Table A. Partial list of core tests and procedures in a typical laboratory  analytical program. Figure 4. Core’s Nano-Perm instrument (inset) uses high-pressure gas flow  to measure permeabilities to one-billionth of a darcy. Porosity Core description Permeability Fracture analyses Grain density Total organic carbon Mineralogy Vitrinite reflections Total gas content Kerogen types Gas storage potential Rock-eval pyrolysis Geomechanical properties Tmax data Isotope analyses Fluid saturations In the laboratory, Core’s geologists, engi- neers, and technicians work with their  client-company counterparts to design  analytical programs that completely  characterize the reservoir properties  and the producing potential of cored  zones. A typical analytical program would  include tests and procedures such as  those listed in Table A. Because tight-oil reservoir rocks have  extremely low permeability — the  ability to allow fluids to flow through them — Core has applied nanotechnologies  to develop a new service that precisely measures ultra-low permeabilities, such as  those in the liquids-rich Bakken, Eagle Ford, and Permian Basin formations.  Nano-Perm ™  technology uses steady-state, inert-gas flow dynamics (Figure 4) to  generate data sets from which nanoscale permeabilities can be precisely determined.  These measured and calculated data sets are far superior to conventional permeability  estimates from digitally imaged nanometer cubes. Core’s Nano-Perm instrumentation,  has pressure ratings to 10,000 psi. Reservoir fluids recovered from tight-oil reservoirs — the crude oil, natural gas,  NGLs, and formation waters — are also characterized for their specific properties.  The compositions of the crude oil and associated NGLs, which can differ from well  to well, determine the value of the hydrocarbons in the formation. Also, the prop- erties of the formation waters need to be determined to ensure that the reservoir  will not be damaged during well completion and stimulation.