Early-Type Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field: The Star Formation History
  We have investigated the properties of a complete K-band selected sample of 35 elliptical and S0 galaxies brighter than K=20.15 in the Hubble Deep Field, as representative of the field galaxy population. This sample has been derived from deep K-band image by the KPNO-IRIM camera, by applying a rigorous morphological classification scheme based on quantitative analyses of the surface brightness profiles. The broad-band spectra of the sample galaxies allow us to date their dominant stellar populations. The majority of bright early-types in this field are found at redshifts z<1.3 to display colors indicative of a fairly wide range of ages (typically 1.5 to 3 Gyrs). We find that the major episodes of star-formation building up typical M_star galaxies have taken place during a wide redshift interval 1<z<4 for q_0=0.5, which becomes 1<z<3 for q_0=0.15. Our estimated galactic masses, for a Salpeter IMF, are found in the range from a few billion to a few 10^{11} solar masses already at z=1. So the bright end of the E/S0 population is mostly in place by that cosmic epoch, with space densities, masses and luminosities consistent with those of the local field E/S0 population. What distinguishes the present sample is a remarkable absence of objects at z>1.3, which should be detectable during the luminous star-formation phase expected to happen at these redshifts. Obvious solutions are a) that the merging events imply perturbed morphologies which prevent selecting them by our morphological classification filter, or b) that a dust-polluted ISM obscures the (either continuous or episodic) events of star-formation. We conclude that the likely solution is a combination thereof, i.e. a set of dust-enshrouded merging-driven starbursts occurring during the first few Gyrs of the galaxy's lifetime. 
A. Franceschini, L. Silva, G. Fasano, G.L. Granato, A. Bressan, S.   Arnouts, L. Danese