In fi nitive accendere aprire bere chiedere chiudere decidere dire essere fare leggere mettere perdere prendere rendere rimanere rispondere rompere scendere scrivere spegnere spendere succedere togliere vedere venire vincere vivere Past participle acceso aperto bevuto chiesto chiuso deciso detto stato* fatto letto messo perso / perduto** preso reso rimasto risposto rotto sceso scritto spento speso successo tolto visto / veduto** venuto vinto vissuto (to turn on/switch on) turned on/switched on (to open) opened (to drink) drunk (to ask) asked (to close) closed (to decide) decided (to say/tell) said/told (to be) been (to do/make) done/made (to read) read (to put/put on) put/put on (to lose) lost (to take) taken (to return/give back) returned/given back (to remain/stay) remained/stayed (to answer) answered (to break) broken (to go down/descend) gone down/descended (to write) written (to turn o ff /switch o ff ) turned o ff /switched o ff (to spend) spent (to happen) happened (to take away/o ff ) taken away/o ff (to see) seen (to come) come (to win) won (to live) lived 4 In Italian, as in most languages, many verbs have an irregular past parti- ciple, which is best learned by heart and with use. Here is a list of the most frequently used: 5 The present perfect in Italian is formed with the present indicative of  avere or  essere  (auxiliary verbs) followed by the past participle of the verb. Here are two examples, one using  avere  and the other  essere : * Stato  is also the past participle of  stare . ** The regular forms  perduto  and  veduto  are rarely used. The present perfect 86 Unit 12