Flight Limits  Placards  Emergency Procedures (Section 3)  Performance (Section 5)  Normal Procedures (Section 4)  Weight and Balance/Equipment List (Section 6)  Systems Description (Section 7)  Figure 9-5.  Placards are used to depict aircraft limitations.  9-4  This section describes the aircraft systems in a manner  appropriate to the pilot most likely to operate the aircraft.  For example, a manufacturer might assume an experienced  pilot will be reading the information for an advanced aircraft.  For more information on aircraft systems, refer to Chapter  7, Aircraft Systems.  The Weight and Balance/Equipment List section contains  all the information required by the FAA to calculate the  weight and balance of an aircraft. Manufacturers include  sample weight and balance problems. Weight and balance is  discussed in greater detail in Chapter 10, Weight and Balance.  The Performance section contains all the information required  by the aircraft certification regulations and any additional  performance information the manufacturer deems important  to pilot ability to safely operate the aircraft. Performance  charts, tables, and graphs vary in style, but all contain the  same basic information. Examples of the performance  information found in most flight manuals include a graph or  table for converting calibrated airspeed to true airspeed; stall  speeds in various configurations; and data for determining  takeoff and climb performance, cruise performance, and  landing performance.  Figure 9-6  is an example of a typical  performance graph. For more information on use of the  charts, graphs, and tables, refer to Chapter 10, Aircraft  Performance.  Checklists describing the recommended procedures and  airspeeds for coping with various types of emergencies or  critical situations are located in the Emergency Procedures  section. Some of the emergencies covered include:  engine failure, fire, and system failure. The procedures  for inflight engine restarting and ditching may also be  included. Manufacturers may first show an emergency  checklist in an abbreviated form with the order of items  reflecting the sequence of action. Amplified checklists that  provide additional information on the procedures follow  the abbreviated checklist. To be prepared for emergency  situations, memorize the immediate action items and, after  completion, refer to the appropriate checklist.  Most aircraft display one or more placards that contain  information having a direct bearing on the safe operation of  the aircraft. These placards are located in conspicuous places  and are reproduced in the Limitations section or as directed by  an Airworthiness Directive (AD).  [Figure 9-5]  Airworthiness  Directives are explained in detail later in this chapter.  This section begins with a list of the airspeeds for normal  operations. The next area consists of several checklists that  may include preflight inspection, before starting procedures,  starting engine, before taxiing, taxiing, before takeoff, climb,  cruise, descent, before landing, balked landing, after landing,  and post flight procedures. An Amplified Procedures area  follows the checklists to provide more detailed information  about the various previously mentioned procedures.  To avoid missing important steps, always use the appropriate  checklists when available. Consistent adherence to approved  checklists is a sign of a disciplined and competent pilot.  Flight Limits list authorized maneuvers with appropriate  entry speeds, flight load factor limits, and types of operation  limits. It also indicates those maneuvers that are prohibited,  such as spins or acrobatic flight, as well as operational  limitations such as flight into known icing conditions.  Manufacturers may include an optional subsection  entitled Abnormal Procedures. This subsection describes  recommended procedures for handling malfunctions that are  not considered emergencies. 