The Active Waypoint ...............................................3‑14 Desired Track........................................................3‑14 Track .....................................................................3‑14 Groundspeed and ETA .........................................3‑14 Fuel Used and Time Remaining ...........................3‑14 Arriving at the Active Waypoint ..............................3‑14 Waypoint Alerting ................................................3‑15 Turn Anticipation..................................................3‑15 Waypoint Sequencing...........................................3‑15 Awareness: Making Waypoint Callouts ...............3‑15 Setting the Course to New Active Waypoint........3‑16 En Route Sensitivity.................................................3‑16 GPS Signal Status .................................................3‑16 Accessing Navigational Information En Route ....3‑16 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑16 En Route Modifications  ...............................................3‑17 Adding and Deleting Waypoints From the Programmed Route...................................................3‑17 Direct To...................................................................3‑17 Risk: What Lies Ahead on a Direct‑To Route? ....3‑18 Cancel Direct To...................................................3‑18 Selecting a Different Instrument Procedure or Transition .................................................................3‑18 Proceeding Directly to the Nearest Airport..............3‑18 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑18 Descent.........................................................................3‑19 Elements of Descent Planning Calculations.............3‑19 Manual Descent Calculations ...............................3‑20 Coordinating Calculations with Aeronautical Charts....................................................................3‑21 Alternate Navigation Planning .............................3‑21 Calculating Descents with the FMS .....................3‑21 Managing Speed ...................................................3‑22 Descent Flying Concepts ......................................3‑22 Flying the Descent ................................................3‑23 Determining Arrival at the Top‑of‑Descent Point......................................................................3‑23 Early Descents ......................................................3‑23 Late Descents........................................................3‑24 Common Error: Not Considering Winds During  Descent Planning ..................................................3‑25 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑25 Intercept And Track Course.........................................3‑25 Intercepting and Tracking a Different Course to the Active Waypoint.................................................3‑25 The Nonsequencing Mode........................................3‑25 Common Error: Forgetting To Re‑Engage Sequencing Mode After Course Intercept ............3‑26 Awareness: Remembering To Make Needed Mode Changes ......................................................3‑26 Intercepting and Tracking a Course to a Different  Waypoint ..................................................................3‑26 Common Error: Setting the Wrong Inbound Course During a Course Intercept ........................3‑27 Common Error: Setting the Wrong Active Waypoint During a Course Intercept....................3‑27 Catching Errors: A Helpful Callout Procedure for Course Intercepts.............................................3‑27 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑28 Holding ........................................................................3‑28 Preprogrammed Holding Patterns.........................3‑28 Common Error: Mismanaging the Sequencing/ Nonsequencing Modes During a Hold .................3‑30 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑30 ARCS ...........................................................................3‑30 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑30 GPS And RNAV (GPS) Approaches...........................3‑30 LNAV ..........................................................................3‑35 LNAV/VNAV  ..............................................................3‑35 LPV ..............................................................................3‑35 GPS or RNAV (GPS) Approach Waypoints............3‑35 Flying a GPS or RNAV (GPS) Approach ................3‑35 Terminal Mode .....................................................3‑36 Approach Mode ....................................................3‑36 Approach Not Active............................................3‑36 Vectored Approaches ...............................................3‑36 Awareness: Briefing the Approach  .......................3‑37 Common Error: Forgetting To Verify the Approach Mode ....................................................3‑37 Common Error: Using the Wrong Approach  Minimums.............................................................3‑37 Common Error: Forgetting To Reengage Sequencing Mode Prior to Final Approach Waypoint...............................................................3‑37 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑38 Course Reversals..........................................................3‑38 Preprogrammed Course Reversals ...........................3‑38 Common Error: Mismanaging the Sequencing/ Nonsequencing Modes During a Course Reversal ................................................................3‑38 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑38 Missed Approaches......................................................3‑40 Recognizing the Missed Approach Point .................3‑41 Complying With ATC‑Issued Missed Approach  Instructions ...............................................................3‑41 Setting Up Next Procedure in Hold ......................3‑41 viii