Torsion, Scalar Field, Mass and FRW Cosmology
  In the Einstein-Cartan space $U_4$, an axial vector torsion together with a scalar field connected to a local scale factor have been considered. By combining two particular terms from the SO(4,1) Pontryagin density and then modifying it in a SO(3,1) invariant way, we get a Lagrangian density with Lagrange multipliers. Then under FRW-cosmological background, where the scalar field is connected to the source of gravitation, the Euler-Lagrange equations ultimately give the constancy of the gravitational constant together with only three kinds of energy densities representing mass, radiation and cosmological constant. The gravitational constant has been found to be linked with the geometrical Nieh-Yan density. 
Prasanta Mahato