On the Probability of Microlensing in GRB Afterglows
  The declining lightcurve of the optical afterglow of gamma-ray burst GRB000301C showed rapid variability with one particularly bright feature at about t-t0=3.8 days. This event was interpreted as gravitational microlensing by Garnavich, Loeb & Stanek (2000) and subsequently used to derive constraints on the structure of the GRB optical afterglow. In this paper, we use these structural parameters to calculate the probability of such a microlensing event in a realistic scenario, where all compact objects in the universe are associated with observable galaxies. For GRB000301C at a redshift of z=2.04, the `a posteriori' probability for a microlensing event with an amplitude of dm>=0.95 mag (as observed) is 0.7% (2.7%) for the most plausible scenario of a flat Lambda-dominated FRW universe with Omega_m=0.3 and a fraction f_*=0.2 (1.0) of dark-matter in the form of compact objects. If we lower the magnification threshold to dm>=0.10 mag, the probabilities for microlensing events of GRB afterglows increase to 17% (57%). We emphasise that this low probability for a microlensing signature of almost a magnitude does not exclude that the observed event in the afterglow lightcurve of GRB000301C was caused by microlensing, especially in light of the fact that a galaxy was found within 2 arcsec from the GRB. In that case, however, a more robust upper limit on the `a posteriori' probability of ~5% is found. It does show, however, that it will not be easy to create a large sample of strong GRB afterglow microlensing events for statistical studies of their physical conditions on micro-arcsec scales. 
L.V.E. Koopmans (1), J. Wambsganss (2,3,4) ((1) Caltech, (2) Univ.   Potsdam, (3) MPI fur Gravitationsphysik, (4) University...