Correlating off-stoichiometric doping with nanoscale electronic disorder   and quasiparticle interference pattern in high-$T_c$ superconductor   Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$
  A microscopic theory is presented for the observed electronic disorder in superconducting Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$. The essential phenomenology is shown to be consistent with the existence of two types of interstitial oxygen dopants: those serving primarily as charge reserviors and those close to the apical plane contributing both carriers and electrostatic potential to the CuO$_2$ plane. The nonlinear screening of the latter produces nanoscale variations in the doped hole concentration, leading to electronic inhomogeneity. Based on an unrestricted Gutzwiller approximation of the extended t-$J$ model, we provide a consistent explanation of the correlation between the observed dopant location and the pairing gap and its spatial evolutions. We show that the oxygen dopants are the primary cause of both the pairing gap disorder and the quasiparticle interference pattern. 
Sen Zhou, Hong Ding, and Ziqiang Wang