Creep motion in a granular pile exhibiting steady surface flow
  We investigate experimentally granular piles exhibiting steady surface flow. Below the surface flow, it has been believed exisitence of a `frozen' bulk region, but our results show absence of such a frozen bulk. We report here that even the particles in deep layers in the bulk exhibit very slow flow and that such motion can be detected at an arbitrary depth. The mean velocity of the creep motion decays exponentially with depth, and the characteristic decay length is approximately equal to the particle-size and independent of the flow rate. It is expected that the creep motion we have seeen is observable in all sheared granular systems. 
Teruhisa S. Komatsu (Dep. of Environ. Sci., JAERI), Shio Inagaki,   Naoko Nakagawa (Dep. of Math. Sci., Ibaraki Univ.), Sato...