Aspects of Polar-Coded Modulation
  We consider the joint design of polar coding and higher-order modulation schemes for ever increased spectral efficiency. The close connection between the polar code construction and the multi-level coding approach is described in detail. Relations between different modulation schemes such as bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) and multi-level coding (MLC) in case of polar-coded modulation as well as the influence of the applied labeling rule and the selection of frozen channels are demonstrated. 
Mathis Seidl, Andreas Schenk, Clemens Stierstorfer, and Johannes B.   Huber
cs.IT math.IT