Belonging  Esteem  Cognitive and Aesthetic  Self-Actualization  Helping a learner achieve his or her individual potential in aviation training offers the greatest challenge as well as reward to the  instructor.  Instructors should help learners satisfy their human needs in a manner that creates a healthy learning environment. In this type of  environment, learners experience fewer frustrations and, therefore, can devote more attention to their studies. Fulfillment of needs can  be a powerful motivation in complex learning situations.  Self-actualized people are characterized by:  When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self- actualization as a person’s need to be and do that which the person was “born to do.” To paraphrase an old Army recruiting slogan,  self-actualization is to “be all you can be.”  Aesthetic needs connect directly with human emotions, which makes it a subtle factor in the domain of persuasion. When someone  likes another person, a house, a painting, or a song, the reasons are not examined—he or she simply likes it. This need can factor into  the learner-instructor relationship. If an instructor does not “like” a learner, this subtle feeling may affect the instructor’s ability to  teach.  In later years, Maslow added cognitive (need to know and understand) and aesthetic (the emotional need of the artist) needs to the  pyramid. He realized humans have a deep need to understand what is going on around them. If a person understands what is going on,  he or she can either control the situation or make informed choices about what steps might be taken next. The brain even reinforces  this need by giving humans a rush of dopamine whenever something is learned, which accounts for that satisfying “eureka!” moment.  For example, a flight learner usually experiences a major “eureka!” moment upon completing the first solo flight.  When esteem needs are satisfied, a person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world. When these needs are frustrated,  the person feels inferior, weak, helpless, and worthless. Esteem needs not only have a strong influence on the instructor-learner  relationship, but also may be the main reason for a learner’s interest in aviation training.$_{ }$ Most people, however, seek external esteem through social approval and esteem from other people, judging themselves by what  others think of them. External self-esteem relates to one’s reputation, such as status, recognition, appreciation, and respect of$_{ }$ associates.  When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the need for esteem can become dominant. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly  based, high level of self-respect and respect from others. Esteem is about feeling good about one’s self. Humans get esteem in two$_{ }$ ways: internally or externally. Internally, a person judges himself or herself worthy by personally defined standards. High self-esteem  results in self-confidence, independence, achievement, competence, and knowledge.  When individuals are physically comfortable and do not feel threatened, they seek to satisfy their social needs of belonging. Maslow  states that people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This involves both giving and receiving love, affection, and  the sense of belonging. For example, aviation learners are usually out of their normal surroundings during training, and their need for  association and belonging is more pronounced. Instructors should make every effort to help new learners feel at ease and to reinforce  their decision to pursue a career or hobby in aviation.  2-7  ⦁ $_{The ability to have peak experiences. }$ ⦁ $_{A concern about personal growth. }$ ⦁ $_{Incorporating an ongoing freshness of appreciation of life. }$ ⦁ $_{Being problem-focused. }$