Two-temperature relaxation and melting after absorption of femtosecond   laser pulse
  The theory and experiments concerned with the electron-ion thermal relaxation and melting of overheated crystal lattice constitute the subject of this paper. The physical model includes two-temperature equation of state, many-body interatomic potential, the electron-ion energy exchange, electron thermal conductivity, and optical properties of solid, liquid, and two phase solid-liquid mixture. Two-temperature hydrodynamics and molecular dynamics codes are used. An experimental setup with pump-probe technique is used to follow evolution of an irradiated target with a short time step 100 fs between the probe femtosecond laser pulses. Accuracy of measurements of reflection coefficient and phase of reflected probe light are ~1% and $\sim 1\un{nm}$, respectively. It is found that,   {\it firstly}, the electron-electron collisions make a minor contribution to a light absorbtion in solid Al at moderate intensities;   {\it secondly}, the phase shift of a reflected probe results from heating of ion subsystem and kinetics of melting of Al crystal during $0<t<4\un{ps},$ where $t$ is time delay between the pump and probe pulses measured from the maximum of the pump;   {\it thirdly} the optical response of Au to a pump shows a marked contrast to that of Al on account of excitation of \textit{d}-electrons 
N. A. Inogamov, V. V. Zhakhovskii, S. I. Ashitkov, V. A. Khokhlov, Yu.   V. Petrov, P. S. Komarov, M. B. Agranat, S. I. Anis...