Collective Lyapunov modes
  We show, using covariant Lyapunov vectors in addition to standard Lyapunov analysis, that there exists a set of collective Lyapunov modes in large chaotic systems exhibiting collective dynamics. Associated with delocalized Lyapunov vectors, they act collectively on the trajectory and hence characterize the instability of its collective dynamics. We further develop, for globally-coupled systems, a connection between these collective modes and the Lyapunov modes in the corresponding Perron-Frobenius equation. We thereby address the fundamental question of the effective dimension of collective dynamics and discuss the extensivity of chaos in presence of collective dynamics. 
Kazumasa A. Takeuchi and Hugues Chat\'e
nlin.CD cond-mat.stat-mech