Contents  1. Safety Management System Overview 1.1 Overview 1.1.1 About the SMS Manual  1.1.2 Establishment and Continuous Support of the ATO SMS  1.1.3 SMS Continuous Improvement  1.1.3.1  Measuring NAS-Wide ATO Safety Performance  1.1.4 SMS Benefits  1.2 The Four Components of SMS  1.2.1 SMS Components  1.2.2 Safety Culture and Promotion: Valuing Safety in the ATO  1.2.2.1  Overview of Safety Culture, Safety Assurance, and SRM  1.2.2.2  Safety Programs and Initiatives  1.3 SMS Policy  1.3.1 SMS Policy Derivations  1.3.1.1  ICAO SMS Policy  1.3.1.2  FAA SMS Policy  1.3.1.3  AOV Order  1.3.1.4  ATO SMS Policy and Requirements  1.3.2 Policy Compliance with SMS 1.3.3 FAA Documents Related to SMS Requirements  1.3.3.1  Safety Reporting  1.3.3.2  Facilities and Equipment Management  1.3.3.3  Hardware and Software System Development  1.3.3.4  Safety Management and Risk Assessment  2. Managing Safety Risk in a System of Systems 2.1 SRM and Safety Assurance 2.1.1 Introduction to Managing System Safety  2.1.2 Safety Assessment Using the Tenets of SRM and Safety Assurance  2.1.3 SRM: Proactive and Reactive Hazard and Risk Reduction  2.1.4 Safety Assurance: Identifying and Closing Safety Gaps  2.1.4.1  Audits and Assessments  2.1.4.2  ATO Quality Assurance and Quality Control  2.2 Identifying and Addressing System Vulnerabilities  2.2.1 System Gaps and Hazard Defenses  2.2.1.1  Overview and Causes of System Gaps  2.2.1.2  Hazard Defenses  2.2.2 The Human Element’s Effect on Safety  2.2.3 Closing Gaps Using SRM and Safety Assurance Principles and  Processes  2.2.4 Safety Order of Precedence  i 