Invariant sums of random matrices and the onset of level repulsion
  We compute analytically the joint probability density of eigenvalues and the level spacing statistics for an ensemble of random matrices with interesting features. It is invariant under the standard symmetry groups (orthogonal and unitary) and yet the interaction between eigenvalues is not Vandermondian. The ensemble contains real symmetric or complex hermitian matrices $\mathbf{S}$ of the form $\mathbf{S}=\sum_{i=1}^M \langle \mathbf{O}_i \mathbf{D}_i\mathbf{O}_i^{\mathrm{T}}\rangle$ or $\mathbf{S}=\sum_{i=1}^M \langle \mathbf{U}_i \mathbf{D}_i\mathbf{U}_i^\dagger\rangle$ respectively. The diagonal matrices $\mathbf{D}_i=\mathrm{diag}\{\lambda_1^{(i)},\ldots,\lambda_N^{(i)}\}$ are constructed from real eigenvalues drawn \emph{independently} from distributions $p^{(i)}(x)$, while the matrices $\mathbf{O}_i$ and $\mathbf{U}_i$ are all orthogonal or unitary. The average $\langle\cdot\rangle$ is simultaneously performed over the symmetry group and the joint distribution of $\{\lambda_j^{(i)}\}$. We focus on the limits i.) $N\to\infty$ and ii.) $M\to\infty$, with $N=2$. In the limit i.), the resulting sum $\mathbf{S}$ develops level repulsion even though the original matrices do not feature it, and classical RMT universality is restored asymptotically. In the limit ii.) the spacing distribution attains scaling forms that are computed exactly: for the orthogonal case, we recover the $\beta=1$ Wigner's surmise, while for the unitary case an entirely new universal distribution is obtained. Our results allow to probe analytically the microscopic statistics of the sum of random matrices that become asymptotically free. We also give an interpretation of this model in terms of radial random walks in a matrix space. The analytical results are corroborated by numerical simulations. 
Zdzis{\l}aw Burda, Giacomo Livan, Pierpaolo Vivo
cond-mat.stat-mech math-ph math.MP stat.OT