Reduced magnetohydrodynamic theory of oblique plasmoid instabilities
  The three-dimensional nature of plasmoid instabilities is studied using the reduced magnetohydrodynamic equations. For a Harris equilibrium with guide field, represented by $\vc{B}_o = B_{po} \tanh (x/\lambda) \hat{y} + B_{zo} \hat{z}$, a spectrum of modes are unstable at multiple resonant surfaces in the current sheet, rather than just the null surface of the polodial field $B_{yo} (x) = B_{po} \tanh (x/\lambda)$, which is the only resonant surface in 2D or in the absence of a guide field. Here $B_{po}$ is the asymptotic value of the equilibrium poloidal field, $B_{zo}$ is the constant equilibrium guide field, and $\lambda$ is the current sheet width. Plasmoids on each resonant surface have a unique angle of obliquity $\theta \equiv \arctan(k_z/k_y)$. The resonant surface location for angle $\theta$ is $x_s = - \lambda \arctanh (\tan \theta B_{zo}/B_{po})$, and the existence of a resonant surface requires $|\theta| < \arctan (B_{po} / B_{zo})$. The most unstable angle is oblique, i.e. $\theta \neq 0$ and $x_s \neq 0$, in the constant-$\psi$ regime, but parallel, i.e. $\theta = 0$ and $x_s = 0$, in the nonconstant-$\psi$ regime. For a fixed angle of obliquity, the most unstable wavenumber lies at the intersection of the constant-$\psi$ and nonconstant-$\psi$ regimes. The growth rate of this mode is $\gamma_{\textrm{max}}/\Gamma_o \simeq S_L^{1/4} (1-\mu^4)^{1/2}$, in which $\Gamma_o = V_A/L$, $V_A$ is the Alfv\'{e}n speed, $L$ is the current sheet length, and $S_L$ is the Lundquist number. The number of plasmoids scales as $N \sim S_L^{3/8} (1-\mu^2)^{-1/4} (1 + \mu^2)^{3/4}$. 
S. D. Baalrud, A. Bhattacharjee and Y.-M. Huang
physics.plasm-ph