A Spatial Model of City Growth and Formation
  We introduce a model in which city populations grow at rates proportional to the area of their "sphere of influence", where the influence of a city depends on its population (to power \alpha) and distance from city (to power -\beta) and where new cities arise according to a certain random rule. A simple non-rigorous analysis of asymptotics indicates that for \beta > 2\alpha$ the system exhibits "balanced growth" in which there are an increasing number of large cities, whose populations have the same order of magnitude, whereas for \beta < 2\alpha$ the system exhibits "unbalanced growth" in which a few cities capture most of the total population. Conceptually the model is best regarded as a spatial analog of the combinatorial "Chinese restaurant process". 
David Aldous and Bowen Huang
physics.soc-ph physics.data-an