Gaussian bounds, strong ellipticity and uniqueness criteria
  Let $h$ be a quadratic form with domain $W_0^{1,2}(\Ri^d)$ given by \[ h(\varphi)=\sum^d_{i,j=1}(\partial_i\varphi,c_{ij}\,\partial_j\varphi) \] where $c_{ij}=c_{ji}$ are real-valued, locally bounded, measurable functions and   $C=(c_{ij})\geq 0 $.   If $C$ is strongly elliptic, i.e.\ if there exist $\lambda, \mu>0$ such that $\lambda\,I\geq C\geq \mu \,I>0$, then $h$ is closable, the closure determines a positive self-adjoint operator $H$ on $L_2(\Ri^d)$ which generates a submarkovian semigroup $S$ with a positive distributional kernel~$K$ and the kernel satisfies Gaussian upper and lower bounds. Moreover, $S$ is conservative, i.e.\ $S_t\one=\one$ for all $t>0$. Our aim is to examine converse statements.   First we establish that $C$ is strongly elliptic if and only if $h$ is closable, the semigroup $S$ is conservative and $K$ satisfies Gaussian bounds. Secondly, we prove that if the coefficients are such that a Tikhonov growth condition is satisfied then $S$ is conservative. Thus in this case strong ellipticity of $C$ is equivalent to closability of $h$ together with Gaussian bounds on $K$. Finally we consider coefficients $c_{ij}\in W^{1,\infty}_{\rm loc}(\Ri^d)$. It follows that $h$ is closable and a growth condition of the T\"acklind type is sufficient to establish the equivalence of strong ellipticity of $C$ and Gaussian bounds on $K$. 
Derek W. Robinson
math.AP