Incoherent Cooper pair tunneling and energy band dynamics in small   Josephson junctions - A study of the Bloch Oscillating Transistor
  We discuss the properties of devices of small Josephson junctions in the light of the phase fluctuation theory and the energy band structure, which arises from the delocalization of the phase variable. The theory is applied in the realization of a mesoscopic amplifier, the Bloch oscillating transistor. The device characteristics and comparison with theory and simulations are discussed. The current gain of the device in a stable operating mode has been measured to be as high as 30. Measurements on input impedance and the power gain show that the BOT is an amplifier designed for middle-range impedances, ranging from 100 k$\Omega$ - 10 M$\Omega$. 
Rene Lindell, Laura Korhonen, Antti Puska and Pertti Hakonen