Observational Constraints on Quintessence: Thawing, Tracker, and Scaling   models
  For two types of quintessence models having thawing and tracking properties, there exist analytic solutions for the dark energy equation of state w expressed in terms of several free parameters. We put observational bounds on the parameters in such scenarios by using the recent data of Supernovae type Ia, Cosmic Microwave Background, and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations. The observational constraints are quite different depending on whether or not the recent BAO data from BOSS are taken into account. With the BOSS data the upper bounds of today's values of w (=w_0) in thawing models is very close to -1, whereas without this data the values of w_0 away from -1 can be still allowed. The tracker equation of state w_{(0)} during the matter era is constrained to be w_{(0)}<-0.949 at 95 % confidence level even without the BOSS data, so that the tracker models with w away from -1 are severely disfavored. We also study observational constraints on scaling models in which w starts to evolve from 0 in the deep matter era and show that the transition to the equation of state close to w=-1 needs to occur at an early cosmological epoch. In the three classes of quintessence models studied in this paper, the past evolution of the Hubble parameters in the best-fit models shows only less than the 2.5 % difference compared to the LCDM. 
Takeshi Chiba, Antonio De Felice, Shinji Tsujikawa
astro-ph.CO gr-qc hep-ph hep-th