9-11 The use of integrated flight instruction provides the learner with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside  references are lost. In an emergency, this ability could save the pilot’s life and those of the passengers.$_{ }$ During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor needs to impress on the learners and ascertain they understand  that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument  meteorological conditions (IMC). According to NTSB accident data, inflight encounters with weather (attempting VFR flight into  IMC) is one of the most common causes of fatalities.  Integrated flight instruction begins with the first briefing on the function of the flight controls. This briefing includes the instrument  indications to be expected, as well as the outside references to be used to control the attitude of the aircraft.  Each new flight maneuver is introduced using both outside and instrument references with learners developing the ability to maneuver  an aircraft equally as well by instrument or outside references. They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight  controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. This practice should continue  throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual  and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction  necessary for the learner to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate.  From the start of flight training, the instructor ensures learners develop the habit of looking for other air traffic at all times. If learners  believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of  maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. Any observed tendency of a learner to enter flight maneuvers without  first making a careful check for other air traffic needs to be corrected immediately. Recent studies of midair collisions determined  that:  It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR part 91, section 91.113 “right-of-way” rules to the learner. Practice the “see and avoid” concept  at all times regardless of whether the training is conducted under VFR or instrument flight rules (IFR). For more information on how  to reduce the odds of becoming involved in a midair collision, see Advisory Circular 90-48 (as amended).  Assessment is an essential component of the teaching process and determines how, what, and how well a learner is learning. A well- designed assessment provides a learner with something constructive upon which he or she can work or build. An assessment should  provide direction and guidance to raise the level of performance. Learners must understand the purpose of the assessment; otherwise,  they will be unlikely to accept the evaluation offered and little improvement will result. There are many types of assessment but the  flight instructor generally uses the review, collaborative assessment (LCG), written tests, and performance-based tests to ascertain  knowledge or practical skill levels. Refer to Chapter 6 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight  instructor.  An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor  should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. If the instructor observes a deficiency and  determines a task needs reteaching, the instructor demonstrates the maneuver, allows the learner to practice the maneuver under  direction, and finally evaluates learner accomplishment by observing the performance.  Assessment of Piloting Ability  ⦁ $_{Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles. }$ ⦁ $_{Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 }$ hour veterans.  ⦁ $_{The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet. }$ ⦁ $_{Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours. }$ ⦁ $_{Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan. }$ ⦁ $_{Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study. }$ See and Avoid  Procedures 