US 2020/0352177 Al  5  Nov. 12, 2020  [0130]  In the following discussion of the invention, unless  stated to the contrary, the disclosure of alternative values for  the upper or lower limit of the permitted range of a param› eter, coupled with an indication that one of said values is  more highly preferred than the other, is to be construed as an  implied statement that each intermediate value of said  parameter, lying between the more preferred and the less  preferred of said alternatives, is itself preferred to said less  preferred value and also to each value lying between said  less preferred value and said intermediate value.  [0107]  (3)  Optionally an Acidulant; wherein y>x+5  between x=0 and x=47.5, and between x=52.5 and 105; and  y>80 between x=47.5 and x=52.5; where xis the amount of  sodium bicarbonate mmols per 100 mmols of the said  components that would remain after complete reaction with  any non-phosphate Acidulants present and y is the amount of  Precipitant inmmols per 100 mmols of the said components.  [0106]  (2) A Precipitant; and;  [0105]  (1)  An  alkali metal bicarbonate;  [0104]  Alternatively the invention provides a leavening  agent comprising as components:  [0103]  (3)  An  Acidulant, which may be or may comprise  said Precipitating Acidulant, in a total proportion sufficient  to provide from 0.025 to 0.2 g Replaceable Hydrogen per  100 mmol of bicarbonate.  [0129]  Our invention further provides a confection pre› pared by baking a bakery mix as aforesaid.  [0128]  According to a further embodiment our invention  provides a method of baking comprising heating a bakery  mix as aforesaid.  [0127]  According to a further embodiment our invention  provides the use in baking of a leavening agent as aforesaid.  [0126]  Our invention further provides a bakery mix com› prising a leavening agent as aforesaid.  [0125]  Our invention further provides a self-raising flour  comprising a leavening agent as aforesaid.  [0124]  The invention further provides a baking powder  comprising a leavening agent as aforesaid.  [0123]  The invention further provides a leavening agent  according to any of the preceding embodiments, which  comprises a mixture of a bicarbonate, calcium chloride and  an orthophosphate or pyrophosphate Acidulant.  [0122]  ( 4)  An  effective amount of a preservative.  [0121]  and  [0120]  (3) A Precipitant that is a water insoluble salt of an  alkaline earth metal capable of precipitating said Acidulant  with an acid which is stronger than said Acidulant in an  amount sufficient to provide a final pH below 6.5 when the  leavening agent is heated in a bakery mix;  [0102]  (2) A Precipitant and/or Precipitating Acidulant, in  a total proportion sufficient to provide from 1 to 8.8 g, and  preferably at least 1.1 g, Precipitating Cation per 100 mmol  bicarbonate; and  [0101]  (1) Alkali metal bicarbonate;  [0100]  According to an alternative embodiment our inven› tion provides a leavening agent comprising:  [0096]  According to an alternative embodiment the inven› tion provides a leavening agent comprising:  [0119]  (2) an Acidulant that forms a water insoluble cal› cium or magnesium salt sufficient to provide more than 105  mmols replaceable hydrogen per 100 mmols bicarbonate;  [0118]  (1) Alkali metal bicarbonate;  [0117]  Alternatively the invention provides a leavening  agent comprising:  [0116]  ( 4)  An  effective amount of a preservative.  [0095]  Preferably the amount of Acidulant is less than  90%, more preferably less than 10% of the stoichiometric  amount.  [0094]  Preferably the Acidulant is present in a non-stoi› chiometric proportion based on the acid/base reaction  between the Acidulant and the bicarbonate  [0093]  (3) Optionally an Acidulant; wherein (2) and (3)  are present in a total amount from 105 to 800% of the  stoichiometric amount that would be required to react fully  with (1) in a boiling aqueous solution.  [0115]  (3) A Precipitant that is a water soluble salt of an  alkaline earth metal capable of precipitating or complexing  with saidAcidulant in an amount sufficient to provide a final  pH below 6.5 when the leavening agent is heated in a bakery  mix;  [0114]  (2)  An  Acidulant that forms a non-water soluble  calcium or magnesium salt sufficient to provide more than  0.105 g Replaceable Hydrogen per 100 mmol bicarbonate;  [0113]  (1) Alkali metal or ammonium bicarbonate;  [0112]  According to a further embodiment the invention  provides a leavening agent comprising:  [0111]  (3)  An  Acidulant, which may be or may comprise  said Precipitating Acidulant, in a total proportion sufficient  to provide h=from 25 to 200, and preferably h+2c>l00;  where c is the total mmol Precipitating Cation per 100 mmol  bicarbonate and h is the total mmol hydrogen ion per 100  mmol bicarbonate.  [0092]  (2) At least 0.1 and preferably at least 1 mole per  mole of bicarbonate of Precipitant optionally comprising a  Precipitating Acidulant; and  [0091]  (1)  An  alkali metal or ammonium bicarbonate;  [0090]  Our invention therefore provides a leavening agent  comprising:  [0089]  The Invention  [0088]  U.S. Pat. No. 3,653,917 describes the addition of  calcium chloride to angel cake food mixes to facilitate the  recovery of sub-standard batches. There is no suggestion  that the additive would have any effect on the leavening  system, and the levels recommended are too small to be  effective in this respect.  [0110]  (2) A Precipitant and/or Precipitating Acidulant, in  a total proportion sufficient to provide c=from 25 to 200; and  [0109]  (1) Alkali metal bicarbonate;  [0108]  Alternatively, the invention provides a leavening  agent comprising:  [0087]  US2015/0132437 Al describes the addition of  catalytic amounts of magnesium and potassium ions to a  conventionally balanced leavening system in order to con› trol the release of carbon dioxide in carmed dough during  storage. The patent teaches away from the use of calcium  and the amounts of magnesium used were insufficient to  precipitate the Acidulant, or to boost the evolution of carbon  dioxide at the critical stage of baking.  total amount of Precipitant and Acidulant, relative to bicar› bonate, than is required for Wu’s balanced system.  [0099]  (3) A Precipitant in a total proportion from 28 to  120 mmol per 100 mmol bicarbonate;  [0098]  (2)  An  Acidulant in a proportion from 90 to  110% of the stoichiometric amount based on the bicar› bonate; and  [0097]  (1)  An  alkali metal bicarbonate; 