The detection of oxygen in the low-density intergalactic medium
  The abundances of metals in the intergalactic medium (IGM) can be used to constrain the amount of star formation at high redshift and the spectral shape of the ionizing background radiation. For both purposes it is essential to measure the abundances in regions of low density, away from local sources of metals and ionizing photons. Here we report the first detection of OVI in the low-density IGM at high redshift. We perform a pixel-by-pixel search for OVI absorption in eight high quality quasar spectra spanning the redshift range z = 2.0-4.5. At 2 ~< z ~< 3, we clearly detect OVI in the form of a positive correlation between the HI Ly-alpha optical depth and the optical depth in the corresponding OVI pixel, down to an HI optical depth of 0.1. This is an order of magnitude lower in HI optical depth than the best CIV measurements can probe and constitutes the first clear detection of metals in underdense gas. The non-detection of OVI at z > 3 is consistent with the enhanced photoionization from a hardening of the UV background below z ~ 3 but could also be caused by the high level of contamination from Ly series lines. 
Joop Schaye (Cambridge), Michael Rauch (Carnegie), Wallace L. W.   Sargent (Caltech), Tae-Sun Kim (ESO)