Acute fatigue is characterized by:  Another form of fatigue is chronic fatigue which occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of  acute fatigue. Chronic fatigue’s underlying cause is generally not “rest-related” and may have deeper points of origin. Therefore, rest  alone may not resolve chronic fatigue.  Chronic fatigue is a combination of both physiological problems and psychological issues. Psychological problems such as financial,  home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the  fatigue is solved. Without resolution, human performance continues to deteriorate, and judgment becomes impaired so that  unwarranted risks may be taken. Recovery from chronic fatigue requires a prolonged and deliberate solution. In either case, unless  adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making.  Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. Dehydration reduces a pilot’s level of alertness, producing a  subsequent slowing of decision-making processes or even the inability to control the aircraft. The first noticeable effect of  dehydration is fatigue, which in turn makes top physical and mental performance difficult, if not impossible. Flying for long periods  in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration. High altitude is an issue since dry air at high  altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. If this fluid is not replaced, fatigue progresses to dizziness, weakness,  nausea, tingling of hands and feet, abdominal cramps, and extreme thirst.  Heatstroke is a condition caused by any inability of the body to control its temperature. Onset of this condition may be recognized by  the symptoms of dehydration, but its recognition may occur too late if it results in a sudden complete collapse. To prevent these  symptoms, it is recommended that an ample supply of water be carried and used at frequent intervals on any long flight, whether the  pilot is thirsty or not. If the airplane has a canopy or roof window, wearing light-colored, porous clothing and a hat helps provide  protection from the sun. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat.  Learners can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being  given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. To hold the learner’s interest and to maintain the  motivation necessary for efficient learning, instructors should provide well-planned, appropriate, and accurate instruction. Nothing  destroys a learner’s interest as quickly as a poorly organized period of instruction. Even an inexperienced learner realizes  immediately when the instructor has failed to prepare a lesson.  [Figure 2-7]  Instruction may be overly explicit and complicated, too elementary, or so general that it fails to evoke the interest necessary for  effective learning. To be effective, the instructor teaches for the level of the learner. The presentation should be adjusted to be  meaningful to the person for whom it is intended. For example, instruction in the preflight inspection of an aircraft should be  presented quite differently for a learner who is a skilled aircraft maintenance technician (AMT) compared to the instruction on the  same operation for a learner with no previous aeronautical experience. The instruction needed in each case is the same but a  presentation meaningful to one of these learners might not be appropriate for the other.  Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness,  or the appearance of irritation with the learner. Creating the impression of talking down to the learner is one of the fastest ways for an  instructor to lose learner confidence and attention. Once the instructor loses learner confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the  learning rate is unnecessarily diminished.  2-14  Apathy Due to Inadequate Instruction  Dehydration and Heatstroke  ⦁ $_{Inattention }$ ⦁ $_{Distractibility }$ ⦁ $_{Errors in timing }$ ⦁ $_{Neglect of secondary tasks }$ ⦁ $_{Loss of accuracy and control }$ ⦁ $_{Lack of awareness of error accumulation }$ ⦁ $_{Irritability }$