Evidence for Line Broadening by Electron Scattering in the Broad Line   Region of NGC 4395
  A high quality Keck spectrum of the Halpha line in NGC 4395 reveals symmetric exponential wings, fv\propto e^{-v/sigma}, with sigma~500km/s. The wings extend out to >2500km/s from the line core, and down to a flux density of <10^-3 of the peak flux density. Numerical and analytic calculations indicate that exponential wings are expected for optically thin, isotropic, thermal electron scattering. Such scattering produces exponential wings with sigma=1.1sigma_e(ln tau_e^-1)^0.45, where sigma_e is the electron velocity dispersion, and tau_e is the electron scattering optical depth. The Halpha wings in NGC 4395 are well fit by an electron scattering model with tau_e=0.34, and an electron temperature T_e=1.1x10^4K. Such conditions are produced in photoionized gas with an ionization parameter U=0.3, as expected in the broad line region (BLR). Similar analysis of the [O III] 5007 line yields tau_e<0.01, consistent with the lower ionization in the narrow line region. If the electron scattering interpretation is correct, there should be a tight correlation between tau_e and the ionizing flux on time scales shorter than the BLR dynamical time, or ~1 week for NGC 4395. In contrast, the value of sigma should remain nearly constant on these time scales. Such wings may be discernible in other objects with unusually narrow Balmer lines, and they can provide a useful direct probe of T_e and tau_e in the BLR. 
Ari Laor (Technion, Israel)