Meridional tilt of the stellar velocity ellipsoid during bar buckling   instability
  The structure and evolution of the stellar velocity ellipsoid plays an important role in shaping galaxies undergoing bar driven secular evolution and the eventual formation of a boxy/peanut bulge such as present in the Milky Way. Using collisionless N-body simulations, we show that during the formation of such a boxy/peanut bulge, the meridional shear stress of stars, which can be measured by the meridional tilt of the velocity ellipsoid, reaches a characteristic peak in its time evolution. It is shown that the onset of a bar buckling instability is closely connected to the maximum meridional tilt of the stellar velocity ellipsoid. Our findings bring new insight to this complex gravitational instability of the bar which complements the buckling instability studies based on orbital models. We briefly discuss the observed diagnostics of the stellar velocity ellipsoid during such a phenomenon. 
Kanak Saha, Daniel Pfenniger, Ronald E. Taam
astro-ph.CO astro-ph.GA