Weight and Balance .....................................................5-40 Effect of Weight on Flight Performance ..................5-42 Effect of Weight on Aircraft Structure.....................5-42 Effect of Weight on Stability and Controllability ....5-42 Effect of Load Distribution ......................................5-43 High Speed Flight ........................................................5-44 Subsonic Versus Supersonic Flow ...........................5-44 Speed Ranges ...........................................................5-44 Mach Number Versus Airspeed ...............................5-45 Boundary Layer........................................................5-46 Laminar Boundary Layer Flow ............................5-46 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow ..........................5-46 Boundary Layer Separation ..................................5-46 Shock Waves ............................................................5-46 Sweepback................................................................5-48 Mach Buffet Boundaries ..........................................5-49 High Speed Flight Controls......................................5-49 Chapter Summary ........................................................5-51 Pressure Distribution ..................................................4-8 Airfoil Behavior .........................................................4-8 A Third Dimension ........................................................4-9 Chapter Summary ..........................................................4-9 Aerodynamics of Flight.......................................5-1 Forces Acting on the Aircraft ........................................5-1 Thrust .........................................................................5-2 Lift ..............................................................................5-3 Lift/Drag Ratio........................................................5-5 Drag ............................................................................5-6 Parasite Drag...........................................................5-6 Induced Drag ..........................................................5-7 Weight ........................................................................5-8 Wingtip Vortices............................................................5-8 Formation of Vortices ................................................5-8 Avoiding Wake Turbulence .......................................5-9 Ground Effect...............................................................5-11 Axes of an Aircraft.......................................................5-12 Moment and Moment Arm ..........................................5-13 Aircraft Design Characteristics ...................................5-14 Stability ....................................................................5-14 Static Stability.......................................................5-14 Dynamic Stability .................................................5-14 Longitudinal Stability (Pitching) ..........................5-15 Lateral Stability (Rolling).....................................5-17 Directional Stability (Yawing) .............................5-19 Free Directional Oscillations (Dutch Roll) ..............5-20 Spiral Instability .......................................................5-20 Effect of Wing Planform .............................................5-20 Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers...................5-22 Forces in Turns.........................................................5-22 Forces in Climbs.......................................................5-23 Forces in Descents....................................................5-24 Stalls ............................................................................5-25 Angle of Attack Indicators...........................................5-26 Basic Propeller Principles ............................................5-28 Torque and P-Factor.................................................5-30 Torque Reaction .......................................................5-31 Corkscrew Effect......................................................5-31 Gyroscopic Action....................................................5-31 Asymmetric Loading (P-Factor) ..............................5-32 Load Factors.................................................................5-33 Load Factors in Aircraft Design...............................5-33 Load Factors in Steep Turns.....................................5-34 Load Factors and Stalling Speeds ............................5-34 Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers.........................5-36 Vg Diagram ..............................................................5-37 Rate of Turn..............................................................5-38 Radius of Turn..........................................................5-39 Aircraft Systems ..................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Powerplant .....................................................................7-1 Reciprocating Engines................................................7-2 Propeller .....................................................................7-4 Flight Controls .....................................................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Flight Control Systems .................................................6-2 Flight Controls............................................................6-2 Primary Flight Controls..............................................6-2 Elevator...................................................................6-5 T-Tail ......................................................................6-6 Stabilator.................................................................6-7 Canard.....................................................................6-7 Rudder.....................................................................6-8 V-Tail......................................................................6-8 Secondary Flight Controls..........................................6-8 Flaps........................................................................6-8 Leading Edge Devices ............................................6-9 Spoilers .................................................................6-10 Trim Tabs..............................................................6-10 Balance Tabs.........................................................6-11 Servo Tabs ............................................................6-11 Antiservo Tabs......................................................6-11 Ground Adjustable Tabs .......................................6-11 Adjustable Stabilizer.............................................6-12 Autopilot ......................................................................6-12 Chapter Summary ........................................................6-12 Chapter 7 Chapter 6 Chapter 5 ix 