Universal Prefactor of Activated Conductivity in the Quantum Hall Effect
  The prefactor of the activated dissipative conductivity in a plateau range of the quantum Hall effect is studied in the case of a long-range random potential. It is shown that due to long time it takes for an electron to drift along the perimeter of a large percolation cluster, phonons are able to maintain quasi-equilibrium inside the cluster. The saddle points separating such clusters may then be viewed as ballistic point contacts between electron reservoirs with different electrochemical potentials. The prefactor is universal and equal to 2$e^2/h$ at an integer filling factor $\nu$ and to 2$e^2/q^{2}h$ at $\nu=p/q$. 
D. G. Polyakov and B. I. Shklovskii