attention between flight control application, and the constant  need to scan for hazards.  [Figure 9-1] When steep turns are first demonstrated, the pilot will be  in an unfamiliar environment when compared to what  was previously experienced in shallow bank angled turns;  however, the fundamental concepts of turns remain the same  in the execution of steep turns. When performing steep turns,  pilots will be exposed to higher load factors, the airplane’s  inherent overbanking tendency, the loss of vertical component  of lift when the wings are steeply banked, the need for  substantial pitch control pressures, and the need for additional  power to maintain altitude and airspeed during the turn.  Performance maneuvers also allow for an effective  assessment of a pilot’s ability to apply the fundamentals;  weakness in executing performance maneuvers is likely  due to a pilot’s lack of understanding or a deficiency of  fundamental skills. It is advisable that performance maneuver  training should not take place until sufficient competency  in the fundamentals is consistently demonstrated by the  pilot. Further, initial training for performance maneuvers  should always begin with a detailed ground lesson for each  maneuver, so that the technicalities are understood prior to  flight. In addition, performance maneuver training should be  segmented into comprehensible building blocks of instruction  so as to allow the pilot an appropriate level of repetition to  develop the required skills.  Performance maneuvers, once grasped by the pilot, are very  satisfying and rewarding. As the pilot develops skills in  executing performance maneuvers, they may likely see an  increased smoothness in their flight control application and a  higher ability to sense the airplane’s attitude and orientation  without significant conscious effort.  As discussed in previous chapters, when an airplane is banked,  the total lift is comprised of a vertical component of lift and a  horizontal component of lift. In order to not lose altitude, the  pilot must increase the wing’s angle of attack (AOA) to ensure  that the vertical component of lift is sufficient to maintain  altitude. In a steep turn, the pilot will need to increase pitch  with elevator back pressures that are greater than what has  been previously utilized. Total lift must increase substantially  to balance the load factor or G-force (G). The load factor is the  vector resultant of gravity and centrifugal force. For example,  in a level altitude, 45° banked turn, the resulting load factor  is 1.4; in a level altitude, 60° banked turn, the resulting load  factor is 2.0. To put this in perspective, with a load factor of  2.0, the effective weight of the aircraft will double. Pilots  Steep turns consist of single to multiple 360° to 720° turns, in  either or both directions, using a bank angle between 45° to  60°. The objective of the steep turn is to develop a pilot’s skill  in flight control smoothness and coordination, an awareness  of the airplane’s orientation to outside references, division of  Steep Turns Figure 9-1.  Steep turns. 9-2 WIND