Thermodynamic processes generated by a class of completely positive   quantum operations
  An attempt toward the operational formulation of quantum thermodynamics is made by employing the recently proposed operations forming positive operator-valued measures for generating thermodynamic processes. The quantity of heat as well as the von Neumann entropy monotonically increases under the operations. The fixed point analysis shows that repeated applications of these operations to a given system transform from its pure ground state at zero temperature to the completely random state in the high temperature limit with intermediate states being generically out of equilibrium. It is shown that the Clausius inequality can be violated along the processes, in general. A bipartite spin-1/2 system is analyzed as an explicit example. 
Sumiyoshi Abe and Yuki Aoyaghi (Mie University, Japan)
cond-mat.stat-mech quant-ph