Ground-state two-spinon bonds in the Hubbard model on a square lattice
  In this paper the spin configurations of the ground state and one- and two-electron excited states of the Hubbard model on the square lattice are studied. We profit from a general rotated-electron description, which is consistent with the model global $SO(3)\times SO(3)\times U(1)$ symmetry. For rotated electrons, doubly and single occupancy are good quantum numbers for on-site repulsion $U>0$. The above states are within that description generated by occupancy configurations of charge $c$ fermions and spin-singlet two-spinon $s1$ bond particles. Those describe the charge and spin degrees of freedom, respectively, of the rotated electrons that singly occupy sites. While the $c$ fermions have no internal structure, that of the spin-neutral $s1$ bond-particle occupancy configurations is here described in terms of spinon occupancies of a well-defined effective spin lattice. In reference \cite{companion} it is confirmed that our results contribute to the further understanding of the role of electronic correlations in the spin spectrum of the parent compound La$_2$CuO$_4$. They are also of interest for studies of ultra-cold fermionic atoms on an optical lattice. 
J. M. P. Carmelo