Dark viscous fluid described by a unified equation of state in cosmology
  We generalize the $\Lambda$CDM model by introducing a unified EOS to describe the Universe contents modeled as dark viscous fluid, motivated by the fact that a single constant equation of state (EOS) $p=-p_0$ ($p_0>0$) reproduces the $\Lambda$CDM model exactly. This EOS describes the perfect fluid term, the dissipative effect, and the cosmological constant in a unique framework and the Friedmann equations can be analytically solved. Especially, we find a relation between the EOS parameter and the renormalizable condition of a scalar field. We develop a completely numerical method to perform a $\chi^2$ minimization to constrain the parameters in a cosmological model directly from the Friedmann equations, and employ the SNe data with the parameter $\mathcal{A}$ measured from the SDSS data to constrain our model. The result indicates that the dissipative effect is rather small in the late-time Universe. 
Jie Ren and Xin-He Meng