On the derivation of an effective Higgs field
  In one respect, the massive vector-boson shows its difference from a massless vector-boson by one more physical polarization, known as longitudinal polarization. In another respect, the quantized boson acquires its mass by Higgs mechanism. In this paper we study the effect of the longitudinal polarization in U(1) case by substituting it into the primary Yang-Mills Lagrangian $-\frac 14F_{\mu \nu}F^{\mu \nu}$. Under a hypothesis of strong transversal condition for free vector boson, it is found that in the Lagrangian the scalar field for the Higgs mechanism can automatically arise after we separate a part equivalent to the contribution of a massless boson. In addition, a criterion is obtained to infer whether the boson is massive or not: if $\mathbf{E}^2-\mathbf{B}^2\neq 0$, where $\mathbf{E}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ are field strengths, then it is massive. The analysis also pertains to SU(2) case. The method in this paper is performed before any quantizations. 
Hai-Jhun Wanng