Selective excitation of metastable atomic states by femto- and   attosecond laser pulses
  The possibility of achieving highly selective excitation of low metastable states of hydrogen and helium atoms by using short laser pulses with reasonable parameters is demonstrated theoretically. Interactions of atoms with the laser field are studied by solving the close-coupling equations without discretization. The parameters of laser pulses are calculated using different kinds of optimization procedures. For the excitation durations of hundreds of femtoseconds direct optimization of the parameters of one and two laser pulses with Gaussian envelopes is used to introduce a number of simple schemes of selective excitation. To treat the case of shorter excitation durations, optimal control theory is used and the calculated optimal fields are approximated by sequences of pulses with reasonable shapes. A new way to achieve selective excitation of metastable atomic states by using sequences of attosecond pulses is introduced. 
A.D. Kondorskiy, L.P. Presnyakov, and Yu. Ralchenko