The Low Column Density Lyman-alpha Forest
  We develop an analytical method based on the lognormal approximation to compute the column density distribution of the Lyman-alpha forest in the low column density limit. We compute the column density distributions for six different cosmological models and found that the standard, COBE-normalized CDM model cannot fit the observations of the Lyman-alpha forest at z=3. The amplitude of the fluctuations in that model has to be lowered by a factor of almost 3 to match observations. However, the currently viable cosmological models like the lightly tilted COBE-normalized CDM+Lambda model, the CHDM model with 20% neutrinos, and the low-amplitude Standard CDM model are all in agreement with observations, to within the accuracy of our approximation, for the value of the cosmological baryon density at or higher than the old Standard Bing Bang Nucleosynthesis value of 0.0125 for the currently favored value of the ionizing radiation intensity. With the low value for the baryon density inferred by Hogan & Rugers (1996), the models can only marginally match observations. 
Nickolay Y. Gnedin and Lam Hui