Properties of fossil groups in cosmological simulations and galaxy   formation models
  It has been a long-standing question whether fossil groups are just sampling the tail of the distribution of ordinary groups, or whether they are a physically distinct class of objects, characterized by an unusual and special formation history. To study this question, we here investigate fossil groups identified in the hydrodynamical simulations of the GIMIC project, which consists of resimulations of five regions in the Millennium Simulation (MS) that are characterized by different large-scale densities, ranging from a deep void to a proto-cluster region. For comparison, we also consider semi-analytic models built on top of the MS, as well as a conditional luminosity function approach. We identify galaxies in the GIMIC simulations as groups of stars and use a spectral synthesis code to derive their optical properties. The X-ray luminosity of the groups is estimated in terms of the thermal bremsstrahlung emission of the gas in the host halos, neglecting metallicity effects. We focus on comparing the properties of fossil groups in the theoretical models and observational results, highlighting the differences between them, and trying to identify possible dependencies on environment for which our approach is particularly well set-up. We find that the optical fossil fraction in all of our theoretical models declines with increasing halo mass, and there is no clear environmental dependence. Combining the optical and X-ray selection criteria for fossil groups, the halo mass dependence of the fossil groups seen in optical vanishes. Over the GIMIC halo mass range we resolve best, 9.0\times1012 \sim 4.0\times1013 h-1 M, the central galaxies in the fossil groups show similar properties as those in ordinary groups, in terms of age, metallicity, color, concentration, and mass-to-light ratio. [abridged] 
Weiguang Cui, Volker Springel, Xiaohu Yang, Gabriella De Lucia and   Stefano Borgani
astro-ph.CO astro-ph.GA