Possibility of Turbulence from a Post-Navier-Stokes Equation
  We introduce corrections to the Navier-Stokes equation arising from the transitions between molecular states and the injection of external energy. In the simplest application of the proposed post Navier-Stokes equation, we find a multi-valued velocity field and the immediate possibility of velocity reversal, both features of turbulence. 
Pascal Getreuer, A. M. Albano and A. Muriel