Transport of a Luttinger liquid in the presence of a time dependent   impurity
  We show that the macroscopic current and charge can be formulated as a Quantum Mechanical zero mode problem. We find that the current is given by the velocity operator of a particle restricted to move around a circle. As an explicit example we investigate a Luttinger liquid of length $L$ which is perturbed by a time dependent impurity. Using the statistical mechanics of zero modes we computed the non-equilibrium current. In particular we show that in the low temperature limit, $L_T/L>1$, the zero mode method introduced here becomes essential for computing the current. 
D. Schmeltzer