Instanton-Sphaleron transition in the d = 2 Abelian-Higgs model on a   Circle
  The transition from the instanton-dominated quantum regime to the sphaleron-dominated classical regime is studied in the $d=2$ abelian-Higgs model when the spatial coordinate is compactified to $S^1$. Contrary to the noncompactified case, this model allows both sharp first-order and smooth second-order transitions depending on the size of the circle. This finding may make the model a useful toy model for the analysis of baryon number violating processes. Since the model can to a large extent be treated analytically, it can also serve as a transparent prototype for the application of our method to more complicated cases, such as those in higher dimensions. 
D.K. Park, H. J. W. M\"uller-Kirsten, J.-Q. Liang and A. V. Shurgaia