Period Doubling in Small Multiply Connected Superconductors
  It is shown that for superconductors with circumference $2\pi R$ approaching BCS coherence length $\xi_0$ minimal period of the response of all thermodynamic quantities to external magnetic field is set by $hc/e$ i.e. twice the corresponding value for the bulk case. This is explained by the dependence of internal energy of Cooper pairs on their center of mass motion which leads, in particular, to a transition offset between different current-carrying states. Explicit calculation of the transition offset is done for the case of s-wave superconducting cylinder with $R \gg \xi_0$ and turns out to be exponentially small. A possible enhancement of the effect for nodal superconductors is suggested. Similar conclusions should also apply to the response of charged or neutral superfluids to rotation. 
Victor Vakaryuk