Fuel Storage System ....................................................14-3 Fuel Storage Refilling or Recharging System .............14-3 Types of Aviation Fuel ................................................14-3 Reciprocating Engine Fuel—AVGAS .....................14-3 Volatility ...............................................................14-4 Vapor Lock ...........................................................14-4 Carburetor Icing....................................................14-4 Aromatic Fuels......................................................14-4 Detonation.............................................................14-5 Surface Ignition and Preignition...........................14-5 Octane and Performance Number Rating .............14-6 Fuel Identification.................................................14-6 Purity.....................................................................14-7 Turbine Engine Fuels ...............................................14-8 Turbine Fuel Volatility .........................................14-8 Turbine Engine Fuel Types ..................................14-8 Turbine Engine Fuel Issues ..................................14-9 Aircraft Fuel Systems ................................................14-10 Small Single-Engine Aircraft Fuel Systems...........14-10 Gravity Feed Systems .........................................14-10 Pump Feed Systems............................................14-10 High-Wing Aircraft with Fuel Injection  System.................................................................14-11 Small Multiengine (Reciprocating) Aircraft  Fuel Systems ..........................................................14-12 Low-Wing Twin .................................................14-12 High-Wing Twin.................................................14-12 Large Reciprocating-Engine Aircraft Fuel  Systems...................................................................14-12 Jet Transport Aircraft Fuel Systems.......................14-13 Helicopter Fuel Systems.........................................14-17 Fuel System Components ..........................................14-19 Fuel Tanks ..............................................................14-19 Rigid Removable Fuel Tanks .............................14-19 Bladder Fuel Tanks.............................................14-20 Integral Fuel Tanks .............................................14-22 Fuel Lines and Fittings ...........................................14-22 Fuel Valves.............................................................14-24 Hand-Operated Valves........................................14-25 Cone Valves........................................................14-26 Poppet Valves .....................................................14-26 Manually-Operated Gate Valves ........................14-27 Motor-Operated Valves ......................................14-27 Solenoid-Operated Valves ..................................14-27 Fuel Pumps .............................................................14-28 Hand-Operated Fuel Pumps................................14-28 Centrifugal Boost Pumps....................................14-29 Off Aircraft Brake Servicing and  Maintenance........................................................13-71 Replacement of Brake Linings ...........................13-72 Brake Malfunctions and Damage ...........................13-74 Overheating ........................................................13-74 Dragging .............................................................13-75 Chattering or Squealing ......................................13-75 Aircraft Tires and Tubes ............................................13-75 Tire Classification ..................................................13-75 Types...................................................................13-75 Ply Rating ...........................................................13-77 Tube-Type or Tubeless .......................................13-77 Bias Ply or Radial ...............................................13-77 Tire Construction....................................................13-77 Bead ....................................................................13-78 Carcass Plies .......................................................13-78 Tread ...................................................................13-78 Sidewall ..............................................................13-79 Tire Inspection on the Aircraft ...............................13-79 Inflation...............................................................13-79 Tread Condition ..................................................13-81 Sidewall Condition .............................................13-85 Tire Removal..........................................................13-86 Tire Inspection Off of the Aircraft .........................13-87 Tire Repair and Retreading ....................................13-87 Tire Storage ............................................................13-88 Aircraft Tubes.........................................................13-88 Tube Construction and Selection........................13-89 Tube Storage and Inspection ..............................13-89 Tire Inspection ....................................................13-89 Tire Mounting ........................................................13-89 Tubeless Tires.....................................................13-90 Tube-Type Tires .................................................13-90 Tire Balancing ........................................................13-92 Operation and Handling Tips.....................................13-93 Taxiing ...................................................................13-93 Braking and Pivoting..............................................13-93 Landing Field and Hangar Floor Condition ...........13-93 Takeoffs and Landings ...........................................13-93 Hydroplaning..........................................................13-94 Chapter 14 Aircraft Fuel System..........................................14-1 Basic Fuel System Requirements.................................14-1 Fuel System Independence.......................................14-2 Fuel System Lightning Protection............................14-2 Fuel Flow..................................................................14-3 XIX