Nanocoolers
  We present a simple kinematic model of a non-equilibrium steady state device, which can operate either as a heat engine or as a refrigerator. The model is composed of two or more scattering channels where the motion is fully described by deterministic classical dynamics, which connect a pair of stochastic (infinite) heat and particle baths at unequal temperatures. We discuss precise kinematic conditions under which our model may approach Carnot's optimal efficiency in different situations. 
Martin Horvat, Toma\v{z} Prosen, Giulio Casati
cond-mat.stat-mech cond-mat.mes-hall