Unification, the Big Bang, and the Cosmological Constant
  The two major goals in fundamental physics are: 1) Unification of all forces incorporating relativity and quantum theory, 2) Understanding the origin and evolution of the Universe as well as explaining the smallness of the cosmological constant.   Several efforts have been made in the last few decades towards achieving these goals with some successes and failures. The current best theory we have for unification of all forces is Superstring/M Theory. However current evidence suggests our Universe is flat and accelerating. A Universe with a positive cosmological constant will have serious implications for string theory since the S-Matrix cannot be well defined and Superstring/M Theory is only formulated in flat Minkowski background. Holographic principle provides a way out as shown by the AdS/CFT and dS/CFT correspondence, but it remains to be proved if it is valid for our non-conformal, non-supersymmetric Universe. Aside from the issue of defining M-Theory in a de Sitter background, why the cosmological constant is so small remains puzzling and needs to be understood. The ``cosmological constant problem'' has brought physics to a standstill towards any major development and remains currently the most disturbing issue.   Conventional big bang cosmology has not yet produced a satisfactory explanation of the small value of the cosmological constant. An attempt by SuperString/M Theory in this direction is given by the Ekpyrotic/Cyclic model.   The aim of this review is not to introduce any new concepts not already known, but give an overview of current state of affairs in high energy physics, highlighting some successes and failures and making some few suggestions on areas to focus to resolve some of these outstanding issues. 
Edward Tetteh-Lartey