Experimental analysis of single particle deformations and rotations in   colloidal and granular systems
  Confocal microscopy of fluorescent labeled particles has been used to study the dynamical and structural properties of colloidal and granular matter in real space. Localization algorithms allow for a fully automatized determination of the three dimensional positions and translational motions of all constituent (spherical) particles in the observed volume. Though, particle deformations or rotational motions were hardly addressed. Here we present preparation and image processing techniques to also extract the deformation and rotational state of the particles. The deformation analysis is worked out for particles with a hollow sphere-like fluorescence intensity distribution that are more sensitive to small deformations. In the second case of rotations we utilize the angle dependence of the light absorption of the incorporated dye molecules to prepare optically anisotropic particles in analogy to polarized fluorescence after photobleaching. Rotations of these particles are expressed as intensity fluctuations in the confocal images. In contrast to existing methods our techniques do not reduce the quality of the actual particle localization. They can help understanding complex reorganization processes in arrested states of colloidal and granular materials during aging or under external stimuli such as shear or compression. 
Marcel Roth, Michael Franzmann, Maria D'Acunzi, Max Kreiter, and   G\"unter K. Auernhammer
cond-mat.soft