Demand Shaping to Achieve Steady Electricity Consumption with Load   Balancing in a Smart Grid
  The purpose of this paper is to study conflicting objectives between the grid operator and consumers in a future smart grid. Traditionally, customers in electricity grids have different demand profiles and it is generally assumed that the grid has to match and satisfy the demand profiles of all its users. However, for system operators and electricity producers, it is usually most desirable, convenient and cost effective to keep electricity production at a constant rate. The temporal variability of electricity demand forces power generators, especially load following and peaking plants to constantly manipulate electricity production away from a steady operating point. 
Naveed Ul Hassan, Xiumin Wang, Shisheng Huang, Chau Yuen
math.OC