Constants of the Motion in a Gravitational Field and the Hamilton-Jacobi   Function
  In most text books of mechanics, Newton's laws or Hamilton's equations of motion are first written down and then solved based on initial conditions to determine the constants of the motions and to describe the trajectories of the particles. In this essay, we take a different starting point. We begin with the metrics of general relativity and show how they can be used to construct by inspection constants of motion, which can then be used to write down the equations of the trajectories. This will be achieved by deriving a Hamiltonian-Jacobi function from the metric and showing that its existence requires all of the above mentioned properties. The article concludes with four applications, which includes a derivation of Kepler's First Law of Motion for planets, and a formula for describing the trajectories of galaxies moving in a space defined by the Robertson-Walker metric. 
Paul O'Hara
physics.gen-ph