Common Error: Noncompliance With Initial Missed Approach Instructions ..............................3‑42 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑42 Ground‑based Radio Navigation..................................3‑42 Configuring FMs To Receive Ground-Based  ...........3‑42 Radio Navigation Signals.........................................3‑42 Tuning and Identifying Radio Navigation Facilities ...................................................................3‑42 Displaying Radio Navigation Signals on the Navigation Indicator.................................................3‑42 Awareness: Using All Available Navigation Resources..................................................................3‑42 Flying a Precision Approach Using Ground‑based  Navigation Facilities.................................................3‑42 Flying a Nonprecision Approach Using Ground‑Based Navigation Facilities ........................3‑42 Maintaining Proficiency: Practicing All Navigation Skills ......................................................3‑43 Essential Skills .........................................................3‑43 Chapter Summary ........................................................3‑44 Automated Flight Control ...................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4‑1 Autopilot Concepts ........................................................4‑2 How To Use an Autopilot Function ...........................4‑2 Specification of Track and Altitude  ........................4‑2 Engagement of Autopilot Function ........................4‑3 Verification of Autopilot Function Engagement  ....4‑3 How Autopilot Functions Work .................................4‑4 Determination of Control Movements Required To Achieve Goals ...................................................4‑4 Carrying Out Control Movements ..........................4‑4 Flight Director................................................................4‑4 Flight Director Functions ...........................................4‑4 Using the Flight Director (FD)...................................4‑5 Flight Director Without Autopilot ..........................4‑5 Flight Director With Autopilot ...............................4‑5 Common Error: Blindly Following Flight Director Cues ..........................................................4‑5 Common Error: Confusion About Autopilot  Engagement ............................................................4‑5 Follow Route..................................................................4‑5 Following a Route Programmed in the FMS .............4‑5 GPS Steering (GPSS) Function..................................4‑6 Following a VOR Radial............................................4‑6 Fly Heading....................................................................4‑7 Maintain Altitude ...........................................................4‑7 Climbs And Descents.....................................................4‑8 Vertical Speed ............................................................4‑8 Information Systems...........................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5‑1 Multi‑Function Display..................................................5‑2 Essential Skills ...........................................................5‑2 Moving Maps .................................................................5‑2 Using the Moving Map ..............................................5‑2 Maintaining the “Big Picture”  ................................5‑3 Maintaining Awareness of Potential Landing Sites.........................................................................5‑3 Maintaining Awareness on the Airport Surface .....5‑3 Identifying Controlled Airspace .............................5‑3 Identifying the Missed Approach Point..................5‑4 Catching Errors: Using the Moving Map to Detect Route Programming Errors ........................................5‑4 Catching Errors: Using The Moving Map To Detect  Configuration Errors  ...................................................5‑4 Maintaining Proficiency: Spatial Reasoning Skills  ....5‑5 Failure Indications ..................................................5‑5 Common Error: Using the Moving Map as a Primary Navigation Instrument ..................................5‑5 Awareness: Overreliance On The Moving Map.........5‑6 Vertical Speed with Altitude Capture ........................4‑8 Catching Errors: Armed Modes Help Prevent  Forgotten Mode Changes........................................4‑8 Common Error: Failure To Arm the Altitude Mode .....................................................................4‑10 Awareness: Altitude Alerting Systems.................4‑10 Awareness: Automatic Mode Changes.................4‑10 Learning: The Importance of Understanding .......4‑10 Power Management..................................................4‑11 Essential Skills .........................................................4‑11 Course Intercepts .........................................................4‑11 Flying an Assigned Heading To Intercept a Course or VOR Radial..........................................................4‑11 Essential Skills .........................................................4‑11 Coupled Approaches....................................................4‑12 ILS Approaches........................................................4‑12 RNAV Approaches With Vertical Guidance ..........4‑12 Power Management..................................................4‑13 Essential Skills .........................................................4‑13 Deciding When To Use The FD/Autopilot  ..................4‑14 Miscellaneous Autopilot Topics ..................................4‑15 Autopilot Mode Awareness......................................4‑15 Positive Exchange of Controls .................................4‑15 Preflighting the Autopilot  .........................................4‑15 Autopilot and Electric Trim System Failures...........4‑15 Essential Skills .........................................................4‑15 Chapter Summary ........................................................4‑16 Chapter 5 Chapter 4 ix