Initialization effect in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
  Based on the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model plus the Skyrme force parameters, initialization effect is studied in heavy-ion collision at intermediate energies. We find that there are moderate initialization effects in the observables of free neutron to proton ratio (n/p), pion-/pion + ratio, as well as neutron to proton differential flow (F^x_n-p). Effects of initialization are larger for charged pion-/pion ratios than n/p ratios. And the effects of initialization are more evident in nuclear reactions at lower incident beam energies. We do not see large effects of initialization for light reaction systems or large asymmetric (neutron-richer) reaction systems. We also see relatively large effects of initialization on the neutron to proton differential flow at relatively lower incident beam energies or with large impact parameters. These results may be useful for the delicate studies of Equation of Sate (EoS) of asymmetric nuclear matter. 
Gao-Chan Yong, Yuan Gao, Wei Zuo, and Xun-Chao Zhang
nucl-th