Superradiant phase transition in a model of three-level-lambda systems   interacting with two bosonic modes
  We consider an ensemble of three-level particles in lambda-configuration interacting with two bosonic modes. The Hamiltonian has the form of a generalized Dicke-model. We show that in the thermodynamic limit this model supports a superradiant quantum phase transition. Remarkably, this can be both a first and a second order phase transition. A connection of the phase diagram to the symmetries of the Hamiltonian is also given. In addition, we show that this model can describe atoms interacting with an electromagnetic field in which the microscopic Hamiltonian includes a diamagnetic contribution. Even though the parameters of the atomic system respect the Thomas--Reiche--Kuhn sum rule, the system still shows a superradiant phase transition. 
Mathias Hayn, Clive Emary and Tobias Brandes
quant-ph