Implementing general measurements on linear optical and solid-state   qubits
  We show a systematic construction for implementing general measurements on a single qubit, including both strong (or projection) and weak measurements. We mainly focus on linear optical qubits. The present approach is composed of simple and feasible elements, i.e., beam splitters, wave plates, and polarizing beam splitters. We show how the parameters characterizing the measurement operators are controlled by the linear optical elements. We also propose a method for the implementation of general measurements in solid-state qubits. 
Yukihiro Ota, Sahel Ashhab, Franco Nori
quant-ph cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.supr-con