Grain boundary segregation in UFG alloys processed by severe plastic   deformation
  Grain boundary segregations were investigated by Atom Probe Tomography in an Al-Mg alloy, a carbon steel and Armco\trademark Fe processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD). In the non-deformed state, the GBs of the aluminium alloy are Mg depleted, but after SPD some local enrichment up to 20 at.% was detected. In the Fe-based alloys, large carbon concentrations were also exhibited along GBs after SPD. These experimental observations are attributed to the specific structure of GBs often described as "non-equilibrum" in ultra fine grained materials processed by SPD. The grain boundary segregation mechanisms are discussed and compared in the case of substitutional (Mg in fcc Al) and interstitial (C in bcc Fe) solute atoms. 
Xavier Sauvage (GPM), Artur Ganeev, Yulia Ivanisenko (INT), Nariman   Enikeev, Maxim Murashkin, R. Z. Valiev
cond-mat.mtrl-sci