Decision-Making Models The decision-making process normally consists of several  steps before a pilot chooses a course of action. A variety  of structured frameworks for decision-making provide  assistance in organizing the decision process. These models  include but are not limited to the 5P (Plan, Plane, Pilot,  Passengers, Programming), the OODA Loop (Observation,  Orientation, Decision, Action), and the DECIDE (Detect,  Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, and Evaluate) models.  [Figure 13-2]  All these models and their variations are  discussed in detail in the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical  Knowledge section covering aeronautical decision-making. Whichever model is used, the pilot learns how to define  the problem, choose a course of action, implement the  decision, and evaluate the outcome. Remember, there is  no one right answer in this process: a pilot analyzes the  situation in light of experience level, personal minimums,  and current physical and mental readiness levels, and then  makes a decision. be in a potential vortex ring state situation if she tried to  trade airspeed for altitude and lost effective translational  lift (ETL). Therefore, it did not appear that she would be  able to terminate the approach in a hover. The pilot decided  to make the shallowest approach possible and perform a  run-on landing. Pilots sometimes have trouble not because of deficient basic  skills or system knowledge, but because of faulty decision- making skills. Although aeronautical decisions may appear  to be simple or routine, each individual decision in aviation  often defines the options available for the next decision the  pilot must make, and the options (good or bad) it provides. Therefore, a poor decision early in a flight can compromise  the safety of the flight at a later time. It is important to make  appropriate and decisive choices because good decision- making early in an emergency provide greater latitude for  later options.  Figure 13-2.  Various models of decision-making are used in problem solving.  13-5 Situational Awareness Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements (pilot, aircraft, environment, external pressures). Facilitate development of ADM is a systematic approach to  the mental process of evaluating a given set of circumstances and  determining the best course  of action. Single-Pilot Resource Management 5P Model: Plan, Plane, Pilot, Passengers, Programming Information Management Information management is the  process pilots use to gather pertinent information from all appropriate sources. Automation Management Automation management is  the ability to control and  navigate an aircraft by  correctly managing its  automated systems. Task Management Task management is the process pilots use to manage the many concurrent tasks involved in safely flying  an aircraft.  Risk Management Risk management is a  decision-making process  designed to identify hazards systematically, assess the  degree of risk, and determine  the best course of action. Perceive, Process, Perform to identify, evaluate, and  mitigate hazards related to 3P Model  P ilot  A ircraft  En V ironment E xternal Pressures Incorporates the elements of These elements combine to create and maintain Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Aeronautical Decision-Making Problem-Based Learning Scenario-Based Training Learner-Centered Grading