Five-Dimensional Tangent Vectors in Space-Time: I. Introduction and   Formal Theory
  In this series of papers I examine a special kind of geometric objects that can be defined in space-time --- five-dimensional tangent vectors. Similar objects exist in any other differentiable manifold, and their dimension is one unit greater than that of the manifold. Like ordinary tangent vectors, the considered five-dimensional vectors and the tensors constructed out of them can be used for describing certain local quantities and in this capacity find direct application in physics. For example, such familiar physical quantities as the stress-energy and angular momentum tensors prove to be parts of a single five-tensor. In this part of the series five-dimensional tangent vectors are introduced as abstract objects related in a certain way to ordinary four-dimensional tangent vectors. I then make a formal study of their basic algebraic properties and of their differential properties in flat space-time. In conclusion I consider some examples of quantities described by five-vectors and five-tensors. 
Alexander Krasulin