Formation of galaxies in {\Lambda}CDM cosmologies. I. The fine structure   of disc galaxies
  We present a detailed analysis of the global and fine structure of four middle-mass disc galaxies obtained from simulations in a $\Lambda$CDM scenario. These objects have photometric D/T ratios in good agreement with those observed for late-type spirals, as well as kinematic properties in agreement with the observational Tully-Fisher relation. We identify the different dynamical components at z=0 on the basis of both orbital parameters and the binding energy of stars in the galaxy. In this way, we recognize a slowly rotating centrally concentrated spheroid, and two disc components supported by rotation: a thin disc with stars in nearly circular orbits, and a thick disc with orbital parameters transitional between the thin disc and the spheroid. The spheroidal component is composed mainly by old, metal-poor and {\alpha}-enhanced stars. The distribution of metals in this component shows, however, a clear bimodality with a low-metallicity peak, which could be related to a classical bulge, and a high-metallicity peak, which could be related to a pseudo-bulge. The thin disc appears in our simulations as the youngest and most metal-rich component. The radial distribution of ages and colours in this component are U-shaped: the new stars are forming in the inner regions, and then migrate through secular processes. Finally, we also find a thick disc containing about 16% of the total stellar mass and with properties that are intermediate between those of the thin disc and the spheroid. Its low-metallicity stars are {\alpha}-enhanced when compared to thin disc stars of the same metallicity. The structural parameters (e.g., the scale height) of the simulated thick discs suggest that such a component could result from the combination of different thickening mechanisms that include merger-driven processes, but also long-lived internal perturbations of the thin disc. [Abridged] 
Mariola Dom\'enech-Moral, Francisco J. Mart\'inez-Serrano, Rosa   Dom\'inguez-Tenreiro and Arturo Serna
astro-ph.CO astro-ph.GA