a zirconia-polymer capsule or a titania-polymer capsule. The inorganic shell may be porous or mesoporous. The at least one primary capsule may have a size/diameter/particle size/particle size distribution/average particle size in the range of from about 1 pm to about 100 pm, 10 pm to about 100 pm, from about 20 pm to about 100 pm, from about 30 pm to about 100 pm, from about 40 pm to about 100 pm, from about 50 pm to about 100 pm, from about 60 pm to about 100 pm, from about 70 pm to about 100 pm, or about 10 pm, about 20 pm, about 30 pm, about 40 pm, about 50 pm, about 60 pm, about 70 pm, about 80 pm, about 90 pm or about 100 pm. In various embodiments, the method further comprises a step of adding one or more of a silica precursor, a zirconia precursor or a titania precursor to a template, optionally a substantially spherical template, in water/aqueous medium to form the at least one inorganic capsule. The silica precursor may comprise a tetraalkyl orthosilicate, a trialkoxyalkylsilane or a silicon alkoxide (alkoxy silane) that is optionally selected from the group consisting of tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), tetrapropyl orthosilicate (TPOS), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) or the like or combinations thereof. The titania precursor may comprise titanium(IV) isopropoxide and titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato)dihydroxide or the like or combinations thereof. The zirconia precursor may comprise zirconium isopropoxide, zirconium etoxide, zirconium n-butoxide or the like or combinations thereof. The method may further comprise a step of growing a shell of the primary capsule such as a silica shell, a zirconia shell or a titania shell on the template by a hydrolysis condensation reaction to form the at least one primary capsule (e.g. an inorganic capsule). In various embodiments, template comprises an emulsified droplet. The droplet may be substantially hydrophobic. The droplet may be micron- or submicron-sized. In various embodiments, the method does