• Excessive back-elevator pressure as power is reduced,  resulting in a climb followed by a rapid reduction in  airspeed • Insufficient right rudder to compensate for left yaw • Fixation on the flight instruments • Failure to anticipate changes in AOA as flaps are  extended or retracted • Inadequate power management • Inability to adequately divide attention between  airplane control and orientation • Failure to properly trim the airplane • Failure to respond to a stall warning Stalls A stall is an aerodynamic condition which occurs when  smooth airflow over the airplane’s wings is disrupted,  resulting in loss of lift. Specifically, a stall occurs when the  AOA—the angle between the chord line of the wing and the  relative wind—exceeds the wing’s critical AOA. It is possible  to exceed the critical AOA at any airspeed, at any attitude,  and at any power setting.  [Figure 4-4] For these reasons, it is important to understand factors and  situations that can lead to a stall, and develop proficiency in  stall recognition and recovery. Performing intentional stalls  will familiarize the pilot with the conditions that result in a  stall, assist in recognition of an impending stall, and develop  the proper corrective response if a stall occurs. Stalls are  practiced to two different levels: uncommanded rolling motion. For airplanes equipped  with stick pushers, its activation is also a full stall  indication.  Although it depends on the degree to which a stall has  progressed, some loss of altitude is expected during recovery.  The longer it takes for the pilot to recognize an impending  stall, the more likely it is that a full stall will result. Intentional  stalls should therefore be performed at an altitude that  provides adequate height above the ground for recovery and  return to normal level flight. A pilot must recognize the flight conditions that are  conducive to stalls and know how to apply the necessary  corrective action. This level of proficiency requires learning  to recognize an impending stall by sight, sound, and feel.  Stalls are usually accompanied by a continuous stall warning  for airplanes equipped with stall warning devices. These  devices may include an aural alert, lights, or a stick shaker  all which alert the pilot when approaching the critical AOA.  Certification standards permit manufacturers to provide  the required stall warning either through the inherent  aerodynamic qualities of the airplane or through a stall  warning device that gives a clear indication of the impending  stall. However, most vintage airplanes, and many types of  light sport and experimental airplanes, do not have stall  warning devices installed.  Other sensory cues for the pilot include: Figure 4-4.  Critical angle of attack and stall. 4-5 10° 16° 17° A B C Stall Recognition  • Feel—the pilot will feel control pressures change as  speed is reduced. With progressively less resistance on  the control surfaces, the pilot must use larger control  movements to get the desired airplane response. The  pilot will notice the airplane’s reaction time to control  movement increases. Just before the stall occurs,  buffeting, uncommanded rolling, or vibrations may  begin to occur. • Impending Stall—an impending stall occurs when the  AOA causes a stall warning, but has not yet reached  the critical AOA. Indications of an impending stall  can include buffeting, stick shaker, or aural warning. • Full Stall—a full stall occurs when the critical AOA  is exceeded. Indications of a full stall are typically  that an uncommanded nose-down pitch cannot be  readily arrested, and this may be accompanied by an 