May 3,  2012  28  US 2012/0108878  Al  [0256]  The amount of glycol (1,2-ethane-diol), C$_{2}$H$_{6}$O$_{2 }$ which must be added to 1.00 L ofH$_{2}$O such that the solution  does not freeze above -20°  C. may be calculated as follows:  Therefore, 5.376 molx54.98 g/mol=295.57 g NaO$_{2 }$ must be  added to 1 kg (1 L) ofH$_{2}$O.  where kf (H$_{2}$O)=1.86°  C. kg mol-1; llT=i kfm where i=l.  Since 1.0 Lhasa mass of 1.0 kg, 10.8 mo! of ethylene glycol  is needed, so 10.8 molx62 g/mol=670 grains of ethylene  glycol. The density of ethylene glycol is 1.1088. Therefore,  670 g/1.1088 g/mL=604 ml, which is dissolved in 1 L=6.04  ml in 10 ml. At this concentration, the viscosity of such a  solution renders it unusable for aerosol spraying.  llT  20.0°  C.  m  = - = ----~  =  10.8  molal  ik1  1.86° C. kgmol- 1  llT  20.0°  C.  m  =  ik1  =  1.86’ C. kgmo1-1  =  5.376  molal  NaO$_{2}$(s)  ➔  Na+  (aq)  +  0 2 (aq)  llT  20.0° C.  m  = - = -----~  =  5 376  molal  ik1  2(1.86°  C.  kgmo1- 1 )  .  where NaCl(s)-Na+(aq)+Cl-(aq) i=2 and i kf=2 (1.86°  C.  kg mol- 1 ). Therefore, 5.376 molx58.44 g/mot=314.17 g  NaCl must be added to 1 kg (1 L) ofH$_{2}$O.  [0258]  The amount of NaO$_{2 }$ must be added to 1.00 L of  H$_{2}$O to decrease the freezing point to -20°  C. can also be  calculated. In this example, the salts CsO$_{2}$ ,  RbO$_{2}$ ,  KO$_{2}$ ,  and  Na$_{2}$O$_{2 }$ were prepared by the direct reaction of 0 2  with the  respective alkali metal. The 0---0 bond distance in NaO$_{2 }$ is  1.33 A, vs. 1.21 AinO$_{2 }$ and 1.49 Ain o/-. The overall trend  corresponds to a reduction in the bond order from 2 (0$_{2}$ ),  to  1.5 (0$_{2 }$ -), to 1 (0 2  2 -). The alkali salts of sodium are orange› yellow in color and quite stable, provided they are kept dry.  Upon dissolution of these salts in water, however, the dis› solved decomposes extremely rapidly:  In this process 0 2  - acts as a strong Bronsted base, initially  forming HO$_{2}$ .  The  pKa  ofits conjugate acid, hydrogen super› oxide (HO$_{2}$ ,  also known as "hydroperoxyl" or "perhydroxy  radical") is 4.88, so that at neutral pH 7 the vast majority of  superoxide is in the anionic form.  [0260]  Other properties include the fact that the phenol and  phenyl aromatic rings of this chemical are structurally related  to benzene; the absorbance spectra of benzene like systems  are characterized by E-bands and B-bands; the absorbance  spectrum of benzene shows broad absorption bands in the  near ultraviolet region between 230 nm and 270 nm; the fine  structure arises from vibrational sublevels accompanying the  electronic transitions; and the substitution of auxochromic  groups on to the benzene ring produces marked changes in the  benzene spectrum.  [0259]  This Example relates to the ultraviolet absorbance  spectra of diphenyl phosphorochloridate (DPCP) and estab› lishing a standard curve for detecting and quantitating  hydrolysis of an organophosphate ester, diphenyl chloro› phosphate, which is a stimulant for G-class Nerve Agents. For  the testing of the G surrogates, certain physical properties  were investigated and employed. DPCP has two six-carbon  aromatic phenyl rings attached to a single phosphorous atom  through an ether bond.  [0261]  The conversion of phenol to phenolate creates an  additional unshared pair of non-bonding electrons available  for interaction with then-electrons of the aromatic nucleus.  The availability of these additional non-binding electrons  result in a bathochromic shift of the first and second bands.  One objective of this example is to establish a standard curve  for the detection of diphenyl chlorophosphate. The param› eters to detect units vs. molar concentration are as follows: (i)  the MW=268.33 g/M; (ii) the LD$_{50 }$is not available; (iii) the  dynamic Range objective=6 logs; (iv) the lower limit of  detectionobjective=4.8xl0- 6 M/L=4.8µMolar=6.192ng/ml;  (v) the molar extinction coefficient 260 nm,.,459 L mole- 1  cm- 1  in one solution of the invention; and (vi) the molar  extinction coefficient 220 nm""6,000 L mole-$^{1 }$cm- 1 .  [0262]  The detection technologies evaluated in this  example include absorbance spectroscopy using cuvette sam› pling; reversed phase HPLC with an absorbance detector;  HPLC/Mass Spectroscopy; gas chromatography with a flame  ionization detector; and solid phase sampling with HPLC.  [0263]  This Example relates to the generation of a standard  curve for the detection of the organophosphate ester DPPC,  which structure and characteristics are given above. The fol› lowing equations are useful for the determination of hydroly› sis of a biological or chemical warfare agents.  Example 6  Example 4  Example 3  [0257]  The amount ofNaC!that must be added to 1.00 L of  H$_{2}$O to decrease the freezing point to -20°  C. can be calcu› lated:  Example 5  Example 2  NaOoCs)-Na+(aq)+o$_{2}$-(aq)  i=2 