Folding Froggatt-Nielsen into the Stueckelberg-Higgs mechanism in   anomalous U(1) models
  We describe a simple connection between the Froggatt-Nielsen, Stueckelberg and Higgs mechanisms, all three of them combined in a consistent way. This is illustrated in the context of a class of generalizations of the Standard Model with a gauge structure extended by a certain number of anomalous U(1) factors. These are built in the effective action in a way that gauge invariance and unitarity are preserved.   Among other features, a physical axion with properties different from those of a Peccei-Quinn axion emerges. 
Claudio Coriano and Nikos Irges