Suppresion of Self-Phase Modulation in a Laser Transfer System using   Optical Fiber on the Subaru Telescope
  We are developing the Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics (LGS/AO188) system for the Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea, Hawaii. This system utilizes a combination of an all-solid-state mode-locked sum-frequency generation (SFG) laser (1.7-GHz bandwidth, 0.7-ns pulse width) as a light source and a single-mode optical fiber for beam transference. However, optical fibers induce nonlinear effects, especially self-phase modulation (SPM). We studied SPM in our photonic crystal fiber (PCF). SPM broadens the spectrum of a laser beam and decrease the efficiency of bright laser guide star generation. We measured the spectrum width using a spectrum analyzer. We found a spectrum width of 8.4 GHz at full width at half maximum (FWHM). The original FWHM of our laser spectrum was 1.4 GHz. This was equivalent to a 70 % loss in laser energy. We also measured the brightness of the sodium cell and evaluated its performance as a function of laser wavelength. The cell's brightness showed a peculiar tendency; specifically, it did not extinguish even though the wavelength varied by more than 5 pm. To reduce the impact of SPM, we developed an optical system that divides one laser pulse into four lower-power pulses. The laser peak power after passing through the new optical system was decreased to one-fourth the original, reducing the impact of SPM on the sodium cell. An actual laser guide star created with the new system was 0.41 mag brighter than the laser guide star created with the original system. We achieved brighter laser guide star generation by dividing a laser pulse to reduce its peak intensity. This is an effective method for laser relay using optical fiber. 
Meguru Ito, Yutaka Hayano, Yoshihiko Saito, Hideki Takami, Norihito   Saito, Kazuyuki Akagawa, and Masanori Iye
astro-ph.IM