In-medium Pion and Partial Restoration of Chiral Symmetry
  The partial restoration of chiral symmetry in nuclear medium is investigated in a model independent way by exploiting operator relations in QCD. An exact sum rule is derived for the quark condensate valid for all density. This sum rule is simplified at low density to a new relation with the in-medium quark condensate <bar{q}q>*, in-medium pion decay constant F_{pi}^t and in-medium pion wave-function renormalization Z_{pi}*. Calculating Z_{pi}*at low density from the iso-scalar pion-nucleon scattering data and relating F_{pi}^t to the isovector pion-nucleus scattering length b_1^*, it is concluded that the enhanced repulsion of the s-wave isovector pion-nucleus interaction observed in the deeply bound pionic atoms directly implies the reduction of the in-medium quark condensate. The knowledge of the in-medium pion mass m_{pi}* is not necessary to reach this conclusion. 
D. Jido, T. Hatsuda, T. Kunihiro