Adiabatic Passage and Spin Locking in Tm$^{3+}$:YAG
  In low concentration Tm$^{3+}$:YAG, we observe efficient adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) of thulium nuclear spin over flipping times much longer than $T_2$. Efficient ARP with long flipping time has been observed in monoatomic solids for decades and has been analyzed in terms of spin temperature and of the thermodynamic equilibrium of a coupled spin ensemble. In low-concentration impurity-doped crystals the spin temperature concept may be questioned. A single spin model should be preferred since the impurity ions are weakly coupled together but interact with the numerous off-resonant matrix ions that originate the spin-spin relaxation. The experiment takes place in the context of quantum information investigation, involving impurity-doped crystals, spin hyperpolarization by optical pumping, and optical detection of the spin evolution. 
Mar\'ia Florencia Pascual-Winter, Robert-Christopher Tongning, Romain   Lauro, Anne Louchet-Chauvet, Thierry Chaneli\`ere, J...
quant-ph physics.atom-ph