Table of Contents Preface....................................................................iii Introduction.............................................................v Acknowledgments................................................vii Record of Changes................................................ix Table of Contents ..................................................xi Chapter 1 Defining Elements of Risk Management  ...........1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Hazard .......................................................................1-2 Defining Hazard  ......................................................1-2 Recognizing the Hazard..........................................1-2 Tools for Hazard Awareness ..................................1-3 Risk.............................................................................1-5 Defining Risk   .........................................................1-5 Managing Risks .............................................................1-5 Chapter Summary ..........................................................1-8 Chapter 2 Human Behavior ..................................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Chapter Summary ..........................................................2-5 Chapter 3 Identifying Hazards and Mitigating Risk ...........3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 P = Pilot in command ....................................................3-3 The Pilot’s Health.......................................................3-3 Stress Management.....................................................3-4 A = Aircraft ...................................................................3-4 V = Environment............................................................3-5 Weather ......................................................................3-5 Terrain ........................................................................3-5 Chapter 5 Aeronautical Decision-Making: A Basic Staple......................................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 History of ADM.............................................................5-2 Analytical Decision-Making..........................................5-3 Automatic Decision-Making..........................................5-4 Operational Pitfalls ........................................................5-4 Scud Running .............................................................5-6 Get-There-Itis .............................................................5-6 Continuing VFR into IMC .........................................5-7 Loss of Situational Awareness ...................................5-8 Flying Outside the Envelope ......................................5-9 3P Model........................................................................5-9 Rate of Turn..............................................................5-10 Radius of Turn..........................................................5-11 Perceive ....................................................................5-11 Process......................................................................5-11 Perform.....................................................................5-13 Chapter Summary ........................................................5-13 Chapter 4 Assessing Risk ....................................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Quantifying Risk Using a Risk Matrix ..........................4-2 Likelihood of an Event ...............................................4-2 Severity of an Event ...................................................4-2 Mitigating Risk...........................................................4-4 Chapter Summary ..........................................................4-4 Airport ........................................................................3-6 Airspace......................................................................3-6 Nighttime....................................................................3-6 Visual Illusions...........................................................3-7 E = External Pressures ...................................................3-9 Chapter Summary ..........................................................3-9 Change 1 (January 2016) xi