2-8  Figure 2-4.  Daniel Kahneman developed a two-system view of human behaviors that affect decision-making: System 1 (fast)  represents the automatic responses, while System 2 (slow) represents the more logical and deliberate considerations used for  decision-making.  Human Nature and Motivation  Human nature refers to the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits shared by all humans. Consider Jason,  who came to aviation because he wanted to participate more actively in another realm of his business. Derek needs to capitalize on  this motivation to keep Jason interested in the step-by-step procedures that need to be learned in order to fly safely. There is a gap  between Jason and his goal of earning a pilot certificate. It is Derek’s job to close the gap. The successful instructor channels learner  motivation and guides the learner toward the goal of obtaining aviation skills through education, experience, practice, and study.  The psychologist and Nobel Prize winner in Economics, Daniel Kahneman, summarized his findings of human behavior in his book  titled,  Thinking, Fast and Slow . Simply, he outlines that two systems of thought constantly compete for control over our behaviors  that affect decision-making. The first system (fast) is the automatic reaction that individuals have developed through memory and  experience. The second system (slow) relies on logic and reasoning to draw conclusions for the actions one takes.  [Figure 2-4]  According to Kahneman's research, System 1 is primarily based in emotion and the unconscious mind. These are automatic “gut  reactions” that require little thought or effort by the individual. For example, when presented with the simple math equation 2 + 2 = x,  the individual can easily solve the problem where x = 4. The response is instant and likely correct in this example. The inherent risk  in using this thought system is that, as Kahneman explains, we are inherently lazy. It is exhausting to put forth the effort required to  deliberately concentrate on a problem, especially one that appears to be so easy. This can lead to poor decision-making due to the  assumption that the task at hand is as simple as past, similar, experiences suggest it to be.  In contrast, individuals rely on System 2 less frequently as it requires conscious effort to calculate and reason through a problem, and  because of this System 2 is comparatively slower than System 1. While someone can easily solve the equation 2 + 2 = x, the average  person needs to pause and consider an answer if presented with a more difficult problem such as 48 × 76 = y. This system demands  considerable effort and self-control of the individual and as a result, it is tempting to revert to the relative ease of System 1. In fact,  once the immediate problem is solved, System 1 takes over again. 