Electron Cotunneling in a Semiconductor Quantum Dot
  We report transport measurements on a semiconductor quantum dot with a small number of confined electrons. In the Coulomb blockade regime, conduction is dominated by cotunneling processes. These can be either elastic or inelastic, depending on whether they leave the dot in its ground state or drive it into an excited state, respectively. We are able to discriminate between these two contributions and show that inelastic events can occur only if the applied bias exceeds the lowest excitation energy. Implications to energy-level spectroscopy are discussed. 
S. De Franceschi, S. Sasaki, J. M. Elzerman, W. G. van der Wiel, S.   Tarucha, and L. P. Kouwenhoven