Balance equations in semi-relativistic quantum hydrodynamics
  Method of the quantum hydrodynamics has been applied in quantum plasmas studies. As the first step in our consideration, derivation of classical semi-relativistic (i. e. described by the Darwin Lagrangian on microscopic level) hydrodynamical equations is given after a brief review of method development. It provides better distinguishing between classic and quantum semi-relativistic effects. Derivation of the classical equations is interesting since it is made by a natural, but not very widespread method. This derivation contains explicit averaging of the microscopic dynamics. Derivation of corresponding quantum hydrodynamic equations is presented further. Equations are obtained in the five-momentum approximation including the continuity equation, Euler and energy balance equations. It is shown that relativistic corrections lead to presence of new quantum terms in expressions for a force field, a work field etc. The semi-relativistic generalization of the quantum Bohm potential is obtained. Quantum part of the energy current, which is an analog of the quantum Bohm potential for the energy evolution equation, is derived. The Langmuir wave dispersion in semi-relativistic quantum plasmas, corresponding to the Darwin Lagrangian, is also considered to demonstrate contribution of semi-relativistic effects on basic plasma phenomenon. 
A. Yu. Ivanov, P. A. Andreev, L. S. Kuz'menkov
physics.plasm-ph