Pygmy dipole resonance: collective features and symmetry energy effects
  A very important open question related to the pygmy dipole resonance is about its quite elusive collective nature. In this paper, within a harmonic oscillator shell model, generalizing an approach introduced by Brink, we first identify the dipole normal modes in neutron rich nuclei and derive the energy weighted sum rule exhausted by the pygmy dipole resonance. Then solving numerically the self-consistent Landau-Vlasov kinetic equations for neutrons and protons with specific initial conditions, we explore the structure of the different dipole vibrations in the $^{132}Sn$ system and investigate their dependence on the symmetry energy. We evidence the existence of a distinctive collective isoscalar-like mode with an energy well below the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR), very weakly dependent on the isovector part of the nuclear effective interaction. At variance the corresponding strength is rather sensitive to the behavior of the symmetry energy below saturation, which rules the number of excess neutrons in the nuclear surface. 
V. Baran, B. Frecus, M. Colonna, M. Di Toro
nucl-th nucl-ex