A finite element formulation of the outlet gradient boundary condition   for convective-diffusive transport problems
  A simple finite element formulation of the outlet gradient boundary condition is presented in the general context of convective-diffusive transport processes. Basically, the method is based on an upstream evaluation of the dependent variable gradient along open boundaries. Boundary normal unit vectors and gradient operators are evaluated using covariant bases and metric tensors, which allow handling finite elements of mixed dimensions. Even though the presented method has implications for many fields where diffusion processes are involved, discussion and illustrative examples address more particularly the framework of contaminant transport in porous media, in which the outlet gradient concentration is classically, but wrongly assumed to be zero. 
Fabien Cornaton, Pierre Perrochet and Hans-J\"org Diersch
physics.flu-dyn math.NA