Valley splitting in a Si/SiGe quantum point contact
  We present the theory and measurement of valley splitting in a quantum point contact (QPC) in a modulation doped Si/SiGe heterostructure. Our measurements are performed on a submicron Schottky-gated device. An effective mass theory is developed for a QPC formed in a quantum well, grown on a miscut substrate. Both theory and experiments include a perpendicular magnetic field. Our results indicate that both QPC and magnetic confinement can enhance the valley splitting by reducing the spatial extent of the electronic wavefunction. Consequently, the valley splitting can be much larger than the spin splitting for small magnetic fields. We also observe different valley splittings for different transverse modes in the QPC, supporting the notion that when steps are present at the quantum well interface, the spatial extent of the wavefunction plays a dominant role in determining the valley splitting. 
L. M. McGuire, Mark Friesen, K. A. Slinker, S. N. Coppersmith, and M.   A. Eriksson