Co-nonsolvency of PNiPAM at the transition between solvation mechanisms
  We investigate the co-nonsolvency of poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNiPAM) in different water-alcohol mixtures and show that this phenomenon is due to two distinct solvation contributions governing the phase behavior of PNiPAM in the water-rich and alcohol-rich regime respectively. While hydrophobic hydration is the predominant contribution governing the phase behavior of PNiPAM in the water-rich regime, the mixing contributions governing the phase behavior of classical polymer solutions determine the phase behavior of PNiPAM in the alcohol-rich regime. This is evidenced by distinct scaling relations denoting the energetic state of the aqueous medium as a key parameter for the phase behavior of PNiPAM in the water-rich regime, while the volume fractions of respectively water, alcohol and PNiPAM become relevant parameters in the alcohol-rich regime. Adding alcohol to water decreases the energetics of the aqueous medium, which gradually suppresses hydrophobic hydration, while adding water to alcohol decreases the solvent quality. Consequently, PNiPAM is insoluble in the intermediate range of solvent composition, where neither hydrophobic hydration nor the mixing contributions prevail. This accounts for the co-nonsolvency phenomenon observed for PNiPAM in water-alcohol mixtures. 
Irmgard Bischofberger, Davide C. E. Calzolari, and Veronique Trappe
cond-mat.soft