Optimal control of population and coherence in three-level $\Lambda$   systems
  Optimal control theory implementations for an efficient population transfer and creation of a maximum coherence in three-level system are considered. We demonstrate that the half-STIRAP (stimulated Raman adiabatic passage) scheme for creation of the maximum Raman coherence is the optimal solution according to the optimal control theory. We also present a comparative study of several implementations of optimal control theory applied to the complete population transfer and creation of the maximum coherence. Performance of the conjugate gradient method, the Zhu-Rabitz method and the Krotov method has been analyzed. 
Praveen Kumar, Svetlana A. Malinovskaya, Vladimir S. Malinovsky
quant-ph physics.chem-ph