Grommets ...............................................................3-6 Inspection Rings .....................................................3-6 Primer .....................................................................3-7 Fabric Cement.........................................................3-7 Fabric Sealer ...........................................................3-7 Fillers ......................................................................3-7 Topcoats..................................................................3-7 Available Covering Processes........................................3-8 Determining Fabric Condition—Repair or Recover? ....3-9 Fabric Strength...............................................................3-9 How Fabric Breaking Strength is Determined .........3-10 Fabric Testing Devices.............................................3-11 General Fabric Covering Process.................................3-12 Blanket Method vs. Envelope Method .....................3-12 Preparation for Fabric Covering Work.....................3-12 Removal of Old Fabric Coverings............................3-14 Preparation of the Airframe Before Covering..........3-14 Attaching Polyester Fabric to the Airframe .............3-16 Seams....................................................................3-16 Fabric Cement.......................................................3-16 Fabric Heat Shrinking...........................................3-17 Attaching Fabric to the Wing Ribs .......................3-18 Rib Lacing ............................................................3-18 Rings, Grommets, and Gussets.............................3-21 Finishing Tapes.....................................................3-21 Coating the Fabric.................................................3-22 Polyester Fabric Repairs ..............................................3-23 Applicable Instructions.............................................3-23 Repair Considerations ..............................................3-23 Cotton-Covered Aircraft ..............................................3-24 Fiberglass Coverings....................................................3-24 Torque Tubes ........................................................2-47 Cable Drums .........................................................2-47 Rigging Checks ........................................................2-48 Structural Alignment ............................................2-48 Cable Tension .......................................................2-51 Control Surface Travel .........................................2-53 Checking and Safetying the System .....................2-54 Biplane Assembly and Rigging ...................................2-55 Aircraft Inspection .......................................................2-59 Purpose of Inspection Programs...............................2-59 Perform an Airframe Conformity and  Airworthiness Inspection..........................................2-59 Required Inspections ................................................2-60 Preflight ................................................................2-60 Periodic Maintenance Inspections ........................2-60 Altimeter and Static System Inspections ..............2-62 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder  Inspections ............................................................2-62 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)  Operational and Maintenance Practices in  Accordance With Advisory Circular (AC)  91-44 .....................................................................2-62 Annual and 100-Hour Inspections............................2-63 Preparation............................................................2-63 Other Aircraft Inspection and Maintenance  Programs...................................................................2-65 Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance  Program (CAMP)..................................................2-67 Title 14 CFR part 125, section 125.247,  Inspection Programs and Maintenance.................2-67 Helicopter Inspections, Piston-Engine and  Turbine-Powered ..................................................2-67 Light Sport Aircraft and Aircraft Certificated  as Experimental ....................................................2-68 Aircraft Fabric Covering .....................................3-1 General History..............................................................3-1 Fabric Terms ..................................................................3-3 Legal Aspects of Fabric Covering .................................3-3 Approved Materials .......................................................3-4 Fabric..........................................................................3-4 Other Fabric Covering Materials................................3-5 Anti-Chafe Tape .....................................................3-5 Reinforcing Tape ....................................................3-5 Rib Bracing.............................................................3-5 Surface Tape ...........................................................3-5 Rib Lacing Cord .....................................................3-5 Sewing Thread ........................................................3-6 Special Fabric Fasteners .........................................3-6 Aircraft Metal Structural Repair .........................4-1 Aircraft Metal Structural Repair ....................................4-1 Stresses in Structural Members ..................................4-2 Tension ...................................................................4-2 Compression ...........................................................4-3 Shear .......................................................................4-3 Bearing....................................................................4-3 Torsion....................................................................4-3 Bending...................................................................4-4 Tools for Sheet Metal Construction and Repair ............4-4 Layout Tools ..............................................................4-4 Scales ......................................................................4-4 Combination Square ...............................................4-4 Dividers...................................................................4-4 Rivet Spacers ..........................................................4-4 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 XVII