Scaling Analysis and Systematic Extraction of Macroscopic Structures in   Fluctuating Systems of Arbitrary Dimensions
  Many fluctuating systems consist of macroscopic structures in addition to noisy signals. Thus, for this class of fluctuating systems, the scaling behaviors are very complicated. Such phenomena are quite commonly observed in Nature, ranging from physics, chemistry, geophysics, even to molecular biology and physiology. In this paper, we take an extensive analytical study on the ``generalized detrended fluctuation analysis'' method. For continuous fluctuating systems in arbitrary dimensions, we not only derive the explicit and exact expression of macroscopic structures, but also obtain the exact relations between the detrended variance functions and the correlation function. Besides, we undertake a general scaling analysis, applicable for this class of fluctuating systems in any dimensions. Finally, as an application, we discuss some important examples in interfacial superroughening phenomena. 
Ning-Ning Pang, Hisen-Ching Kao, and Wen-Jer Tzeng