Voltage-biased quantum wire with impurities
  The bosonization technique to describe correlated electrons in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing impurities is extended to include an applied voltage source. The external reservoirs are shown to lead to a boundary condition for the boson phase fields. We use the formalism to investigate the channel conductance, electroneutrality, and charging effects. 
Reinhold Egger, Hermann Grabert (University Freiburg, Germany)