Performance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides..........................................................7-27 Turns  .........................................................................7-28 Roll-In...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds.....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly..............................................................7-37 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction  ....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch.........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During  Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launches  and Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations  During Launches and Landings..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures  ........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land Below  Returning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude.........8-13 Slack Line.................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency  Procedures....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives..................................................................8-15 Spins.............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions.........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions.................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure  During Takeoff or Climb..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/Sustainer  Glider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System  Malfunctions.............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28 Chapter 8 ix