receivable or consideration paid and payable is recognized in earnings. Regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are  accounted for using trade date accounting. Derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting are classified as financial assets or financial liabilities held for  trading. When the fair value is positive, the derivative is recognized as a financial asset; when the fair value is negative, the  derivative is recognized as a financial liability. Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities at the balance sheet date are determined as follows: forward exchange  contracts and currency swap contracts are estimated by valuation techniques; index future contracts are determined at their  market quotation on the balance sheet date; bonds are based on prices quoted by GreTai Securities Market (GTSM). Available-for-sale financial assets are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs that are directly attributable to  the acquisition. Changes in fair value from subsequent remeasurement are reported as a separate component of stockholders’  equity. The corresponding accumulated gains or losses are recognized in earnings when the financial asset is derecognized  from the balance sheet. A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets is accounted for using trade date accounting.  The recognition and derecognition of available-for-sale financial assets are the same with those of financial assets at FVTPL. Fair values are determined as follows: Listed stocks - at closing prices at the balance sheet date; open-end mutual funds - at net  asset values at the balance sheet date; bonds - quoted at prices provided by the Taiwan GreTai Securities Market; and financial  assets and financial liabilities without quoted prices in an active market - at values determined using valuation techniques. Cash dividends are recognized in earnings on the ex-dividend date, except for the dividends declared before acquisition which  are treated as a reduction of investment cost. Stock dividends are recorded as an increase in the number of shares and do not  affect investment income. The total number of shares subsequent to the increase of stock dividends is used to recalculate cost  per share. The difference between the initial carrying amount of a debt instrument and its maturity amount is amortized using  the effective interest method, with the amortized interest recognized in profit or loss.  An impairment loss is recognized when there is objective evidence that the financial asset is impaired. If, in a subsequent  period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases, for equity securities, the previously recognized impairment loss is  reversed to the extent of the decrease and recorded as an adjustment to stockholders’ equity; for debt securities, the amount of  the decrease is recognized in earnings, provided that the decrease is clearly attributable to an event which occurred after the  impairment loss was recognized.  Held-to-maturity financial assets are carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Those financial assets are  initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition. Gains and losses are  recognized at the time of derecognition, impairment or amortization. A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets is  accounted for using trade date accounting. PART III If there is objective evidence which indicates that a financial asset is impaired, a loss is recognized. If, in a subsequent  period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease is clearly attributable to an event which occurred after  the impairment loss was recognized, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed to the extent of the decrease.  The reversal may not result in a carrying amount that exceeds the amortized cost that would have been determined as if no  impairment loss had been recognized.  F-17 Held-to-maturity Financial Assets Available-for-sale Financial Assets