Dynamics of Granular Stratification
  Spontaneous stratification in granular mixtures has been recently reported by H. A. Makse et al. [Nature 386, 379 (1997)]. Here we study experimentally the dynamical processes leading to spontaneous stratification. Using a high-speed video camera, we study a rapid flow regime where the rolling grains size segregate during the avalanche. We characterize the dynamical process of stratification by measuring all relevant quantities: the velocity of the rolling grains, the velocity of the kink, the wavelength of the layers, the rate of collision between rolling and static grains, and all the angles of repose characterizing the mixture. The wavelength of the layers behaves linearly with the thickness of the layer of rolling grains (i.e., with the flow rate), in agreement with theoretical predictions. The velocity profile of the grains in the rolling phase is a linear function of the position of the grains along the moving layer. We also find that the speed of the upward-moving kink has the same value as the mean speed of the downward-moving grains. We measure the shape and size of the kink, as well as the profiles of the rolling and static phases of grains, and find agreement with recent theoretical predictions. 
Hernan A. Makse (Cambridge U.), Robin C. Ball (Cambridge U.), H.   Eugene Stanley (BU), and Stephen Warr (Cambridge U.)