The vector product and the scalar product of two vectors define the angle between them, say θ:

To satisfy the right-hand rule, for positive θ, vector B is counter-clockwise from A, and for negative θ it is clockwise.
Here the notation A × B denotes the vector cross product of vectors A and B.
The Pythagorean trigonometric identity then provides:

If a vector A = ("A, A, A") makes angles α, β, γ with an orthogonal set of "x-", "y-" and "z-"axes, then:

and analogously for angles β, γ. Consequently:
with formula_11 unit vectors along the axis directions.

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