Probing thermal waves on the free surface of various media: Surface   Fluctuation Specular Reflection Spectroscopy
  Thermal motion gives rise to fluctuations in free surfaces; the propagation of the thermally excited waves on such surfaces depends on the mechanical properties of the medium. Their measurement can therefore provide information on those properties. We have developed an optical tool to probe the thermally excited waves on free surfaces: Surface Fluctuation Specular Reflection (SFSR) spectroscopy. It consists in measuring the fluctuations in the position of a laser beam, which is specularly reflected onto the free surface of a medium, and is therefore sensitive to the roughness of that surface. We show how the measured signal is related to the medium properties. We also present measurements performed on Newtonian liquids as well as on a viscoelastic solid; we show that, in all cases, there is a very good agreement between experimental and computed spectra. SFSR thus applies to a broad range of materials. It moreover offers a very good temporal resolution and should provide a useful tool for dynamical measurements on complex fluids. 
Astrid Tay (PPMD), Caroline Thibierge (PPMD), Dani\`ele Fournier   (LPEM), Christian Fr\'etigny (PPMD), Fran\c{c}ois Lequeux...