Transmission Line Analogy for Relativistic Poynting-Flux Jets
  Radio emission, polarization, and Faraday rotation maps of the radio jet of the galaxy 3C 303 have shown that one knot of this jet carries a {\it galactic}-scale electric current and that it is magnetically dominated. We develop the theory of magnetically dominated or Poynting-flux jets by making an analogy of a Poynting jet with a transmission line or waveguide carrying a net current and having a potential drop across it (from the jet's axis to its radius) and a definite impedance which we derive. Time-dependent but not necessarily small perturbations of a Poynting-flux jet are described by the "telegrapher's equations." These predict the propagation speed of disturbances and the effective wave impedance for forward and backward propagating wave components. A localized disturbance of a Poynting jet gives rise to localized dissipation in the jet which may explain the enhanced synchrotron radiation in the knots of the 3C 303 jet, and also in the apparently stationary knot HST-1 in the jet near the nucleus of the nearby galaxy M87. For a relativistic Poynting jet on parsec scales, the reflected voltage wave from an inductive termination or load can lead to a backward propagating wave which breaks down the magnetic insulation of the jet giving $|{\bf E}| /|{\bf B}|\geq 1$. At the threshold for breakdown, $|{\bf E}|/|{\bf B}|=1$, positive and negative particles are directly accelerated in the ${\bf E \times B}$ direction which is approximately along the jet axis. Acceleration can occur up to Lorentz factors $\sim 10^7$. This particle acceleration mechanism is distinct from that in shock waves and that in magnetic field reconnection. 
R.V.E. Lovelace and P.P. Kronberg
astro-ph.HE