Optimal R-Estimation of a Spherical Location
  In this paper, we provide $R$-estimators of the location of a rotationally symmetric distribution on the unit sphere of $\R^k$. In order to do so we first prove the local asymptotic normality property of a sequence of rotationally symmetric models; this is a non standard result due to the curved nature of the unit sphere. We then construct our estimators by adapting the Le Cam one-step methodology to spherical statistics and ranks. We show that they are asymptotically normal under any rotationally symmetric distribution and achieve the efficiency bound under a specific density. Their small sample behavior is studied via a Monte Carlo simulation and our methodology is illustrated on geological data. 
Christophe Ley, Yvik Swan, Baba Thiam and Thomas Verdebout
stat.AP