Minimal dissipation theory and shear bands in biaxial tests
  True biaxial tests of granular materials are investigated by applying the principle of minimal dissipation and comparing to two dimensional contact dynamics simulations. It is shown that the macroscopic steady state manifested by constant stress ratio and constant volume is the result of the ever changing microscopic structure which minimizes the dissipation rate. The shear band angle in the varying shear band structures is found to be constant. We also show that introducing friction on the walls reduces the degeneracy of the optimal shear band structures to one for a wide range of parameters which gives a non-constant stress ratio curve with varying aspect ratio that can be calculated. 
Thomas Stegmann, Janos T\"or\"ok, Lothar Brendel, Dietrich E. Wolf
cond-mat.stat-mech cond-mat.soft