Fast electron propagation in Ti foils irradiated with sub-picosecond   laser pulses at $I\lambda^{2} > 10^{18}$ Wcm$^{-2} \mu m^{2}$
  We have studied the propagation of fast electrons through laser irradiated Ti foils by monitoring the emission of hard X-rays and K-{\alpha} radiation from bare foils and foils backed by a thick epoxy layer. Key observations include strong refluxing of electrons and divergence of the electron beam in the foil with evidence of magnetic field collimation. Our diagnostics have allowed us to estimate the fast electron temperature and fraction of laser energy converted to fast electrons. We have observed clear differences between the fast electron temperatures observed with bare and epoxy backed targets which may be due to the effects of refluxing. 
M Makita, G Nersisyan, K McKeever, T Dzelzainis, S White, B Kettle, B   Dromey, D Doria, M Zepf, CLS Lewis, D Riley, S.B. Ha...
physics.plasm-ph