A frequentist two-sample test based on Bayesian model selection
  Despite their importance in supporting experimental conclusions, standard statistical tests are often inadequate for research areas, like the life sciences, where the typical sample size is small and the test assumptions difficult to verify. In such conditions, standard tests tend to be overly conservative, and fail thus to detect significant effects in the data. Here we define a novel statistical test for the two-sample problem. Several characteristics make it an attractive alternative to classical two-sample tests: 1) It is based on Bayesian model selection, and thus takes into account uncertainty about the model's parameters, mitigating the problem of small samples size; 2) The null hypothesis is compared with several alternative hypotheses, making the test suitable in different experimental scenarios; 3) The test is constructed as a frequentist test, and defines significance with the conventional bound on Type I errors. We analyze the power of the test and find that it is higher than the power of other standard options, like the t-test (up to 25% higher) for a wide range of sample and effect sizes, and is at most 1% lower when the assumptions of the t-test are perfectly matched. We discuss and evaluate two variants of the test, that define different prior distributions over the parameters of the hypotheses. 
Pietro Berkes and Jozsef Fiser
stat.ME