Probing the octant of $\theta_{23}$ with very long baseline neutrino   oscillation experiments: a global look
  We investigate the baseline range in which the $\theta_{23}$ degeneracy in neutrino oscillation probabilities is absent for fixed values of $\theta_{13}$ and CP violation phase $\delta_{\rm CP}$. We begin by studying sensitivities of neutrino oscillation probabilities to $\theta_{13}$, $\theta_{23}$ and $\delta_{\rm CP}$ for very-long-baseline neutrino oscillations. We show contour graphs of the muon-neutrino survival probability $P(\nu_{\mu}\to \nu_{\mu})$ and the appearance probability $P(\nu_e\to \nu_{\mu})$ on the $\cos 2\theta_{23}-\sin 2\theta_{13}$ plane for baseline lengths $L=1000, 5000, \ 10000$, and 12000 km. For each baseline length, it is found that $P(\nu_{\mu}\to \nu_{\mu})$ is more sensitive to $\sin 2\theta_{13}$ at energies around its local maximum while it is more sensitive to $\cos 2\theta_{23}$ at energies around its local minimum. On the other hand, the appearance probability $P(\nu_e\to \nu_{\mu})$ is sensitive to $\sin2\theta_{13}$ and $\cos2\theta_{23}$ only near its local maximum. We observe that the $\theta_{23}$ degeneracy in $P(\nu_{\mu}\to \nu_{\mu})$ is absent at energies around the local maximum of this probability, provided $\theta_{13}$ is sufficiently large. The $\theta_{23}$ degeneracy is also absent in general near the local maximum of $P(\nu_e\to \nu_{\mu})$. Using analytic approximations for neutrino oscillation probabilities, we demonstrate that the above observations for $L=1000, 5000, 10000, {\rm and} 12000$ km are in fact valid for all distances. The implications of these results on probing the octant of $\theta_{23}$ are discussed in details. 
Guey-Lin Lin (NCTU, NCTS) and Yoshiaki Umeda (NCTU)