Solitons and Physics of the Lysogenic to Lytic Transition in   Enterobacteria Lambda Phage
  The lambda phage is a paradigm temperate bacteriophage. Its lysogenic and lytic life cycles echo competition between the DNA binding CI and CRO proteins. Here we address the Physics of this transition in terms of an energy function that portrays the backbone as a multi-soliton configuration. The precision of the individual solitons far exceeds the B-factor accuracy of the experimentally determined protein conformations giving us confidence to conclude that three of the four loops are each composites of two closely located solitons. The only exception is the repressive DNA binding turn, it is the sole single soliton configuration of the backbone. When we compare the solitons with the Protein Data Bank we find that the one preceding the DNA recognition helix is unique to the CI protein, prompting us to conclude that the lysogenic to lytic transition is due to a saddle-node bifurcation involving a soliton-antisoliton annihilation that removes the first loop. 
Andrei Krokhotine and Antti J. Niemi
q-bio.BM cond-mat.soft physics.bio-ph