Protection Against Chafing ......................................4-53 Protection Against High Temperature......................4-53 Protection Against Solvents and Fluids ...................4-54 Protection of Wires in Wheel Well Area..................4-54 Routing Precautions .................................................4-54 Installation of Cable Clamps ....................................4-54 Lacing and Tying Wire Bundles ..................................4-55 Single-Cord Lacing ..................................................4-55 Double-Cord Lacing.................................................4-56 Lacing Branch-Offs..................................................4-56 Tying ........................................................................4-57 Cutting Wire and Cable ...............................................4-58 Stripping Wire and Cable.............................................4-58 Solderless Terminals and Splices .............................4-59 Copper Wire Terminals ............................................4-59 Crimping Tools ........................................................4-60 Aluminum Wire Terminals ......................................4-60 Splicing Copper Wires Using Preinsulated Wires ...4-61 Emergency Splicing Repairs........................................4-61 Splicing with Solder and Potting Compound ...........4-61 Connecting Terminal Lugs to Terminal Blocks...........4-62 Bonding and Grounding...............................................4-62 General Bonding and Grounding Procedures...........4-63 Connectors ...................................................................4-65 Types of Connectors.................................................4-65 Connector Identification...........................................4-65 Installation of Connectors ........................................4-65 Conduit.........................................................................4-67 Electrical Equipment Installation.................................4-67 Electrical Load Limits ..............................................4-67 Controlling or Monitoring the Electrical Load.........4-67 Circuit Protection Devices........................................4-68 Switches ...................................................................4-68 Relays .......................................................................4-69 Engine Starting Systems ....................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Reciprocating Engine Starting Systems.........................5-2 Inertia Starters ............................................................5-2 Direct Cranking Electric Starter .................................5-2 Direct Cranking Electric Starting System for  Large Reciprocating Engines..................................5-3 Direct Cranking Electric Starting System for  Small Aircraft .........................................................5-7 Reciprocating Engine Starting System  Maintenance Practices................................................5-7 Troubleshooting Small Aircraft Starting Systems......5-8 Gas Turbine Engine Starters ..........................................5-8 Electric Starting Systems and Starter Generator  Starting System ............................................................5-10 Chapter 5 XIV Timing Lights ...........................................................4-24 Checking the Internal Timing of a Magneto................4-25 High-Tension Magneto E-Gap Setting  (Bench Timing) ........................................................4-26 Timing the High-tension Magneto to the Engine.....4-27 Performing Ignition System Checks.........................4-27 Ignition Switch Check ..............................................4-28 Maintenance and Inspection of Ignition Leads ........4-28 Replacement of Ignition Harness .............................4-29 Checking Ignition Induction Vibrator Systems........4-30 Spark Plug Inspection and Maintenance......................4-30 Carbon Fouling of Spark Plugs ................................4-30 Oil Fouling of Spark Plugs.......................................4-30 Lead Fouling of Spark Plugs ....................................4-31 Graphite Fouling of Spark Plugs ..............................4-31 Gap Erosion of Spark Plugs .....................................4-32 Spark Plug Removal.................................................4-32 Spark Plug Reconditioning Service..........................4-33 Inspection Prior to Installation .................................4-34 Spark Plug Installation .............................................4-35 Spark Plug Lead Installation ....................................4-35 Breaker Point Inspection ..........................................4-36 Dielectric Inspection.................................................4-38 Ignition Harness Maintenance..................................4-38 High-Tension Ignition Harness Faults .....................4-38 Harness Testing ........................................................4-39 Turbine Engine Ignition Systems.................................4-40 Capacitor Discharge Exciter Unit.............................4-41 Igniter Plugs .............................................................4-42 Turbine Ignition System Inspection and  Maintenance.................................................................4-42 Inspection .................................................................4-43 Check System Operation ..........................................4-43 Repair .......................................................................4-43 Removal, Maintenance, and Installation of  Ignition System Components.......................................4-43 Ignition System Leads ..............................................4-44 Igniter Plugs .............................................................4-44 Powerplant Electrical Systems.....................................4-45 Wire Size ..................................................................4-45 Factors Affecting the Selection of Wire Size...........4-47 Factors Affecting Selection of Conductor  Material ....................................................................4-47 Conductor Insulation ................................................4-49 Identifying Wire and Cable ......................................4-50 Electrical Wiring Installation ...................................4-51 Wire Groups and Bundles ........................................4-51 Twisting Wires .........................................................4-52 Spliced Connections in Wire Bundles......................4-52 Slack in Wiring Bundles...........................................4-52 Bend Radii................................................................4-52 Routing and Installation ...........................................4-53