Lipid Flip-Flop Driven Mechanical and Morphological Changes in Model   Membranes
  We study, using dissipative particle dynamics simulations, the effect of active lipid flip-flop on model fluid bilayer membranes. We consider both cases of symmetric as well as asymmetric flip-flops. Symmetric flip-flop leads to a steady state of the membrane with an effective temperature higher than that of the equilibrium membrane and an effective surface tension lower than that of the equilibrium membrane. Asymmetric flip-flop leads to transient conformational changes of the membrane in the form of bud or blister formation, depending on the flip rate. 
Sanoop Ramachandran, P. B. Sunil Kumar and Mohamed Laradji