Convertibility of Observables
  Some problems of quantum information, cloning, estimation and testing of states, universal coding etc., are special example of the following `state convertibility' problem. In this paper, we consider the dual of this problem, 'observable conversion problem'. Given families of operators $\{L_\theta}\}_{\theta\in\Theta}$ and $\{M_\theta}\}_{\theta\in\Theta}$ , we ask whether there is a completely positive (sub) unital map which sends $\{L_\theta}\}$ to $\{M_\theta}\}$ for each {\theta}. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the convertibility in some special cases. 
Keiji Matsumoto
quant-ph