Radiation damage in biological material: electronic properties and   electron impact ionization in urea
  Radiation damage is an unavoidable process when performing structural investigations of biological macromolecules with X-ray sources. In crystallography this process can be limited through damage distribution in a crystal, while for single molecular imaging it can be outrun by employing short intense pulses. Secondary electron generation is crucial during damage formation and we present a study in urea, as model for biomaterial. From first principles we calculate the band structure and energy loss function, and subsequently the inelastic electron cross section in urea. Using Molecular Dynamics simulations, we quantify the damage and study the magnitude and spatial extent of the electron cloud coming from an incident electron, as well as the dependence with initial energy. 
C. Caleman, C. Ortiz, E. Marklund, F. Bultmark, M. Gabrysch, F. G.   Parak, J. Hajdu, M. Klintenberg and N. Timneanu