Phase sensitive detection of dipole radiation in a fiber-based high   numerical aperture optical system
  We theoretically study the problem of detecting dipole radiation in an optical system of high numerical aperture in which the detector is sensitive to \textit{field amplitude}. In particular, we model the phase sensitive detector as a single-mode cylindrical optical fiber. We find that the maximum in collection efficiency of the dipole radiation does not coincide with the optimum resolution for the light gathering instrument. The calculated results are important for analyzing fiber-based confocal microscope performance in fluorescence and spectroscopic studies of single molecules and/or quantum dots. 
A. N. Vamivakas, M. Dogan, S. B. Ippolito, E. R. Behringer, A. K.   Swan, B. B. Goldberg, and M. S. Unlu