Keyhole and Reflection Effects in Network Connectivity Analysis
  Recent research has demonstrated the importance of boundary effects on the overall connection probability of wireless networks, but has largely focused on convex domains. We consider two generic scenarios of practical importance to wireless communications, in which one or more nodes are located outside the convex space where the remaining nodes reside. Consequently, conventional approaches with the underlying assumption that only line-of-sight (LOS) or direct connections between nodes are possible, fail to provide the correct analysis for the connectivity. We present an analytical framework that explicitly considers the effects of reflections from the system boundaries on the full connection probability. This study provides a different strategy to ray tracing tools for predicting the wireless propagation environment. A simple two-dimensional geometry is first considered, followed by a more practical three-dimensional system. We investigate the effects of different system parameters on the connectivity of the network though analysis corroborated by numerical simulations, and highlight the potential of our approach for more general non-convex geometries.t system parameters on the connectivity of the network through simulation and analysis. 
Mohammud Z. Bocus, Carl P. Dettmann, Justin P. Coon and Mohammed R.   Rahman
cs.IT cs.NI math.IT