Microscopic Estimates for Electromigration Velocities of Intragranular   Voids in Aluminum Lines
  We explore the effect of faceting on possible mechanisms for mass transport around electromigration voids in aluminum interconnects. Motivated by linear response estimates which suggest that particle flux would be much higher along steps than across terraces on a clean aluminum surface, we study step nucleation in the presence of a small driving force along a surface. We find that step nucleation, even on a nearly defect-free void surface, would be slow if the step energy is equal to that calculated for a clean aluminum surface. In the presence of a uniform electromigration force, the creation of new steps between existing ones should not occur unless the free energy cost of a step is much less than thermal energies. We conclude that voids cannot move intragranularly at $\mu$m/hr rates without help from other factors such as local heating and impurities. 
L. K. Wickham and James P. Sethna (Physics Dept., Cornell Univ.)