Kondo physics in artificial molecules
  Recent advancement in fabrication technologies enable the construction of nano-objects with rather rich internal structures such as double or triple quantum dots, which can then be regarded as artificial molecules. The main new ingredient in the study of the Kondo effect in such artificial (and also in natural) molecules is the internal symmetry of the nano-object, which proves to play a crucial role in the construction of the effective exchange Hamiltonian. This internal symmetry combines continuous spin symmetry SU(2) and discrete point symmetry (such as mirror reflections for double dots or discrete $C_{3v}$ rotation for equilateral triangular dots. When these artificial molecules are attached to metallic leads, the set of dot operators appearing in the effective exchange Hamiltonian generate a group which is refereed to as the dynamical symmetry group of the system dot-leads [mostly SO(n) or SU(n)], and the pertinent group parameters (such as the value of $n$) can be controlled by experiment. In this short review we clarify and expand these concepts and discuss some specific examples. In particular we concentrate on the difference between the chain geometry and the ring geometry. When a perpendicular magnetic field is applied in the ring geometry, its gauge symmetry U(1) is involved in the interplay with the spin and orbital dynamics of the dot. 
K. Kikoin, Y. Avishai