Scattering approach to parametric pumping
  A d.c. current can be pumped through a quantum dot by periodically varying two independent parameters $X_1$ and $X_2$, like a gate voltage or magnetic field. We present a formula that relates the pumped current to the parametric derivatives of the scattering matrix $S(X_1,X_2)$ of the system. As an application we compute the statistical distribution of the pumped current in the case of a chaotic quantum dot. 
P. W. Brouwer