Force networks and elasticity in granular silos
  We have made experimental observations of the force networks within a two-dimensional granular silo similar to the classical system of Janssen. Models like that of Janssen predict that pressure within a silo saturates with depth as the result of vertical forces being redirected to the walls of the silo where they can then be carried by friction. By averaging ensembles of experimentally-obtained force networks in different ways, we compare the observed behavior with various predictions for granular silos. We identify several differences between the mean behavior in our system and that predicted by Janssen-like models: We find that the redirection parameter describing how the force network transfers vertical forces to the walls varies with depth. We find that changes in the preparation of the material can cause the pressure within the silo to either saturate or to continue building with depth. Most strikingly, we observe a non-linear response to overloads applied to the top of the material in the silo. For larger overloads we observe the previously reported "giant overshoot" effect where overload pressure decays only after an initial increase [G. Ovarlez et al., Phys. Rev. E 67, 060302(R) (2003)]. For smaller overloads we find that additional pressure propagates to great depth. This effect depends on the particle stiffness, as given for instance by the Young's modulus, E, of the material from which the particles are made. Important measures include E, the unscreened hydrostatic pressure, and the applied load. These experiments suggest that when the load and the particle weight are comparable, particle elasticity acts to stabilize the force network, allowing non-linear network effects to be seen in the mean behavior. 
John F. Wambaugh, Robert R. Hartley, and Robert P. Behringer