Figure 11 shows the variation between luminal TIM-2 samples based on microbiota composition. The separation of samples on the x-axis indicates that the 7 g sugar cane bagasse bacterial population distribution is most different from the cellulose bacterial population distribution. The variation between the samples is explained by 53.6%. Whereas on the y-axis, the samples from 3.5 g sugar cane bagasse bacterial population distribution are different from the bacterial population distributions of cellulose and 7 g sugar cane bagasse. This variation on the y-axis is explained by 22.5%. It should be noted that y- axis has a different scaling compared to the x-axis which means that samples from 3.5 g sugar cane bagasse are actually closer to 7 g sugar cane bagasse and cellulose in variation. The arrows indicate genera of bacteria with the highest abundance towards the samples they are pointing. Escherichia/Shigella, unclassified Porphyromonadaceae, Anaeropstipes and Bacillus are pointing towards 7 g sugar cane bagasse. Kurthia, Odoribacter, Victivallis and Salmonella are pointing towards 3.5 g sugar cane bagasse and Anaerophaga towards cellulose. Figure 11 depicts bacteria that have the highest contribution to the variation between the respective test conditions/samples. In addition, the heatmap (figure 12) shows that Escherichia/Shigella showed an increase for only one out of the three TIM-2 runs with 7 g sugar cane bagasse. Bacillus, Anaerostipes and unclassified Porphyromonadaceae show an increase on sugar cane bagasse compared to cellulose, while Anaerophaga and unclassified Marinilabiaceae were more abundant for cellulose compared to sugar cane bagasse. Discussion and conclusions To the best of the applicant’s knowledge knowledge, to date, there are no studies examining the effect of sugar cane bagasse on human microbiota composition or activity. Therefore metabolites produced and changes in microbiota composition were studied in TIM-2. Increased amounts of propionate in colon has been linked to prevention of weight gain in overweight adult humans as well as satiety. Propionate has furthermore cholesterol- lowering effects. Species of Roseburia have been reported to produce propionate. In line with the observation of increased propionate, Roseburia was dose-dependently increased in abundance with sugar cane bagasse (Appendix Table A 7: 7.4 fold