Frictional drag between quantum wells mediated by fluctuating   electromagnetic field
  We use the theory of the fluctuating electromagnetic field to calculate the frictional drag between nearby two-and three dimensional electron systems. The frictional drag results from coupling via a fluctuating electromagnetic field, and can be considered as the dissipative part of the van der Waals interaction. In comparison with other similar calculations for semiconductor two-dimensional system we include retardation effects. We consider the dependence of the frictional drag force on the temperature $T$, electron density and separation $d$. We find, that retardation effects become dominating factor for high electron densities, corresponding thing metallic film, and suggest a new experiment to test the theory. The relation between friction and heat transfer is also briefly commented on. 
A.I.Volokitin and B.N.J.Persson