Evaporative CO2 cooling using microchannels etched in silicon for the   future LHCb vertex detector
  The extreme radiation dose received by vertex detectors at the Large Hadron Collider dictates stringent requirements on their cooling systems. To be robust against radiation damage, sensors should be maintained below -20 degree C and at the same time, the considerable heat load generated in the readout chips and the sensors must be removed. Evaporative CO2 cooling using microchannels etched in a silicon plane in thermal contact with the readout chips is an attractive option. In this paper, we present the first results of microchannel prototypes with circulating, two-phase CO2 and compare them to simulations. We also discuss a practical design of upgraded VELO detector for the LHCb experiment employing this approach. 
A. Nomerotski, J. Buytart, P. Collins, R. Dumps, E. Greening, M. John,   A. Mapelli, A. Leflat, Y. Li, G. Romagnoli, B. Verlaat
physics.ins-det hep-ex