Non-trivial \theta-Vacuum Effects in the 2-d O(3) Model
  We study \theta-vacua in the 2-d lattice O(3) model using the standard action and an optimized constraint action with very small cut-off effects, combined with the geometric topological charge. Remarkably, dislocation lattice artifacts do not spoil the non-trivial continuum limit at \theta\ non-zero, and there are different continuum theories for each value of \theta. A very precise Monte Carlo study of the step scaling function indirectly confirms the exact S-matrix of the 2-d O(3) model at \theta = \pi. 
Michael B\"ogli, Ferenc Niedermayer, Michele Pepe, and Uwe-Jens Wiese
hep-lat