Where are the type 2 AGNs?
  Most of the energy of the X-ray background is contributed by sources with a hard X-ray spectrum, harder than the spectrum observed in nearby type 1 AGNs. The hard background contributors are conventionally identified with type 2 AGNs, obscured by circumnuclear matter both in the optical and in the soft X rays. However, preliminary results of identification programs seem to find systematically few type 2 AGNs in samples selected with obscuration insensitive criteria. We discuss this issue, and assess the various scenarios which are being proposed to solve the discrepancy. 
M. Salvati, R. Maiolino