Improving human ankle joint position sense using an artificial   tongue-placed tactile biofeedback
  Proprioception is comprised of sensory input from several sources including muscle spindles, joint capsule, ligaments and skin. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate whether the central nervous system was able to integrate an artificial biofeedback delivered through electrotactile stimulation of the tongue to improve proprioceptive acuity at the ankle joint. To address this objective, nine young healthy adults were asked to perform an active ankle-matching task with and without biofeedback. The underlying principle of the biofeedback consisted of supplying subjects with supplementary information about the position of their matching ankle position relative to their reference ankle position through a tongue-placed tactile output device (Tongue Display Unit). Measures of the overall accuracy and the variability of the positioning were determined using the absolute error and the variable error, respectively. Results showed more accurate and more consistent matching performances with than without biofeedback, as indicated by decreased absolute and variables errors, respectively. These findings suggested that the central nervous system was able to take advantage of an artificial tongue-placed tactile biofeedback to improve the position sense at the ankle joint. 
Nicolas Vuillerme (TIMC - IMAG), Olivier Chenu (TIMC - IMAG), Jacques   Demongeot (TIMC - IMAG), Yohan Payan (TIMC - IMAG)