signal strength is the weakest. Oblique shock wave.  A shock wave that forms on a sharp- pointed object moving through air at a speed greater than the  speed of sound. Air passing through an oblique shock wave  is slowed down, but not to a subsonic speed, and its static  pressure is increased. Oleo shock absorber.  A shock absorber used on aircraft  landing gear. The initial landing impact is absorbed by oil  transferring from one compartment in the shock strut into  another compartment through a metering orifice. The shocks  of taxiing are taken up by a cushion of compressed air. Octane rating.  A rating of the anti-detonation characteristics  of a reciprocating engine fuel. It is based on the performance  of the fuel in a special test engine. When a fuel is given a dual  rating such as 80/87, the first number is its anti-detonating  rating with a lean fuel-air mixture, and the higher number is  its rating with a rich mixture. Open angle.  An angle in which sheet metal is bent less than 90°. Open assembly time.  The period of time between the application  of the glue and the assembly of the joint components. Open-hydraulic system.  A fluid power system in which the  selector valves are arranged in series with each other. Fluid  flows from the pump through the center of the selector valves,  back into the reservoir when no unit is being actuated. Open-center selector valve.  A type of selector valve that  functions as an unloading valve as well as a selector valve.  Open-center selector valves are installed in series, and when  no unit is actuated, fluid from the pump flows through the  centers of all the valves and returns to the reservoir. When  a unit is selected for actuation, the center of the selector  valve is shut off and the fluid from the pump goes through  the selector valve into one side of the actuator. Fluid from  the other side of the actuator returns to the valve and goes  back to the reservoir through the other selector valves. When  the actuation is completed, the selector valve is placed in its  neutral position. Its center opens, and fluid from the pump  flows straight through the valve. Open wiring.  An electrical wiring installation in which the  wires are tied together in bundles and clamped to the aircraft  structure rather than being enclosed in conduit. Orifice check valve.  A component in a hydraulic or  pneumatic system that allows unrestricted flow in one  direction, and restricted flow in the opposite direction. O-ring.  A widely used type of seal made in the form of a  rubber ring with a round cross section. An O-ring seals in  both directions, and it can be used as a packing or a gasket. Ornithopter.  A heavier-than-air flying machine that  produces lift by flapping its wings. No practical ornithopter  has been built. Oscilloscope.  An electrical instrument that displays on the  face of a cathode-ray tube the waveform of the electrical  signal it is measuring. Outflow valve (pressurization component).  A valve in the  cabin of a pressurized aircraft that controls the cabin pressure  by opening to relieve all pressure above that for which the  cabin pressure control is set. Overvoltage protector.  A component in an aircraft electrical  system that opens the alternator field circuit any time the  alternator output voltage is too high. Oxidizing flame.  An oxyacetylene flame in which there is  an excess of oxygen. The inner cone is pointed and often a  hissing sound is heard.  G-24