2020 2019 2018 Total pre-tax stock-based compensation expense $ 2 $ 8  $ 6  Tax-related benefits $ — $ 2  $ 2  Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life Aggregate Intrinsic Value (Options in thousands) (In years) Outstanding at July 28, 2019 2,059  $ 46.17  Granted —  $ —  Exercised (481) $ 47.33  Terminated (155) $ 49.46  Outstanding at August 2, 2020 1,423  $ 45.42  6.9 $ 8  Exercisable at August 2, 2020 833  $ 50.23  6.1 $ 1  Total pre-tax stock-based compensation expense and tax-related benefits recognized in Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations were as follows: The following table summarizes stock option activity as of August 2, 2020: The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2020 was $2. No options were exercised during 2019 or 2018. We measure the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The expected term of options granted was based on the weighted average time of vesting and the end of the contractual term. We utilized this simplified method as we do not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. The weighted-average assumptions and grant-date fair values for grants in 2019 and 2018 were as follows: 2019 2018 Risk-free interest rate 2.79% 2.06% Expected dividend yield 3.84% 2.95% Expected volatility 25.28% 19.60% Expected term 6.1 years 6.0 years Grant-date fair value $6.27 $6.67 We expense stock options on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, except for awards issued to retirement eligible participants, which we expense on an accelerated basis. As of August 2, 2020, total remaining unearned compensation related to nonvested stock options was $1, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining service period of 1.4 years. The following table summarizes time-lapse restricted stock units, EPS performance restricted stock units and FCF performance restricted stock units as of August 2, 2020: Units Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value (Restricted stock units in thousands) Nonvested at July 28, 2019 1,960  $ 40.57  Granted 1,157  $ 46.82  Vested (871) $ 42.80  Forfeited (380) $ 41.64  Nonvested at August 2, 2020 1,866  $ 43.18  78