def _wildcarded_except(exclude=[]):
    """
    Function factory for :mod:`re` ``repl`` functions used in :func:`re.sub``,
    replacing all format string place holders with ``*`` wildcards, except
    named fields as specified in ``exclude``.
    """
    def _wildcarded(match):
        if match.group(1) in exclude:
            return match.group(0)
        return "*"
    return _wildcarded