Fluctuations of particle motion in granular avalanches - from the   microscopic to the macroscopic scales
  In this study, we have investigated the fluctuations of particle motion, i.e. the non-affine motion, during the avalanche process, discovering a rich dynamics from the microscopic to the macroscopic scales. We find that there is strong correlation between the magnitude of the velocity fluctuation and the velocity magnitude in the spatial and temporal domains. The possible connection between this finding and STZ is discussed based on the direct measurement of the T1 events. In addition, the velocity magnitude of the system and the stress fluctuations of the system are strongly correlated temporally. Our finding will pose challenges to the development of more rigorous theories to describe the avalanche dynamics based on the microscopic approach. Moreover, our finding presents a plausible mechanism of the particle entrainment in a simple system. 
Ziwei Wang, and Jie Zhang
cond-mat.soft