An external-shock origin of the E_p-E_gamma relation for Gamma-Ray   Bursts
  We investigate the possibility that the E_p propto E_gamma^{1/2} relation between the peak energy E_p of the nuF_nu spectrum and energy output E_gamma for long-duration GRBs arises from the external shock produced by the interaction of a relativistic outflow with the ambient medium. To that aim, we take into account the dependence of all parameters which determine E_p and E_gamma on the radial distribution of the ambient medium density and find that the E_p-E_gamma relation can be explained if the medium around GRBs has a universal radial stratification. For various combinations of GRB radiative process (synchrotron or inverse-Compton) and dissipation mechanism (reverse or forward shock), we find that the circumburst medium must have a particle density with a radial distribution different than the R^{-2} expected for constant mass-loss rate and terminal speed. 
A. Panaitescu