Phase separation instabilities and pairing modulations in   $Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_{8+\delta}$
  There is growing evidence that the unconventional spatial inhomogeneities in the doped high-Tc superconductors are accompanied by the pairing of electrons, subsequent quantum phase transitions (QPTs), and condensation in coherent states. We show that these superconducting states can be obtained from phase separation instabilities near the quantum critical points. We examine electron coherent and incoherent pairing instabilities using our results on exact diagonalization in pyramidal and octahedron Hubbard-like clusters under variation of chemical potential (or doping), interaction strength, temperature and magnetic field. We also evaluate the behavior of the energy gap in the vicinity of its sign change as a function of out-of-plane position of the apical oxygen atom, due to vibration of apical atom and variation of inter-site coupling. These results provide a simple microscopic explanation of (correlation induced) supermodulation of the coherent pairing gap observed recently in the scanning tunneling microscopy experiments at atomic scale in $Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_{8+\delta}$. The existence of possible modulation of local charge density distribution in these materials is also discussed. 
Kun Fang, G. W. Fernando, A. V. Balatsky, A. N. Kocharian, and Kalum   Palandage
cond-mat.str-el cond-mat.supr-con