Nonlinear level crossing models
  We examine the effect of nonlinearity at a level crossing on the probability for nonadiabatic transitions $P$. By using the Dykhne-Davis-Pechukas formula, we derive simple analytic estimates for $P$ for two types of nonlinear crossings. In the first type, the nonlinearity in the detuning appears as a {\it perturbative} correction to the dominant linear time dependence. Then appreciable deviations from the Landau-Zener probability $P_{LZ}$ are found to appear for large couplings only, when $P$ is very small; this explains why the Landau-Zener model is often seen to provide more accurate results than expected. In the second type of nonlinearity, called {\it essential} nonlinearity, the detuning is proportional to an odd power of time. Then the nonadiabatic probability $P$ is qualitatively and quantitatively different from $P_{LZ}$ because on the one hand, it vanishes in an oscillatory manner as the coupling increases, and on the other, it is much larger than $P_{LZ}$. We suggest an experimental situation when this deviation can be observed. 
N. V. Vitanov and K.-A. Suominen