The High-Redshift He II Gunn-Peterson Effect: Implications and Future   Prospects
  Absorption due to HeII Ly-alpha has been detected at low resolution in the spectra of four quasars between redshifts z = 2.74-3.29. We assess these observations, giving particular attention to the radiative transfer of the ionizing background radiation, cloud diffuse emission and ionization physics, and statistical fluctuations. We use high-resolution observations of HI absorption towards quasars to derive improved models for the opacity of the intergalactic medium (IGM) and use these models to calculate the HI and HeII photoionization history in both optically-thin and self-shielded clouds, and the average line-blanketing contribution to HeII absorption. The derived ionization rate at z = 2-4, Gamma(HI) = (1-3)x10^-12 s^-1, is consistent with the ionizing background intensity inferred from the proximity effect, but it remains larger than that inferred by N-body hydrodynamical simulations of the Lya absorber distribution. The HeII observations are con- sistent with line blanketing from clouds with N(HI) > 10^12 cm^-2, although a contribution from a more diffuse IGM would help to explain the observed opacity. We compute the expected HeII optical depth and examine the sizable fluc- tuations that arise from variations in the cloud numbers and ionizing radiation field. We assess how HeII absorption constrains the intensity and spectrum of the ionizing radiation and the fractional contributions of the dominant sources (quasars and starburst galaxies). Finally, we demonstrate how high-resolution UV observations can distinguish between absorption from the diffuse IGM and the Lya forest clouds and determine the source of the ionizing background. 
Mark A. Fardal, Mark L. Giroux, and J. Michael Shull (CASA/JILA,   University of Colorado)