Illuminating the dark ages of the universe: the exact backreaction in   the SFRW model and the acceleration of the universe
  Within the recently proposed structured FRW model universe the averaged Einstein equations are derived. The backreaction turns out to have an interesting behavior. Its equivalent density and pressure, being proportional, are negative at early times of the dark ages of the universe, and change sign near our present time in our local patch. In addition to explaining the observed dimming of the SNIa it leads to new effects for small cosmic redshifts and also to the difference between the local and global Hubble parameter. Interpreting the backreaction in the FRW-{\it picture}, it is equivalent to a time dependent dark energy with $w = -1$. 
Reza Mansouri