Asymptotic formulae for the Lyapunov spectrum of fully-developed shell   model turbulence
  We study the scaling behavior of the Lyapunov spectra of a chaotic shell model for 3D turbulence. First, we quantify localization of the Lyapunov vectors in the wavenumber space by using the numerical results. Using dimensional arguments of Kolmogorov-type, we then deduce explicitly the asymptotic scaling behavior of the Lyapunov spectra. This in turn is confirmed by numerical results. This shell model may be regarded as a rare example of high-dimensional chaotic systems for which an analytic expression is known for the Lyapunov spectrum. Implications for the Navier-Stokes turbulence is given. In particular we conjecture that the distribution of Lyapunov exponents is {\it not} singular at null exponent. 
M.Yamada and K.Ohkitani