Nonuniform states in noncentrosymmetric superconductors
  In noncentrosymmetric crystals, nonuniform superconducting states are possible even in the absence of any external magnetic field. The origin of these states can be traced to the Lifshitz invariants in the free energy, which are linear in spatial gradients. We show how various types of the Lifshitz invariants in noncentrosymmetric superconductors can be derived from microscopic theory. 
V. P. Mineev and K. V. Samokhin