 1,091 x tangent of X 240 knots ROT (5.25) = 240 x 5.25 = 1,091 x tangent of X 240 x 5.25  = tangent of X 1,091 1.1549 = tangent of X which is 49° 49° = X Example Suppose we wanted to know what bank angle  would give us a rate of turn of 5.25° per second  at 240 knots. A slight rearrangement of the formula  would indicate it will take a 49° angle of bank to  achieve the same ROT used at the lower airspeed  of 120 knots. making focus on particular problems requiring resolution.  Therefore, pilots exercise the 3P process continuously, while  the DECIDE model and naturalistic decision-making result  from the 3P process. In the first step, the goal is to develop situational awareness  by perceiving hazards, which are present events, objects,  or circumstances that could contribute to an undesired  future event. Both pilots realize they need to turn 180° for  continued safe flight. The pilot systematically identifies and  lists hazards associated with all aspects of the situation, and  must do it fast and accurately.  In the second step, the goal is to process learned and practiced  information to determine whether the identified hazards  constitute risk, which is defined as the future impact of a  hazard that is not controlled or eliminated. The degree of  risk posed by a given hazard can be measured in terms of  exposure or potential mishap and death.  The radius of turn is directly linked to the ROT, which is  a function of both bank angle and airspeed, as explained  earlier. If the bank angle is held constant and the airspeed  is increased, the radius of the turn changes (increases). A  higher airspeed causes the aircraft to travel through a longer  arc due to a greater speed. An aircraft traveling at 120 knots  is able to turn a 360° circle in a tighter radius than an aircraft  traveling at 240 knots. In order to compensate for the increase  in airspeed, the bank angle would need to be increased.  So, why is this important to understand? Once the ROT is  understood, a pilot can determine the distance required to  make that particular turn, which is explained in radius of turn. The radius of turn (ROT) can be computed using a simple  formula. The radius of turn is equal to the velocity squared  (V$^{2}$) divided by 11.26 times the tangent of the bank angle. Using the examples provided in  Figures 5-4  through  5-6,  both  the radii of the two speeds postulated can be computed.  Noteworthy, is if the speed is doubled, the radius is squared.  [Figures 5-7 and 5-8]  The pilot flying at 120 knots is familiar with the formulas  discussed before or is aware that slower speeds result in a  smaller turning radius. The pilot flying at 140 knots does  not slow down as he thinks that a 30° bank is satisfactory.  In  Figure 5-9,  two aircraft enter a canyon. One aircraft enters  at 120 knots, and the other at 140 knots. Both pilots realize  they are in a blind canyon and need to conduct a course  reversal. Both pilots perceive their unique environment and  sense that something is occurring. From this perception, the  pilots process the information, and then act. Although one  may sense that this is similar to the DECIDE model, it is not.  The 3P process is a continuous loop of the pilot’s handling  of hazards. The DECIDE model and naturalistic decision- 240 knots 11.26 x tangent of bank angle R =   240 2 11.26 x tangent of 30° R = V 2 R = 11.26 x 0.57735 (tangent of 30°) 57,600 R = 8,861 feet (Four times the radius at 120 knots) The radius of a turn required by an aircraft traveling at 240 knots  using the same bank angle in  Figure 4-51  is 8,861 feet. Speed is a  major factor in a turn. 120 knots 11.26 x tangent of bank angle R =   120 2 11.26 x tangent of 30° R = V 2 R = 11.26 x 0.5773 (tangent of 30°) 14,400 R = 2,215 feet The radius of a turn required by an aircraft traveling at 120 knots  and using a bank angle of 30° is 2,215 feet. Figure 5-7.  Radius at 120 knots. Figure 5-6.  To achieve the same rate of turn of an aircraft traveling  at 120 knots, an increase of bank angle is required. Figure 5-8.  Radius at 240 knots. 5-11 Process Radius of Turn Perceive  R = V 2 $_{11.26 }$x$_{ tangent of the bank angle}$