Astronomy in the Church: the Clementine Sundial in Santa Maria degli   Angeli, Rome
  Pope Clement XI (1700-1721) ordered Francesco Bianchini (1662-1729) to build a Meridian Line. Bianchini was the Secretary of the Commission for the Calendar. He chose the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli because of the stability of its roman walls and foundations and its suitable dimension. Stability over centuries of the ancient walls where the pinhole is located is a requirement for making high precision astrometry, such as the measurement of the inclination of the Earth axis over its orbit plan. In the 18th century it was possible to open the window holding the southern pinhole, and, even in daylight, stellar transits were recorded and precisely timed with pendulum mechanical clocks. The accuracy of such clocks was better than 1 s per day, and the observations of stellar transits allowed their synchronization with sidereal time. This "hybrid feature" of the Clementine Gnomon to measure solar and stellar transits allowed Bianchini to accomplish in 1703 the whole measurement of the duration of the tropical year, which was usually made by comparing observations very widely spread in time. The small deviation of the Line from true North of ~ 4'30" Eastwards has been measured comparing the delays of transits at both solstices with respect to the ephemerides. 
Costantino Sigismondi
astro-ph.IM physics.hist-ph