A gamma-ray signature of energetic sources of cosmic-ray nuclei
  Astrophysical sources of nuclei are expected to produce a broad spectrum of isotopes, many of which are unstable. An unstable nucleus can beta-decay outside the source into a single-electron ion. Heavy one-electron ions, thus formed, can be excited in their interactions with cosmic microwave background photons, in which case they relax to the ground state with the emission of a gamma ray. Repetitive cycles of excitation and gamma-ray emission can produce an observable feature in the gamma-ray spectrum with a maximum around 8 GeV (for iron). We find that the observed spectrum of Centaurus A is consistent with a substantial flux of nuclei accelerated to 0.1 EeV. A characteristic 5--10 GeV (iron) shoulder in the gamma-ray spectra of various sources can help identify astrophysical accelerators of nuclei or set upper limits on nuclear acceleration. 
Alexander Kusenko and M. B. Voloshin
astro-ph.HE hep-ph