Effects of medium modification of pion production threshold in heavy ion   collisions and the nuclear symmetry energy
  Using the relativistic Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (RVUU) equation based on mean fields from the nonlinear relativistic models, we study the effect of medium modification of pion production threshold on the total pion yield and the $\pi^-/\pi^+$ ratio in Au+Au collisions. We find that the in-medium threshold effect enhances both the total pion yield and the $\pi^-/\pi^+$ ratio, compared to those without this effect. Furthermore, including the medium modification of the pion production threshold in asymmetric nuclear matter leads to a larger $\pi^-/\pi^+$ ratio for the $NL\rho\delta$ model with a stiffer symmetry energy than the $NL\rho$ model with a softer symmetry energy, opposite to that found without the in-medium threshold effect. Experimental data from the FOPI Collaboration are reproduced after including a density-dependent cross section for $\Delta$ baryon production from nucleon-nucleon collisions, which suppresses the total pion yield but hardly changes the $\pi^-/\pi^+$ ratio. The large errors in the experimentally measured $\pi^-/\pi^+$ ratio prevent, however, the distinction between the predictions from the $NL\rho$ and $NL\rho\delta$ models. 
Taesoo Song, Che Ming Ko
nucl-th nucl-ex