Response.  Possible answer to a multiple choice test item. The correct response is often called the keyed response, and incorrect  responses are called distractors.  Reverse question.  Used in response to a learner’s question. Rather than give a direct answer to the learner’s query, the instructor$_{ }$ returns the question to the same individual to provide the answer.  Review and evaluation.  The fourth and last step in the teaching process, which consists of a review of all material and an evaluation  of the learners. In the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction, this step consists of the instructor evaluating the performance  while the learner performs the required procedure.  Rhetorical question.  Generally, a question asked for a purpose other than to obtain the information the question asks. For this  handbook’s purpose, a question asked to stimulate group thought. Normally answered by the instructor, it is more commonly used in  lecturing rather than in guided discussions.  Risk elements in ADM.  Take into consideration the four fundamental risk elements: the pilot, the aircraft, the environment, and  external pressures.  Risk management.  The part of the decision-making process which relies on situational awareness, problem recognition, and good  judgment to reduce risks associated with each flight.  Rote learning.  A basic level of learning in which the learner has the ability to repeat back something learned, with no understanding  or ability to apply what was learned.  Scenario-based training (SBT).  Training method that uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation  training objectives in an operational environment.  Selection-type test items.  Test items requiring the learner to choose from two or more alternatives provided. True-false, matching,  and multiple choice type questions are examples of selection type test items.  Self-concept.  A perception factor that ties together how people feel about themselves with how well they receive experiences.  Sensory register.  That portion of the brain which receives input from the five senses. The individual’s preconceived concept of what  is important determines how the register prioritizes the information for passing it on to the rest of the brain for action.  Sites.  Internet addresses which provide information and often are linked to other similar sites  Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM).  The art/science of managing all the resources (both onboard the aircraft and from  outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure that the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt.  Situational awareness.  The accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk  elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight.  Skill knowledge.  Knowledge reflected in motor or manual skills and in cognitive or mental skills that manifests itself in the doing of  something.  Skills and procedures.  The procedural, psychomotor, and perceptual skills used to control a specific aircraft or its systems. They are  the stick and rudder or airmanship abilities that are gained through conventional training, are perfected, and become almost automatic  through experience.  Source.  In communication, the sender, speaker, transmitter, or instructor who composes and transmits a message made up of symbols  which are meaningful to listeners and readers.  Stem.  The part of a multiple choice test item consisting of the question, statement, or problem.  Stress management.  The personal analysis of the kinds of stress experienced while flying, the application of appropriate stress  assessment tools, and other coping mechanisms.  Supply-type test item.  Question in which the learner supplies answers as opposed to selecting from choices provided. Essay or fill-in- the-blank-type questions are examples of supply-type test items.  Symbols.  In communication, simple oral and visual codes such as words, gestures, and facial expressions which are formed into  sentences, paragraphs, lectures, or chapters to compose and transmit a message that means something to the receiver of the  information.  Task.  Knowledge area, flight procedure, or maneuver within an area of operation in a practical test standard.  Taxonomy of educational objectives.  A systematic classification scheme for sorting learning outcomes into three broad categories  (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor) and ranking the desired outcomes in a developmental hierarchy from least complex to most  complex.  Teaching.  Instructing, training, or imparting knowledge or skill; the profession of someone who teaches.  Teaching lecture.  An oral presentation that is directed toward desired learning outcomes. Some learner participation is allowed.  G-6 T  S 