Macroscopic Flow Potentials in Swelling Porous Media
  In swelling porous media, the potential for flow is much more than pressure, and derivations for flow equations have yielded a variety of equations. In this paper we show that the macroscopic flow potentials are the electro-chemical potentials of the components of the fluid and that other forms of flow equations, such as those derived through mixture theory or homogenization, are a result of particular forms of the chemical potentials of the species. It is also shown that depending upon whether one is considering the pressure of a liquid in a reservoir in electro-chemical equilibrium with the swelling porous media, or the pressure of the vicinal liquid within the swelling porous media, a critical pressure gradient threshold exists or does not. 
Lynn Schreyer-Bennethum
math-ph cond-mat.soft math.MP