We determine the fair value of time-lapse restricted stock units, EPS performance restricted stock units, strategic performance restricted stock units, special performance restricted stock units and FCF performance restricted stock units based on the quoted price of our stock at the date of grant. We expense time-lapse restricted stock units on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, except for awards issued to retirement-eligible participants, which we expense on an accelerated basis. We expense EPS performance restricted stock units on a graded-vesting basis, except for awards issued to retirement-eligible participants, which we expense on an accelerated basis. There were 23 thousand EPS performance target grants outstanding at August 2, 2020, with a grant-date fair value of $46.82. We will expense FCF performance restricted stock units over the requisite service period of each objective. In 2019, we issued approximately 388 thousand FCF performance restricted stock units. As of August 2, 2020, we have granted 258 thousand of the issued FCF performance restricted stock units, which are included in the table above. There were 166 thousand FCF performance target grants outstanding at August 2, 2020, with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $42.16. The actual number of EPS performance restricted stock units, strategic performance restricted stock units, and FCF performance restricted stock units that vest will depend on actual performance achieved. We estimate expense based on the number of awards expected to vest. As of August 2, 2020, total remaining unearned compensation related to nonvested time-lapse restricted stock units, EPS performance restricted stock units and FCF performance restricted units was $35, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining service period of 1.7 years. The fair value of restricted stock units vested during 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $41, $26 and $30, respectively. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of the restricted stock units granted during 2019 and 2018 was $36.51 and $44.18, respectively. The following table summarizes TSR performance restricted stock units as of August 2, 2020: We estimated the fair value of TSR performance restricted stock units at the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation. Weighted-average assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation were as follows: We recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the service period, except for awards issued to retirement eligible participants, which we expense on an accelerated basis. As of August 2, 2020, total remaining unearned compensation related to TSR performance restricted stock units was $22, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining service period of 1.8 years. In the first quarter of 2020, recipients of TSR performance restricted stock units earned 0% of the initial grants based upon our TSR ranking in a performance peer group during a three- year period ended July 26, 2019. In the first quarter of 2019, recipients of TSR performance restricted stock units earned 0% of the initial grants based upon our TSR ranking in a performance peer group during a three-year period ended July 27, 2018. In the first quarter of 2018, recipients of TSR performance restricted stock units earned 125% of the initial grants based upon our TSR ranking in a performance peer group during a three- year period ended July 28, 2017. As a result, approximately 160 thousand additional shares were awarded. The fair value of TSR performance restricted stock units vested during 2018 was $38. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of the TSR performance restricted stock units granted during 2019 and 2018 was $31.29 and $39.39, respectively. In the first quarter of 2021, recipients of TSR performance restricted stock units will receive a 50% payout based upon our TSR ranking in a performance peer group during a three-year period ended July 31, 2020. The excess tax benefits of $1 in 2020, and the excess tax deficiencies of $6 in 2019 and $3 in 2018, on the exercise of stock options and vested restricted stock were presented as cash flows from operating activities. Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $23 for 2020, and is reflected in cash flows from financing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. 79 Units Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value (Restricted stock units in thousands) Nonvested at July 28, 2019 1,308  $ 37.33  Granted 619  $ 63.06  Vested —  $ —  Forfeited (673) $ 41.43  Nonvested at August 2, 2020 1,254  $ 47.83  2020 2019 2018 Risk-free interest rate 1.48% 2.80% 1.58% Expected dividend yield 2.95% 3.79% 2.95% Expected volatility 27.01% 24.50% 19.07% Expected term 3 years 3 years 3 years