Chapter 6 Chapter 8 Chapter 7 Chapter 9 Flight Manuevers .................................................6-1 Introduction ...................................................................6-1 Effects and the Use of the Controls ...............................6-2 Attitude Flying ..............................................................6-4 Straight-and-Level Flying ..............................................6-4 Trim Control .................................................................6-7 Level Turns ...................................................................6-7 Coordinating the Controls ..........................................6-8 Climbs and Climbing Turns .........................................6-12 Descents and Descending Turns ..................................6-14 Gliding Turns ..........................................................6-16 Pitch and Power ..........................................................6-16 Steep Turn Performance Maneuver .............................6-16 Energy Management ....................................................6-19 Slow Flight and Stalls ..................................................6-20 Slow Flight ...............................................................6-20 Stalls .........................................................................6-21 Power-Off Stall Manuever .......................................6-23 Whip Stall and Tumble Awareness ..............................6-24 A Scenario ................................................................6-24 Chapter Summary ........................................................6-26 Takeoff and Departure Climbs ...........................7-1 Introduction ...................................................................7-1 Terms and Defi nitions ................................................7-2 Prior to Takeoff ..............................................................7-2 Normal Takeoff ..............................................................7-2 Takeoff Roll ...............................................................7-3 Lift-Off .......................................................................7-3 Initial Climb ...............................................................7-4 Crosswind Takeoff .........................................................7-6 Takeoff Roll ...............................................................7-6 Rotation and Lift-Off .................................................7-6 Initial Climb ...............................................................7-6 Ground Effect on Takeoff ..............................................7-7 Short Field Takeoff and Steepest Angle Climb .............7-8 Takeoff Roll ...............................................................7-9 Lift-Off and Climb Out ..............................................7-9 Soft/Rough Field Takeoff and Climb ..........................7-10 Takeoff Roll .............................................................7-12 Lift-Off and Initial Climb .........................................7-12 Rejected Takeoff/Engine Failure .................................7-12 Noise Abatement ..........................................................7-13 Chapter Summary ........................................................7-13 The National Airspace System ...........................8-1 Introduction ....................................................................8-1 Uncontrolled Airspace ...................................................8-2 Class G Airspace ........................................................8-2 Controlled Airspace .......................................................8-4 Class E Airspace .........................................................8-4 Towered Airport Operations ......................................8-6 Class D Airspace ........................................................8-6 Class C Airspace ........................................................8-6 Class B Airspace ........................................................8-7 Airspace Above 10,000' MSL and Below 18,000' .....8-8 Class A Airspace ........................................................8-8 Special Use Airspace .....................................................8-8 Prohibited Areas .........................................................8-8 Restricted Areas .........................................................8-9 Warning Areas ............................................................8-9 Military Operations Areas (MOAs) ...........................8-9 Alert Areas ...............................................................8-10 Controlled Firing Areas ............................................8-10 Parachute Jump Areas ..............................................8-11 Other Airspace Areas ...................................................8-11 Local Airport Advisory ............................................8-11 Military Training Routes (MTRs) ............................8-11 Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) .....................8-11 Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA) ...................8-12 National Security Areas (NSAs) ..............................8-12 Published VFR Routes .................................................8-12 Flight Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges,  Parks, and Forest Service Areas ...................................8-12 WSC Operations ..........................................................8-12 WSC and Air Traffi c Control ...................................8-12 Navigating the Airspace ...........................................8-13 Chapter Summary ........................................................8-13 Ground Reference Maneuvers ...........................9-1 Introduction ....................................................................9-1 Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects .............9-2 Drift and Ground Track Control ....................................9-2 Rectangular Course ........................................................9-4 S-Turns Across a Road ..................................................9-7 Turns Around a Point .....................................................9-9 Chapter Summary ........................................................9-12 ix