with aircraft operations by entering or moving on the runway  movement area without authorization from air traffic control.  In serious instances, any ground deviation (PD or VPD) can  result in a runway incursion. Best practices in preventing  ground deviations can be found in the following section  under runway incursion avoidance.  maneuver. During instruction, the pilot should be  asked to verbalize the clearing procedures (call out  “clear left, right, above, and below”).  High-wing and low-wing aircraft have their respective blind  spots. The pilot of a high-wing aircraft should momentarily  raise the wing in the direction of the intended turn and look  for traffic prior to commencing the turn. The pilot of a low- wing aircraft should momentarily lower the wing and look  for traffic prior to commencing the turn.  A runway incursion is “any occurrence in the airport runway  environment involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object  on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss  of required separation with an aircraft taking off, intending  to take off, landing, or intending to land.” It is important  to give the same attention to operating on the surface as in  other phases of flights. Proper planning can prevent runway  incursions and the possibility of a ground collision. A pilot  should always be aware of the aircraft’s position on the  surface at all times and be aware of other aircraft and vehicle  operations on the airport. At times, towered airports can be  busy and taxi instructions complex. In this situation, it may  be advisable to write down taxi instructions. The following  are some practices to help prevent a runway incursion:  A pilot deviation (PD) is an action of a pilot that violates any  Federal Aviation Regulation. While PDs should be avoided,  the regulations do authorize deviations from a clearance in  response to a traffic alert and collision avoidance system  resolution advisory. You must notify ATC as soon as possible  following a deviation.  Pilot deviations can occur in several different ways.  Airborne deviations result when a pilot strays from  an assigned heading or altitude or from an instrument  procedure, or if the pilot penetrates controlled or restricted  airspace without ATC clearance.  To prevent airborne deviations, follow these steps:  Ground deviations (also called surface deviations) include  taxiing, taking off, or landing without clearance, deviating  from an assigned taxi route, or failing to hold short of an  assigned clearance limit. To prevent ground deviations, stay  alert during ground operations. Pilot deviations can and  frequently do occur on the ground. Many strategies and tactics  pilots use to avoid airborne deviations also work on the ground.  Pilots should also remain vigilant about vehicle/pedestrian  deviations (V/PDs). A vehicle or pedestrian deviation  includes pedestrians, vehicles or other objects interfering  Approximately three runway incursions occur each day at  towered airports within the United States. The potential  that these numbers present for a catastrophic accident is  unacceptable. The following are examples of pilot deviations,  operational incidents (OI), and vehicle (driver) deviations  that may lead to runway incursions.  14-30  • Write down complex taxi instructions at unfamiliar  airports.  • Study and use proper phraseology in order to  understand and respond to ground control instructions.  • When landing, clear the active runway as soon as  possible, then wait for taxi instructions before further  movement.  • Turn on aircraft lights and the rotating beacon or strobe  lights while taxing.  • Check for traffic before crossing any runway hold line  and before entering a taxiway.  • Request progressive taxi instructions from ATC when  unsure of the taxi route.  • Review NOTAM for information on runway/taxiway  closures and construction areas.  • Give yourself some room—GPS is usually more  precise than ATC radar. Using your GPS to fly up  to and along the line of the airspace you are trying to  avoid could result in a pilot deviation because ATC  radar may show you within the restricted airspace.  • Talk and squawk—Proper communication with ATC  has its benefits. Flight following often makes the  controller’s job easier because they can better integrate  VFR and IFR traffic.  • Plan each flight—you may have flown the flight many  times before but conditions and situations can change  rapidly, such as in the case of a pop-up temporary  flight restriction (TFR). Take a few minutes prior to  each flight to plan accordingly.  • Know airport signage.  • Review airport layouts as part of preflight planning,  before descending to land and while taxiing, as  needed.  • Read back all runway crossing and/or hold instructions.  Runway Incursion Avoidance  Pilot Deviations (PDs) 