Floating-Point Numbers with Error Estimates (revised)
  The study addresses the problem of precision in floating-point (FP) computations. A method for estimating the errors which affect intermediate and final results is proposed and a summary of many software simulations is discussed. The basic idea consists of representing FP numbers by means of a data structure collecting value and estimated error information. Under certain constraints, the estimate of the absolute error is accurate and has a compact statistical distribution. By monitoring the estimated relative error during a computation (an ad-hoc definition of relative error has been used), the validity of results can be ensured. The error estimate enables the implementation of robust algorithms, and the detection of ill-conditioned problems. A dynamic extension of number precision, under the control of error estimates, is advocated, in order to compute results within given error bounds. A reduced time penalty could be achieved by a specialized FP processor. The realization of a hardwired processor incorporating the method, with current technology, should not be anymore a problem and would make the practical adoption of the method feasible for most applications. 
Glauco Masotti
cs.NA