Full orbit simulations of collisional impurity transport in spherical   tokamak plasmas with strongly-sheared electric fields
  The collisional dynamics of test impurity ions in spherical tokamak plasmas with strongly-sheared radial electric fields is investigated by means of a test particle full orbit simulation code. The strength of the shear is such that the standard drift ordering can no longer be assumed and a full orbit approach is required. The effect of radial electric field shear on neoclassical particle transport is quantified for a range of test particle mass and charge numbers and electric field parameters. It is shown that the effect of a sheared electric field is to enhance the confinement of impurity species above the level observed in the absence of such a field. The effect may be explained in terms of a collisional drag force drift, which is proportional to particle charge number but independent of particle mass. This drift acts inwards for negative radial electric fields and outwards for positive fields, implying strongly enhanced confinement of highly ionized impurity ions in the presence of a negative radial electric field. 
C. G. Wrench, E. Verwichte and K. G. McClements
physics.plasm-ph