Thermography ..........................................................7-19 Neutron Radiography ...............................................7-19 Moisture Detector.....................................................7-19 Composite Repairs .......................................................7-19 Layup Materials........................................................7-19 Hand Tools............................................................7-19 Air Tools...............................................................7-19 Caul Plate..............................................................7-20 Support Tooling and Molds ..................................7-20 Vacuum Bag Materials.............................................7-21 Release Agents......................................................7-21 Bleeder Ply............................................................7-21 Peel Ply .................................................................7-21 Layup Tapes..........................................................7-21 Perforated Release Film........................................7-21 Solid Release Film................................................7-21 Breather Material ..................................................7-21 Vacuum Bag .........................................................7-22 Vacuum Equipment..................................................7-22 Vacuum Compaction Table ..................................7-22 Heat Sources.............................................................7-22 Oven......................................................................7-22 Autoclave..............................................................7-23 Heat Bonder and Heat Lamps...............................7-23 Heat Press Forming...............................................7-24 Thermocouples .....................................................7-25 Types of Layups .......................................................7-26 Wet Layups...........................................................7-26 Prepreg..................................................................7-27 Co-curing ..............................................................7-28 Secondary Bonding...............................................7-28 Co-bonding ...........................................................7-28 Layup Process (Typical Laminated Wet Layup)......7-28 Layup Techniques.................................................7-28 Bleedout Technique ..............................................7-29 No Bleedout ..........................................................7-29 Ply Orientation Warp Clock .................................7-29 Mixing Resins ..........................................................7-30 Saturation Techniques ..............................................7-30 Fabric Impregnation With a Brush or Squeegee...7-30 Fabric Impregnation Using a Vacuum Bag ..........7-30 Vacuum Bagging Techniques ..................................7-31 Single Side Vacuum Bagging...............................7-31 Envelope Bagging.................................................7-31 Alternate Pressure Application.................................7-32 Shrink Tape...........................................................7-32 C-Clamps ..............................................................7-32 Shotbags and Weights...........................................7-32 Curing of Composite Materials ................................7-32 Room Temperature Curing ...................................7-32 Elevated Temperature Curing...............................7-32 Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Repairs..................7-33 Damage Classification..............................................7-34 Sandwich Structures .................................................7-34 Minor Core Damage (Filler and Potting  Repairs).................................................................7-34 Damage Requiring Core Replacement and  Repair to One or Both Faceplates.........................7-34 Solid Laminates........................................................7-37 Bonded Flush Patch Repairs.................................7-37 Trailing Edge and Transition Area Patch  Repairs ..................................................................7-40 Resin Injection Repairs.........................................7-40 Composite Patch Bonded to Aluminum  Structure................................................................7-40 Fiberglass Molded Mat Repairs............................7-40 Radome Repairs....................................................7-41 External Bonded Patch Repairs ............................7-41 Bolted Repairs ......................................................7-44 Fasteners Used with Composite Laminates..............7-46 Corrosion Precautions...........................................7-46 Fastener Materials ................................................7-46 Fastener System for Sandwich Honeycomb  Structures (SPS Technologies Comp Tite) ...........7-46 Hi-Lok® and Huck-Spin® Lockbolt Fasteners....7-46 Eddie-Bolt® Fasteners..........................................7-46 Cherry’s E-Z Buck$^{®}$ (CSR90433) Hollow  Rivet......................................................................7-47 Blind Fasteners .....................................................7-47 Blind Bolts ............................................................7-48 Fiberlite.................................................................7-48 Screws and Nutplates in Composite Structures ....7-48 Machining Processes and Equipment.......................7-49 Drilling..................................................................7-49 Countersinking......................................................7-52 Cutting Processes and Precautions .......................7-52 Cutting Equipment................................................7-52 Repair Safety ............................................................7-53 Eye Protection.......................................................7-53 Respiratory Protection ..........................................7-53 Skin Protection......................................................7-53 Fire Protection ......................................................7-53 Transparent Plastics .....................................................7-54 Optical Considerations .............................................7-54 Identification ............................................................7-54 Storage and Handling ...........................................7-54 Forming Procedures and Techniques .......................7-54 XXII