Force, quantum mechanics and approximate energy eigenstates
  The prevalent role of force in traditional quantum mechanics is outlined, with special reference to approximate calculations for stationary states. It will be explored how far this force concept can be made useful in the concerned area. The basic idea is to differentiate the Schroedinger stationary equation once. Thus, one can eliminate the unknown energy as well, and then examine how a force-based approach can be beneficial in providing quickly the nodal information and in assessing the quality of an approximate function. Further, it will be demonstrated how the minimization of a suitable quantity derived from force may constitute a variational principle for bound states. The strategy applies also to Siegert states where traditional energy extremization principle ceases to work. Additionally, the utility of the force concept in semiclassical mechanics will be investigated. 
C. Das and K. Bhattacharyya