Spatio-temporal organization of vehicles in a cellular automata model of   traffic with 'slow-to-start' rule
  The spatio-temporal organizations of vehicular traffic in cellular-automata models with "slow-to-start" rules are qualitatively different from those in the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NaSch) model of highway traffic. Here we study the effects of such a slow-to-start rule, introduced by Benjamin, Johnson and Hui (BJH), on the the distributions of the distance-headways, time-headways, jam sizes and sizes of the gaps between successive jams by a combination of approximate analytical calculations and extensive computer simulations. We compare these results for the BJH model with the corresponding results for the NaSch model and interpret the qualitative differences in the nature of the spatio-temporal organizations of traffic in these two models in terms of a phase separation of the traffic caused by the slow-to-start rule in the BJH model. 
Debashish Chowdhury, Ludger Santen, Andreas Schadschneider, Shishir   Sinha and Abhay Pasupathy