Light propagation in a birefringent plates with topological charge
  We calculated the Fresnel paraxial propagator in a birefringent plate having topological charge $q$ at its center, named "$q$-plate". We studied the change of the beam transverse profile when it traverses the plate. An analytical closed form of the beam profile propagating in the "$q$-plate" can be found for many important specific input beam profiles. We paid particular attention to the plate having a topological unit charge and we found that if small losses due to reflection, absorption and scattering are neglected, the plate can convert the photon spin into orbital angular momentum with up to 100% efficiency, provided the thickness of the plate is less than the Rayleigh range of the incident beam. 
Ebrahim Karimi, Bruno Piccirillo, Lorenzo Marrucci and Enrico   Santamato