Identification of network modules by optimization of ratio association
  We introduce a novel method for identifying the modular structures of a network based on the maximization of an objective function: the ratio association. This cost function arises when the communities detection problem is described in the probabilistic autoencoder frame. An analogy with kernel k-means methods allows to develop an efficient optimization algorithm, based on the deterministic annealing scheme. The performance of the proposed method is shown on a real data set and on simulated networks. 
Leonardo Angelini, Stefano Boccaletti, Daniele Marinazzo, Mario   Pellicoro, Sebastiano Stramaglia