The rapid formation a large rotating disk galaxy three billion years   after the Big Bang
  [Abridged] Over the past two decades observations and theoretical simulations have established a global frame-work of galaxy formation and evolution in the young Universe. Galaxies formed as baryonic gas cooled at the centres of collapsing dark matter halos. Mergers of halos led to the build up of galaxy mass. A major step forward in understanding these issues requires well resolved physical information on individual galaxies at high redshift. Here we report adaptive optics, spectroscopic observations of a representative luminous star forming galaxy when the Universe was only twenty percent of its age. The superior angular resolution of these data reveals the physical and dynamical properties of a high redshift galaxy in unprecedented detail. A large and massive rotating proto-disk is channelling gas towards a growing central stellar bulge hosting an accreting massive black hole. 
R. Genzel, L. Tacconi, F. Eisenhauer, N. M. Forster Schreiber, A.   Cimatti, E. Daddi, N. Bouche, R. Davies, M. D. Lehnert, ...