Orbital Decay and Evidence of Disk Formation in the X-ray Binary Pulsar   OAO 1657-415
  OAO 1657-415 is an eclipsing X-ray binary wind-fed pulsar that has exhibited smooth spin-up/spin-down episodes and has undergone several torque reversals throughout its long history of observation. We present a frequency history spanning nearly 19 years of observations from the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (CGRO/BATSE) and from the Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (Fermi/GBM). The analysis suggests two modes of accretion: one resulting in steady spin-up during which we believe a stable accretion disk is present and one that results in what appears to be a random walk in spin frequency where an unstable accretion disk forms alternating in direction ("flip flop"). Orbital elements of the pulsar system are determined at several intervals throughout this history. With these ephemerides, statistically significant orbital decay ($\dot{P}/P =(-3.40 \pm0.15)\times10^{-6} \mathrm{yr^{-1}}$) is established suggesting a transition between wind-fed and disk-mediated accretion. 
P. A. Jenke, M. H. Finger, C. A. Wilson-Hodge, A. Camero-Arranz
astro-ph.HE