Objective 2: Mapping relevant activities and organisations for NAMs Objective 3: Identifying areas requiring further scientific development  i) Map all relevant ongoing and planned NAMs activities (including research  projects, and associated timelines) regarding the validation of NAMs and the  incorporation of “valid  methods ”  although not validated yet NAM-based results  in regulatory risk assessments 11 ; ii) Map research and innovation programmes of regulatory relevance for NAMs  activities (including timelines). As a minimum, the mapping should include the  EC,  EU Member States’ national bodies , relevant EU Agencies (e.g. ECHA, EEA,  ECDC, EMA, etc) and relevant EU institutions and their work programmes (e.g.  the JRC and Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe, in particular PARC 12 under  Horizon Europe), as well as in international organisations (e.g. OECD, FAO,  WHO or U.S. FDA, U.S. EPA and Health Canada) including activities under  APCRA and those by international scientific societies, and potential relevant  projects being conducted in academic institutions. Examples of areas of interest  are described in the theme paper (Annex 4) and include, among others,  developments in OMICs approaches, organs on a chip, organoids, work on  adverse outcome pathways;  iii) For the relevant ongoing and planned NAMs activities (see objective 2.i, above)  identify potential overlaps with research and innovation programmes of  regulatory relevance (including timelines) of EU Member States’ national  bodies, relevant EU Agencies (e.g. ECHA, EEA, ECDC, EMA, etc) and relevant  EU institutions and their work programmes (e.g. the JRC and Horizon 2020 and  Horizon Europe in particular PARC 12 ).  i) Identify relevant working areas that are included in the theme paper or  additional ones, necessary to implement the use of NAMs in human health risk  assessment, to minimise the need for animal-based verification studies. Provide  a clear justification on their relevance by taking the directions/opportunities  into account as outlined in the relevant theme paper (Annex 4);  ii) Identify any further development that is needed in the working areas identified  in the theme paper (i.e., scientific development and/or implementation of  specific policies);  iii) Identify directly relevant discontinuities and knowledge gaps with a clear  justification on their relevance to reach the desired vision by 2027 and impact  for EFSA related to the use of NAMs for regulatory risk assessments, focusing  on aspects related to the evolution towards a mechanistic paradigm using NAM- based studies for risk assessments relevant for human health;  11  $^{11}$  See glossary, in EFSA SC (2018) https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5327 $^{12}$  Draft proposal for a European Partnership under Horizon Europe, Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from  Chemicals (PARC). Refer to: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/funding/documents/ec_rtd_he- partnerships-chemical-risk-assessment.pdf