Direct observation of Space Charge Dynamics by picosecond Low Energy   Electron Scattering
  The electric field governing the dynamics of space charge produced by high intensity femtosecond laser pulses focused on a copper surface is investigated by time-resolved low-energy-electron-scattering. The pump-probe experiment has a measured temporal resolution of better than 35 ps at 55 eV probe electron energy. The probe electron acceleration due to space charge is reproduced within a 3-dimensional non-relativistic model, which determines an effective number of electrons in the space charge electron cloud and its initial diameter. Comparison of the simulations with the experiments indicates a Coulomb explosion, which is consistent with transients in the order of 1 ns, the terminal kinetic energy of the cloud and the thermoemission currents predicted by the Richardson-Dushman formula. 
C. Cirelli, M. Hengsberger, A. Dolocan, H. Over, J. Osterwalder, T.   Greber