The dynamics of three-level $\Lambda$-type system driven by the trains   of ultrashort laser pulses
  We study the dynamics of a tree-level $\Lambda$-type atoms driven by a coherent train of short, non-overlapping laser pulses.We derive analytical non-perturbative expressions for density matrix by approximating pulses by delta-function.We demonstrate that depending on train parameters several scenarios of system dynamics are realized. We show the possibility of driving Raman transitions between the two ground states of $\Lambda$-system avoiding populating excited state by using the pulses with effective area equal to $2\pi$.The number of $2\pi$-pulses needed to transfer the entire population from one ground state to another depends on the ratio between the Rabi frequencies of two allowed transitions. In the case of equal Rabi frequencies, the system can be transferred from one ground state to another with a single $2\pi$ pulse. When the total pulse area differs from $2\pi$ and the two-photon resonance condition is fullfilled, the system evolves into a "dark" state and becomes transparent to subsequent pulses. We derive analytical expression for the density matrix in the quasi-steady-state regime. We analyze the dependence of the post-pulse excited state population in the quasi-steady-state regime on the train parameters. We find the optimal values for train parameters corresponding to the maximimum of the excited state population. The maximum of the excited state population in the steady state regime is reached at the effective single pulse area equal to $\pi$ and is equal to 2/3 in the limiting case when its radiative lifetime is much shorter then the pulse repetition period. 
Ekaterina Ilinova and Andrei Derevianko
physics.atom-ph