ICAO Cold Temperature Error Table  ........................ 5-5 Nonstandard Pressure on an Altimeter  ................... 5-6 Altimeter Enhancements (Encoding)   ..................... 5-7 Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM)  .. 5-7 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)  ................................... 5-8 Dynamic Pressure Type Instruments  ............................. 5-8 Airspeed Indicator (ASI)  ............................................ 5-8 Types of Airspeed  ................................................... 5-9 Airspeed Color Codes  ........................................... 5-10 Magnetism  .................................................................... 5-10 The Basic Aviation Magnetic Compass   .................. 5-10 Magnetic Compass Overview  ............................... 5-10 Magnetic Compass Errors  ..................................... 5-12 The Vertical Card Magnetic Compass  ..................... 5-15 The Flux Gate Compass System  .............................. 5-15 Remote Indicating Compass  ..................................... 5-15 Gyroscopic Systems  ..................................................... 5-16 Power Sources   ......................................................... 5-17 Pneumatic Systems   .............................................. 5-17 Vacuum Pump Systems  ........................................ 5-17 Electrical Systems  ................................................. 5-17 Gyroscopic Instruments  ............................................... 5-19 Attitude Indicators  .................................................... 5-19 Heading Indicators  ................................................... 5-19 Turn Indicators  ......................................................... 5-20 Turn-and-Slip Indicator  ........................................ 5-20 Turn Coordinator  .................................................. 5-21 Flight Support Systems  ................................................ 5-22 Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)  ... 5-22 Air Data Computer (ADC)  ....................................... 5-22 Analog Pictorial Displays  ............................................ 5-23 Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)   ....................... 5-23 Attitude Direction Indicator (ADI)  .......................... 5-23 Flight Director System (FDS)  .................................. 5-23 Integrated Flight Control System   ............................ 5-25 Autopilot Systems  ................................................. 5-25 Flight Management Systems (FMS)  ............................ 5-26 Electronic Flight Instrument Systems  ...................... 5-27 Primary Flight Display (PFD)  ...................................... 5-27 Synthetic Vision  ....................................................... 5-28 Multi-Function Display (MFD)  ................................ 5-28 Advanced Technology Systems  ................................... 5-28 Automatic Dependent Surveillance—Broadcast  (ADS-B)  ................................................................... 5-28 Safety Systems  ............................................................. 5-29 Radio Altimeters ....................................................... 5-29 Traffic Advisory Systems   ........................................ 5-29 Traffic Information System   .................................. 5-29 Traffic Alert Systems   ........................................... 5-30 Traffic Avoidance Systems  ................................... 5-30 Terrain Alerting Systems   ..................................... 5-34 Required Navigation Instrument System Inspection  ... 5-36 Systems Preflight Procedures  ................................... 5-36 Before Engine Start  .................................................. 5-36 After Engine Start  ..................................................... 5-37 Taxiing and Takeoff  ................................................. 5-37 Engine Shut Down  ................................................... 5-38 Chapter 6, Section I Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying Using Analog Instrumentation ......................................6-1 Introduction  .................................................................... 6-1 Learning Methods  .......................................................... 6-2 Attitude Instrument Flying Using the Control and  Performance Method   ................................................. 6-2 Control Instruments   ............................................... 6-2 Performance Instruments   ....................................... 6-2 Navigation Instruments   .......................................... 6-2 Procedural Steps in Using Control and Performance  ..................................................... 6-2 Aircraft Control During Instrument Flight  ............. 6-3 Attitude Instrument Flying Using the Primary and  Supporting Method  ..................................................... 6-4 Pitch Control  ........................................................... 6-4 Bank Control  ........................................................... 6-7 Power Control  ......................................................... 6-8 Trim Control  ........................................................... 6-8 Airplane Trim  ......................................................... 6-8 Helicopter Trim  .................................................... 6-10 Example of Primary and Support Instruments  ......... 6-10 Fundamental Skills ....................................................... 6-10 Instrument Cross-Check  ........................................... 6-10 Common Cross-Check Errors  ............................... 6-11 Instrument Interpretation  .......................................... 6-13 Chapter 6, Section II Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying Using an  Electronic Flight Display...................................6-15 Introduction  .................................................................. 6-15 Learning Methods  ........................................................ 6-16 Control and Performance Method  ............................ 6-18 Control Instruments  .............................................. 6-18 Performance Instruments  ...................................... 6-19 Navigation Instruments  ......................................... 6-19 The Four-Step Process Used to Change Attitude  ..... 6-19 Establish  ................................................................ 6-19 Trim ...................................................................... 6-20 Cross-Check  .......................................................... 6-20 Adjust  .................................................................... 6-20 xi