Information/disturbance trade-off in single and sequential measurements   on a qudit signal
  We address the trade-off between information gain and state disturbance in measurement performed on qudit systems and devise a class of optimal measurement schemes that saturate the ultimate bound imposed by quantum mechanics to estimation and transmission fidelities. The schemes are minimal, i.e. they involve a single additional probe qudit, and optimal, i.e. they provide the maximum amount of information compatible with a given level of disturbance. The performances of optimal single-user schemes in extracting information by sequential measurements in a N -user transmission line are also investigated, and the optimality is analyzed by explicit evaluation of fidelities. We found that the estimation fidelity does not depend on the number of users, neither for single-measure inference nor for collective one, whereas the transmission fidelity decreases with N . The resulting trade-off is no longer optimal and degrades with increasing N . We found that optimality can be restored by an effective preparation of the probe states and present explicitly calculations for the 2-user case. 
Marco G. Genoni, Matteo G. A. Paris