178  US 8,968,979 B2  177  bis(2-formyloxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate,  2-cyanoethyl  N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-3-aminopropionate, 2-cyanoethyl  N,N-bis [2-( methoxymethoxy )ethyl ]-3-aminopropionate,  cyanomethyl 1-pyrrolidinepropionate, cyanomethyl 1-pip› eridinepropionate, cyanomethyl 4-morpholinepropionate,  2-cyanoethyl 1-pyrrolidinepropionate, 2-cyanoethyl 1-pip› eridinepropionate, and 2-cyanoethyl 4-morpholinepropi› onate.  Also included are organic nitrogen-containing compounds  of imidazole structure having a polar functional group, rep› resented by the general formula (D )-7.  Also included are organic nitrogen-containing compounds  of aromatic carboxylic ester structure having the general for› mulae (D)-11 to (D)-14.  Herein, R$^{310 }$is a straight, branched or cyclic C$_{2}$-C$_{20 }$ alkyl  group bearing at least one polar functional group selected 25  from among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ester, ether, sulfide, carbon› ate, cyano and acetal groups; R 311 , R $^{312 }$and R$^{313 }$are each  independently hydrogen, a straight, branched or cyclic  C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$alkyl group, aryl group or aralkyl group.  Also included are organic nitrogen-containing compounds  of benzimidazole structure having a polar functional group,  represented by the general formula (D)-8.  Herein, R 314  is hydrogen, a straight, branched or cyclic  C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$ alkyl group, aryl group or aralkyl group. R$^{315 }$is a  polar functional group-bearing, straight, branched or cyclic  C$_{1 }$-C$_{20 }$alkyl group, and the alkyl group contains as the polar  functional group at least one group selected from among  ester, acetal and cyano groups, and may additionally contain  at least one group selected from among hydroxyl, carbonyl,  ether, sulfide and carbonate groups.  Further included are heterocyclic nitrogen-containing  compounds having a polar functional group, represented by  the general formulae (D)-9 and (D)-10.  Herein R$^{324 }$is a  CcC$_{20 }$ aryl group or C$_{4}$ -C$_{20 }$hetero-aromatic  group, in which some or all of hydrogen atoms may be  replaced by halogen atoms, straight, branched or cyclic  C$_{1 }$-C$_{20 }$ alkyl groups,  CcC$_{20 }$ aryl groups, C$_{7}$ -C$_{20 }$ aralkyl  groups, C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$ alkoxy groups, C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$ acyloxy groups or  C$_{1}$-C$_{10 }$ alkylthio groups. R$^{325 }$is CO$_{2}$R 326 , OR $^{327 }$or cyano  group. R$^{326 }$is a C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$alkyl group, in which some methylene  groups may be replaced by oxygen atoms. R$^{327 }$is a C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$ alkyl or acyl group, in which some methylene groups may be  replaced by oxygen atoms. R$^{328 }$is a single bond, methylene,  ethylene, sulfur atom or  ---0( CH$_{2}$CH$_{2 }$0  )n  - group wherein n  (D)-14  R329  R324  o.._  /"--....  A  ’y  -......,,,,  ’N  ’-:::::z  II  \  /  o  x=y  (D)-13  (D)-12  (D)-11  (D)-8  -continued  (D)-10  Herein, A is a nitrogen atom or  C-R 322 , Bis a nitrogen  atom or  C-R 323 , R $^{316 }$is a straight, branched or cyclic  C$_{2}$-C$_{20 }$alkyl group bearing at least one polar functional group  selected from among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ester, ether, sulfide,  carbonate, cyano andacetal groups; R 317 , R 318 , R $^{319 }$andR320  are each independently hydrogen, a straight, branched or  cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$alkyl group or aryl group, or a pair ofR$^{317 }$and  R$^{318 }$and a pairofR$^{319 }$andR$^{320 }$may bond together to form a  benzene, naphthalene or pyridine ring with the carbon atom to  which they are attached; R 321  is hydrogen, a straight,  branched or cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$alkyl group or aryl group; R$^{322 }$and  R$^{323 }$each are hydrogen, a straight, branched or cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$ alkyl group or aryl group, or a pair ofR$^{321 }$and R$^{323 }$may bond  together to form a benzene or naphthalene ring with the  carbon atom to which they are attached. 