Calculation of Cauchy stress tensor in molecular dynamics system with a   generalized Irving-Kirkwood formulism
  Irving and Kirkwood formulism (IK formulism) provides a way to compute continuum mechanics quantities at certain location in terms of molecular variables. To make the approach more practical in computer simulation, Hardy proposed to use a spacial kernel function that couples continuum quantities with atomistic information. To reduce irrational fluctuations, Murdoch proposed to use a temporal kernel function to smooth the physical quantities obtained in Hardy's approach. In this paper, we generalize the original IK formulism to systematically incorporate both spacial and temporal average. The Cauchy stress tensor is derived in this generalized IK formulism (g-IK formulism). Analysis is given to illuminate the connection and difference between g-IK formulism and traditional temporal post-process approach. The relationship between Cauchy stress and first Piola-Kirchhoff stress is restudied in the framework of g-IK formulism. Numerical experiments using molecular dynamics are conducted to examine the analysis results. 
Jerry Zhijian Yang and Shukai Du
physics.comp-ph