Ionized Gas in the First 10 Kiloparsecs of the Interstellar Galactic   Halo: Metal Ion Fractions
  We present direct measures of the ionization fractions of several sulfur ions in the Galactic warm ionized medium (WIM). We obtained high resolution ultraviolet absorption line spectroscopy of post-asymptotic giant branch stars in the the globular clusters Messier 3 [(l,b)=(42.2, +78.7); d=10.2 kpc, z=10.0 kpc] and Messier 5 [(l,b)=(3.9, +46.8); d=7.5 kpc, z = +5.3 kpc] with the Hubble Space Telescope and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer to measure, or place limits on, the column densities of S I, S II, S III, S IV, S VI, and H I. These clusters also house millisecond pulsars, whose dispersion measures give an electron column density from which we infer the H II column in these directions. We find fractions of S+2 in the WIM for the M 3 and M 5 sight lines x(S+2) = N(S+2)/N(S) = 0.33+/-0.07 and 0.47+/-0.09, respectively, with variations perhaps related to location. With negligible quantities of the higher ionization states, we conclude S+ and S+2 account for all of the S in the WIM. We extend the methodology to study the ion fractions in the warm and hot ionized gas of the Milky Way, including the high ions Si+3, C+3, N+4, and O+5. The vast majority of the Galactic ionized gas is warm (T ~ 10^4 K) and photoionized (the WIM) or very hot (T > 4x10^5 K) and collisionally ionized. The common tracer of ionized gas beyond the Milky Way, O+5, traces <1% of the total ionized gas mass of the Milky Way. 
J. Christopher Howk and S. Michelle Consiglio
astro-ph.GA