Effects of heavy bosonic excitations on QED vacuum
  We discuss the contribution of axion-like excitations (ALE) to the vacuum birrefringence in the limit $m_A \gtrsim \omega$, where $m_A$ is the mass of the excitation and $\omega$ the energy of test photons interacting with an external (intense) magnetic field. The relevance of this term with respect to the QED contribution depends on the ratio $g_A/m_A$ and, from present bounds on the mass and the coupling constant $g_A$, we find that in the present low energy regime, it ranges from $10^{-14}$ to $10^2$ suggesting an interesting alternative to explore. 
Paola Arias, Horacio Falomir, Jorge Gamboa and Fernando Mendez