 Note 17. Income Taxes Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to continuing operations — We record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense or benefit. Net  interest expense for the periods presented herein is not significant. Income from continuing operations before income taxes — Income tax audits  — We conduct business globally and, as a result, file income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions that are  subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the world.  With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S.  federal, state and local or foreign income tax examinations for years before 2009.  The U.S. federal income tax audits for 201 1  and 2012 are expected to conclude in the first quarter of 2015, resulting in no incremental cash taxes. We are currently under audit by U.S. and foreign authorities for certain taxation years.  When the issues related to these  periods are settled, the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for all open tax years may be modified.  We accrued tax  reserves of $2 in 2014, $6 in 2013 and $4 in 2012 for an uncertain tax position in Italy . Audit outcomes and the timing of the  audit settlements are subject to uncertainty and we cannot make an estimate of the impact on our financial position at this time. Effective tax rate reconciliation for continuing operations — The income tax rate varies from the U.S. federal statutory rate of  35% due to establishment, release and adjustment of  valuation allowances in several countries, nondeductible expenses, local tax incentives in several countries outside the U.S.,  different statutory tax rates outside the U.S. and withholding taxes related to repatriations of international earnings to the U.S.  2014 2013 2012 Current U.S. federal and state $ (5) $ 23 $ 18 Non-U.S. 134 106 113 Total current 129 129 131 Deferred U.S. federal and state (177) (1) Non-U.S. (22) (9) (80) Total deferred (199) (10) (80) Total expense (benefit) $ (70) $ 119 $ 51 2014 2013 2012 U.S. operations $ 175 $ 151 $ 77 Non-U.S. operations 85 217 287 Income before income taxes $ 260 $ 368 $ 364 2014 2013 2012 U.S. federal income tax rate 35 % 35% 35% Adjustments resulting from: State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit 1 Non-U.S. income (6) (4) (4) Non-U.S. tax incentives (4) (4) (5) Non-U.S. withholding taxes on undistributed earnings of non-U.S. operations 4 5 4 Settlement and return adjustments 3 1 2 Miscellaneous items 1 (1) Valuation allowance adjustments (60) (2) (17) Effective income tax rate for operations (27)% 32% 14% 78