Reduced Neutrino Opacities and the SN 1987A Signal
  Axial-vector interactions of neutrinos and axions with a medium are based on structure functions which cannot be calculated in simple perturbative terms for nuclear densities. We use the SN~1987A neutrino signal duration to estimate the range of allowed neutrino opacities of a supernova (SN) core. We perform numerical simulations of the evolution from the hot, lepton-rich post-collapse stage to the cold, deleptonized neutron star and compare the predicted neutrino signal characteristics with the SN~1987A data. Besides the neutrino opacities we vary the mass, temperature profile, and equation of state of the initial model. Within plausible limits of these quantities the neutrino opacity cannot be much smaller than its ``standard'' value. This limits the width of the spin-density structure function to much smaller values than indicated by a perturbative calculation, implying that bremsstrahlung processes such as axion emission probably saturate at around 10\% nuclear density. A substantial suppression at yet larger densities that might have been expected does not seem to occur. 
Wolfgang Keil, H.-Thomas Janka, and Georg Raffelt