Do Ultraluminous X-ray Sources Really Contain Intermediate-mass Black   Holes?
  An open question remains whether Ultraluminous X-ray Sources (ULXs) really contain intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). We carefully investigated the XMM-Newton EPIC spectra of the four ULXs that were claimed to be strong candidates of IMBHs by several authors. We first tried fitting by the standard spectral model of disk blackbody (DBB) + power-law (PL), finding good fits to all of the data, in agreement with others. We, however, found that the PL component dominates the DBB component at $\sim$ 0.3 to 10 keV. Thus, the black hole parameters derived solely from the minor DBB component are questionable. Next, we tried to fit the same data by the ``$p$-free disk model'' without the PL component, assuming the effective temperature profile of $T_{\rm eff} \propto r^{-p}$ where $r$ is the disk radius. Interestingly, in spite of one less free model parameters, we obtained similarly good fits with much higher innermost disk temperatures, $1.8 < kT_{\rm in} < 3.2$ keV. More importantly, we obtained $p \sim 0.5$, just the value predicted by the slim (super-critical) disk theory, rather than $p = 0.75$ that is expected from the standard disk model. The estimated black hole masses from the $p$-free disk model are much smaller; $M\ltsim 40 M_\odot$. Furthermore, we applied a more sophisticated slim disk model by Kawaguchi (2003, ApJ, 593,69), and obtained good fits with roughly consistent black hole masses. We thus conclude that the central engines of these ULXs are super-critical accretion flows to stellar-mass black holes. 
Kiki Vierdayanti & Shin Mineshige (Yukawa Institute for Theoretical   Physics), Ken Ebisawa (Institute of Space and Astronau...