Turbulent formation of protogalaxies at the plasma to gas transition
  The standard model of gravitational structure formation is based on the Jeans 1902 acoustic theory, neglecting crucial effects of viscosity, turbulence and diffusion. A Jeans length scale L_J emerges that exceeds the scale of causal connection ct during the plasma epoch. Photon-viscous forces initially dominate all others including gravity. The first structures formed were at density minima by fragmentation when the viscous-gravitional scale L_SV matched ct at 30,000 years to produce protosupercluster voids and protosuperclusters. Weak turbulence produced at expanding void boundaries guides the morphology of smaller fragments down to protogalaxy size just before transition to gas at 300,000 years. The observed 10^20 meter size of protogalaxies reflects the plasma Kolmogorov scale with Nomura linear and spiral morphology. On transition to gas the kinematic viscosity decreases so the protogalaxies fragment into Jeans scale clouds, each with a trillion earth-mass planets. The planets form stars near the cores of the protogalaxies. High resolution images of planetary nebula and supernova remnants reveal thousands of frozen hydrogen-helium dark matter planets. Galaxy mergers show frictional trails of young globular clusters formed in place, proving that dark matter halos of galaxies consist of dark matter planets in metastable clumps. 
Rudolph E. Schild (Harvard Univ.) and Carl H. Gibson (Univ. Calif. at   San Diego)
astro-ph.CO