OBS N E S W 3 33 24 21 15 12 30 6 NAV GS OBS N E S W 3 33 24 21 15 12 30 6 N XPDR 5537 IDNT LCL23:00:34 VOR 1 270 ° 2 1 1 2 3 300 3 200 3 100 4 000 2 900 2 800 2300 000 130 120 110 90 80 70 TAS 100KT NAV1 108.00 113.00 NAV2 108.00 110.60 134.000 118.000 COM1 123.800 118.000  COM2 $_{WPT }$_ _ _ _ _ _$_{ DIS}$ _ _ ._ $_{NM}$ $_{DTK }$_ _ _$_{°}$ TRK 360° MAP - NAVIGATION MAP ADF/DME MSG D195I D212I A212I HDG UP 10 NM 90 percent of the time, the pilot’s attention should be outside the flight deck. No more than 10 percent of the pilot’s attention should be inside the flight deck. 10% 90% 60 20 1 9 100 3 Figure 3-5.  Integrated flight instruction teaches pilots to use both external and cockpit attitude references. smoothly, and accurately applied with reference  to the natural horizon. The airplane’s attitude and  performance are then rechecked by referring to flight  instruments. The pilot then maintains the corrected  attitude by reference to the natural horizon. of instruction, flight instructors may choose to use flight  instrument covers to develop a beginning pilot’s skill or to  correct a pilot’s poor habit of fixating on instruments by forcing  them to use outside visual references for aircraft control.  The use of integrated flight instruction does not, and is not  intended to prepare pilots for flight in instrument weather  conditions. The most common error made by the beginning  student is to make pitch or bank corrections while still  looking inside the cockpit. Control pressure is applied, but  the beginning pilot, not being familiar with the intricacies  of flight by references to instruments, including such things  as instrument lag and gyroscopic precession, will invariably  make excessive attitude corrections and end up “chasing the  instruments.” Airplane attitude by reference to the natural  horizon, however, is immediate in its indications, accurate,  and presented many times larger than any instrument could  be. Also, the beginning pilot must be made aware that  anytime, for whatever reason, airplane attitude by reference to  the natural horizon cannot be established and/or maintained,  the situation should be considered a bona fide emergency.  The pilot should become familiar with the relationship  between outside visual references to the natural horizon and  the corresponding flight instrument indications. For example,  a pitch attitude adjustment may require a movement of the  pilot’s reference point of several inches in relation to the  natural horizon but correspond to a seemingly insignificant  movement of the reference bar on the airplane’s attitude  indicator. Similarly, a deviation from a desired bank angle,  which is obvious when referencing the airplane’s wingtips or  cowling relative to the natural horizon, may be imperceptible  on the airplane’s attitude indicator to the beginner pilot.  The most common error made by the beginner pilot is to  make pitch or bank corrections while still looking inside the  cockpit. It is also common for beginner pilots to fixate on the  flight instruments—a conscious effort is required by them to  return to outside visual references. For the first several hours  Straight-and-level flight is flight in which heading and altitude  are constantly maintained. The four fundamentals are in  essence a derivation of straight-and-level flight. As such, the  need to form proper and effective skills in flying straight and  level should not be understated. Precise mastery of straight- and-level flight is the result of repetition and effective practice.  Perfection in straight-and-level flight comes only as a result of  • The pilot should monitor the airplane’s performance  by making quick snap-shots of the flight instruments.  No more than 10 percent of the pilot’s attention should  be inside the cockpit. The pilot must develop the skill  to quickly focus on the appropriate flight instruments  and then immediately return to the visual outside  references to control the airplane’s attitude. 3-6 Straight-and-Level Flight