Probabilistic cloning and identification of linearly independent quantum   states
  We construct a probabilistic quantum cloning machine by a general unitary-reduction operation. With a postselection of the measurement results, the machine yields faithful copies of the input states. It is shown that the states secretly chosen from a certain set $\$=\left\{\left| \Psi_1\right> ,\left| \Psi_2\right> ,... ,\left| \Psi_n\right> \right\} $ can be probabilistically cloned if and only if $% \left| \Psi_1\right>$, $\left| \Psi_2\right>$, $... ,$ and $\left| \Psi_n\right>$ are linearly-independent. We derive the best possible cloning efficiencies. Probabilistic cloning has close connection with the problem of identification of a set of states, which is a type of $n+1$ outcome measurement on $n$ linearly independent states. The optimal efficiencies for this type of measurement are obtained. 
Lu-Ming Duan and Guang-Can Guo (University of Science and Technology   of China)