Fluctuation-induced pressures in fluids in thermal nonequilibrium steady   states
  Correlations in fluids in nonequilibrium steady states are long ranged. Hence, finite-size effects have important consequences in the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of fluids. One consequence is that nonequilibrium temperature fluctuations induce nonequilibrium Casimir-like pressures proportional to the square of the temperature gradient. Hence, fluctuations cause a breakdown of the concept of local thermal equilibrium. Furthermore, transport coefficients become dependent on boundary conditions and on gravity. Thus nonequilibrium fluctuations affect some traditional concepts in nonequilibrium thermodynamics. 
T. R. Kirkpatrick, J. M. Ortiz de Z\'arate and J. V. Sengers
cond-mat.stat-mech cond-mat.mes-hall