X-ray pulsar radiation from polar cap heated by back-flow bombardment
  We consider the problem of the thermal X-ray radiation from the hot polar cap of radio pulsars showing evidence of \EB subpulse drift in radio band. In our recent Paper I, using the partially screened gap (PSG) model of inner acceleration region we derived a simple relationship between the drift rate of subpulses observed in a radio-band and the thermal X-ray luminosity from polar caps heated by the back-flow particle bombardment. This relationship can be tested for pulsars in which the so-called carousel rotation time $P_4$, reflecting the \EB plasma drift, and the thermal X-ray luminosity $L_x$ from the hot polar cap are known. To test the model we used only two available pulsars: PSRs B0943+10 and B1133+16. They both satisfied the model prediction, although due to low photon statistics the thermal component could not be firmly identified from the X-ray data. Nevertheless, these pulsars were at least consistent with PSG pulsar model.   In the present paper we consider two more pulsars: PSRs B0656+14 and B0628-28, whose data have recently become available. In PSR B0656+14 the thermal radiation from the hot polar cap was clearly detected, and PSR B0628-28 also seems to have such a component.   In all cases for which both $P_4$ and $L_x$ are presently known, the PSG pulsar model seems to be fully confirmed. Other available models of inner acceleration region fail to explain the observed relationship between radio and X-ray data. The pure vacuum gap model predicts too high $L_x$ and too low $P_4$, while the space charge limited model predicts too low $L_x$ and the origin of the subpulse drift has no natural explanation. 
J. Gil, G. I. Melikidze and B. Zhang