Vector-based model of elastic bonds for DEM simulation of solids
  A new model for computer simulation of solids, composed of bonded rigid body particles, is proposed. Vectors rigidly connected with particles are used for description of deformation of a single bond. The expression for potential energy of the bond and corresponding expressions for forces and moments are proposed. Formulas, connecting parameters of the model with longitudinal, shear, bending and torsional stiffnesses of the bond, are derived. It is shown that the model allows to describe any values of the bond stiffnesses exactly. Two different calibration procedures depending on bond length/thickness ratio are proposed. It is shown that parameters of model can be chosen so that under small deformations the bond is equivalent to either Bernoulli-Euler rod or Timoshenko rod or short cylinder connecting particles. Simple expressions, connecting parameters of V-model with geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the bond, are derived. Computer simulation of dynamical buckling of the straight discrete rod and half-spherical shell is carried out. 
Vitaly A. Kuzkin and Igor E. Asonov
physics.comp-ph cond-mat.mtrl-sci cond-mat.soft physics.atm-clus