Estimating the binary fraction of planetary nebulae central stars
  During the past 20 years, the idea that non-spherical planetary nebulae (PN) may need a binary or planetary interaction to be shaped was discussed by various authors. It is now generally agreed that the varied morphologies of PN cannot be fully explained solely by single star evolution. Observationally, more binary central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPN) have been discovered, opening new possibilities to understand the connections between binarity and morphology. So far, \simeq 45 binary CSPN have been detected, most being close systems detected via flux variability. To determine the PN binary fraction, one needs a method to detect wider binaries. We present here recent results obtained with the various techniques described, concentrating on binary infrared excess observations aimed at detecting binaries of any separation. 
D. Douchin, O. De Marco, D. J. Frew, G. H. Jacoby, J.-C. Passy, T.   Hillwig, S. B. Howell, H. Bond, A. Peyaud, A. Zijlstra,...
astro-ph.SR