Airspeed Indicator (ASI)  ...................................... 7-37 Bank Control  ............................................................ 7-37 Attitude Indicator  .................................................. 7-37 Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)  .................... 7-38 Heading Indicator  ................................................. 7-38 Turn Rate Indicator  ............................................... 7-38 Slip/Skid Indicator  ................................................ 7-39 Power Control  .......................................................... 7-39 Power Settings  ...................................................... 7-39 Airspeed Changes in Straight-and-Level Flight  ... 7-40 Trim Technique  ........................................................ 7-43 Common Errors in Straight-and-Level Flight  .......... 7-43 Pitch  ...................................................................... 7-43 Heading................................................................. 7-44 Power  .................................................................... 7-45 Trim ...................................................................... 7-45 Straight Climbs and Descents  ...................................... 7-46 Entry  ......................................................................... 7-46 Constant Airspeed Climb From Cruise Airspeed  .................................................... 7-46 Constant Airspeed Climb from Established Airspeed  ............................................ 7-47 Constant Rate Climbs  ........................................... 7-47 Leveling Off  .......................................................... 7-48 Descents .................................................................... 7-49 Entry  ......................................................................... 7-49 Leveling Off  .......................................................... 7-50 Common Errors in Straight Climbs and Descents .... 7-50 Turns ............................................................................ 7-51 Standard Rate Turns  ................................................. 7-51 Establishing A Standard Rate Turn  ...................... 7-51 Common Errors  .................................................... 7-51 Turns to Predetermined Headings  ............................ 7-52 Timed Turns ............................................................. 7-53 Compass Turns  ......................................................... 7-53 Steep Turns  ............................................................... 7-53 Unusual Attitude Recovery Protection  ................. 7-55 Common Errors Leading to Unusual Attitudes  .... 7-58 Instrument Takeoff....................................................... 7-60 Common Errors in Instrument Takeoffs  .................. 7-61 Basic Instrument Flight Patterns  .................................. 7-61 Straight-and-Level Flight  ............................................... 8-3 Pitch Control  .............................................................. 8-3 Attitude Indicator  .................................................... 8-3 Altimeter  ................................................................. 8-4 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)  ............................... 8-5 Airspeed Indicator  .................................................. 8-5 Bank Control  .............................................................. 8-5 Attitude Indicator  .................................................... 8-5 Heading Indicator  ................................................... 8-6 Turn Indicator  ......................................................... 8-7 Common Errors During Straight-and-Level Flight  .... 8-7 Power Control During Straight-and-Level Flight  ...... 8-7 Common Errors During Airspeed Changes .............. 8-10 Straight Climbs (Constant Airspeed an Constant Rate)  .............................................................. 8-10 Entry  ......................................................................... 8-10 Level Off  .................................................................. 8-12 Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate)  .............................................................. 8-12 Entry  ......................................................................... 8-12 Level Off  .................................................................. 8-13 Common Errors During Straight Climbs and Descents  ............................................................. 8-13 Turns ............................................................................ 8-13 Turn to a Predetermined Heading  ............................ 8-13 Timed Turns ............................................................. 8-13 Change of Airspeed in Turns .................................... 8-14 Compass Turns  ......................................................... 8-15 30° Bank Turn ....................................................... 8-15 Climbing and Descending Turns  .............................. 8-15 Common Errors During Turns  ................................. 8-15 Unusual Attitudes  ......................................................... 8-16 Common Errors During Unusual Attitude Recoveries  .................................................. 8-16 Emergencies  ................................................................. 8-16 Autorotations  ............................................................ 8-17 Common Errors During Autorotations  ................. 8-17 Servo Failure  ............................................................ 8-17 Instrument Takeoff....................................................... 8-17 Common Errors During Instrument Takeoffs  .......... 8-18 Changing Technology  .................................................. 8-18 Chapter 9 Navigation Systems ............................................9-1 Introduction  .................................................................... 9-1 Basic Radio Principles  ................................................... 9-2 How Radio Waves Propagate  ..................................... 9-2 Ground Wave  .......................................................... 9-2 Sky Wave  ................................................................ 9-2 Space Wave  ............................................................ 9-2 Chapter 8 Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying ...............8-1 Introduction  .................................................................... 8-1 Flight Instruments .......................................................... 8-2 Instrument Flight............................................................ 8-2 Instrument Cross-Check  ............................................. 8-2 Instrument Interpretation  ............................................ 8-3 Aircraft Control  .......................................................... 8-3 xiii