A Phase Field Crystal Model of Phase and Microstructural Stability in   Driven Nanocrystalline Systems
  We present a phase field crystal model for driven systems which describes competing effects between thermally activated diffusional processes and those driven by externally imposed ballistic events. The model demonstrates how the mesoscopic Enrique and Bellon [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2885 (2000)] model of externally induced ballistic mixing can be incorporated into the atomistic phase field crystal formalism. The combination of the two approaches results in a model capable of describing the microstructural and compositional evolution of a driven system, while incorporating elasto-plastic effects. The model is applied to the study of grain growth in nanocrystalline materials subjected to an external driving. 
Nana Ofori-Opoku, Jeffrey J. Hoyt, Nikolas Provatas
cond-mat.mtrl-sci physics.comp-ph