On Fueling Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Afterglows with Pulsars
  Cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and their afterglows seem to result from dissipation of bulk energy in relativistic outflows, but their engine has not been unambiguously identified. The engine could be a young pulsar formed from accretion induced collapse with a dynamo amplified field. Elsewhere, we suggest that such a ``Usov type'' strong field pulsar may help explain the bimodal distribution in GRB durations. Here we discuss possible roles of a pulsar for the afterglow. We derive the expected bolometric luminosity decay. The extracted rotational energy could dissipate by shocks or by large amplitude electromagnetic waves (LAEMW). The simplest LAEMW approach predicts a slower decay in observed afterglow peak frequency and faster decay in flux than the simplest blast-wave model, though more complicated models of both can provide different dependences. LAEMW do not require the rapid magnetic field amplification demanded of the blast-wave approach because the emission originates from a nearly fixed radius. Different time dependent behavior of GRB and post-GRB emission is also predicted. Observational evidence for a pulsar in a GRB would make some GRB engine models, such as neutron star mergers and black holes unlikely. Therefore, the question of whether a pulsar is present is an important one even if it could drive a canonical fireball. 
Eric G. Blackman (Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge UK), Insu Yi   (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton NJ)