Distance-based clustering of sparsely observed stochastic processes,   with applications to online auctions
  We propose a distance between two realizations of a random process where for each realization only sparse and irregularly spaced measurements with additional measurement errors are available. Such data occur commonly in longitudinal studies and online trading data. A distance measure then makes it possible to apply distance-based analysis such as classification, clustering and multidimensional scaling for irregularly sampled longitudinal data. Once a suitable distance measure for sparsely sampled longitudinal trajectories has been found, we apply distance-based clustering methods to eBay online auction data. We identify six distinct clusters of bidding patterns. Each of these bidding patterns is found to be associated with a specific chance to obtain the auctioned item at a reasonable price. 
Jie Peng, Hans-Georg M\"uller