Unified Description of Nuclear Stopping in Central Heavy-ion Collision   from 10$A$ MeV to 1.2$A$ GeV
  The detailed analysis of wide excitation function of nuclear stopping has been studied within a transport model, Isospin-dependent Quantum Molecular Dynamics model (IQMD) and an overall good agreement with the INDRA and FOPI experimental data has been achieved. It is found that mean value of isotropy in central Heavy-Ion Collision (HIC) reaches a minimum near Fermi energy and approaches a maximum around 300 - 400$A$ MeV. This suggests that, in statistical average, the equilibration is far from being reached even in central HIC especially near Fermi energy. A hierarchy in stopping of fragments, which favors heavy fragments to penetrate, provides a robust restriction on the global trend of nuclear stopping and could serve as a probe for nuclear equation of state. 
G. Q. Zhang, Y. G. Ma, X. G. Cao, C. L. Zhou, X. Z. Cai, D. Q. Fang,   W. D. Tian, H. W. Wang
nucl-th nucl-ex