A network model for granular statics with impenetrability constraints
  We study quasi-static deformation of dense granular packings. The packing is deformed by imposing external boundary conditions, which model engineering experiments such as shear and compression. We propose a two-dimensional network model of such deformations. The model takes into account elastic interparticle interactions and incorporates geometric impenetrability constraints. The effects of friction are neglected. In our model, a granular packing is represented by a spring-lattice network, whereby the particle centers correspond to vertices of the network, and interparticle contacts correspond to the edges. When the network deforms, each spring either preserves its length (this corresponds to a solid-like contact), or expands (this represents a broken contact). We prove that under certain geometric conditions on the network, in the energy-minimizing configuration there are at least two non-stretched springs attached to each node, which means that every particle has at least two solid-like contacts. This eliminates micro-avalanches as a mechanism for structural weakening in small shear deformation. 
K. A. Ariyawansa, Leonid Berlyand, Alexander Panchenko