Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems
  This work shows how to leverage causal inference to understand the behavior of complex learning systems interacting with their environment and predict the consequences of changes to the system. Such predictions allow both humans and algorithms to select changes that improve both the short-term and long-term performance of such systems. This work is illustrated by experiments carried out on the ad placement system associated with the Bing search engine. 
L\'eon Bottou, Jonas Peters, Joaquin Qui\~nonero-Candela, Denis X.   Charles, D. Max Chickering, Elon Portugaly, Dipankar Ra...
cs.LG cs.AI cs.IR math.ST stat.TH