Photonic quantum memory in two-level ensembles based on modulating the   refractive index in time: equivalence to gradient echo memory
  We present a quantum memory protocol that allows to store light in ensembles of two-level atoms, e.g. rare-earth ions doped into a crystal, by modulating the refractive index of the host medium of the atoms linearly in time. We show that under certain conditions the resulting dynamics is equivalent to that underlying the gradient echo memory protocol, which relies on a spatial gradient of the atomic resonance frequencies. We discuss the prospects for an experimental implementation. 
James Clark, Khabat Heshami, Christoph Simon
quant-ph