Fidelity Between Unitary Operators and the Generation of Gates Robust   Against Off-Resonance Perturbations
  We perform a functional expansion of the fidelity between two unitary matrices in order to find the necessary conditions for the robust implementation of a target gate. Comparison of these conditions with those obtained from the Magnus expansion and Dyson series shows that they are equivalent in first order. By exploiting techniques from robust design optimization, we account for issues of experimental feasibility by introducing an additional criterion to the search for control pulses. This search is accomplished by exploring the competition between the multiple objectives in the implementation of the NOT gate by means of evolutionary multi-objective optimization. 
Renan Cabrera, Ofer M. Shir, Rebing Wu and Herschel Rabitz
quant-ph