Formation of multi-quanta vortices in superconductors: electronic,   calorimetric and magnetic evidence
  The ground state with vorticity larger than one in mesoscopic superconductors in applied magnetic field may manifest as a `giant'-vortex, where all vortices coalesce into a single singularity of the order parameter. Such a multi-quanta vortex may split into individual vortices (and vice versa) as a function of e.g. applied current, magnetic field or temperature. Here we show that such transitions can be identified by heat-capacity measurements, as the formation or splitting of a giant-vortex results in a clear jump in measured heat capacity vs. external drive. We attribute this phenomenon to an abrupt change in the density of states of the quasiparticle excitations in the vortex core(s), and further link it to a sharp change of the magnetic susceptibility at the transition - proving that formation of a giant-vortex can also be detected by conventional magnetometry. 
Ben Xu, M. V. Milo\v{s}evi\'c, Shi-Hsin Lin, F. M. Peeters and B.   Jank\'o
cond-mat.supr-con