Novel Modulation Techniques using Isomers as Messenger Molecules for   Nano Communication Networks via Diffusion
  In this paper, we propose three novel modulation techniques, i.e., concentration-based, molecular-type-based, and molecular-ratio-based, using isomers as messenger molecules for nano communication networks via diffusion. To evaluate achievable rate performance, we compare the proposed tech- niques with conventional insulin based concepts under practical scenarios. Analytical and numerical results confirm that the proposed modulation techniques using isomers achieve higher data transmission rate performance (max 7.5 dB signal-to-noise ratio gain) than the insulin based concepts. We also investigate the tradeoff between messenger sizes and modulation orders and provide guidelines for selecting from among several possible candidates. 
Na-Rae Kim and Chan-Byoung Chae
cs.IT math.IT q-bio.QM