Figure 5-12.  E-learning encompasses a variety of electronic educational media.  E-learning is now used for training at many different levels. For example, technology flight training devices and flight simulators are  used by everyone from flight schools to major airlines, as well as the military. Flight Schools of all types may offer training using a  variety of computer-based desk top Basic Aviation Training Devices (BATDs), stand-alone, personal computer based advanced  aviation training devices (AATDs) and even more advance Flight Training Devices (FTDs) for a portion of the time a pilot needs for  various certificates and ratings. Major airlines have high-level flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning crews meet all  qualifications in the flight simulator. Likewise, military pilots use flight training devices or flight simulators to prepare for flying  aircraft, such as the A-10, for which there are no two-seat training versions. With e-learning, sophisticated databases can organize  vast amounts of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found, and cross-indexed.  Time flexible, cost competitive, learner-centered, easily updated, accessible anytime and anywhere; e-learning has many advantages  that make it a popular addition to the field of education.  Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella term for any type of education that involves an electronic component.  [Figure 5-12]  E-learning comes in many formats. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam  or it can be an interactive web-based course.  The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) descriptions of aviation accidents provide an excellent source of real-world case  studies for flight instructors. By removing the NTSB determination of probable cause, a flight instructor can use the description as a  case study and allow the learners to discuss probable cause without bias. The learners analyze the information and suggest possible  reasons for the accident. The instructor then shares the NTSB’s determination of probable cause, which can lead to further$_{ }$ discussions of how to avoid this type of accident.  An increasingly popular form of teaching, the case study, contains a story relative to the learner that forces him or her to deal with  situations encountered in real life. The instructor presents the case to the learners who then analyze it, come to conclusions, and offer  possible solutions. Effective case studies require the learner to use critical thinking skills.  When using the collaborative problem-solving method, the instructor provides a problem to a group who then solves it. The instructor  provides assistance when needed, but understands that learning to solve the problem without assistance is part of the learning process.  This method can be modified for an interactive one-on-one learning situation such as an independent aviation instructor might  encounter. The instructor provides the problem to the learner and participates in finding solutions by offering limited assistance as the  learner solves it. Once again, open-ended “what if” problems encourage the learners an opportunity to develop HOTS.$_{ }$ Collaborative Problem-Solving Method  Case Study Method  Electronic Learning (E-Learning)  5-18 