Longitudinal hydrodynamics from event-by-event Landau initial conditions
  We investigate three-dimensional ideal hydrodynamic evolution, with Landau initial conditions, incorporating event-by-event variation with many events and transverse density inhomogeneities. We show that the transition to boost-invariant flow occurs too late for realistic setups, with corrections of $\order{20-30\%}$ expected at freezeout for most scenarios. Moreover, the deviation from boost-invariance is correlated with both transverse flow and elliptic flow, with the more highly transversely flowing regions also showing the most violation of boost invariance. Therefore, if longitudinal flow is not fully developed at the early stages of heavy ion collisions, hydrodynamics where boost-invariance holds at mid-rapidity is inadequate to extract transport coefficients of the quark-gluon plasma. We conclude by arguing that developing experimental probes of boost invariance is necessary, and suggest some promising directions in this regard. 
Abhisek Sen, Jochen Gerhard, Giorgio Torrieri, Kenneth Read, Cheuk-Yin   Wong
nucl-th hep-ex hep-ph nucl-ex