A smooth pseudo-gradient for the Lagrangian action functional
  We study the action functional associated to a smooth Lagrangian function on the cotangent bundle of a manifold, having quadratic growth in the velocities. We show that, although the action functional is in general not twice differentiable on the Hilbert manifold consisting of H^1 curves, it is a Lyapunov function for some smooth Morse-Smale vector field, under the generic assumption that all the critical points are non-degenerate. This fact is sufficient to associate a Morse complex to the Lagrangian action functional. 
Alberto Abbondandolo and Matthias Schwarz