Dyson-Schwinger equations and their application to nonperturbative field   theory
  Two examples of recent progress in applications of the Dyson-Schwinger equation (DSE) formalism are presented: (1) Strong coupling quantum electrodynamics in 4 dimensions (QED$_4$) is an often studied model, which is of interest both in its own right and as an abelian model of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). We present results from a study of subtractive renormalization of the fermion propagator Dyson-Schwinger equation (DSE) in massive strong-coupling quenched QED$_4$. The procedure is straightforward to implement and numerically stable. (2) The Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) with a class of non-ladder scattering kernels is solved in {\it Minkowski space} in terms of the perturbation theory integral representation (PTIR). We consider a bound state of two spinless particles with the formal expression of the full scattering kernel in a $\phi^2\sigma$ scalar model. We derive an integral equation for the weight function with a real kernel. We recover as a check results for the massive scalar ladder approximation. 
F.T. Hawes, K. Kusaka, and A.G. Williams