NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued Unum Group and Subsidiaries Note 7 - Income Tax - Continued We file federal and state income tax returns in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. Tax years subsequent to 2014 remain subject to examination by the IRS. Tax years subsequent to 2015 remain subject to examination by the IRS for the subsidiaries not included in the consolidated tax return. All other major foreign jurisdictions remain subject to examination for tax years subsequent to 2017 with the exception of Poland for which tax years subsequent to 2013 remain subject to examination. We believe sufficient provision has been made for all potential adjustments for years that are not closed by the statute of limitations in all major tax jurisdictions and that any such adjustments would not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity, or results of operations. We file state income tax returns in nearly every state in the United States. Tax years subsequent to 2014 remain subject to examination depending on the statute of limitation established by the various states, which is generally three to four years. Tax years subsequent to 2010 remain subject to examination in California. We have accumulated federal net operating loss carryforwards of $10.6 million and $6.5 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Current year net operating losses relate to subsidiaries not yet included in the consolidated U.S. federal tax return and are not expected to expire unused. Our federal capital loss carryforward, also related to subsidiaries not included in the consolidated U.S. federal return, was $0.7 million at both December 31, 2019 and 2018 and is expected to be utilized by the time it expires in 2022. We have net operating loss carryforwards for state and local income tax of approximately $183 million, most of which is expected to expire unused between 2020 and 2039. We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Our valuation allowance was $28.3 million and $18.4 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, the majority of which related to our cumulative deferred state income tax benefits. The de minimis remaining amount of our valuation allowance relates to unrealized tax losses on buildings which we own and occupy in the U.K. We recorded a decrease in our valuation allowance in 2018 of $1.9 million and an increase of $9.9 million during 2019, primarily in other comprehensive income. Total income taxes paid net of refunds during 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $35.1 million, $139.7 million, and $377.0 million, respectively. 163