Measuring times to determine positions
  Among the first devices used to measure the time we find the sundials and the water-clocks, as told by Vitruvius in his book on the Architecture. The sundials work because of the shadows cast by a rod or pole, the gnomon, on their basements. Besides being an instrument able to measure the time intervals, the sundial provided information on Earth and heaven to the ancient astronomers. Here we discuss how this device is able to determine the latitude and the north-south direction. The problem of the longitude is also shortly discussed. 
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna
physics.pop-ph