Control of a Backward-Facing Step flow through vortex pairing and phase   locking
  Many experimental and numerical studies report a large reduction of the recirculation bubble in Backward-Facing Step flows or airfoils in stall situation when excited at the natural shedding frequency $f_0$. Through a simple experiment using Dielectric Barrier Discharge actuator, we find a different result. For a given Reynolds number, the frequency of the perturbation is varied for a fixed duty-cycle dc = 27%. Through phase-averaging of Particle Image Velocimetry measurements, we show that the actuation creates a forced vortex which interacts with the natural shedding with a different phase velocity than the unforced one. The largest reduction of the recirculation bubble (-35%) is obtained in a very narrow frequency range around $0.73 f_0$ where early vortex pairing occurs between forced and unforced vortices. Phase averaging shows that in this case, the actuation clearly forces the vortex pairing in the shear layer. On the contrary, when the forcing frequency is higher, the shear layer behaves like an amplifier synchronized on the forced frequency, leading to a constant 10% reduction of the recirculation bubble. 
Thomas Duriez and Jean-Luc Aider and Jose Eduardo Wesfreid and   Guillermo Artana
physics.flu-dyn