No Cosmic Rays from Curvature Oscillations during Structure Formation   with $F(R)$-gravity
  The Starobinsky model of modified gravity suggested to explain dark energy may be also considered in the astrophysical context. Recently it has been pointed out that in contracting regions curvature oscillations around the GR value may lead to the production of high energy particles which contribute to the cosmic ray flux. We revisit these calculations in the Einstein frame and show that the continuous approximation for the matter density used in the original calculations is not valid. We show that this problem is generic in $F(R)$-gravity models introduced to describe the dark energy. We go beyond the approximation and find the rate of particle production to be negligible. 
Dmitry Gorbunov and Anna Tokareva
astro-ph.CO gr-qc hep-ph