Four Measures of the Intracluster Medium Temperature and Their Relation   to a Cluster's Dynamical State
  We employ an ensemble of hydrodynamic cluster simulations to create spatially and spectrally resolved images of quality comparable to Chandra's expected performance. Emission from simulation mass elements is represented using the XSPEC mekal program assuming 0.3 solar metallicity, and the resulting spectra are fit with a single-temperature model. Despite significant departures from isothermality in the cluster gas, single-temperature models produce acceptable fits to 20,000 source photon spectra. The spectral fit temperature T_s is generally lower than the mass weighted average temperature T_m due to the influence of soft line emission from cooler gas being accreted as part of the hierarchical clustering process. In a Chandra-like bandpass of 0.5 to 9.5 keV we find a nearly uniform fractional bias of (T_m-T_s)/T_s = 20% with occasional large deviations in smaller clusters. In the more traditional 2.0 to 9.5 keV bandpass, the fractional deviation is scale-dependent and on average follows the relation (T_m-T_s)/T_s = 0.2 log(T_m). This bias results in a spectral mass-temperature relationship with slope about 1.6, intermediate between the virial relation M ~ T_m^{3/2} and the observed relation M_{ICM} ~ T^2. Imaging each cluster in the ensemble at 16 epochs in its evolutionary history, we catalogue merger events with mass ratios exceeding 10% in order to investigate the relationship between spectral temperature and proximity to a major merger event. Clusters that are very cool relative to the mean mass-temperature relationship lie preferentially close to a merger, suggesting a viable observational method to cull a subset of dynamically young clusters from the general population. 
Benjamin F. Mathiesen (Stanford University) and August E. Evrard   (University of Michigan)