Watersheds, waterfalls, on edge or node weighted graphs
  We present an algebraic approach to the watershed adapted to edge or node weighted graphs. Starting with the flooding adjunction, we introduce the flooding graphs, for which node and edge weights may be deduced one from the other. Each node weighted or edge weighted graph may be transformed in a flooding graph, showing that there is no superiority in using one or the other, both being equivalent. We then introduce pruning operators extract subgraphs of increasing steepness. For an increasing steepness, the number of never ascending paths becomes smaller and smaller. This reduces the watershed zone, where catchment basins overlap. A last pruning operator called scissor associates to each node outside the regional minima one and only one edge. The catchment basins of this new graph do not overlap and form a watershed partition. Again, with an increasing steepness, the number of distinct watershed partitions contained in a graph becomes smaller and smaller. Ultimately, for natural image, an infinite steepness leads to a unique solution, as it is not likely that two absolutely identical non ascending paths of infinite steepness connect a node with two distinct minima. It happens that non ascending paths of a given steepness are the geodesics of lexicographic distance functions of a given depth. This permits to extract the watershed partitions as skeletons by zone of influence of the minima for such lexicographic distances. The waterfall hierarchy is obtained by a sequence of operations. The first constructs the minimum spanning forest which spans an initial watershed partition. The contraction of the trees into one node produces a reduced graph which may be submitted to the same treatment. The process is iterated until only one region remains. The union of the edges of all forests produced constitutes a minimum spanning tree of the initial graph. 
Fernand Meyer
cs.CV cs.DM