Microscopic model of a phononic refrigerator
  We analyze a simple microscopic model to pump heat from a cold to a hot reservoir in a nanomechanical system. The model consists of a one-dimensional chain of masses and springs coupled to a back gate through which a time-dependent perturbation is applied. The action of the gate is to modulate the coupling of the masses to a substrate via additional springs that introduce a moving phononic barrier. We solve the problem numerically using non-equilibrium Green function techniques. For low driving frequencies and for sharp traveling barriers, we show that this microscopic model realizes a phonon refrigerator. 
Liliana Arrachea, Eduardo Mucciolo, Claudio Chamon and Rodrigo Capaz
cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.stat-mech quant-ph