On calibrated and separating sub-actions
  Consider a transitive expanding dynamical system $ \sigma: \Sigma \to \Sigma $, and a H\"older potential $ A $. In ergodic optimization, one is interested in properties of $A$-maximizing probabilities. Assuming ergodicity, it is already known that the projection of the support of such probabilities is contained in the set of non-wandering points with respect to $ A $, denoted by $ \Omega(A) $. A separating sub-action is a sub-action such that the sub-cohomological equation becomes an identity just on $ \Omega(A) $. For a fixed H\"older potential $ A $, we prove not only that there exists H\"older separating sub-actions but in fact that they define a residual subset of the H\"older sub-actions.   We use the existence of such separating sub-actions in an application for the case one has more than one maximizing probability. Suppose we have a finite number of distinct $A$-maximizing probabilities with ergodic property: $ \hat \mu_j $, $ j \in \{1, 2, ..., l\} $. Considering a calibrated sub-action $ u $, under certain conditions, we will show that it can be written in the form $$ u (\mathbf x)= u (\mathbf x^i) + h_A(\mathbf x^i, \mathbf x), $$ for all $ \mathbf x \in \Sigma $, where $ \mathbf x^i $ is a special point (in the projection of the support of a certain $ \hat \mu_i $) and $ h_A $ is the Peierls barrier associated to $ A $. 
Eduardo Garibaldi, Artur O. Lopes and Philippe Thieullen