Mixing Metals in the Early Universe
  We investigate the evolution of the metallicity of the intergalactic medium (IGM) with particular emphasis on its spatial distribution. We propose that metal enrichment occurs as a two step process. First, supernova (SN) explosions eject metals into relatively small regions confined to the surroundings of star-forming galaxies. From a comprehensive treatment of blowout we show that SNae by themselves fail by more than one order of magnitude to distribute the products of stellar nucleosynthesis over volumes large enough to pollute the whole IGM to the metallicity levels observed. Thus, a additional (but as yet unknown) physical mechanism must be invoked to mix the metals on scales comparable to the mean distance between the galaxies which are most efficient pollutants. From this simple hypothesis we derive a number of testable predictions for the evolution of the IGM metallicity. Specifically, we find that: (i) the fraction of metals ejected over the star formation history of the universe is about 50% at z=0; that is, approximately half of the metals today are found in the IGM; (ii) if the ejected metals were homogeneously mixed with the baryons in the universe, the average IGM metallicity would be <Z> ~ 1/25 Z(solar) at z=3. However, due to spatial inhomogeneities, the mean of the distribution of metallicities in the diffusive zones has a wide (more than 2 orders of magnitude) spread around this value; (iii) if metals become more uniformly distributed at z < 1, as assumed, at z = 0 the metallicity of the IGM is narrowly confined within the range Z ~ 0.1 +/- 0.03 Z(solar). Finally, we point out that our results can account for the observed metal content of the intracluster medium. 
Andrea Ferrara (Arcetri), Max Pettini (IoA Cambridge) and Yuri   Shchekinov (Arcetri & Rostov Univ.)