Optimal Lower and Upper Bounds for Representing Sequences
  Sequence representations supporting queries $access$, $select$ and $rank$ are at the core of many data structures. There is a considerable gap between the various upper bounds and the few lower bounds known for such representations, and how they relate to the space used. In this article we prove a strong lower bound for $rank$, which holds for rather permissive assumptions on the space used, and give matching upper bounds that require only a compressed representation of the sequence. Within this compressed space, operations $access$ and $select$ can be solved in constant or almost-constant time, which is optimal for large alphabets. Our new upper bounds dominate all of the previous work in the time/space map. 
Djamal Belazzougui and Gonzalo Navarro
cs.DS