Age of the Universe: Influence of the Inhomogeneities on the global   Expansion-Factor
  For the first time we calculate quantitatively the influence of inhomogeneities on the global expansion factor by averaging the Friedmann equation. In the framework of the relativistic second-order Zel'dovich-approximation scheme for irrotational dust we use observational results in form of the normalisation constant fixed by the COBE results and we check different power spectra, namely for adiabatic CDM, isocurvature CDM, HDM, WDM, Strings and Textures. We find that the influence of the inhomogeneities on the global expansion factor is very small. So the error in determining the age of the universe using the Hubble constant in the usual way is negligible. This does not imply that the effect is negligible for local astronomical measurements of the Hubble constant. Locally the determination of the redshift-distance relation can be strongly influenced by the peculiar velocity fields due to inhomogeneities. Our calculation does not consider such effects, but is contrained to comparing globally homogeneous and averaged inhomogeneous matter distributions. In addition we relate our work to previous treatments. 
H. Russ, M. H. Soffel, M. Kasai, and G. B\"orner