CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Heart valve disease can result from inflammatory and infectious conditions, rheumatic or congenital heart disease, and other causes. It can strike any of the heart’s four valves, but by far the most commonly affected are the aortic and mitral valves. A defective valve may impede blood flow out of the heart or allow blood to flow backward, making the heart work harder. Over time, patients can suffer from fatigue, shortness of breath, and even sudden cardiac death. In many cases, untreated heart valve disease also can contribute to congestive heart failure. Coronary artery disease, the most commonly diagnosed heart problem, is characterized by blockages in the coronary arteries that reduce blood flow to the heart muscle, depriving it of vital oxygen and nutrients. Severe coronary artery disease often requires open-heart surgery; left untreated, it can lead to painful angina, heart attack or death. In occlusive  peripheral vascular disease (PVD), the veins and arteries that carry blood throughout the body become narrowed or clogged, resulting in diminished blood flow. Debilitating pain or numbness often occur, and amputation of affected limbs can be required if the condition is left untreated. Aneurysmal disease is another form of PVD that can result in a weakening of the arterial wall, with potentially life-threatening consequences. With  congestive heart failure, a patient’s weakened heart cannot pump as efficiently as it should, causing blood to pool in the lungs and heart, as well as shortness of breath, fatigue and swelling of the lower extremities. In severe cases, other organs also may be damaged. Despite the growing prevalence of cardiovascular disease and the potential severity of its consequences, new therapeutic advances are helping to save and improve patients’ lives. Cardiovascular disease is the world’s number-one killer – and the most costly affliction, generating annual worldwide health-care spending of more than  $ 280  billion. The disease is progressive  and pervasive, and is expected to affect even greater numbers of patients as the global population continues its aging  trend. Edwards’ efforts target four main cardiovascular disease states that represent significant, unmet clinical needs.