MAVWEPS OD-BOT-80  APPLICATION OF AERODYNAMICS  TO SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF FLYING  insure a consistent, safe takeoff flying tech-  nique.  Excess  airspeed at landing is just as undesira-  ble as a deficiency of airspeed. An cxccssivc  airspeed  at landing will produce an undesirable  increase in landing distance and the energy to  be dissipated by the brakes for the field landing  or excessive  arresting loads for theshipboard  landing.  In addition, the excess  airspeed is a  corollary of too low an angle of attack and the  airplane may contact the deck or runway nose  wheel first and cause damage to the nose wheel  or begin a porpoising of the airplane.  During  a flare to landing, any excess speed will  be  difficult to dissipate due to the reduction of  drag due to ground effect. Thus, if the air-  plane is held off with excess  airspeed the air-  plane will “float”  with the consequence  of a  barrier engagement, barricade engagement,  bolter, or considerable runway distance used  before touchdown.  TAKEOFF SPEED AND DISTANCE.  The  takeoff speed of any airplane is some mini-  mum practical airspeed which allows sufficient  margin above stall and provides satisfactory  control and initial rate of climb.. Depending  on the airplane characteristics, the takeoff  speed will be some value 5 to 25 percent above  the stall or minimum control speed. As such,  the takeoff will be accomplished at a certain  value of lift coefficient and angle of attack  specific to each airplane configuration.  As  a result, the takeoff  airspeed  (FAX or CM) of  any specific  airplane configuration is a function  of the gross weight at takeoff. Too low an  airspeed at takeoff may cause stall, lack of  adequate control, or poor initial  climb per-  formance. An excess  of speed at takeoff may  provide better control and initial rate of climb  but the higher speed requires additional dis-  tance and may provide critical conditions for  the tires.  A fundamental requirement for a good land-  ing is a well planned and executed approach.  The possibility of errors during the landing  process is minimized when the airplane is  brought to the point of touchdown with the  proper glide path and airspeed. With the  proper approach, there is no need for drastic  changes in the flight path, angle of attack, or  power setting to accomplish touchdown at the  intended point on the deck or runway.  Late  corrections to line up with the deck or diving  for the deck are common errors which eventu-  ally result in landing accidents.  Accurate  control of airspeed and glide path are ab-  solutely necessary  and the LSO, angle of attack  indicator, and the mirror landing system pro-  vide great assistance  in accurate control of the  airplane.  The takeoff  distance  of an airplane is affected  by many different factors other than technique  and, prior to takeoff, the takeoff distance  must be determined and compared with the  runway length available. The principal factors  affecting the takeoff distance are as follows:  (1) The gross weight of the airplane has  a considerable effect on takeoff distance be-  cause it affects both takeoff speed and ac-  celeration during takeoff roll.  (2) The surface winrls must be considered  because  of the powerful effect of a headwind  or tailwind on the takeoff distance. In the  case of the crosswind, the component of  wind along the runway will be the effective  headwind or tailwind  velocity.  In addi-  tion, the component of wind across the run-  way will define certain requirements  of lateral  control power and the limiting  compo-  nent wind must not be exceeded.  (3) Pressure  altitude and temperature  can  cause a large effect on takeoff distance, es-  pecially in the case of the turbine powered  As in the case of landing, the specific tech-  niques necessary may vary greatly between  various types of airplanes and various oper-  ations but certain fundamental principles will  be common to all airplanes and all operations.  The specific procedures  recommended for each  airplane type must be followed exactly to  THE TAKEOFF 