Area of a Circle ........................................................1-29 Example ................................................................1-29 Compression Ratio ...................................................1-29 Indicated Horsepower...............................................1-31 Example ................................................................1-32 Brake Horsepower....................................................1-32 Example ................................................................1-33 Friction Horsepower.................................................1-33 Friction and Brake Mean Effective Pressures ..........1-33 Thrust Horsepower ...................................................1-35 Efficiencies ..................................................................1-35 Thermal Efficiency...................................................1-35 Example ................................................................1-35 Mechanical Efficiency..............................................1-36 Volumetric Efficiency ..............................................1-36 Propulsive Efficiency ...............................................1-37 Gas Turbine Engines ...................................................1-37 Types and Construction............................................1-37 Air Entrance .................................................................1-38 Accessory Section........................................................1-38 Compressor Section .....................................................1-39 Compressor Types....................................................1-40 Centrifugal-Flow Compressors.............................1-40 Axial-Flow Compressor........................................1-41 Diffuser ........................................................................1-44 Combustion Section .....................................................1-44 Turbine Section ........................................................1-47 Exhaust Section ........................................................1-52 Gas Turbine Engine Bearings and Seals......................1-53 Turboprop Engines.......................................................1-56 Turboshaft Engines ......................................................1-56 Turbofan Engines.........................................................1-57 Turbine Engine Operating Principles...........................1-57 Thrust ...........................................................................1-59 Gas Turbine Engine Performance................................1-60 Ram Recovery ..........................................................1-62 Float-Type Carburetors................................................2-10 Float Chamber Mechanism System..........................2-10 Main Metering System .............................................2-11 Idling System............................................................2-12 Mixture Control System ...........................................2-13 Accelerating System.................................................2-14 Economizer System..................................................2-14 Pressure Injection Carburetors.....................................2-15 Typical Injection Carburetor ....................................2-15 Throttle Body ...........................................................2-16 Regulator Unit ..........................................................2-16 Fuel Control Unit .....................................................2-18 Automatic Mixture Control (AMC).............................2-19 Stromberg PS Carburetor.............................................2-20 Accelerating Pump ...................................................2-21 Manual Mixture Control...........................................2-21 Fuel-Injection Systems.................................................2-22 Bendix/Precision Fuel-Injection System ..................2-22 Fuel Injector .............................................................2-22 Airflow Section ........................................................2-22 Regulator Section .....................................................2-22 Fuel Metering Section ..............................................2-23 Flow Divider ............................................................2-23 Fuel Discharge Nozzles............................................2-24 Continental/TCM Fuel-Injection System .................2-25 Fuel-Injection Pump .................................................2-25 Fuel/Air Control Unit ...............................................2-27 Fuel Control Assembly.............................................2-27 Fuel Manifold Valve ................................................2-28 Fuel Discharge Nozzle .............................................2-28 Carburetor Maintenance...............................................2-30 Carburetor Removal .................................................2-30 Installation of Carburetor .........................................2-30 Rigging Carburetor Controls ....................................2-30 Adjusting Idle Mixtures ...........................................2-30 Idle Speed Adjustment .............................................2-32 Fuel System Inspection and Maintenance....................2-32 Complete System......................................................2-33 Fuel Tanks ................................................................2-33 Lines and Fittings .....................................................2-33 Selector Valves.........................................................2-33 Pumps .......................................................................2-33 Main Line Strainers ..................................................2-34 Fuel Quantity Gauges...............................................2-34 Fuel Pressure Gauge.................................................2-34 Pressure Warning Signal ..........................................2-34 Water Injection Systems for  Reciprocating Engines..............................................2-34 Turbine Engine Fuel System—General  Requirements ...............................................................2-34 Turbine Fuel Controls ..............................................2-35 Engine Fuel and Fuel Metering Systems...........2-1 Fuel System Requirements ............................................2-1 Vapor Lock.................................................................2-2 Basic Fuel System..........................................................2-2 Fuel Metering Devices for Reciprocating Engines........2-3 Fuel/Air Mixtures .......................................................2-4 Carburetion Principles ...................................................2-5 Venturi Principles.......................................................2-5 Application of Venturi Principle to Carburetor..........2-6 Metering and Discharge of Fuel.................................2-6 Carburetor Systems........................................................2-8 Carburetor Types ...........................................................2-9 Carburetor Icing .............................................................2-9 Chapter 2 XII