Maximal eigenvalues of a Casimir operator and multiplicity-free modules
  Let $\g$ be a finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra and $\b$ a Borel subalgebra. Then $\g$ acts on its exterior algebra $\w\g$ naturally.   We prove that the maximal eigenvalue of the Casimir operator on $\w\g$ is one third of the dimension of $\g$, that the maximal eigenvalue $m_i$ of the Casimir operator on $\w^i\g$ is increasing for $0\le i\le r$, where $r$ is the number of positive roots, and that the corresponding eigenspace $M_i$ is a multiplicity-free $\g$-module whose highest weight vectors corresponding to certain ad-nilpotent ideals of $\b$. We also obtain a result describing the set of weights of the irreducible representation of $\g$ with highest weight a multiple of $\rho$, where $\rho$ is one half the sum of positive roots. 
Gang Han
math.RT