Newman, M. E. J. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review 45 : 167–256. URL http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0303516 . Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. (1977). Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations . Wiley. $_{Northrop, L.}$, $_{Feiler, P.}$, $_{Gabriel, R.}$, $_{Goodenough, J.}$, $_{Linger, R.}$, Kazman, $_{R.}$, $_{Schmidt, D.}$, $_{Sullivan, K.}$, and Wallnau, K. (2006). Ultra-large-scale systems- the software challenge of the future. Tech. rep., Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. Polani, D. (2004). Defining emergent descriptions by information preservation. InterJour- nal of Complex Systems 1102. URL http://www.necsi.edu/events/iccs/openconf/ author/papers/f402.pdf . $_{Prokopenko, M.}$, $_{Boschetti, F.}$, and Ryan, A. J. (2009). An information-theoretic primer on complexity, self-organisation and emergence. Complexity 15 (1): 11–28. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.20249 . $_{Prokopenko, M.}$, $_{Lizier, J. T.}$, $_{Obst, O.}$, and Wang, X. R. (2011). Relating fisher information to order parameters. Phys. Rev. E 84 : 041116. URL http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.041116 . $_{R Project Contributors}$. (2012). The R project for statistical computing. URL http: //www.r-project.org/ . Rhodes, J. (2009). Applications of Automata Theory and Algebra via the Mathematical Theory of Complexity to Finite-State Physics, Biology, Philosophy, and Games . World Scientific, Singapore. Salthe, S. (In Press). Hierarchical structures. Axiomathes . URL http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10516-012-9185-0 . 39