Black Hole Universe: Construction and Analysis of Initial Data
  We numerically construct an one-parameter family of initial data of an expanding inhomogeneous universe model which is composed of regularly aligned black holes with an identical mass. They are initial data for vacuum solutions of the Einstein equations. We call this universe model the "black hole universe" and analyze the structure of these initial data. We study the relation between the mean expansion rate of the 3-space, which corresponds to the Hubble parameter, and the mass density of black holes. The result implies that the same relation as that of the Einstein-de Sitter universe is realized in the limit of the large separation between neighboring black holes. The applicability of the cosmological Newtonian $N$-body simulation to the dark matter composed of black holes is also discussed. The deviation of the spatial metric of the cosmological Newtonian $N$-body system from that of the black hole universe is found to be smaller than about 1% in a region distant from the particles, if the separation length between neighboring particles is 20 times larger than their gravitational radius. By contrast, the deviation of the square of the Hubble parameter of the cosmological Newtonian $N$-body system from that of the black hole universe is about 20% for the same separation length. 
Chul-Moon Yoo, Hiroyuki Abe, Yohsuke Takamori and Ken-ichi Nakao
gr-qc astro-ph.CO