Non-Markovianity: initial correlations and nonlinear optical   measurements
  By extending the response function approach developed in nonlinear optics, we analytically derive an expression for the non-Markovianity [Laine, et al, Phys. Rev. A 81, 062115 (2010)] in the time evolution of a system in contact with a quantum mechanical bath, and find a close connection with the directly observable nonlinear optical response. The result indicates that memory in the bath induced fluctuations rather than in the dissipation causes non-Markovianity. Initial correlations between states of the system and the bath are shown to be essential for a correct understanding of the non-Markovianity. 
Arend G. Dijkstra and Yoshitaka Tanimura
quant-ph