xii  Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity ....................10-2 Effects of Adverse Balance ......................................10-3 Stability.................................................................10-3 Control ..................................................................10-3 Management of Weight and Balance Control ..........10-4 Terms and Definitions ..............................................10-4 Principles of Weight and Balance Computations.....10-5 Weight and Balance Restrictions .............................10-6 Determining Loaded Weight and CG ..........................10-7 Computational Method.............................................10-7 Graph Method...........................................................10-7 Table Method ...........................................................10-9 Computations With a Negative Arm ......................10-10 Computations With Zero Fuel Weight ...................10-10 Shifting, Adding, and Removing Weight...............10-10 Weight Shifting...................................................10-10 Weight Addition or Removal..............................10-11 Chapter Summary ......................................................10-11 Aircraft Performance.........................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Importance of Performance Data .................................11-1 Structure of the Atmosphere ........................................11-2 Atmospheric Pressure ..................................................11-2 Pressure Altitude..........................................................11-3 Density Altitude ...........................................................11-3 Effects of Pressure on Density .................................11-4 Effects of Temperature on Density ..........................11-5 Effects of Humidity (Moisture) on Density .............11-5 Performance .................................................................11-5 Straight-and-Level Flight .........................................11-5 Climb Performance...................................................11-6 Angle of Climb (AOC) .........................................11-7 Rate of Climb (ROC)............................................11-7 Climb Performance Factors ..................................11-8 Range Performance ..................................................11-9 Region of Reversed Command...............................11-11 Takeoff and Landing Performance.........................11-12 Runway Surface and Gradient................................11-12 Water on the Runway and Dynamic Hydroplaning..........................................................11-13 Takeoff Performance..............................................11-14 Landing Performance .............................................11-16 Performance Speeds...................................................11-18 Performance Charts....................................................11-19 Interpolation ...........................................................11-20 Density Altitude Charts ..........................................11-20 Takeoff Charts........................................................11-20 Climb and Cruise Charts ........................................11-21 Crosswind and Headwind Component Chart .........11-25 Weather Theory .................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Atmosphere ..................................................................12-2 Composition of the Atmosphere...............................12-2 Atmospheric Circulation ..........................................12-3 Atmospheric Pressure...............................................12-3 Coriolis Force...............................................................12-3 Measurement of Atmosphere Pressure ........................12-4 Altitude and Atmospheric Pressure .............................12-5 Altitude and Flight .......................................................12-6 Altitude and the Human Body .....................................12-6 Wind and Currents .......................................................12-7 Wind Patterns ...........................................................12-7 Convective Currents .................................................12-7 Effect of Obstructions on Wind................................12-8 Low-Level Wind Shear ..........................................12-11 Wind and Pressure Representation on Surface Weather Maps.........................................................12-12 Atmospheric Stability ................................................12-12 Inversion.................................................................12-13 Moisture and Temperature .....................................12-13 Relative Humidity ..................................................12-13 Temperature/Dew Point Relationship ....................12-13 Methods by Which Air Reaches the Saturation Point .......................................................................12-14 Dew and Frost ........................................................12-15 Fog..........................................................................12-15 Clouds.....................................................................12-15 Ceiling ....................................................................12-17 Visibility.................................................................12-17 Precipitation............................................................12-17 Air Masses .................................................................12-17 Fronts .........................................................................12-18 Warm Front ............................................................12-18 Flight Toward an Approaching Warm Front ......12-19 Cold Front ..............................................................12-20 Fast-Moving Cold Front .....................................12-20 Flight Toward an Approaching Cold Front ........12-20 Comparison of Cold and Warm Fronts ..................12-20 Wind Shifts.............................................................12-21 Stationary Front......................................................12-21 Occluded Front .......................................................12-21 Thunderstorms........................................................12-22 Hazards ..............................................................12-23 Landing Charts .......................................................11-26 Stall Speed Performance Charts .............................11-27 Transport Category Aircraft Performance .................11-28 Air Carrier Obstacle Clearance Requirements...........11-28 Chapter Summary ......................................................11-28 Chapter 12 Chapter 11