Dielectric relaxation and electrical conductivity in lead-free   (100-x)(Li0.12Na0.88)NbO3-xBaTiO3 (0 to x to 40) piezoelectric ceramics: An   impedance spectroscopic study
  Dielectric behavior and conductivity mechanism in lead-free (100-x)(Li0.12Na0.88)NbO3-xBaTiO3 (0 to x to 40) piezoelectric ceramics were investigated using impedance spectroscopy over a wide temperature (-100 oC to500 oC) and frequency range (0.1 Hz to1 MHz). The grain and grain boundary response as well as the relaxation processes at different frequencies and temperatures were also discussed. A low frequency dispersion in dielectric permittivity (LFDD), a typical characteristic of high-temperature behavior was observed both below and above the ferro-paraelectric phase transition temperature, Tm. Oxygen-defect-related complexes generated due to acceptor type doping were found to play an important role in LFDD and hopping conduction. The dielectric relaxation follows Jonscher universal law, however LFDD is found to be associated with quasi-DC process (QCD). The activation energies of DC conduction confirm the mechanism as the thermal motion (short range hopping) of doubly ionized oxygen vacancies. At high temperature, the conductivity relaxation mechanism is dominated by grain boundary conduction through hopping electron created by the charge compensating oxygen vacancies. 
Supratim Mitra, Ajit R Kulkarni
cond-mat.mtrl-sci