Temperature, distance and cooling of the Vela pulsar
  We use models of magnetized hydrogen atmospheres to fit the soft X-ray thermal spectrum of the Vela pulsar obtained by ROSAT. The distance and hydrogen column density required by our fits are in good agreement with other independents estimates and can be considered as an argument for the presence of hydrogen at the surface of this pulsar.   The low temperature obtained, T = 7.85 +/- 0.25 10^5 K, is below the predictions of the `standard' model of neutron star cooling and strengthens previous claims for the necessity of the occurrence of fast neutrino cooling in this neutron star. 
Dany Page (Inst. de Astronomia, UNAM, Mexico), Yu. A. Shibanov (Ioffe   Inst. of Physics & Technology, St Petersburg) & V. E...