Thermoelectric Corrections to Quantum Voltage Measurement
  A generalization of Buttiker's voltage probe concept for nonzero temperatures is an open third terminal of a quantum thermoelectric circuit. An explicit analytic expression for the thermoelectric correction to an ideal quantum voltage measurement is derived, and interpreted in terms of local Peltier cooling/heating within the nonequilibrium system. The thermoelectric correction is found to be large (up to +-24% of the peak voltage) in a prototypical ballistic quantum conductor (graphene nanoribbon). The effects of measurement non-ideality are also investigated. Our findings have important implications for precision local electrical measurements. 
Justin P. Bergfield, Charles A. Stafford
cond-mat.mes-hall