Rydberg states and momentum bifurcation in tunnel ionization with   elliptically polarized light
  It is well-known from numerical and experimental results that the fraction of Rydberg states (excited neutral atoms) created by tunnel ionization declines dramatically with increasing ellipticity of laser light. We present a method to analyze this dependence on ellipticity, deriving a probability distribution of Rydberg states that agrees closely with recent experimental [1] and numerical results. In particular, contradicting the existing proposed mechanism [1] and general expectations, our results indicate that the dependence of Rydberg yield on laser ellipticity is not caused by a rescattering process. Rather, we show that most Rydberg electrons never come back to the vicinity of the exit point after ionization, and end up relatively far from the atom (compared to the exit point) after the laser pulse has passed. We also present experimental data revealing a bifurcation that corresponds to a cut-off in Rydberg generation, and present an analytic derivation with a perturbative inclusion of the Coloumb force. [1] T. Nubbemeyer, K. Gorling, A. Saenz, U. Eichmann, and W. Sandner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 233001 (2008). 
Alexandra S. Landsman, Adrian N. Pfeiffer, Mathias Smolarski, Claudio   Cirelli, Ursula Keller
physics.atom-ph