Placing Confidence Limits on Polarization Measurements
  The determination of the true source polarization given a set of measurements is complicated by the requirement that the polarization always be positive. This positive bias also hinders construction of upper limits, uncertainties, and confidence regions, especially at low signal-to-noise levels. We generate the likelihood function for linear polarization measurements and use it to create confidence regions and upper limits. This is accomplished by integrating the likelihood function over the true polarization (parameter space), rather than the measured polarization (data space). These regions are valid for both low and high signal-to-noise measurements. 
John E. Vaillancourt (University of Chicago)