On the nature of cosmic rays above the Greisen--Zatsepin--Kuz'min cut   off
  A re-examination of the atmospheric cascade profile of the highest energy cosmic ray is presented. The study includes air-shower simulations considering different cross sections, particle multiplicity and variation of the hadronic-event-generator to model interactions above 200 GeV. The analysis provides evidence that a medium mass nucleus primary reproduces the shower profile quite well. This result does not support the idea, increasingly popular at present, that the highest energy particles are protons, derived from the decay of supermassive relic particles. On the other hand, we show that debris of relativistic super-heavy nuclei, which can survive a 100 Mpc journey through the primeval radiation are likely to generate such a kind of cascade. 
L. A. Anchordoqui, M. Kirasirova, T. P. McCauley, S. Reucroft, and J.   D. Swain