Specifying Program Options Section 4.2.9, “Setting Environment Variables” .) After modifying your  PATH  setting, open a new console window on Windows or log in again on Unix so that the setting goes into effect. There are several ways to specify options for MySQL programs: •List the options on the command line following the program name. This is common for options that apply to a specific invocation of the program. •List the options in an option file that the program reads when it starts. This is common for options that you want the program to use each time it runs. •List the options in environment variables (see Section 4.2.9, “Setting Environment Variables” ). This method is useful for options that you want to apply each time the program runs. In practice, option files are used more commonly for this purpose, but Section 5.8.3, “Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix” , discusses one situation in which environment variables can be very helpful. It describes a handy technique that uses such variables to specify the TCP/IP port number and Unix socket file for the server and for client programs. 4.2.2 Specifying Program Options Options are processed in order, so if an option is specified multiple times, the last occurrence takes precedence. The following command causes  mysql  to connect to the server running on  localhost : mysql -h example.com -h localhost There is one exception: For  mysqld , the  first  instance of the  --user  option is used as a security precaution, to prevent a user specified in an option file from being overridden on the command line. If conflicting or related options are given, later options take precedence over earlier options. The following command runs  mysql  in “no column names”  mode: mysql --column-names --skip-column-names MySQL programs determine which options are given first by examining environment variables, then by processing option files, and then by checking the command line. Because later options take precedence over earlier ones, the processing order means that environment variables have the lowest precedence and command-line options the highest. For the server, one exception applies: The  mysqld-auto.cnf  option file in the data directory is processed last, so it takes precedence even over command-line options. You can take advantage of the way that MySQL programs process options by specifying default option values for a program in an option file. That enables you to avoid typing them each time you run the program while enabling you to override the defaults if necessary by using command-line options. 4.2.2.1 Using Options on the Command Line Program options specified on the command line follow these rules: •Options are given after the command name. •Option names are case-sensitive.  -v  and  -V  are both legal and have different meanings. (They are the corresponding short forms of the  --verbose  and  --version  options.) •An option argument begins with one dash or two dashes, depending on whether it is a short form or long form of the option name. Many options have both short and long forms. For example,  -?  and  --help are the short and long forms of the option that instructs a MySQL program to display its help message. 343