Justinus Kerner published his findings on botulinum toxin and introduced the concept of using it for therapeutic purposes. Dr. Alan B. Scott, an ophthalmologist at Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute in San Francisco, began seeking a non-surgical method for treating strabismus, or crossed eyes. He found that tiny amounts of botulinum toxin injected into the eye muscles allowed for nearly normal movement. Based on those pioneering findings, he filed an investigational new drug (IND) application to use the compound to treat both strabismus and blepharospasm (uncontrollable blinking). Dr. Scott enlisted Allergan founder Gavin Herbert, Jr. to see the compound through FDA approval and to market the product for Oculinum, Inc., Dr. Scott’s company. A patient in Canada being treated for blepharospasm noticed that the product eased her brow furrow – the first noted cosmetic benefit of the drug. The FDA approved Oculinum’s compound for therapeutic use in treating blepharospasm and strabismus.  The American Academy of Neurology and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) endorsed botulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystonia. Allergan purchased the product and renamed it BOTOX. By the end of 1992, BOTOX was approved and marketed in 11 countries for various indications and had become one of the highest selling products in Allergan’s history. Allergan received FDA approval for the treatment of cervical dystonia, which affects approxi- mately 150,000 people in the United States.  The Company attained regulatory approval for BOTOX for glabellar lines (frown lines between the brow) and hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) in Canada and New Zealand, and for hyper- hidrosis in the United Kingdom. The product was also approved in Japan for the treatment of cervical dystonia. BOTOX received marketing approval for glabellar lines in the United States, Australia, Switzerland, Taiwan and Singapore.  The product was approved in Europe and Scandinavia for hyperhidrosis. VISTABEL (the trade name for BOTOX Cosmetic in the European Union) was approved to treat glabellar lines in France. France was the first E.U. country to receive approval for the cosmetic use of the drug. The Company anticipates receiving marketing approval for hyperhidrosis in the United States following our 2003 filing. 1822 1970 s 1980 s 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 botox: past and present 15 years of botox neuromodulators