Are Performance Limitations in Visual Short-Term Memory Tasks Due to   Capacity Limitations or Model Mismatch?
  Performance limitations in visual short-term memory (VSTM) tasks have traditionally been explained in terms of resource or capacity limitations. It has been claimed, for example, that VSTM possesses a limited amount of cognitive or neural "resources" that can be used to remember a visual display. In this paper, we highlight the potential importance of a previously neglected factor that might contribute significantly to performance limitations in VSTM tasks: namely, a mismatch between the prior expectations and/or the internal noise properties of the visual system based primarily on its adaptation to the statistics of the natural environment and the statistics of the visual stimuli used in most VSTM experiments. We call this 'model mismatch'. Surprisingly, we show that model mismatch alone, without assuming a general resource or capacity limitation, can, in principle, account for some of the main qualitative characteristics of performance limitations observed in VSTM tasks, including: (i) monotonic decline in memory precision with increasing set size; (ii) variability in memory precision across items and trials; and (iii) different set-size dependencies for initial encoding rate and asymptotic precision when the duration of image presentation is varied. We also investigate the consequences of using experimental stimuli that more closely match the prior expectations and/or internal noise properties of the visual system. The results reveal qualitatively very different patterns of behavior for such stimuli, suggesting that researchers should be cautious about generalizing the results of experiments using ecologically unrealistic stimulus statistics to ecologically more realistic stimuli. 
A. Emin Orhan, Robert A. Jacobs
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