Towards Solution of the Gamma-ray Burst Mystery II. "Failed Type I   supernova/hypernova" in high-redshift starburst galaxies
  We study the scenario where the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) arise from core-collapse of very massive stars in star-forming regions in the starburst galaxies at high redshift. The bimodial structure of the gamma-ray bursts point to their association with the two redshift peaks observed in the recent study of high-redshift galaxies; one of these regions involves massive star-forming galaxies of normal type at z~3, the other is related to the star formation in dwarf galaxies around z ~1. The cosmological time-dilation observed in GRBs is consistent with this picture and the time-dilation observed in high-redshift Type I supernovae. The details of the GRB characteristics, the nature of the starburst galaxies, and a failed-TypeI supernova/hypernova model of GRBs are discussed in several papers. In this paper II we discuss the details of star-formation in starburst galaxies both in the local universe and at high redshift, and we study the association of these star-forming regions with GRBs. The details of the failed-supernova/hypernova model of GRBs will be discussed in the next article (paper III). According to this model, the collapse of a massive star produces a dense torus of circumstellar material as well as a relativistic shock-wave accompanied by ejecta, which generate shells by impact with the material around the collapsed core, which in turn cause high-energy gamma-ray emission and the observed afterglow. 
A. Rej, E. Ostgaard