Influence of crystal anisotropy on elastic deformation and onset of   plasticity in nanoindentation -- a simulational study
  Using molecular-dynamics simulation and finite-element modelling, we simulate nanoindentation into the three principal surfaces -- the (100), (110) and (111) surface -- of Cu and Al. In the elastic regime, the simulation data agree fairly well with the linear elastic theory of indentation into an elastically anisotropic substrate. With increasing indentation, the effect of pressure hardening becomes visible. When the critical stress for dislocation nucleation is reached, even the elastically isotropic Al shows a strong dependence of the surface orientation on the force-displacement curves. After the load drop, when plasticity ahs set in, the influence of the surface orientation is lost, and the contact pressure (hardness) becomes independent of the surface orientation. 
Gerolf Ziegenhain and Herbert M. Urbassek and Alexander Hartmaier