Confinement and chiral condensates in 2-d QED with massive N-flavor   fermions
  We evaluate Polyakov loops and string tension in two-dimensional QED with both massless and massive $N$-flavor fermions at zero and finite temperature. External charges, or external electric fields, induce phases in fermion masses and shift the value of the vacuum angle parameter $\theta$, which in turn alters the chiral condensate. In particular, in the presence of two sources of opposite charges, $q$ and $-q$, the shift in $\theta$ is $2\pi(q/e)$ independent of $N$. The string tension has a cusp singularity at $\theta=\pm\pi$ for $N\ge 2$ and is proportional to $m^{2N/(N+1)}$ at $T=0$. 
Ramon Rodriguez and Yutaka Hosotani (Univ of Minnesota)