CONTENTS HELICOPTER Chapter 4—Helicopter Flight Controls Chapter 1—Introduction to the Helicopter Chapter 5—Helicopter Systems Chapter 2—General Aerodynamics Chapter 3—Aerodynamics of Flight Chapter 6—Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Helicopter) v Collective Pitch Control ..........................................4-1 Throttle Control.......................................................4-1 Collective Pitch / Throttle Coordination .................4-2 Correlator / Governor ..............................................4-2 Cyclic Pitch Control ................................................4-2 Antitorque Pedals ....................................................4-3 Heading Control..................................................4-3 The Main Rotor System ..........................................1-1 Fully Articulated Rotor System ..........................1-1 Semirigid Rotor System......................................1-2 Rigid Rotor System ............................................1-2 Antitorque Systems .................................................1-2 Tail Rotor ............................................................1-2 Fenestron.............................................................1-2 NOTAR® ............................................................1-2 Landing Gear...........................................................1-2 Powerplant...............................................................1-3 Flight Controls.........................................................1-3 Powered Flight ........................................................3-1 Hovering Flight .......................................................3-1 Translating Tendency or Drift.............................3-1 Pendular Action ..................................................3-2 Coning.................................................................3-2 Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation of  Angular Momentum) ..........................................3-2 Ground Effect .....................................................3-3 Gyroscopic Precession........................................3-4 Vertical Flight ..........................................................3-4 Forward Flight.........................................................3-5 Translational Lift ................................................3-5 Induced Flow ......................................................3-6 Transverse Flow Effect .......................................3-6 Dissymmetry of Lift ...........................................3-6 Sideward Flight .......................................................3-8 Rearward Flight.......................................................3-8 Turning Flight..........................................................3-8 Autorotation.............................................................3-8 Autorotation (Vertical Flight) .............................3-9 Autorotation (Forward Flight) ..........................3-11 Preliminary Pages....................................................6-1 General Information ................................................6-1 Operating Limitations .............................................6-1 Airspeed Limitation ............................................6-1 Altitude Limitations............................................6-2 Rotor Limitations................................................6-2 Engines ....................................................................5-1 Reciprocating Engine..........................................5-1 Turbine Engine....................................................5-1 Compressor.....................................................5-2 Combustion Chamber.....................................5-2 Turbine ...........................................................5-2 Transmission System...............................................5-3 Main Rotor Transmission ...................................5-3 Tail Rotor Drive System .....................................5-3 Clutch..................................................................5-4 Centrifugal Clutch ..........................................5-4 Belt Drive Clutch ...........................................5-4 Freewheeling Unit ..........................................5-4 Main Rotor System .................................................5-4 Fully Articulated Rotor System ..........................5-4 Semirigid Rotor System......................................5-5 Rigid Rotor System ............................................5-5 Combination Rotor Systems ...............................5-5 Swash Plate Assembly ........................................5-5 Fuel Systems ...........................................................5-6 Fuel Supply System ............................................5-6 Engine Fuel Control System...............................5-6 Reciprocating Engines ...................................5-7 Carburetor ..................................................5-7 Carburetor Ice ............................................5-7 Fuel Injection .............................................5-8 Turbine Engines .............................................5-8 Electrical Systems ...................................................5-8 Hydraulics ...............................................................5-9 Stability Augmentations Systems..........................5-10 Autopilot................................................................5-10 Environmental Systems.........................................5-10 Anti-Icing Systems ................................................5-11 Airfoil ......................................................................2-1 Relative Wind .....................................................2-2 Blade Pitch Angle ...............................................2-2 Angle of Attack...................................................2-2 Lift ...........................................................................2-3 Magnus Effect.....................................................2-3 Bernoulli’s Principle ...........................................2-3 Newton’s Third Law of Motion..........................2-4 Weight......................................................................2-4 Thrust.......................................................................2-5 Drag .........................................................................2-5 Profile Drag ........................................................2-5 Induced Drag ......................................................2-5 Parasite Drag.......................................................2-6 Total Drag ...........................................................2-6