Creation of Two-Particle Entanglement in Open Macroscopic Quantum   Systems
  We consider an open quantum system of N not directly interacting spins (qubits) in contact with both local and collective thermal environments. The qubit-environment interactions are energy conserving. We trace out the variables of the thermal environments and N-2 qubits to obtain the time-dependent reduced density matrix for two arbitrary qubits. We numerically simulate the reduced dynamics and the creation of entanglement (concurrence) as a function of the parameters of the thermal environments and the number of qubits, N. Our results demonstrate that the two-qubit entanglement generally decreases as N increases. We show analytically that in the limit N tending to infinity, no entanglement can be created. This indicates that collective thermal environments cannot create two-qubit entanglement when many qubits are located within a region of the size of the environment coherence length. We discuss possible applications of our approach to the development of a new quantum characterization of noisy environments. 
M. Merkli, G.P. Berman, F. Borgonovi, V.I. Tsifrinovic
quant-ph