Reciprocating Engine Cooling Systems ...................6-33 Reciprocating Engine Cooling System  Maintenance .............................................................6-35 Maintenance of Engine Cowling..............................6-36 Engine Cylinder Cooling Fin Inspection..................6-37 Cylinder Baffle and Deflector System Inspection....6-38 Cylinder Temperature Indicating Systems ...............6-38 Exhaust Gas Temperature Indicating Systems.........6-39 Turbine Engine Cooling...............................................6-39 Accessory Zone Cooling ..........................................6-40 Turbine Engine Insulation Blankets .........................6-40 Chapter 7 Propellers.............................................................7-1 General...........................................................................7-1 Basic Propeller Principles ..............................................7-2 Propeller Aerodynamic Process.....................................7-2 Aerodynamic Factors .................................................7-5 Propeller Controls and Instruments............................7-6 Propeller Location..........................................................7-6 Tractor Propeller.........................................................7-6 Pusher Propellers........................................................7-6 Types of Propellers ........................................................7-6 Fixed-Pitch Propeller..................................................7-6 Test Club Propeller.....................................................7-7 Ground-Adjustable Propeller .....................................7-7 Controllable-Pitch Propeller.......................................7-7 Constant-Speed Propellers .........................................7-8 Feathering Propellers..................................................7-8 Reverse-Pitch Propellers ............................................7-9 Propeller Governor.........................................................7-9 Governor Mechanism ...............................................7-10 Underspeed Condition..............................................7-10 Overspeed Condition................................................7-10 On-Speed Condition .................................................7-10 Governor System Operation.....................................7-12 Propellers Used on General Aviation Aircraft.............7-12 Fixed-Pitch Wooden Propellers................................7-12 Metal Fixed-Pitch Propellers....................................7-14 Constant-Speed Propellers ...........................................7-14 Hartzell Constant-Speed, Nonfeathering..................7-14 Constant-Speed Feathering Propeller.......................7-15 Unfeathering.............................................................7-17 Propeller Auxiliary Systems ........................................7-17 Ice Control Systems ................................................7-17 Anti-Icing Systems ...............................................7-17 Deicing Systems ...................................................7-18 Propeller Synchronization and Synchrophasing.......7-20 Autofeathering System .............................................7-20 Propeller Inspection and Maintenance.........................7-20 Wood Propeller Inspection.......................................7-21 Metal Propeller Inspection .......................................7-21 Aluminum Propeller Inspection ...............................7-21 Composite Propeller Inspection ...............................7-21 Propeller Vibration.......................................................7-22 Blade Tracking .........................................................7-22 Checking and Adjusting Propeller Blade Angles.....7-23 Universal Propeller Protractor..................................7-23 Propeller Balancing......................................................7-24 Static Balancing........................................................7-24 Dynamic Balancing ..................................................7-26 Balancing Procedure.................................................7-26 Propeller Removal and Installation..............................7-27 Removal ...................................................................7-27 Installation ................................................................7-27 Servicing Propellers .....................................................7-27 Cleaning Propeller Blades ........................................7-27 Charging the Propeller Air Dome ............................7-28 Propeller Lubrication................................................7-28 Propeller Overhaul .......................................................7-29 The Hub....................................................................7-29 Prop Reassembly ......................................................7-30 Troubleshooting Propellers..........................................7-30 Hunting and Surging ................................................7-30 Engine Speed Varies with Flight Attitude  (Airspeed).................................................................7-30 Failure to Feather or Feathers Slowly ......................7-30 Turboprop Engines and Propeller Control Systems.....7-30 Reduction Gear Assembly........................................7-31 Turbo-Propeller Assembly .......................................7-31 Pratt and Whitney PT6 Hartzell Propeller System ......7-32 Hamilton Standard Hydromatic Propellers..................7-35 Principles of Operation.............................................7-37 Feathering Operation................................................7-38 Unfeathering Operation............................................7-39 Setting the Propeller Governor.................................7-41 Chapter 8 Engine Removal and Replacement....................8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Reasons for Removal of Reciprocating Engines ...........8-2 Engine or Component Lifespan Exceeded .................8-2 Sudden Stoppage ........................................................8-2 Sudden Reduction in Speed........................................8-2 Metal Particles in the Oil............................................8-3 Spectrometric Oil Analysis Engine Inspection  Program ......................................................................8-3 Turbine Engine Condition Monitoring Programs ......8-3 Engine Operational Problems.....................................8-3 General Procedures for Engine Removal and  Installation......................................................................8-3 Preparation of Engines for Installation.......................8-3 XII