Compact disk (CD).  A small plastic optical disk which contains recorded music or computer data. Also, a popular format for storing  information digitally. The major advantage of a CD is its capability to store enormous amounts of information.  Comprehensiveness.  The degree to which a test measures the overall objective.  Computer-assisted instruction.  Instruction in which the instructor is responsible for the class and uses the computer to assist in the  instruction.  Computer-based training (CBT).  The use of the computer as a training device. CBT is sometimes called computer-based instruction  (CBI); the terms and acronyms are synonymous and may be used interchangeably.  Condition.  The second part of a performance-based objective which describes the framework under which the skill or behavior will be  demonstrated.  Confusion between the symbol and the symbolized object.  Results when a word is confused with what it is meant to represent.  Words and symbols create confusion when they mean different things to different people.  Cooperative or group learning.  An instructional strategy which organizes learners into small groups so that they can work together  to maximize their own and each other’s learning.$_{ }$ Correlation.  A basic level of learning where the learner can associate what has been learned, understood, and applied with previous or  subsequent learning.  Course of training.  A complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal, such as a certificate of completion,  graduation, or an academic degree.  Crew resource management (CRM).  The application of team management concepts in the flight deck environment. It was initially  known as cockpit resource management, but as CRM programs evolved to include cabin crews, maintenance personnel and others, the  phrase “crew resource management” has been adopted. This includes single pilots, as in most general aviation aircraft. Pilots of small  aircraft, as well as crews of larger aircraft, must make effective use of all available resources; human resources, hardware, and  information. A current definition includes all groups routinely working with the cockpit crew who are involved in decisions required to  operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not limited to: pilots, dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance personnel,  and air traffic controllers. CRM is one way of addressing the challenge of optimizing the human/ machine interface and accompanying  interpersonal activities.  Criteria.  The third part of a performance-based objective, descriptions of standards that will be used to measure the accomplishment  of the objective.  Criterion-referenced testing.  System of testing where learners are graded against a carefully written, measurable standard or criterion  rather than against each other.  CRM.  See crew resource management.  Curriculum.  A set of courses in an area of specialization offered by an educational institution. A curriculum for a pilot school usually  includes courses for the various pilot certificates and ratings.  Cut-away.  Model of an object that is built in sections so it can be taken apart to reveal the inner structure.  Defense mechanisms.  Subconscious ego-protecting reactions to unpleasant situations.  Demonstration-performance method.  An educational presentation where an instructor first shows the learner the correct way to  perform an activity and then has the learner attempt the same activity.  Description of the skill or behavior.  The first part of a performance-based objective which explains the desired outcome of  instruction in concrete terms that can be measured.  Determiners.  In test items, words which give a clue to the answer. Words such as “always” and “never” are determiners in true-false  questions. Since absolutes are rare, such words usually make the statement false.  Direct question.  A question used for follow-up purposes, but directed at a specific individual.  Discrimination.  The degree to which a test distinguishes the differences between learners.  Distractors.  Incorrect responses to a multiple-choice test item.  Disuse.  A theory of forgetting that suggests a person forgets those things that are not used.  Drill and practice method.  A time-honored training delivery method based on the learning principle that connections are  strengthened with practice.  Effect.  A principle of learning that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is  weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling.  E  D  G-2