Analysis of the "Big Bang" and the Resulting Outward Cosmic Expansion:   Hubble - Einstein Cosmology vs. The Universal Exponential Decay
  There is general agreement that the universe began with an "explosion" of matter and energy at a "singularity", the "Big Bang". This paper analyses the mechanics of that beginning and two alternative theories related to it: - The Hubble-Einstein theory that that beginning created space itself, expanding and carrying the universe's matter and energy with it, and - The Universal Decay theory that the length, (L), dimensional aspect of all quantities in the universe is exponentially decaying while the material universe is expanding outward within passive, static "space".   The Hubble-Einstein theory has long been accepted by consensus.   The Universal Decay theory first propounded in "The Origin and Its Meaning" in 1996 has since been validated by the Pioneer 10 and 11 "anomalous acceleration" as well as by the theory's success in accounting for "dark matter" and "dark energy". The same centrally- directed, distance-independent acceleration of (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10^-8 cm/s^2 that is the Pioneer "anomalous acceleration" supplies the "additional gravitation" that "dark matter" is sought to supply.   The mass of the universe is calculated and the its "Schwarzschild Radius" evaluated. The velocities and distances of cosmic objects in general are calculated and plotted from the end of the "inflation" to the present. It develops that there is a theoretical limit on how far back into the past can be observed regardless of the quality of our instrumentation. 
Roger Ellman (The-Origin Foundation Inc.)