The dispersion modification of electrostatic geodesic acoustic mode by   electron geodesic drift current
  The past studies treated the perturbed distribution of circulating electrons as adiabatic one when studying the dispersion relation of electrostatic geodesic acoustic mode(GAM). In this paper, the flow of electron geodesic current (FEGC) is added to modify this adiabatic distribution. Based on the drift kinetic theory, it is found that FEGC obviously increases the magnitude of the standard GAM's frequency and reduces its damping rate. The increase of frequency results from the contribution of FEGC to the radial flow. The reason for the reduction of damping rate is that when the effect of FEGC counts, the new resonant velocity becomes much larger than ions thermal velocity with equilibrium distribution obeying Maxwellian distribution, compared with unmodified Landau resonant velocity. Especially, FEGC changes the characters of the frequency and damping rate of low-frequency GAM as functions of safety factor $q$ . 
Shuangxi Zhang
physics.plasm-ph