(ii) Foreign operations (iii) Hedge of net investment in foreign operation (c) Financial instruments (i) Non-derivative financial instruments Loans and receivables The financial statements of each of the Company’s subsidiaries are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The assets and liabilities of foreign operations, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, are translated into Canadian dollars using exchange rates at the reporting date. The income and expenses of foreign operations are translated into Canadian dollars using the average exchange rates for the period. Foreign currency differences are recognized directly in other comprehensive income and presented within foreign currency translation adjustment. When a foreign operation is disposed of, the amount in other comprehensive income related to the foreign operation is fully transferred to the income statement. A disposal occurs when the entire interest in the foreign operation is disposed of, or in the case of a partial disposal, the partial disposal results in the loss of control of a subsidiary or the loss of significant influence. For any partial disposal of the Company’s interest in a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the Company re-attributes the proportionate share of the relevant amounts in other comprehensive income to non-controlling interests. For any other partial disposal of a foreign operation, the Company reclassifies to the income statement only the proportionate share of the relevant amount in other comprehensive income. Foreign exchange gains and losses arising from a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation, the settlement of which is neither planned nor likely in the foreseeable future, are considered to form part of a net investment in a foreign operation and are recognized directly in other comprehensive income and presented within the foreign currency translation adjustment. The Company applies hedge accounting to the foreign currency exposure arising between the functional currency of the foreign operation and the parent entity’s functional currency (Canadian dollars), regardless of whether the net investment is held directly or through an intermediate parent. Foreign currency differences arising on the retranslation of a financial liability designated as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation are recognized directly in other comprehensive income, to the extent that the hedge is effective. To the extent that the hedge is ineffective, such differences are recognized in the income statement. When the hedged part of a net investment is disposed of or partially disposed of, the associated cumulative amount in equity is transferred to the income statement as an adjustment to the income statement on disposal in accordance with the policy described in note 3 (b)(ii) above. Non-derivative financial instruments comprise cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, trade and other payables, bank advances and long-term debt. Non-derivative financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value plus, for instruments not at fair value through profit or loss, any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition non-derivative financial instruments are measured as described below. Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Company has a legal right to offset the amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Loans and receivables are financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Such assets are recognized initially at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition loans and receivables are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses. Loans and receivables comprise trade and other receivables. The carrying value of trade and other receivables is net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is based upon the aging of the receivables, the Company’s knowledge of the financial condition of its customers, historical experience and the current business environment. Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and short-term investments with original maturity dates of 90 days or less. CCL Industries Inc. 2011 Annual Report 49