O  P  R  Objectivity.  The singleness of scoring of a test; it does not reflect the biases of the person grading the test.  Overhead question.  In the guided discussion method, a question directed to the entire group in order to stimulate thought and  discussion from the entire group. An overhead question may be used by an instructor as the lead-off question.  Perceptions.  The basis of all learning, perceptions result when a person gives meaning to external stimuli or sensations. Meaning  derived from perception is influenced by an individual’s experience and many other factors.$_{ }$ Performance-based objectives.  A statement of purpose for a lesson or instructional period that includes three elements: a description  of the skill or behavior desired of the learner, a set of conditions under which the measurement will be taken, and a set of criteria  describing the standard used to measure accomplishment of the objective.  Personal computer-based aviation training device (PCATD).  A device which uses software which can be displayed on a personal  computer to replicate the instrument panel of an airplane. A PCATD must replicate a type of airplane or family of airplanes and meet  the virtual control requirements specified in Advisory Circular (AC) 61-126.  Personality.  The embodiment of personal traits and characteristics of an individual that are set at a very early age and are extremely  resistant to change.  Physical organism.  A perception factor that describes a person’s ability to sense the world around them.$_{ }$ Pilot error.  Pilot action/inaction or decision/indecision causing or contributing to an accident or incident.  Poor judgment chain.  A series of mistakes that may lead to an accident or incident. Two basic principles generally associated with  the creation of a poor judgment chain are: (1) one bad decision often leads to another; and (2) as a string of bad decisions grows, it  reduces the number of subsequent alternatives for continued safe flight. Aeronautical decision-making is intended to break the poor  judgment chain before it can cause an accident or incident.  Practical Test Standards (PTS).  An FAA published list of standards which must be met for the issuance of a particular pilot  certificate or rating. FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners use these standards when conducting pilot practical tests and flight  instructors should use the PTS while preparing applicants for practical tests.  Preparation.  The first step of the teaching process, which consists of determining the scope of the lesson, the objectives, and the goals  to be attained. This portion also includes making certain all necessary supplies are on hand. When using the telling-and-doing  technique of flight instruction, this step is accomplished prior to the flight lesson.  Presentation.  The second step of the teaching process, which consists of delivering information or demonstrating the skills that make  up the lesson. The delivery could be by either the lecture method or demonstration-performance method. In the telling-and-doing  technique of flight instruction, this is the segment in which the instructor both talks about and performs the procedure.  Pretest.  A test used to determine whether a learner has the necessary qualifications to begin a course of study. Also used to determine  the level of knowledge a learner has in relation to the material that will be presented in the course.  Primacy.  A principle of learning in which the first experience of something often creates a strong, almost unshakable impression. The  importance to an instructor is that the first time something is demonstrated, it must be shown correctly since that experience is the one  most likely to be remembered by the learner.  Problem-based learning.  Lessons in such a way as to confront learners with problems that are encountered in real life which force  them to reach real-world solutions.  Psychomotor domain.  A grouping of levels of learning associated with physical skill levels which range from perception through set,  guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, and adaptation to origination.  PTS.  See Practical Test Standards.  Readiness.  A principle of learning where the eagerness and single-mindedness of a person toward learning affect the outcome of the  learning experience.  Receiver.  In communication, the listener, reader, or learner who takes in a message containing information from a source, processes it,  reacts with understanding, and changes behavior in accordance with the message.  Recency.  Principle of learning stating that things learned recently are remembered better than things learned some time ago. As time  passes, less is remembered. Instructors use this principle when summarizing the important points at the end of a lecture in order for  learners to better remember them.  Relay question.  Used in response to a learner’s question, the question is redirected to another individual.$_{ }$ Reliability.  The degree to which test results are consistent with repeated measurements.  Repression.  Theory of forgetting proposing that a person is more likely to forget information which is unpleasant or produces anxiety.  G-5