Non-equilibrium Ionization State of Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium
  Time evolution of the ionization state of metals in the cosmic baryons is investigated in a cosmological context without the assumption of ionization equilibrium. We find that a significant fraction of ionized oxygen ions (OVII and OVIII) in the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) is not in the ionization equilibrium state at a redshift of z~0. We also investigate the effect on the detectability and observables of WHIM as a consequence of such deviation from ionization equilibrium. It is found that the detectability of WHIM is not altered very much both through its emission and absorption signatures, but line ratios between OVII and OVIII are significantly different from those in the ionization equilibrium state. 
Kohji Yoshikawa, Shin Sasaki