0 109 109 105 84 61 -- -- 20 109 109 94 72 49 -- -- 40 109 103 81 59 -- -- -- 60 109 91 70 48 -- -- -- 80 109 80 59 -- -- -- -- 100 109 70 48 -- -- -- -- 0 109 109 109 98 77 58 20 109 85 67 48 40 109 109 96 75 57 -- 60 109 108 84 66 48 80 109 95 74 57 -- -- 100 109 108 84 66 48 V$_{NE}$—MPH IAS Gross Weight Press Alt. (1,000 ft.) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Maximum V$_{NE}$ Doors off—102 MPH IAS More  than 1,700 lb 1,700 lb or less F OAT 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 MAX ALT. -20°C 0°C +20°C +40°C NEVER EXCEED SPEED Pressure Altitude (1,000 feet) KIAS V$_{NE}$ 25 0 5 15 30 20 10 35 INCHES OF MERCURY MANIFOLD PRESSURE Flight Limitations Placards Weight and Loading Distribution Emergency Procedures (Section 3) Figure 5-5.  The manifold pressure gauge is an engine instrument  typically used in piston aircraft engines to measure the pressure  inside the induction system of an engine. Manifold pressure is a  measurement of vacuum and the measurement is taken at the intake  manifold. Figure 5-6.  Various VNE placards. [Figure 5-5]  A placard near the gauge lists the maximum  readings for specific conditions.  The weight and loading distribution section of the  manufacturer's RFM contains the maximum certificated  weights, as well as the center of gravity (CG) range. The  location of the reference datum used in balance computations  should also be included in this section. Weight and balance  computations are not provided here, but rather in the weight  and balance section of the RFM.  This area lists any maneuvers which are prohibited, such  as acrobatic flight or flight into known icing conditions. If  the rotorcraft can only be flown in visual flight rules (VFR)  conditions, it is noted in this area. Also included are the  minimum crew requirements, and the pilot seat location, if  applicable, from which solo flights must be conducted. All rotorcraft generally have one or more placards displayed  that have a direct and important bearing on the safe operation  of the rotorcraft. These placards are located in a conspicuous  place within the cabin and normally appear in the limitations  section. Since V$_{NE}$ varies with altitude, this placard can be  found in all helicopters.  [Figure 5-6] Concise checklists describing the recommended procedures  and airspeeds for coping with various types of emergencies  or critical situations can be found in this section. Some of the emergencies covered include: engine failure in a hover  and at altitude, tail rotor failures, fires, and systems failures.  The procedures for restarting an engine and for ditching in  the water might also be included. Manufacturers may first show the emergencies checklists in  an abbreviated form with the order of items reflecting the  sequence of action. This is followed by amplified checklists  providing additional information to clarify the procedure. To  be prepared for an abnormal or emergency situation, learn  the first steps of each checklist, if not all the steps. If time  permits, refer to the checklist to make sure all items have  been covered. For more information on emergencies, refer  to Chapter 11, Helicopter Emergencies and Hazards. Manufacturers are encouraged to include an optional area  titled Abnormal Procedures, which describes recommended  procedures for handling malfunctions that are not considered  to be emergencies. This information would most likely be  found in larger helicopters. 5-4