Simulation of Flux Lines with Columnar Pins: Bose Glass and Entangled   Liquids
  Using path integral Monte Carlo we simulate a 3D system of up to 1000 magnetic flux lines by mapping it onto a system of interacting bosons in (2+1)D. With increasing temperature we find a first order melting of flux lines from an ordered solid to an entangled liquid signalled by a finite entropy jump and sharp discontinuities in the defect density and the structure factor $S({\bf G})$ at the first reciprocal lattice vector. In the presence of a small number of strong columnar pins, we find that the crystal is transformed into a Bose glass phase with patches of crystalline order nucleated around the trapped vortices but with no overall positional or orientational order. This glassy phase melts into a defected entangled liquid through a continuous transition. 
Prasenjit Sen (1), Nandini Trivedi (1) and D.M. Ceperley (2) ((1) Tata   Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, (...