Contour Flying ...............................................................7-8 Minimum Safe Altitude Requirements.......................7-8 Contour Flying Techniques ......................................7-10 Contour Flying Cautions—Aborted Landings .....7-11 Use of Instruments ...................................................7-12 InFlight Emergencies ...................................................7-12 Loss/Malfunction of Vent or Deflation Line ...........7-12 Loss/Malfunction of Pilot Light ..............................7-12 Fuel Leak .................................................................7-12 Tethering/Mooring .......................................................7-13 InFlight Crew Management .........................................7-15 Crew Behavior..........................................................7-15 Pilot/Crew Communications ....................................7-15 Use of a Very High Frequency (VHF) Radio ...........7-15 Landowner Relations ...................................................7-16 Identification of Animal Populations .......................7-16 Chapter Summary ........................................................7-17 Landing and Recovery........................................8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 The Approach.................................................................8-2 Step-Down Approach .................................................8-5 Low Approach............................................................8-5 Obstacles and Approach Angles ................................8-5 Some Basic Rules of Landing........................................8-7 Congested Areas.........................................................8-7 Practice Approaches ...................................................8-7 Thermal Flight............................................................8-8 Landings.........................................................................8-9 Landing Considerations .............................................8-9 High-Wind Landing....................................................8-9 Water Landings...........................................................8-9 Passenger Briefings and Management .........................8-10 Stand in the Appropriate Area of the Basket ...........8-10 Face the Direction of Travel .....................................8-10 Place Feet and Knees Together, with Knees Bent ...8-10 Hold On Tight in Two Places ...................................8-10 Stay in the Basket .....................................................8-10 Recovery ......................................................................8-11 Landowner Relations ...............................................8-11 Packing the Balloon..................................................8-11 Refueling ..................................................................8-13 Logging of Flight Time ............................................8-13 Pilot’s Log ............................................................8-13 Aircraft Log Books ...............................................8-14 Crew Responsibilities ..............................................8-14 Chapter Summary ........................................................8-15 Chapter 8 Aeromedical Factors...........................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 Performance ...................................................................9-2 Hypoxia ......................................................................9-2 Hypoxic Hypoxia....................................................9-2 Hypemic Hypoxia...................................................9-2 Stagnant Hypoxia....................................................9-2 Histotoxic Hypoxia.................................................9-2 Symptoms of Hypoxia................................................9-2 Hyperventilation.........................................................9-3 Middle Ear and Sinus Problems .................................9-3 Spatial Disorientation and Illusions ...........................9-4 Motion Sickness .........................................................9-5 Stress ..........................................................................9-5 Fatigue ........................................................................9-6 Dehydration and Heatstroke.......................................9-7 Alcohol .......................................................................9-7 Drugs ..........................................................................9-8 Scuba Diving ..............................................................9-8 Vision in Flight ..............................................................9-9 Night Vision .............................................................9-10 Chapter Summary ........................................................9-11 Environmental and Health Factors Affecting Pilot  Chapter 9 The Instructional Process ................................10-1 Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities .10-2 Instructor Responsibilities ........................................10-2 Helping Students Learn ........................................10-2 Providing Adequate Instruction ............................10-3 Standards of Performance .....................................10-3 Emphasizing the Positive......................................10-3 Flight Instructor Responsibilities .............................10-3 Evaluation of Student Piloting Ability .................10-3 Student Pilot Supervision .....................................10-4 Practical Test Recommendations ..........................10-4 Self-Improvement .................................................10-4 Sincerity................................................................10-4 Acceptance of the Student ....................................10-4 Personal Appearance and Habits ..........................10-5 Demeanor .............................................................10-5 Safety Practices and Accident Prevention ............10-5 Proper Language...................................................10-6 Chapter 10 x