Performance Audit Report on the Control of F MD 3.4.5 VACCINATION  3.4.6 SURVEILLANCE  virus. These movement control measures are carried out at entry points from  FMD high risk areas (red zones) into FMD free zones without vaccination (green  zones) as well as at border posts from neighbouring countries. All livestock  movements from any farm premises or areas are prohibited once disease has  been confirmed and a declaration published. Movements within farm premises  (e.g. from field to another contiguous field) may continue to take place. These  restrictions will apply until the extent of the disease has been assessed and the  risk of further spread is minimised. Movement permits are required before  animals and animal products can be allowed to move between zones. Movement  of infected livestock poses the greatest risk of a disease spread. 18 Areas in Botswana where cattle are vaccinated against FMD viruses are  delineated “red zones”. These areas are confluent with the buffalo areas in which  the FMD virus is endemic. Vaccination is done biannually in most of these areas  but in the identified high risk areas (Chobe and Shakawe), vaccination is carried  out three times a year. These vaccinations are continued because of the risk  involved. Whenever there is an outbreak in the red zone, the livestock is re- vaccinated to strengthen their immunity. It is important that the vaccinations  are done efficiently and effectively in order to maintain good immunity in cattle  herds. 19  Where vaccination coverage is too low, follow-up vaccinations (booster  vaccination) are arranged and conducted to complement routine vaccination  campaigns. During each FMD vaccination campaign, all cattle from the  vaccinated zones are branded for identification purposes .  The DVS carries out FMD virus surveillance in a 20 km surveillance delineated  areas along the area that borders Botswana with the high risk neighbouring  $^{18}$ Tropicultura by Derah, N & Mokopasetso, M: The Control of FMD in Botswana and Zimbabwe  $^{19}$ Extracted from FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE CONTIGENCY PLANS FOR BOTSWANA  19 |  P a g e