Markov chain approach to the distribution of ancestors in species of   biparental reproduction
  We studied how to obtain a distribution for the number of ancestors in species of sexual reproduction. Present models concentrate on the estimation of distributions repetitions of ancestors in genealogical trees. It has been shown that is not possible to reconstruct the genealogical history of each species along all its generations by means of a geometric progression. This analysis demonstrates that it is possible to rebuild the tree of progenitors by modeling the problem with a Markov chain. For each generation, the maximum number of possible ancestors is different. This brings huge problems for the resolution. We found a solution through a dilation of the sample space, although the distribution defined there takes smaller values respect to the initial problem. In order to correct the distribution for each generation, we introduced the invariance under gauge (local) group of dilations. These ideas can used to study the interaction of several processes and provide a new approach on the problem of the common ancestor. In the same direction, this model also provide some elements that can be used to improve models of animal reproduction. 
M. Caruso and C. Jarne
physics.bio-ph q-bio.PE