Exploration of electronic quadrupole states in atomic clusters by   two-photon processes
  We analyze particular two-photon processes as possible means to explore electronic quadrupole states in free small deformed atomic clusters. The analysis is done in the time-dependent local density approximation (TDLDA). It is shown that the direct two-photon population (DTP) and off-resonant stimulated Raman (ORSR) scattering can be effectively used for excitation of the quadrupole states in high-frequency (quadrupole plasmon) and low-frequency (infrared) regions, respectively. In ORSR, isolated dipole particle-hole states as well as the tail of the dipole plasmon can serve as an intermediate state. A simultaneous study of low- and high-frequency quadrupoles, combining DTP and ORSR, is most effective. Femtosecond pulses with intensities $I = 2\cdot 10^{10} - 2\cdot 10^{11} W/cm^2$ and pulse durations $T = 200 - 500$ fs are found to be optimal. Since the low-lying quadrupole states are dominated by one single electron-hole pair, their energies, being combined with the photoelectron data for hole states, allow to get the electron spectrum above the Fermi level and thus greatly extend our knowledge on the single particle spectra of clusters. Besides, the developed schemes allow to estimate the lifetime of the quadrupole states. 
V.O. Nesterenko, P.-G. Reinhard, Th. Halfmann, and E. Suraud