Observation of Active Sites for Oxygen Reduction Reaction on   Nitrogen-doped Multilayer Graphene
  Active sites and catalytic mechanism of nitrogen-doped graphene in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been extensively studied but are still inconclusive, partly due to the lack of an experimental method that can detect the active sites. It is proposed in this report that the active sites on nitrogen-doped graphene can be determined via the examination of its chemical composition change before and after ORR. Synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of three nitrogen-doped multilayer graphene samples reveal that oxygen reduction intermediate OH(ads) which should chemically attach to the active sites remains on the carbon atoms neighboring pyridinic nitrogen after ORR. In addition, a high amount of the OH(ads) attachment after ORR corresponds to a high catalytic efficiency and vice versa. These pinpoint that the carbon atoms close to pyridinic nitrogen are the main active sites among the different nitrogen doping configurations. 
Tan Xing, Yao Zheng, Lu Hua Li, Bruce C.C. Cowie, Daniel Gunzelmann,   Shi Zhang Qiao, Shaoming Huang and Ying Chen
cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.mtrl-sci