Some Measurements of Nullable and Non-Nullable Parameter Declarations in   Relation to Software Malleability
  The usual advantages put forward for including nullability declarations in the type systems of programming languages are that they improve program reliability or performance. But there is another, entirely different, reason for doing so. In the right context, this information enables the software artifacts we produce, the objects and methods, to exhibit much greater malleability. For declaratively typed languages, we can obtain greater software malleability by extending the model of method call so that assurance of a method's availability can be provided by any non-nullable parameter, not simply the target parameter, and by allowing the method's implementation to reside in classes or objects other than the target..   This paper examines the question of whether this hypothetical improvement in software malleability is consistent with existing programming practice by examining the question of the extent to which methods in existing software have multiplicities of non-nullable parameters. The circumstance occurs frequently enough to provide an important reason to introduce declarations of nullability into programming languages. 
William Harrison, Tim Walsh, Paul Biggar
cs.PL