Phononics in Low-Dimensions: Engineering Phonons in Nanostructures and   Graphene
  Phonons - quanta of crystal lattice vibrations - reveal themselves in all electrical, thermal and optical phenomena in materials. Nanostructures open exciting opportunities for tuning the phonon energy spectrum and related properties of materials for specific applications. The possibilities for controlled modification of the phonon transport and phonon interactions - referred to as phonon engineering or phononics - increase even further with the advent of graphene and two-dimensional van der Waals materials. We describe methods for tuning the phonon spectrum and controlling the thermal properties of the low-dimensional materials via ribbon edges, grain boundaries, isotope composition, defect concentration, and atomic-plane orientation. 
Alexander A. Balandina and Denis L. Nika
cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.mtrl-sci