Prompt electrons driving ion acceleration and formation of a two   temperatures plasma in nanosecond laser-ablation domain
  We present the results of an experiment on plasma generation via laser ablation at 10^12 W/cm^2 of power intensity and in a nanosecond domain. Prompt electrons emission and complex plasma plume fragmentation were simultaneously observed for the first time in this laser intensity regime, along with a double electron temperature inside the plasma bulk surviving for a long time to the plume expansion. 1D PIC simulations are in agreement with experimental data as long as the emission of initial prompt electrons is considered. This assumption results to be the key to explain all the other experimental evidences. 
D. Mascali, S. Tudisco, N. Gambino, A. Pluchino, A. Anzalone, F.   Musumeci, A. Rapisarda, A. Spitaleri
physics.plasm-ph cond-mat.str-el