Nuclear effects in leptoproduction of secondaries
  We estimate the energy losses in the case of deep-inelastic scattering on nuclear targets in terms of the effective change of the virtual photon energy. Our phenomenological results are in reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations. The difference in secondary production processes in hard and soft interactions is discussed. 
Ya.A. Berdnikov, M.M. Ryzhinskiy and Yu.M. Shabelski