Nonequilibrium Green's functions approach to strongly correlated   few-electron quantum dots
  The effect of electron-electron scattering on the equilibrium properties of few-electron quantum dots is investigated by means of nonequilibrium Green's functions theory. The ground and equilibrium state is self-consistently computed from the Matsubara (imaginary time) Green's function for the spatially inhomogeneous quantum dot system whose constituent charge carriers are treated as spin-polarized. To include correlations, the Dyson equation is solved, starting from a Hartree-Fock reference state, within a conserving (second order) self-energy approximation where direct and exchange contributions to the electron-electron interaction are included on the same footing.   We present results for the zero and finite temperature charge carrier density, the orbital-resolved distribution functions and the self-consistent total energies and spectral functions for isotropic, two-dimensional parabolic confinement as well as for the limit of large anisotropy--quasi-one-dimensional entrapment. For the considered quantum dots with N=2, 3 and 6 electrons, the analysis comprises the crossover from Fermi gas/liquid (at large carrier density) to Wigner molecule or crystal behavior (in the low-density limit). 
K. Balzer, M. Bonitz, R. van Leeuwen, N.E. Dahlen, A. Stan