Co-nondeterminism in compositions: A kernelization lower bound for a   Ramsey-type problem
  Until recently, techniques for obtaining lower bounds for kernelization were one of the most sought after tools in the field of parameterized complexity. Now, after a strong influx of techniques, we are in the fortunate situation of having tools available that are even stronger than what has been required in their applications so far. Based on a result of Fortnow and Santhanam (JCSS 2011), Bodlaender et al. (JCSS 2009) showed that, unless NP \subseteq coNP/poly, the existence of a deterministic polynomial-time composition algorithm, i.e., an algorithm which outputs an instance of bounded parameter value which is yes if and only if one of t input instances is yes, rules out the existence of polynomial kernels for a problem. Dell and van Melkebeek (STOC 2010) continued this line of research and, amongst others, were able to rule out kernels of size O(k^d-eps) for certain problems, assuming NP !\subseteq coNP/poly. Their work implies that even the existence of a co-nondeterministic composition rules out polynomial kernels.   In this work we present the first example of how co-nondeterminism can help to make a composition algorithm. We study a Ramsey-type problem: Given a graph G and an integer k, the question is whether G contains an independent set or a clique of size at least k. It was asked by Rod Downey whether this problem admits a polynomial kernelization. We provide a co-nondeterministic composition based on embedding t instances into a single host graph H. The crux is that the host graph H needs to observe a bound of L \in O(log t) on both its maximum independent set and maximum clique size, while also having a cover of its vertex set by independent sets and cliques all of size L; the co-nondeterministic composition is build around the search for such graphs. Thus we show that, unless NP \subseteq coNP/poly, the problem does not admit a kernelization with polynomial size guarantee. 
Stefan Kratsch
cs.DS