A new variational principle for the Euclidean distance function: Linear   approach to the non-linear eikonal problem
  We present a fast convolution-based technique for computing an approximate, signed Euclidean distance function $S$ on a set of 2D and 3D grid locations. Instead of solving the non-linear, static Hamilton-Jacobi equation ($\|\nabla S\|=1$), our solution stems from first solving for a scalar field $\phi$ in a linear differential equation and then deriving the solution for $S$ by taking the negative logarithm. In other words, when $S$ and $\phi$ are related by $\phi = \exp \left(-\frac{S}{\tau} \right)$ and $\phi$ satisfies a specific linear differential equation corresponding to the extremum of a variational problem, we obtain the approximate Euclidean distance function $S = -\tau \log(\phi)$ which converges to the true solution in the limit as $\tau \rightarrow 0$. This is in sharp contrast to techniques like the fast marching and fast sweeping methods which directly solve the Hamilton-Jacobi equation by the Godunov upwind discretization scheme. Our linear formulation results in a closed-form solution to the approximate Euclidean distance function expressible as a discrete convolution, and hence efficiently computable using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Our solution also circumvents the need for spatial discretization of the derivative operator. As $\tau\rightarrow0$ we show the convergence of our results to the true solution and also bound the error for a given value of $\tau$. The differentiability of our solution allows us to compute---using a set of convolutions---the first and second derivatives of the approximate distance function. In order to determine the sign of the distance function (defined to be positive inside a closed region and negative outside), we compute the winding number in 2D and the topological degree in 3D, whose computations can also be performed via fast convolutions. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method through a set of experimental results. 
Karthik S. Gurumoorthy and Anand Rangarajan
cs.CV math.NA