Appendix C: Certificates, Ratings, and Endorsements  Aviation Instructor's Handbook (FAA-H-8 083-9)  Flight Instructor Endorsements  Sample practical test endorsements are listed in AC 61-65. Any requirement for an applicant to receive and log a practical test  endorsement is cited in the relevant 14 CFR  s ubpart for each rating. For example, 14 CFR  part 61, s ubpart F,  s ection 61.123(c)  requires an endorsement from an authorized instructor for an applicant for a commercial pilot certificate. Note that when giving an  endorsement, there is no rule that prevents an instructor from adding a requirement.  The flight instructor may need to customize the endorsement due to an applicant’s special circumstances or changes in regulatory  requirements, but it is recommended all endorsements be worded as closely as possible to those in AC 61-65. At a minimum, the  flight instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed.  [Figure C-1]  C -1 Additional rating applicants (e.g., multiengine add-on, seaplane add-on, glider add-on, helicopter add-on) are rated pilots and not  considered student pilots nor do they need a student pilot certificate.  Flight instructors may also provide training and make logbook endorsements for pilots who are already certificated such as sport,  recreational, private, commercial, and instrument rated pilots, as well as for other flight instructors. Typical endorsements include but  are not limited to flight reviews, instrument proficiency checks, the additional training required for high performance, high altitude,  and tail wheel aircraft, and types of glider launches.  The regulatory requirements for recording and logging time come from several different regulations that should be viewed together.  Instructors should note that evaluations include an English language component. If the instructor doubts that a learner meets the FAA  English Language Standard (AELS), the instructor should not endorse the review or check as complete. The instructor may also reach  out to their local FSDO for assistance if the learner's continued operation could affect safety of the NAS. For further guidance on this  subject refer to FAA AC 60-28,  FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate Issued Under 14 CFR  p arts 61, 63, 65, and  107 . The authority and responsibility for flight instructors to endorse initial learner certificates, logbooks for solo and solo cross-country,  additional aircraft ratings, and flight privileges are outlined in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61. In  addition, Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65,  Certification: Pilots and Flight and Ground Instructors , provides guidance for pilots, flight  instructors, ground instructors, and examiners on the certification standards, knowledge test procedures, and other requirements of 14  CFR part 61. By utilizing AC 61-65, the flight instructor does not omit any required endorsement for the rating sought, which ensures  standardization. It is important for the flight instructor to understand and use AC 61-65 in the certification process.  ⦁ $_{14 CFR}$  part 61, s ection 61.189 requires flight instructors to sign the logbook of each person to whom that  instructor has given flight training or ground training. That section also contains instructor requirements for maintaining a record of endorsements given to  the $_{ }$applicant.  ⦁ $_{14 CFR }$ part 61, s ection 61.193 authorizes instructors to make endorsements applicants need for various  certificates or ratings.  ⦁ $_{Subparts of 14 CFR part 61 detail the training an applicant needs to log in order to qualify for a rating or }$ privilege. For example, 14 CFR part 61,  s ubpart C,  s ection 61.87(c)(1) requires a student pilot to receive and log  flight training in specific maneuvers and procedures.  ⦁ $_{14 CFR}$  part 61, s ection 61.51 details the information required for logbook entries.  ⦁ $_{In accordance with 14 CFR }$ part 61, s ection 61.31(d)(2), applicants without the appropriate rating require an  instructor's logbook endorsement prior to solo flight.  ⦁ $_{14 CFR}$  part 61, s ection 61.63 contains the requirement for an endorsement for an applicant prior to testing for an  added rating. 