Equilibrium properties of a grafted polyelectrolyte with explicit   counterions
  We study the equilibrium conformations of a grafted polyelectrolyte (PE) in the presence of explicit counterions (CI) using Monte Carlo simulations. The interplay between attractive Lennard-Jones interactions (parametrized by epsilon), and electrostatics (parametrized by A = q^2l_B/a, where q =counterion valency, l_B = Bjerrum length and a = monomer diameter), results in a variety of conformations, characterized as extended (E), pearls with m beads (P_m), sausage (S) and globular (G). For large epsilon, we observe a transition from G -> P_2 -> P_3 -> . . . -> S -> G with increasing A, i.e., a change from poor to good, to reentrant poor solvent, whereas, at lower epsilon, the sequence of transitions is, E -> S -> G. The conformation changes are directly related to the nature of binding of CI onto the PE. The transition between S -> G is continuous and associated with critical fluctuations in the shape driven by fluctuations in the fraction of condensed CI. 
K. Jayasree, P. Ranjith, Madan Rao and P. B. Sunil Kumar