Cosmological constraints on polytropic gas model
  We study the polytropic gas scenario as the unification of dark matter and dark energy. We fit the model parameters by using the latest observational data including type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillation, cosmic microwave background, and Hubble parameter data. At 68.3% and 95.4% confidence levels, we find the best fit values of the model parameters as $\tilde{K}=0.742_{-0.024}^{+0.024}(1\sigma)_{-0.049}^{+0.048}(2\sigma)$ and $n=-1.05_{-0.08}^{+0.08}(1\sigma)_{-0.16}^{+0.15}(2\sigma)$. Using the best fit values of the model, we obtain the evolutionary behaviors of the equation of state parameters of the polytropic gas model and dark energy, the deceleration parameter of the universe as well as the dimensionless density parameters of dark matter and dark energy. We conclude that in this model, the universe starts from the matter dominated epoch and approaches a de Sitter phase at late times, as expected. Also the universe begins to accelerate at redshift $z_{\rm t}=0.74$. Furthermore in contrary to the $\Lambda$CDM model, the cosmic coincidence problem is solved naturally in the polytropic gas scenario. 
K. Karami, Z. Safari, S. Asadzadeh
astro-ph.CO gr-qc