A Rational Model of Large-Scale Motion in Turbulence
  A rational theory is proposed to describe the large-scale motion in turbulence. The fluid element with inner orientational structures is proposed to be the building block of fluid dynamics. The variance of the orientational structures then constitutes new fields suitable to describe the vortex state in turbulence. When the fluid element is assumed to be an open subsystem, the differentiable manifold description of turbulence ought to be set up, and the complete fluid dynamics can be deduced from a variational calculus on the constructed Lagrangian dissipation energy density. The derived dynamical equations indicate that the vortex evolution is naturally related with the angular momentum balance. 
Wennan Zou
physics.flu-dyn