A constant limiting mass scale for flat early-type galaxies from z=1 to   z=0: density evolves but shapes do not
  We measure the evolution in the intrinsic shape distribution of early-type galaxies from z~1 to z~0 by analyzing their projected axis-ratio distributions. We extract a low-redshift sample (0.04 < z < 0.08) of early-type galaxies with very low star-formation rates from the SDSS, based on a color-color selection scheme and verified through the absence of emission lines in the spectra. The inferred intrinsic shape distribution of these early-type galaxies is strongly mass dependent: the typical short-to-long intrinsic axis-ratio of high-mass early-type galaxies (>1e11 M_sun) is 2:3, where as at masses below 1e11 M_sun this ratio narrows to 1:3, or more flattened galaxies. In an entirely analogous manner we select a high-redshift sample (0.6 < z < 0.8) from two deep-field surveys: GEMS and COSMOS. We find a seemingly universal mass of ~1e11 M_sun for highly flatted early-type systems at all redshifts. This implies that the process that grows an early-type galaxy above this ceiling mass involves forming round systems. Using both parametric and non-parametric tests, we find no evolution in the projected axis-ratio distribution for galaxies with masses >3e10 M_sun with redshift. At the same time, our samples imply an increase of 2-3x in co-moving number density for early-type galaxies at masses >3e10 M_sun, in agreement with previous studies. Given the direct connection between the axis-ratio distribution and the underlying bulge-to-disk ratio distribution, our findings imply that the number density evolution of early-type galaxies is not exclusively driven by the emergence of either bulge- or disk-dominated galaxies, but rather by a balanced mix that depends only on the stellar mass of the galaxy. The challenge for galaxy formation models is to reproduce this overall non-evolving ratio of flattened to round early-type galaxies in the context of a continually growing population. 
Bradford Holden, Arjen van der Wel (1), Hans-Walter Rix (1), Marijn   Franx (2) ((1) MPIA-Heidelberg, (2) Leiden Obs., Unive...
astro-ph.CO