Semiparametric Mixed Model for Evaluating Pathway-Environment   Interaction
  A biological pathway represents a set of genes that serves a particular cellular or a physiological function. The genes within the same pathway are expected to function together and hence may interact with each other. It is also known that many genes, and so pathways, interact with other environmental variables. However, no formal procedure has yet been developed to evaluate the pathway-environment interaction. In this article, we propose a semiparametric method to model the pathway-environment interaction. The method connects a least square kernel machine and a semiparametric mixed effects model. We model nonparametrically the environmental effect via a natural cubic spline. Both a pathway effect and an interaction between a pathway and an environmental effect are modeled nonparametrically via a kernel machine, and we estimate variance component representing an interaction effect under a semiparametric mixed effects model. We then employ a restricted likelihood ratio test and a score test to evaluate the main pathway effect and the pathway-environment interaction. The approach was applied to a genetic pathway data of Type II diabetes, and pathways with either a significant main pathway effect, an interaction effect or both were identified. Other methods previously developed determined many as having a significant main pathway effect only. Furthermore, among those significant pathways, we discovered some pathways having a significant pathway-environment interaction effect, a result that other methods would not be able to detect. 
Zaili Fang, Inyoung Kim, Jeesun Jung
stat.ME