xiv  Approach Light Systems ........................................14-16 Visual Glideslope Indicators ..................................14-16 Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)...........14-16 Other Glidepath Systems ....................................14-16 Runway Lighting....................................................14-17 Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)................14-17 Runway Edge Lights...........................................14-17 In-Runway Lighting............................................14-18 Control of Airport Lighting....................................14-18 Taxiway Lights.......................................................14-19 Omnidirectional .................................................14-19 Clearance Bar Lights ..........................................14-19 Runway Guard Lights.........................................14-19 Stop Bar Lights ...................................................14-19 Obstruction Lights..................................................14-19 New Lighting Technologies ...................................14-19 Wind Direction Indicators..........................................14-20 Traffic Patterns ..........................................................14-20 Example: Key to Traffic Pattern Operations— Single Runway .......................................................14-21 Example: Key to Traffic Pattern Operations— Parallel Runways....................................................14-21 Radio Communications..............................................14-22 Radio License .........................................................14-22 Radio Equipment....................................................14-22 Using Proper Radio Procedures ............................14-22 Lost Communication Procedures ...........................14-23 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Services...........................14-24 Primary Radar.........................................................14-24 ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) ................14-24 Transponder............................................................14-25 Automatic Dependent Surveillance– Broadcast (ADS-B) ................................................14-26 Radar Traffic Advisories ........................................14-26 Wake Turbulence .......................................................14-26 Vortex Generation ..................................................14-26 Terminal Area ....................................................14-27 En Route .............................................................14-27 Vortex Behavior .....................................................14-27 Vortex Avoidance Procedures................................14-28 Collision Avoidance...................................................14-28 Clearing Procedures ...............................................14-28 Pilot Deviations (PDs)............................................14-30 Runway Incursion Avoidance ................................14-30 Causal Factors of Runway Incursions ....................14-31 Runway Confusion .................................................14-31 Causal Factors of Runway Confusion ................14-31 ATC Instructions ....................................................14-32 ATC Instructions— “ Hold Short” ......................14-32 ATC Instructions—Explicit Runway Crossing.... 14-33 ATC Instructions—“Line Up and Wait” (LUAW)..............................................................14-33 ATC Instructions— “ Runway Shortened” ..........14-34 Pre-Landing, Landing, and After-Landing.............14-34 Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) ....14-35 Incidents .................................................................14-35 EMAS Installations and Information .....................14-35 Pilot Considerations ...............................................14-36 Chapter Summary ......................................................14-37 Airspace .............................................................15-1 Introduction..................................................................15-1 Controlled Airspace .....................................................15-2 Class A Airspace ......................................................15-2 Class B Airspace ......................................................15-2 Class C Airspace ......................................................15-2 Class D Airspace ......................................................15-2 Class E Airspace.......................................................15-2 Uncontrolled Airspace .................................................15-3 Class G Airspace ......................................................15-3 Special Use Airspace ...................................................15-3 Prohibited Areas .......................................................15-3 Restricted Areas .......................................................15-3 Warning Areas..........................................................15-4 Military Operation Areas (MOAs) ...........................15-4 Alert Areas ...............................................................15-4 Controlled Firing Areas (CFAs)...............................15-4 Other Airspace Areas...................................................15-4 Local Airport Advisory (LAA) ................................15-6 Military Training Routes (MTRs) ............................15-6 Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR).......................15-6 Published VFR Routes .............................................15-6 Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs) ..................15-7 National Security Areas (NSAs) ..............................15-7 Air Traffic Control and the National Airspace System ..15-7 Coordinating the Use of Airspace ............................15-7 Operating in the Various Types of Airspace ............15-7 Basic VFR Weather Minimums............................15-7 Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment Requirements ........................................................15-8 Ultralight Vehicles..............................................15-11 Unmanned Free Balloons ...................................15-11 Unmanned Aircraft Systems...............................15-11 Parachute Jumps .................................................15-11 Chapter Summary ......................................................15-11 Chapter 15