Polarized Wannier functions: ab-initio study of the dielectric   properties of silicon and gallium arsenide
  We present a first-principles calculation of the electronic properties of crystalline silicon and gallium arsenide in a uniform electric field. Polarized Wannier-like functions which are confined in a finite region are obtained by minimizing a total-energy functional which depends explicitly on the macroscopic polarization of the solid. The polarization charge density and the electronic dielectric constant are computed via finite differences. The results coincide with those of the linear response approach in the limit of vanishing electric field and infinite localization region. 
Pablo Fern\'andez (1,2), Andrea Dal Corso (1,2) and Alfonso   Baldereschi (1,2,3) ((1) IPA-LTHS, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland...