Optimal multipartite entanglement concentration of electron-spin states   based on charge detection and projection measurements
  We propose an optimal entanglement concentration protocol (ECP) for nonlocal N-electron systems in a partially entangled pure state, resorting to charge detection and the projection measurement on an additional electron. For each nonlocal N-electron system, one party in quantum communication, say Alice first entangles it with an additional electron, and then she projects the additional electron into an orthogonal basis for dividing the N-electron systems into two groups. In the first group, the N parties obtain a subset of $N$-electron systems in a maximally entangled state directly. In the second group, they obtain some less-entangled N-electron systems which are the resource for the entanglement concentration in the next round. By iterating the entanglement concentration process several times, the present ECP has the maximal success probability, the theoretical limit of an ECP as it just equals to the entanglement of the partially entangled state, far higher than others, without resorting to a collective unitary evolution. 
Bao-Cang Ren, Tie-Jun Wang, Ming Hua, Fu-Fu Du, Fu-Guo Deng
quant-ph