A hierarchical latent class model for predicting disability small area   counts from survey data
  This article considers the estimation of the number of severely disabled people using data from the Italian survey on Health Conditions and Appeal to Medicare. Disability is indirectly measured using a set of categorical items, which survey a set of functions concerning the ability of a person to accomplish everyday tasks. Latent Class Models can be employed to classify the population according to different levels of a latent variable connected with disability. The survey, however, is designed to provide reliable estimates at the level of Administrative Regions (NUTS2 level), while local authorities are interested in quantifying the amount of population that belongs to each latent class at a sub-regional level. Therefore, small area estimation techniques should be used. The challenge of the present application is that the variable of interest is not directly observed. Adopting a full Bayesian approach, we base small area estimation on a Latent Class model in which the probability of belonging to each latent class changes with covariates and the influence of age is learnt from the data using penalized splines. Deimmler-Reisch bases are shown to improve speed and mixing of MCMC chains used to simulate posteriors. 
Enrico Fabrizi, Giorgio E. Montanari, Maria Giovanna Ranalli
stat.AP stat.ME