Optical Nanofibers for Manipulating and Probing Single-Atom Fluorescence
  We demonstrate how optical nanofibers can be used to manipulate and probe single-atom fluorescence. We show that fluorescence photons from a very small number of atoms, average atom number of less than 0.1, around the nanofiber can readily be observed through single-mode optical fiber under resonant laser irradiation. We show also that optical nanofibers enable us to probe the van der Waals interaction between atoms and surface with high precision by observing the fluorescence excitation spectrum. 
K. P. Nayak, P. N. Melentiev, M. Morinaga, Fam Le Kien, V. I. Balykin,   and K. Hakuta