Thermally induced changes of structure in   Ni$_{50}$Mn$_{25+x}$Ga$_{25-x}$ magnetic shape memory single crystals with   very low twinning stress
  In search for the origins of the extraordinary low twinning stress of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys we studied the thermally induced changes of structure in Ni$_{50}$Mn$_{25+x}$Ga$_{25-x}$ ($x$=2.7--3.9) single crystal samples and compared them with twinning stress dependences. The alloys exhibited transformation to five-layered (10M) martensite structure between 297 to 328 K. All samples exhibited magnetic shape memory effect. Just below the transformation temperature the samples had very low twinning stress of about 0.1--0.3 MPa, which increased with decreasing temperature. The structural changes were monitored using X-ray diffraction in the temperature range 173--343 K. The 10M structure was approximated by monoclinic lattice with the unit cell derived from the cubic unit cell of the parent L2$_{1}$ phase. With decreasing temperature, the lattice parameters $a$ and $\gamma$ increased, $c$ decreased, while $b$ was nearly constant. For $x\leq3.5$, sudden sharp changes in $a$ and $b$ parameters additionally occurred, resulting in $a=b$ in some regions of the phase diagram, which might be related to the refinement of twin structure of 10M martensite on nanoscale. The temperature dependences of lattice parameter $\gamma$ (and $c$ or $c/a$) correlate well with the temperature dependences of twinning stress in agreement with the prediction by a microstructural model of twin boundary motion. On the contrary, there is no correlation between $(a-b)$ and twinning stress. This indicates no significant role of $a/b$ twins or laminate in twin boundary motion mechanism and low twinning stress. 
Ladislav Straka, Jan Drahokoupil, Oliva Pacherov\'a, Kristina   Richterov\'a, V\'it Kopeck\'y, Hannu H\"anninen, Oleg Heczko
cond-mat.mtrl-sci