A Microscopic Liouville Arrow of Time
  We discuss the treatment of quantum-gravitational fluctuations in the space-time background as an `environment', using the formalism for open quantum-mechanical systems, which leads to a microscopic arrow of time. After reviewing briefly the open-system formalism, and the motivations for treating quantum gravity as an `environment', we present an example from general relativity and a general framework based on non-critical strings, with a Liouville field that we identify with time. We illustrate this approach with calculations in the contexts of two-dimensional models and $D$ branes. Finally, some prospects for observational tests of these ideas are mentioned. 
John Ellis, N.E. Mavromatos and D.V. Nanopoulos