Time and Distance Check From a Station Using a RMI......................................................................16-26 Time and Distance Check From a Station Using a CDI ......................................................................16-27 Course Intercept ....................................................16-27 Rate of Intercept .................................................16-27 Angle of Intercept ..............................................16-27 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).................16-27 VOR/DME RNAV .................................................16-28 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)........................16-29 Global Positioning System .....................................16-30 Selective Availability..........................................16-31 VFR Use of GPS ................................................16-32 RAIM Capability ................................................16-32 Tips for Using GPS for VFR Operations ...............16-33 VFR Waypoints .....................................................16-33 Lost Procedures..........................................................16-34 Flight Diversion .........................................................16-34 Chapter Summary ......................................................16-35 Navigation ..........................................................16-1 Introduction..................................................................16-1 Aeronautical Charts .....................................................16-2 Sectional Charts........................................................16-2 VFR Terminal Area Charts ......................................16-2 World Aeronautical Charts.......................................16-2 Latitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels).......16-3 Time Zones...............................................................16-3 Measurement of Direction........................................16-5 Variation...................................................................16-6 Magnetic Variation ...............................................16-7 Magnetic Deviation ..............................................16-7 Deviation ..................................................................16-8 Effect of Wind..............................................................16-8 Basic Calculations......................................................16-11 Converting Minutes to Equivalent Hours...............16-11 Time T = D/GS ...................................................16-11 Distance D = GS X T..........................................16-11 GS GS = D/T ......................................................16-11 Converting Knots to Miles Per Hour......................16-11 Fuel Consumption ..................................................16-11 Flight Computers....................................................16-12 Plotter .....................................................................16-12 Pilotage ......................................................................16-12 Dead Reckoning.........................................................16-13 Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis .........................16-13 Step 1 ..................................................................16-14 Step 2 ..................................................................16-15 Step 3 ..................................................................16-15 Step 4 ..................................................................16-15 Flight Planning...........................................................16-17 Assembling Necessary Material.............................16-17 Weather Check .......................................................16-17 Use of Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory) .....................................16-17 Airplane Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH)..........................................16-17 Charting the Course ...................................................16-18 Steps in Charting the Course ..................................16-18 Filing a VFR Flight Plan............................................16-21 Ground-Based Navigation .........................................16-22 Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR)..........................................................16-22 Using the VOR ...................................................16-23 Course Deviation Indicator (CDI)..........................16-23 Horizontal Situation Indicator ................................16-24 Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)............................16-24 Tracking With VOR ...............................................16-25 Tips on Using the VOR ..........................................16-26 Aeromedical Factors .........................................17-1 Introduction..................................................................17-1 Obtaining a Medical Certificate...................................17-2 Health and Physiological Factors Affecting Pilot  Performance .................................................................17-3 Hypoxia ....................................................................17-3 Hypoxic Hypoxia..................................................17-3 Hypemic Hypoxia.................................................17-3 Stagnant Hypoxia..................................................17-3 Histotoxic Hypoxia...............................................17-4 Symptoms of Hypoxia..............................................17-4 Treatment of Hypoxia...........................................17-4 Hyperventilation.......................................................17-4 Middle Ear and Sinus Problems ...............................17-5 Spatial Disorientation and Illusions .........................17-6 Vestibular Illusions...............................................17-7 Visual Illusions .....................................................17-8 Postural Considerations............................................17-8 Demonstration of Spatial Disorientation..................17-8 Climbing While Accelerating ...............................17-9 Climbing While Turning.......................................17-9 Diving While Turning...........................................17-9 Tilting to Right or Left .........................................17-9 Reversal of Motion ...............................................17-9 Diving or Rolling Beyond the Vertical Plane.......17-9 Coping with Spatial Disorientation ..........................17-9 Optical Illusions .....................................................17-10 Runway Width Illusion.......................................17-10 Chapter 17 xv  Chapter 16