An Investigation of Neutrino-Driven Convection and the Core Collapse   Supernova Mechanism Using Multigroup Neutrino Transport
  We investigate neutrino-driven convection in core collapse supernovae and its ramifications for the explosion mechanism. We begin with an ``optimistic'' 15 solar mass precollapse model, which is representative of the class of stars with compact iron cores. This model is evolved through core collapse and bounce in one dimension using multigroup (neutrino-energy--dependent) flux-limited diffusion (MGFLD) neutrino transport and Lagrangian hydrodynamics, providing realistic initial conditions for the postbounce convection and evolution. Our two-dimensional simulation begins at 106 ms after bounce at a time when there is a well-developed gain region, and proceeds for 400 ms. We couple two-dimensional (PPM) hydrodynamics to one-dimensional MGFLD neutrino transport. At 225 ms after bounce we see large-scale convection behind the shock, characterized by high-entropy, mushroom-like, expanding upflows and dense, low-entropy, finger-like downflows. The upflows reach the shock and distort it from sphericity. The radial convection velocities become supersonic just below the shock, reaching magnitudes in excess of 10^9 cm/sec. Eventually, however, the shock recedes to smaller radii, and at about 500 ms after bounce there is no evidence in our simulation of an explosion or of a developing explosion. Failure in our ``optimistic'' 15 solar mass Newtonian model leads us to conclude that it is unlikely, at least in our approximation, that neutrino-driven convection will lead to explosions for more massive stars with fatter iron cores or in cases in which general relativity is included. 
A. Mezzacappa, A. C. Calder, S. W. Bruenn, J. M. Blondin, M. W.   Guidry, M. R. Strayer, and A. S. Umar