Table of Contents International 2018 2017 2016 The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the International segment. Favorable development in casualty was primarily driven by better than expected frequency in the liability portion of the package business in Canada and general liability in Europe. Unfavorable development in property was primarily driven by higher than expected severity in Canada and higher than expected frequency in Hardy, both in accident year 2017. Favorable development in energy and marine was primarily driven by better than expected large loss frequency in the energy book in accident year 2017, as well as a reduction in incurred losses within the Europe marine discontinued portfolio. Unfavorable development in specialty was driven by increased loss severity in the accident year 2017 in Europe professional indemnity. Favorable development in healthcare and technology was primarily driven by lower than expected frequency in accident years 2015 and prior in Europe. Favorable development in property and in energy and marine was due to better than expected frequency in accident years 2014 through 2016. Unfavorable development in specialty was primarily due to higher than expected severity in accident year 2015 arising from the management liability business, partially offset by favorable development in accident years 2014 and prior. Additional unfavorable development was related to adverse large claims experience in the Hardy political risks portfolio, relating largely to accident year 2016. Favorable development in casualty was primarily due to favorable settlements on claims in accident years 2013 and prior related to our Canadian package business. Additional favorable development in accident year 2013 was primarily due to lower than expected frequency of large losses related to our Europe business. Favorable development in property and in energy and marine was due to better than expected severity on the December 2015 U.K. floods and better than expected attritional losses and large loss experience on accident years 2013 through 2015 for Hardy business. Additional favorable development was due to a commutation of exposures in marine run-off classes on our Europe business. Unfavorable development in specialty was primarily due to higher than expected large loss emergence in accident years 2011 through 2015 associated with our Commercial Institutions business, partially offset by favorable settlements on claims in accident years 2013 and prior. (In millions) 2018 2017 2016 Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: Casualty $ (17) $ 9 $ (29) Property 17 (16 ) (21 ) Energy and Marine (19) (12) (18) Specialty 27 12 19 Healthcare and Technology (12) (2) (9) Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development $ (4 ) $ (9 ) $ (58 ) Years ended December 31 102