Escape fraction of ionizing photons from galaxies at z=0--6
  The escape fraction of ionizing photons from galaxies is a crucial quantity controlling the cosmic ionizing background radiation and the reionization. Various estimates of this parameter can be obtained in the redshift range, z=0--6, either from direct observations or from the observed ionizing background intensities. We compare them homogeneously in terms of the observed flux density ratio of ionizing ($\sim900$ \AA rest-frame) to non-ionizing ultraviolet ($\sim1500$ \AA rest-frame) corrected for the intergalactic absorption. The escape fraction is found to increase by an order of magnitude, from a value less than 0.01 at $z\la1$ to about 0.1 at $z\ga4$. 
Akio K. Inoue (1), Ikuru Iwata (2), Jean-Michel Deharveng (3) ((1)   Osaka Sangyo Univ., (2) Okayama Astrophysical Observato...