Dark matter and dark energy as a effects of Modified Gravity
  We explain the effect of dark matter (flat rotation curve) using modified gravitational dynamics. We investigate in this context a low energy limit of generalized general relativity with a nonlinear Lagrangian ${\cal L}\propto R^n$, where $R$ is the (generalized) Ricci scalar and $n$ is parameter estimated from SNIa data. We estimate parameter $\beta$ in modified gravitational potential $V(r) \propto -\frac{1}{r}(1+(\frac{r}{r_c})^{\beta})$. Then we compare value of $\beta$ obtained from SNIa data with $\beta$ parameter evaluated from the best fitted rotation curve. We find $\beta \simeq 0.7$ which becomes in good agreement with an observation of spiral galaxies rotation curve. We also find preferred value of $\Omega_{m,0}$ from the combined analysis of supernovae data and baryon oscillation peak. We argue that although amount of "dark energy" (of non-substantial origin) is consistent with SNIa data and flat curves of spiral galaxies are reproduces in the framework of modified Einstein's equation we still need substantial dark matter. For comparison predictions of the model with predictions of the $\Lambda$CDM concordance model we apply the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria of model selection. 
Andrzej Borowiec, Wlodzimierz Godlowski, Marek Szydlowski