increases faster than the capacity, the improvement will be severely limited and problems will not be solved. In general, all of the eight factors have to be considered in parallel to improve urban mobility. In the next sections, examples of potential applications of living technology to address different problems in urban mobility are presented. When thousands or even millions of people have to move in urban areas through similar routes, mass transit becomes a better alternative than private motorized vehicles. Metro, bus rapid transit (BRT), trams, buses, and trains have been used since the nineteenth century for this purpose. According to theory, passengers arriving randomly at stations wait the least when headways— the temporal interval between vehicles—are equal [133]. However, this configuration is always unstable, for all public transportation systems [66]. Random arrivals at stations will cause some stations to be busier than others. When a vehicle arrives at a busy station, it might be slightly delayed, increasing the headway with the vehicle ahead and reducing the headway with the vehicle behind. The longer headway might cause further delays at the next station, increasing even more the headway with the vehicle ahead and decreasing even more the headway with the vehicle behind. This equal headway instability leads to the formation of “platoons” of vehicles that affect negatively the service, leading to long delays for passengers. There have been several approaches for dealing with equal headway instability in particular transportation systems [126]. Recently, it was found that transportation theory had misguided assumptions for decades [57], namely that vehicles along a route will have the same travel time, thus developing methods that aim at maintaining equal headways, reducing waiting times for passengers at stations . However, in order to maintain equal headways, some vehicles have to idle at stations. A self-organizing method was proposed [57], where the equal headways are relaxed and even when passengers wait more at stations, the total travel times are reduced by a slower-is- 3.1.1 Public Transportation 10