Effective environments: Preparation of stationary states with inverse   temperature ranging from positive to negative values
  In this paper, we discuss how effective environments incorporating periodic measurements can be used to prepare a two-level system (TLS) in almost arbitrary thermal states: Concretely, we study a TLS coupled to a spin environment, the magnetization of which is measured periodically. In ensemble average these measurements cause a relaxation of the TLS into a thermal (diagonal) state. By adjusting the time between the measurements and the detuning of the environmental spins, the creation of very low temperatures as well as inversion becomes possible. Our analytical results derived for large environments are numerically shown to be valid even for quite small environments, down to only a few spins. 
Thomas Jahnke and G\"unter Mahler
quant-ph