Paramagnetic Meissner Effect in Multiply-Connected Superconductors
  We have measured a paramagnetic Meissner effect in Nb-Al2O3-Nb Josephson junction arrays using a scanning SQUID microscope. The arrays exhibit diamagnetism for some cooling fields and paramagnetism for other cooling fields. The measured mean magnetization is always less than 0.3 flux quantum (in terms of flux per unit cell of the array) for the range of cooling fields investigated. We demonstrate that a new model of magnetic screening, valid for multiply-connected superconductors, reproduces all of the essential features of paramagnetism that we observe and that no exotic mechanism, such as d-wave superconductivity, is needed for paramagnetism. 
A. P. Nielsen (1), A. B. Cawthorne (1), P. Barbara (1), F. C.   Wellstood(1), C. J. Lobb(1) R. S. Newrock(2) M. G. Forrester...