1 arXiv:1209.4687v1 [cs.IT] 21 Sep 2012 This work has been presented in part at the 2011 and 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. In many wireless communication systems, radios are subject to a duty cycle constraint, that is, a radio only actively transmits signals over a fraction of the time. For example, it is desirable to have a small duty cycle in some low power systems; a half-duplex radio cannot keep transmitting if it wishes to receive useful signals; and a cognitive radio needs to listen and detect primary users frequently. This work studies the capacity of scalar discrete-time Gaussian channels subject to duty cycle constraint as well as average transmit power constraint. An idealized duty cycle constraint is first studied, which can be regarded as a requirement on the minimum fraction of nontransmissions or zero symbols in each codeword. A unique discrete input distribution is shown to achieve the channel capacity. In many situations, numerically optimized on-off signaling can achieve much higher rate than Gaussian signaling over a deterministic transmission schedule. This is in part because the positions of nontransmissions in a codeword can convey information. Furthermore, a more realistic duty cycle constraint is studied, where the extra cost of transitions between transmissions and nontransmissions due to pulse shaping is accounted for. The capacity-achieving input is no longer independent over time and is hard to compute. A lower bound of the achievable rate as a function of the input distribution is shown to be maximized by a first-order Markov input process, the distribution of which is also discrete and can be computed efficiently. The results in this paper suggest that, under various duty cycle constraints, departing from the usual paradigm of intermittent packet transmissions may yield substantial gain. Abstract * Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China † Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA Lei Zhang $^{†}$, Hui Li$^{†∗}$, and Dongning Guo† Capacity of Gaussian Channels with Duty Cycle and Power Constraints