Theory of self-organized traffic at light signal
  Based on numerical simulations of a three-phase traffic flow model, a probabilistic theory of traffic at the light signal is developed. We have found that very complex spatiotemporal self-organized phenomena determine features of city traffic. We have revealed that the breakdown of {\it green wave} in a city is initiated by the emergence of a moving synchronized flow pattern (MSP) within the green wave. It turns out that a sequence of F$\rightarrow$S$\rightarrow$J transitions (F -- free flow, S -- synchronized flow, J -- moving queue) lead to traffic breakdown at the light signal. Both spontaneous and induced breakdowns of the green wave have been found. From a study of a variety of scenarios for arrival traffic, we have found that there are the infinite number of capacities of traffic at the light signal, which are in a capacity range between a minimum capacity and maximum capacity; each of the capacities gives a flow rate at which under-saturated traffic is in a metastable state with respect to the transition to over-saturated traffic. The maximum capacity depends crucially on a time-dependence of the flow rate: The larger the number of vehicles that arrive the light signal during the green phase, the larger the maximum capacity. 
Boris S. Kerner
physics.soc-ph