Urban Traffic Dynamics: A Scale-Free Network Perspective
  This letter propose a new model for characterizing traffic dynamics in scale-free networks. With a replotted road map of cities with roads mapped to vertices and intersections to edges, and introducing the road capacity L and its handling ability at intersections C, the model can be applied to urban traffic system. Simulations give the overall capacity of the traffic system which is quantified by a phase transition from free flow to congestion. Moreover, we report the fundamental diagram of flow against density, in which hysteresis is found, indicating that the system is bistable in a certain range of vehicle density. In addition, the fundamental diagram is significantly different from single-lane traffic model and 2-D BML model with four states: free flow, saturated flow, bistable and jammed. 
Mao-Bin Hu, Wen-Xu Wang, Rui Jiang, Qing-Song Wu, Bing-Hong Wang,   Yong-Hong Wu