Total electron content disturbances prior to Great Tohoku March 11, 2011   and October 23, 2011 Turkey Van earthquakes and their physical interpretation
  This paper discusses the GPS (Global Positioning System) observed TEC (Total Electron Content) variations prior to the M 9.0 Great Tohoku (Japan, Sendai) March 11, 2011 and M 7.1 Oct. 23, 2011 Turkey Van earthquakes as possible seismo-ionosphere precursors. We have formulated a set of the TEC phenomenological features often reported as precursors to strong earthquakes based on our experience and publications' analysis. This feature-set has been applied to the relative TEC deviations for time intervals March 08-11, 2011 and Oct. 20-23, 2011 preceding M 9.0 Great Tohoku (Japan) March 11 and Turkey Van Oct. 23 earthquakes, respectively. In both cases there have been revealed strong local long-living (of about several hours) TEC disturbances at the near-epicenter and magnetically conjugated areas. These disturbances may be treated as seismo-ionospheric precursors. The physical mechanism for the observed TEC structures for these two as well as for other cases of recent strong seismic events has been proposed. The anomalies have been interpreted and explained on the base of this physical mechanism from the origin hypothesis point of view in terms of electromagnetic lithosphere-ionosphere coupling. 
O. V. Zolotov, A. A. Namgaladze, B. E. Prokhorov
physics.space-ph physics.geo-ph