The Galaxy Distribution: Homogeneous, Fractal, or Neither
  From the standpoint of theoretical physics we can treat Newtonian cosmology as a problem in nonlinear dynamics. The attempt to average the density, in search of a method of making contact between theory and observation, is replaced by the more systematic idea of coarsegraining. I also explain in this context why two previous attempts at the construction of hierarchical models of the universe are not useful in data analysis. The main ideas behind two older competing data analyses purporting to show evidence from galaxy statistics for either a homogeneous and isotropic universe in one case, and for a mono-fractal universe in the other, are presented and discussed. I also present the method and results of a newer data analysis that shows that visible matter provides no evidence that would allow us to claim that the cosmological principle holds, or that the universe is fractal (or multifractal). In other words, observational data provides us with no evidence that the universe is either homogeneous and isotropic, or monofractal. 
J. L. McCauley