Visible and near infra-red up-conversion in Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped silica   fibres under 980 nm excitation
  The spectroscopic properties of Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped silica fibers under excitation at 980 nm are reported. Three distinct up-conversion fluorescence bands were observed in the visible to near infra-red regions. The blue and red fluorescence bands at 475 and 650 nm, respectively, were found to originate from the 1G4 level of Tm3+. A three step up-conversion process was established as the populating mechanism for these fluorescence bands. The fluorescence band at 800 nm was found to originate from two possible transitions in Tm3+; one being the transition from the 3H4 to 3H6 manifold which was found to dominate at low pump powers; the other being the transition from the 1G4 to 3H6 level which dominates at higher pump powers. The fluorescence lifetime of the 3H4 and 3F4 levels of Tm3+ and 2F5/2 level of Yb3+ were studied as a function of Yb3+ concentration, with no significant energy back transfer from Tm3+ to Yb3+ observed. 
David A. Simpson (OTRL), Keith W.E. Gibbs (CAOUS), Stephen F. Collins   (OTRL), Wilfried Blanc (LPMC), Bernard Dussardier (L...