Early Evolution of Disk Galaxies : Formation of Bulges in Clumpy Young   Galactic Disks
  A new idea is proposed for the origin of bulges in spiral galaxies. Numerical simulations for the protogalactic collapse suggest strongly that galactic bulges have been assembled from massive clumps formed in the galactic disks in their early evolutionary phase. These clumps result from the gravitational instability of the gas-rich disks of young galaxies. Those massive clumps, individual masses of which can be as large as one billion solar masses, are able to spiral toward the galactic center owing to dynamical frictions within a few Gyr. Inward transport of disk matter by this process leads to the formation of a galactic bulge. A simple analytical model has been constructed, in which the clumpy evolution of a disk galaxy is controlled by two parameters; the timescale with which the primordial gas in the halo accretes onto the disk plane (i.e., collapse timescale) and the mass fraction of the primordial gas relative to the galaxy total mass. Under plausible assumptions for the variation of these parameters among spiral galaxies, the clumpy evolution model can explain the observed trend that the bulge-to-disk ratio increases as the total mass or the internal density of the galaxy increases. This success suggests that the clumpy evolution of the galactic disk constitutes an important ingredient of the disk galaxy evolution. Star formation in primeval disk galaxies takes place mostly in the clumps. Resulting knotty appearance of these systems may explain the peculiar morphology observed in a number of high-redshift galaxies. 
Masafumi Noguchi