Internal time, test clocks and singularity resolution in dust-filled   quantum cosmology
  The problem of time evolution in quantum cosmology is studied in the context of a dust-filled, spatially flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. In this model, two versions of the commonly-adopted notion of internal time can be implemented in the same quantization, and are found to yield contradictory views of the same quantum state: with one choice, the big-bang singularity appears to be resolved, but with another choice it does not. This and other considerations lead to the conclusion that the notion of internal time as it is usually implemented has no satisfactory physical interpretation. A recently proposed variant of the relational-time construction, using a test clock that is regarded as internal to a specific observer, appears to provide an improved account of time evolution relative to the proper time that elapses along the observer's worldline. This construction permits the derivation of consistent joint probability densities for observable quantities, which can be viewed either as evolving with proper time or as describing correlations in a timeless manner. Section I reveals whether the singularity is resolved or not. 
Ian D. Lawrie
gr-qc hep-ph hep-th quant-ph