Figure 16-18.  A plotter (A), the computational and wind side of a mechanical flight computer (E6B) (B), and an electronic flight computer (C).  Dead reckoning is navigation solely by means of computations  based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction. The products  derived from these variables, when adjusted by wind speed  and velocity, are heading and GS. The predicted heading  takes the aircraft along the intended path and the GS  establishes the time to arrive at each checkpoint and the  destination. Except for flights over water, dead reckoning  is usually used with pilotage for cross-country flying. The  heading and GS, as calculated, is constantly monitored and  corrected by pilotage as observed from checkpoints.  If there is no wind, the aircraft’s ground track is the same as  the heading and the GS is the same as the true airspeed. This  condition rarely exists. A wind triangle, the pilot’s version  of vector analysis, is the basis of dead reckoning.  The wind triangle is a graphic explanation of the effect of  wind upon flight. GS, heading, and time for any flight can be  determined by using the wind triangle. It can be applied to  the simplest kind of cross-country flight, as well as the most  complicated instrument flight. The experienced pilot becomes  Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis  Dead Reckoning  16-13  = INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE  1.  Place hole over intersection of true course and true north line.  2.  Without changing position rotate plotter until edge is over true course line.  3.  From hole follow true north line to curved scale with arrow pointing in direction of flight.  4.  Read true course in degrees, on proper scale, over true north line. read scales counter-clockwise.  SECTIONAL CHART SIDE - 1:500,000  NAVIGATIONAL FLIGHT PLOTTER  0 180 270 90 10  190 280  100  20  200 290  110  30  210  330  150  340  160  350  170 300  120  310  130  320  140  330 150  340 160  350 170 190 10  200 20  210 30 220 $^{40}$ 230  50 240  60 250  70  260  80  NAUTICAL 5 MILES  10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70  75  80 NAUTICAL 85 MILES  0 STATUTE 5 MILES  10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70  75  80  95 85  100 90  DEGREES Mode  Clr On/Off  Dist  Vol  Wt  Wx  ÷  :  7  8  9  x  Sto  4  5  6  − Rcl  1  2  3  +  Bksp  0  .  +/­ C  M  P  TSD Alt: As Wind Wt. Bal Timer  Conv: Dist Vol Wt Wx  A  Plotter  B  Mechanical flight computer  C  Electronic flight computer 