Dipole of the luminosity distance: a direct measure of H(z)
  We show that the dipole of the luminosity distance is a useful observational tool which allows us to determine the Hubble parameter as a function of the redshift H(z). We determine the number of supernovae needed to achieve a given precision for H(z) and to distinguish between different models for dark energy. We analyse a sample of nearby supernovae and find a dipole consistent with the cosmic microwave background at a significance of more than 2 sigma. 
Camille Bonvin, Ruth Durrer and Martin Kunz (University of Geneva)