Statutory Capital and Surplus Statutory Net Income (Loss) December 31 Years ended December 31 (In millions) 2019  (1) 2018 2019  (1) 2018 2017 Combined Continental Casualty Companies $ 10,787 $ 10,411 $ 1,062 $ 1,405 $ 1,029 Table of Contents Combined statutory capital and surplus and statutory net income (loss) for the Combined Continental Casualty Companies are presented in the table below, determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance and/or other regulatory authorities (1) Information derived from the statutory-basis financial statements to be filed with insurance regulators. CNAF’s domestic insurance subsidiaries are subject to risk-based capital (RBC) requirements. RBC is a method developed by the NAIC to determine the minimum amount of statutory capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in consideration of its size and risk profile. The formula for determining the amount of RBC specifies various factors, weighted based on the perceived degree of risk, which are applied to certain financial balances and financial activity. The adequacy of a company's actual capital is evaluated by a comparison to the RBC results, as determined by the formula. Companies below minimum RBC requirements are classified within certain levels, each of which requires specified corrective action. The statutory capital and surplus presented above for CCC was approximately 291% and 266% of company action level RBC as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Company action level RBC is the level of RBC which triggers a heightened level of regulatory supervision. The statutory capital and surplus of the Company's foreign insurance subsidiaries, which is not significant to the overall statutory capital and surplus, also met or exceeded their respective regulatory and other capital requirements. 122