Dependence and Independence
  We introduce an atomic formula intuitively saying that given variables are independent from given other variables if a third set of variables is kept constant. We contrast this with dependence logic. We show that our independence atom gives rise to a natural logic capable of formalizing basic intuitions about independence and dependence. 
Erich Gr\"adel, Jouko V\"a\"an\"anen
cs.LO math.LO