Parrondo games with spatial dependence and a related spin system
  Toral introduced so-called cooperative Parrondo games, in which there are N players (3 or more) arranged in a circle. At each turn one player is randomly chosen to play. He plays either game A or game B, depending on the strategy. Game A results in a win or loss of one unit based on the toss of a fair coin. Game B results in a win or loss of one unit based on the toss of a biased coin, with the amount of the bias depending on whether none, one, or two of the player's two nearest neighbors have won their most recent games. Game A is fair, so the games are said to exhibit the Parrondo effect if game B is losing or fair and the random mixture C:=(1/2)(A+B) is winning. With mu_B (resp., mu_C) denoting the mean profit per turn to the ensemble of N players always playing game B (resp., C), we give sufficient conditions for lim mu_B (as N goes to infinity) to exist and show that lim mu_C nearly always exists, with the limits expressible in terms of a parameterized spin system on the one-dimensional integer lattice. For a particular choice of the parameters, we show that the Parrondo effect (i.e., mu_B is nonpositive and mu_C is positive) is present in the N-player model if and only if N is even. For the same choice of the parameters, we show that, with a suitable interpretation and for certain initial distributions, the Parrondo effect is present in the spin system if and only if N is even, N being the number of consecutive players whose collective profit is tracked. 
S. N. Ethier and Jiyeon Lee
math.PR