Particle Diffusion in Slow Granular Bulk Flows
  We probe the diffusive motion of particles in slowly sheared three dimensional granular suspensions. For sufficiently large strains, the particle dynamics exhibits diffusive Gaussian statistics, with the diffusivity proportional to the local strain rate - consistent with a local, quasi static picture. Surprisingly, the diffusivity is also inversely proportional to the depth of the particles within the flow - at the free surface, diffusivity is thus ill defined. We find that the crossover to Gaussian displacement statistics is governed by the same depth dependence, evidencing a non-trivial strain scale in three dimensional granular flows. 
Elie Wandersman, Joshua A. Dijksman and Martin van Hecke
cond-mat.soft cond-mat.mtrl-sci cond-mat.stat-mech