Effect of acoustic streaming on tissue heating due to high-intensity   focused ultrasound
  The influences of blood vessels and focused location on temperature distribution during high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation of liver tumors is studied. A three-dimensional acoustics-thermal-fluid coupling model is employed to compute the temperature field in the hepatic cancerous region. The model is based on the linear Westervelt and bioheat equations as well as the nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations for the liver parenchyma and blood vessels. The effect of acoustic streaming is also taken into account in the present HIFU simulation study. Different blood vessel diameters and focal point locations were investigated. We found from this three-dimensional numerical study that in large blood vessels both the convective cooling and acoustic streaming can change considerably the temperature field and the thermal lesion near blood vessels. If the blood vessel is located within the beam width, both acoustic streaming and blood flow cooling effects should be taken into account. The predicted temperature difference for the cases considered with and without acoustic streaming effect is 54 % in regions close to the vessel wall. The necrosed volume can be reduced about 30 %, when taking into account acoustic streaming effect. 
Maxim A. Solovchuk, Tony W. H. Sheu, Marc Thiriet, Win-Li Lin
physics.flu-dyn physics.med-ph