A Mathematical Reformulation of the Reference Price
  Reference prices have long been studied in applied economics and business research. One of the classic formulations of the reference price is in terms of an iterative function of past prices. There are a number of limitations of such a formulation, however. Such limitations include burdensome computational time to estimate parameters, an inability to truly account for customer heterogeneity, and an estimation procedure that implies a misspecified model. Managerial recommendations based on inferences from such a model can be quite misleading. We mathematically reformulate the reference price by developing a closed-form expansion that addresses the aforementioned issues, enabling one to elicit truly meaningful managerial advice from the model. We estimate our model on a real world data set to illustrate the efficacy of our approach. Our work is not only useful from a modeling perspective, but also has important behavioral and managerial implications, which modelers and non-modelers alike would find useful. 
Kevin D. Dayaratna and P. K. Kannan
stat.AP stat.CO