Spectral function of few electrons in quantum wires and carbon nanotubes   as a signature of Wigner localization
  We demonstrate that the profile of the space-resolved spectral function at finite temperature provides a signature of Wigner localization for electrons in quantum wires and semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Our numerical evidence is based on the exact diagonalization of the microscopic Hamiltonian of few particles interacting in gate-defined quantum dots. The minimal temperature required to suppress residual exchange effects in the spectral function image of (nanotubes) quantum wires lies in the (sub-) Kelvin range. 
Andrea Secchi and Massimo Rontani
cond-mat.str-el