Defocusing gravitational microlensing
  We introduce the notion of defocusing gravitational lens considering a MACHO located behind a light source with respect to an observer. The consequence of defocusing effect is a temporal variability of star luminosity which produces a gap instead of a peak as tell--tale signature in the light curve. General theory of (de)focusing rays (geodesics) in a gravitational field is presented. Furthermore, we give estimations of the mass of the lens and the optical depth connected to such a phenomenon. 
Salvatore Capozziello, Ruggiero de Ritis, Vladimir Mank'o, Alma Angela   Marino, Giuseppe Marmo