There are four basic flight maneuvers upon which all  flying tasks are based: straight-and-level flight, turns,  climbs, and descents. In addition, the powered parachute (PPC) has a  unique characteristic, the pendulum effect, as covered  in Chapter 2. This chapter will cover the basic flight  maneuvers and how they are influenced by this pen - dulum effect. flight; not easily measured on the instruments or felt  by the pilot in the air. Pitch angle changes in a PPC are similar to pitch  changes in an airplane being flown at a constant air - speed. Assuming a typical 3-to-1 glide ratio for a pow ered parachute, the pitch increases about 20 degrees  from gliding flight to level flight. The pitch would  increase an additional 20 degrees from level flight to  full power climb, assuming a three-to-one climb path  with a high powered engine. This total pitch change  of 40 degrees from glide to high powered climb is  significant and noticed by the pilot, passenger, and  observers on the ground. Throughout the large pitch  variations of the PPC, the PPC will continue to fly at  about the same airspeed, even with the engine off. The PPC has two basic flight controls: The wing design, angle of trim, and total weight de - termine the PPC airspeed, which remains about the  same for most flight operations.  The vast majority of PPC steering is done via either  foot pedals or foot steering bars. However, some PPC  designs incorporate hand steering controls. In addition  to the mechanical hand or foot steering controls, the  steering line itself can be pulled directly or in combi - nation with the mechanical controls. For simplicity  of the information in this handbook, flight steering  controls will be addressed as foot controls. For those  PPCs with hand steering controls or steering lines that  are pulled directly, substitute “push the foot steering  control” with “pull the hand steering control” or “pull  on the steering line.”  While in the air, the throttle provides thrust and there - fore controls altitude; it is used to climb and descend.  Throttle changes will not measurably affect your air - speed. The aircraft maintains about the same indicat ed airspeed throughout your pitch angle and altitude  changes. There is less than a 1 MPH increase in speed  as the throttle is increased from gliding flight to level  Flying in good atmospheric conditions and using  smooth throttle applications can avoid additional  loading which results in slight increases in angle of  attack and speed.  A common, inappropriate use of the throttle is an  abrupt power application when the engine is at idle.  This abrupt application of throttle from idle to full  On a PPC, the angle of trim is determined by the  suspension lines and set at the factory, but the cart  can rotate around the riser attachment point to the  cart. Generally, the angle between the cart and the  wing remains the same; both pitch together rotating  around the center of gravity of the complete aircraft. [Figure 6-1] As you descend with the throttle retarded, the nose of  the cart is pointed more towards the ground while the  wing is overhead. As you climb, the nose of the cart  is pointed more towards the sky, and the wing appears  to be rotated in back of you. These are large pitch  changes. A common misunderstanding is that these  pitch changes, which can be as much as 40 degrees,  are a change of angle of attack. This is not the case.  The angle of attack stays almost constant for the same  weight and the same speed, but the pitch angle, espe - cially as viewed from the cart, changes dramatically. 1. Throttle: used to adjust the vertical speed to  climb or descend 2. Steering controls: used to turn right or left Flight Controls Throttle 6-1 The Four Fundamentals