$\pi$-Electron Ferromagnetism in Metal Free Carbon Probed by Soft X-Ray   Dichroism
  Elemental carbon represents a fundamental building block of matter and the possibility of ferromagnetic order in carbon attracted widespread attention. However, the origin of magnetic order in such a light element is only poorly understood and has puzzled researchers. We present a spectromicroscopy study at room temperature of proton irradiated metal free carbon using the elemental and chemical specificity of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). We demonstrate that the magnetic order in the investigated system originates only from the carbon $\pi$-electron system. 
H. Ohldag, T. Tyliszczak, R. Hoehne, D. Spemann, P. Esquinazi, M.   Ungureanu and T. Butz