Lattice swelling and modulus change in a helium-implanted tungsten   alloy: X-ray micro-diffraction, surface acoustic wave measurements, and   multiscale modelling
  Using X-ray micro-diffraction and surface acoustic wave spectroscopy, we measure lattice swelling and elastic modulus changes in a W-1%Re alloy after implantation with 3110 appm of helium. A fraction of a percent observed lattice expansion gives rise to an order of magnitude larger reduction in the surface acoustic wave velocity. A multiscale elasticity, molecular dynamics, and density functional theory model is applied to the interpretation of observations. The measured lattice swelling is consistent with the relaxation volume of self-interstitial and helium-filled vacancy defects that dominate the helium-implanted material microstructure. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the elasticity model for swelling. Elastic properties of the implanted surface layer also change due to defects. The reduction of surface acoustic wave velocity predicted by density functional theory calculations agrees remarkably well with experimental observations. 
F. Hofmann, D. Nguyen-Manh, C.E. Beck, J.K. Eliason, M.R. Gilbert,   A.A. Maznev, W. Liu, D.E.J. Armstrong, K.A. Nelson, S.L...
cond-mat.mtrl-sci