Exponential decay of Laplacian eigenfunctions in domains with branches
  The behavior of Laplacian eigenfunctions in domains with branches is investigated. If an eigenvalue is below a threshold which is determined by the shape of the branch, the associated eigenfunction is proved to exponentially decay inside the branch. The decay rate is twice the square root of the difference between the threshold and the eigenvalue. The derived exponential estimate is applicable for arbitrary domains in any spatial dimension. Numerical simulations illustrate and further extend the theoretical estimate. 
Andrey Delitsyn, Binh-Thanh Nguyen, and Denis S. Grebenkov
math-ph math.MP physics.comp-ph quant-ph