Measurement of fundamental thermal noise limit in a cryogenic sapphire   frequency standard using bimodal maser oscillations
  We report observations of the Schawlow-Townes noise limit in a cryogenic sapphire secondary frequency standard. The effect causes a fundamental limit to the frequency stability, and was measured through the novel excitation of a bimodal maser oscillation of a Whispering Gallery doublet at $12.04 GHz$. The beat frequency of $10 kHz$ between the oscillations enabled a sensitive probe for this measurement of fractional frequency instability of $10^{-14}\tau^{-1/2}$ with only 0.5 $pW$ of output power. 
Karim Benmessai, Daniel Lloyd Creedon, Michael Edmund Tobar,   Pierre-Yves Bourgeois, Yann Kersale, Vincent Giordano