xi  Principle of Operation.............................................8-7 Instrument Check....................................................8-8 Airspeed Indicator (ASI) ............................................8-8 Airspeed Indicator Markings ..................................8-9 Other Airspeed Limitations ....................................8-9 Instrument Check..................................................8-10 Blockage of the Pitot-Static System.........................8-10 Blocked Pitot System............................................8-10 Blocked Static System ..........................................8-11 Electronic Flight Display (EFD)..................................8-12 Airspeed Tape...........................................................8-12 Attitude Indicator .....................................................8-13 Altimeter...................................................................8-13 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI).................................8-13 Heading Indicator .....................................................8-13 Turn Indicator...........................................................8-13 Tachometer...............................................................8-13 Slip/Skid Indicator....................................................8-13 Turn Rate Indicator ..................................................8-13 Air Data Computer (ADC) .......................................8-14 Trend Vectors ...........................................................8-14 Gyroscopic Flight Instruments.....................................8-15 Gyroscopic Principles...............................................8-15 Rigidity in Space...................................................8-15 Precession .............................................................8-15 Sources of Power......................................................8-16 Turn Indicators .........................................................8-16 Turn-and-Slip Indicator ........................................8-16 Turn Coordinator ..................................................8-17 Inclinometer..............................................................8-18 Yaw String ............................................................8-18 Instrument Check..................................................8-18 Attitude Indicator .....................................................8-18 Heading Indicator .....................................................8-19 Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) ...8-20 The Flux Gate Compass System ..............................8-20 Remote Indicating Compass.....................................8-21 Instrument Check..................................................8-22 Angle of Attack Indicators...........................................8-22 Compass Systems.........................................................8-23 Magnetic Compass ...................................................8-23 Magnetic Compass Induced Errors.......................8-24 The Vertical Card Magnetic Compass .....................8-27 Lags or Leads........................................................8-27 Eddy Current Damping.........................................8-27 Outside Air Temperature (OAT) Gauge ......................8-28 Chapter Summary ........................................................8-28 Weight and Balance ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Weight Control.............................................................10-1 Effects of Weight......................................................10-2 Weight Changes .......................................................10-2 Flight Manuals and Other Documents...............9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 Preliminary Pages.......................................................9-2 General (Section 1).....................................................9-2 Limitations (Section 2)...............................................9-2 Airspeed..................................................................9-2 Powerplant ..............................................................9-3 Weight and Loading Distribution ...........................9-3 Flight Limits ...........................................................9-4 Placards...................................................................9-4 Emergency Procedures (Section 3) ............................9-4 Normal Procedures (Section 4) ..................................9-4 Performance (Section 5).............................................9-4 Weight and Balance/Equipment List (Section 6) .......9-4 Systems Description (Section 7) ................................9-4 Handling, Service, and Maintenance (Section 8) .......9-5 Supplements (Section 9).............................................9-5 Safety Tips (Section 10) .............................................9-6 Aircraft Documents........................................................9-6 Certificate of Aircraft Registration.............................9-6 Airworthiness Certificate ...........................................9-7 Aircraft Maintenance..................................................9-8 Aircraft Inspections........................................................9-8 Annual Inspection.......................................................9-8 100-Hour Inspection...................................................9-8 Other Inspection Programs.........................................9-9 Altimeter System Inspection ..................................9-9 Transponder Inspection ..........................................9-9 Emergency Locator Transmitter .............................9-9 Preflight Inspections ...............................................9-9 Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment .........................................9-9 Preventive Maintenance...............................................9-10 Maintenance Entries .............................................9-10 Examples of Preventive Maintenance ..................9-10 Repairs and Alterations ............................................9-12 Special Flight Permits ..............................................9-12 Airworthiness Directives (ADs) ..................................9-12 Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities ...................9-13 Chapter Summary ........................................................9-13 Chapter 10 Chapter 9