Part II The company entered into a trust agreement in 2013 (as amended and restated in 2017) that established and requires Historical DuPont to fund a trust (the "Trust") for cash obligations under certain nonqualified benefit and deferred compensation plans upon a change in control event as defined in the Trust agreement. Under the Trust agreement, the consummation of the Merger was a change in control event. As a result, in November 2017, the company contributed $571 million to the Trust. In the fourth quarter of 2017, $13 million was distributed to Historical DuPont according to the Trust agreement and at December 31, 2017, the balance in the Trust was $558 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, $68 million was distributed to Historical DuPont according to the Trust agreement and at December 31, 2018, the balance in the Trust was $500 million. The company's cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are $4.5 billion and $8.2 billion, respectively, of which $3.9 billion at December 31, 2018 and $7.9 billion at December 31, 2017 was held by subsidiaries in foreign countries, including United States territories. The decrease in cash held by subsidiaries in foreign countries is due to the repatriation activities discussed below. For each of its foreign subsidiaries, the company makes an assertion regarding the amount of earnings intended for permanent reinvestment, with the balance available to be repatriated to the United States. The Act requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on earnings of foreign subsidiaries, a majority of which were previously considered permanently reinvested by the company (see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details of The Act). A tax liability was accrued for the estimated U.S. federal tax on all accumulated unrepatriated earnings through December 31, 2017 in accordance with The Act (i.e., "transition tax"). The cash held by foreign subsidiaries for permanent reinvestment is generally used to finance the subsidiaries' operational activities and future foreign investments. At December 31, 2018, management believed that sufficient liquidity is available in the United States. The company has the ability to repatriate additional funds to the US, which could result in an adjustment to the tax liability for foreign withholding taxes, foreign and/or U.S. state income taxes and the impact of foreign currency movements. It is not practicable to calculate the unrecognized deferred tax liability on undistributed foreign earnings due to the complexity of the hypothetical calculation. During 2018, in connection with the Intended Business Separations, the company repatriated certain funds from its non-U.S. subsidiaries that were not needed to finance local operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the company recorded net tax expense of $74 million associated with foreign withholding tax incurred in connection with these repatriation activities. 31 Cash provided by operating activities was $848 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily driven by earnings after goodwill impairment and inventory step-up amortization offset by transaction costs, pension contributions, changes in working capital and tax payments. Cash provided by operating activities was $4,196 million for the period September 1 through December 31, 2017, primarily driven by seasonal cash flows related to the agriculture product line and a tax refund related to voluntary pension contributions made in the Predecessor period, partially offset by transaction costs and the PFOA multi-district litigation settlement, which was primarily paid in September. Cash used for operating activities was $3,949 million for the period January 1 through August 31, 2017, primarily driven by pension contributions of $3,024 million, seasonal cash flows related to the agriculture product line, transaction costs and tax payments, partially offset by earnings. Cash provided by operating activities was $3,357 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to earnings offset by tax payments, pension contributions and transaction costs. Successor Predecessor (Dollars in millions) For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 For the Period September 1 through December 31, 2017 For the Period January 1 through August 31, 2017 For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Cash provided by (used for) operating activities $ 848 $ 4,196 $ (3,949 ) $ 3,357 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS,  continued