The Role of Clustering of Sub-Clumps in Bright Elliptical Galaxy   Formation from a Low-Spin Seed Galaxy
  We reveal the role of clustering of sub-clumps, which is expected in the cold dark matter (CDM) universe, in forming a bright elliptical galaxy (BEG) from a low-spin seed galaxy.   This can be done by comparing the evolution of a low-spin seed galaxy including small-scale density fluctuations expected in the CDM universe   (Model 1) with that of a completely uniform one (Model 2), using numerical experiments.   We show that Model 2 cannot reproduce the properties of BEGs and forms a disk which is too compact and too bright due to the conservation of the initial-small angular momentum.   In Model 1 clustering of the sub-clumps caused by initial small-scale density fluctuations leads to angular momentum transfer from the baryon component to the dark matter and consequently a nearly spherical system supported by random motions is formed.   Moreover the collisionless property of the stars formed in the sub-clumps prevents the dissipative contraction of the system, leading to a large measured half-light radius.   As a result, the end-product is quite well reproduces the observed properties of BEGs, such as the de Vaucouleurs light-profile, typical color and metallicity gradients, the large half-light radius, the small ratio of the rotational velocity to the velocity dispersion (V/\sigma). We conclude that the clustering of sub-clumps, i.e., the hierarchical clustering, plays a crucial role in the formation of BEGs from a low-spin seed galaxy. 
Daisuke Kawata (Tohoku University)