Local Interactions and Protein Folding: A 3D Off-Lattice Approach
  The thermodynamic behavior of a three-dimensional off-lattice model for protein folding is probed. The model has only two types of residues, hydrophobic and hydrophilic. In absence of local interactions, native structure formation does not occur for the temperatures considered. By including sequence independent local interactions, which qualitatively reproduce local properties of functional proteins, the dominance of a native state for many sequences is observed. As in lattice model approaches, folding takes place by gradual compactification, followed by a sequence dependent folding transition. Our results differ from lattice approaches in that bimodal energy distributions are not observed and that high folding temperatures are accompanied by relatively low temperatures for the peak of the specific heat. Also, in contrast to earlier studies using lattice models, our results convincingly demonstrate that one does not need more than two types of residues to generate sequences with good thermodynamic folding properties in three dimensions. 
Anders Irb\"ack, Carsten Peterson, Frank Potthast and Ola Sommelius