On the injection of helicity by shearing motion of fluxes in relation to   Flares and CMEs
  An investigation of helicity injection by photospheric shear motions is carried out for two active regions(ARs), NOAA 11158 and 11166, using line-of-sight magnetic field observations obtained from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on-board Solar Dynamics Observatory. We derived the horizontal velocities in the active regions from the Differential Affine Velocity Estimator(DAVE) technique. Persistent strong shear motions at the maximum velocities in the range of 0.6--0.9km/s along the magnetic polarity inversion line and outward flows from the peripheral regions of the sunspots were observed in the two active regions. The helicities injected in NOAA 11158 and 11166 during their six days' evolution period were estimated as $14.16\times10^{42}$Mx$^2$ and $9.5\times10^{42}$Mx$^2$, respectively. The estimated injection rates decreased up to 13% by increasing the time interval between the magnetograms from 12 min to 36 min, and increased up to 9% by decreasing the DAVE window size from $21\times18$ to $9\times6$ pixel$^2$, resulting in 10% variation in the accumulated helicity. In both ARs, the flare prone regions (R2) had inhomogeneous helicity flux distribution with mixed helicities of both signs and that of CME prone regions had almost homogeneous distribution of helicity flux dominated by single sign. The temporal profiles of helicity injection showed impulsive variations during some flares/CMEs due to negative helicity injection into the dominant region of positive helicity flux. A quantitative analysis reveals a marginally significant association of helicity flux with CMEs but not flares in AR 11158, while for the AR 11166, we found marginally significant association of helicity flux with flares but not CMEs, providing evidences of the role of helicity injection at localized sites of the events. 
P. Vemareddy, A. Ambastha, R. A. Maurya and J. Chae
astro-ph.SR