 Chapter 1: Understanding Cloud Fundamentals and the Cloud Continuum 9 The term self-service is important here too. With self-service,  the developer of an application, for example, is able to use a  browser or portal interface to acquire appropriate resources  needed to build or operate an application. This just-in-time  model is a more efficient way to ensure that the IT organization  can be responsive to business change. A cloud service has to provide a way to measure and meter a  service. Consequently a cloud environment includes a built-in  service that tracks how many resources a customer uses. In  a public cloud, customers are charged for units of resources  consumed. In a private cloud, IT management may implement  a charge back mechanism for departments leveraging services. The cloud is a federated (distributed) environment that pools  resources so they can work together. Making this happen  requires that these resources be optimized to work as though  they were an integrated well-tuned environment comprised of  a variety of workloads. A  workload  is an independent service or  collection of code that can be executed. It’s important in the  cloud that workloads be designed to support the right task  with the right cloud services. For example, some workloads  need to be placed in a private cloud because they require fast  transaction management and a high level of security. Other  workloads may not be so mission critical and can be placed in  a public cloud. Many management services are mandatory for ensuring that  cloud computing is a well-managed platform. Security and  governance are key services to ensure that your applications  and data are protected. Data management is also critical  because data may be moving between cloud environments.  All of these services have to be managed and monitored to  ensure that an organization’s level of service is maintained. These materials are the copyright of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and any  dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited. Management services Workload management Billing and metering of service usage