Manipulation of qubits in non-orthogonal collective storage modes
  We present an analysis of transfer of quantum information between the collective spin degrees of freedom of a large ensemble of two-level systems and a single central qubit. The coupling between the central qubit and the individual ensemble members may be varied and thus provides access to more than a single storage mode. Means to store and manipulate several independent qubits are derived for the case where the variation in coupling strengths does not allow addressing of orthogonal modes of the ensemble. While our procedures and analysis may apply to a number of different physical systems, for concreteness, we study the transfer of quantum states between a single electron spin and an ensemble of nuclear spins in a quantum dot. 
Jonas Refsgaard and Klaus M{\o}lmer
quant-ph