The Jacobi map for gravitational lensing: the role of the exponential   map
  We present a formal derivation of the key equations governing gravitational lensing in arbitrary space-times, starting from the basic properties of Jacobi fields and their expressions in terms of the exponential map. A careful analysis of Jacobi fields and Jacobi classes near the origin of a light beam determines the nature of the singular behavior of the optical deformation matrix. We also show that potential problems that could arise from this singularity do not invalidate the conclusions of the original argument presented by Seitz, Schneider & Ehlers (1994). 
Paulo H. F. Reimberg and L. Raul Abramo
gr-qc astro-ph.CO