Fictitious flux confinement: magnetic pairing in coupled spin chains or   planes
  The spinon and holon excitations of two-leg Heisenberg or lightly doped t-J ladders are shown to be bound in pairs by string confinement forces given approximately by the antiferromagnetic exchange energy across the rungs. These forces originate from the fictitious flux tubes associated with the half-fermi statistics of the excitations. It is conjectured that similar confinement forces, determined by the antiferromagnetic exchange energy across the layers, are responsible for the spin gap and the pairing of charge carriers in CuO superconductors. 
Martin Greiter (Stanford University)