Pion production reactions in nucleon-nucleon collisions
  Understanding pion production in nucleon-nucleon collisions near threshold has been a challenge for the last decades. In particular, the reaction pp -> pppi0 is highly sensitive to short-range mechanisms, because isospin conservation suppresses the otherwise dominant pion exchange term. However, the relative importance of the various reaction processes has been very difficult to establish.   After reviewing the state-of-the-art of the theoretical approaches, we address the validity of the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) through its link to the time-ordered perturbation theory (TOPT) diagrams. As the energy of the exchanged pion is not determined unambiguously within the non-relativistic formalism underlying DWBA, we analyse several options to determine which one is closer to TOPT.   The S-matrix technique, successfully used below threshold, is shown to reproduce the results of TOPT for the re-scattering mechanism in pi0 production. It is afterwards applied to full calculations of both charged and neutral pion production reactions, the cross sections of which are described successfully. The main production mechanisms and partial waves corresponding to high angular momentum are included in the calculations. Finally we discuss the effect on the cross section of the frequent prescriptions for the energy of the exchanged pion. 
Veronica Malafaia