The Large Scale Biasing and the Primordial Gravitational Potential
  We modified the Press-Schechter (PS) formalism and then analytically derived a constrained mass distribution function n(M|varphi) for the regions having some specified value of the primordial gravitational potential, varphi. The resulting modified PS theory predicts that gravitationally bound clumps with masses corresponding to rich clusters are significantly biased toward the regions of negative primordial potential - the troughs of the potential. The prediction is quantitative, depending on the mass and the depth of the troughs, which can be tested in large N-body simulations. As an illustration of the magnitude of the effect we calculate the constrained mass function for the CDM model with Gamma = Omega h = 0.25 normalized to sigma_{8} = 1. In particular, we show that the probability of finding a clump of mass 10^{14} - 10^{15}h^{-1}M_{odot} in the region of negative initial potential is 1.3 - 3 times greater (depending on the mass) than that in the region of positiveinitial potential. The scale of the potential fluctuations R_{varphi}=sqrt{3} sigma_{varphi}/sigma_{varphi'} is shown to be approx 120 h^{-1} Mpc for the spectrum in question. The rms mass density contrast on this scale is only about sigma_{delta}(R_{varphi}) approx 0.03. Assuming that the modified PS theory is statistically correct, we conclude that clusters are significantly biased (b ge 10, b is a bias factor defined by Delta n_{cl}/ n_{cl} = b Delta rho_m/rho_m) toward the regions having negative initial potential. 
Jounghun Lee, Sergei F. Shandarin (Dept.of Physics, Univ.of Kansas)