Acoustics of early universe. I. Flat versus open universe models
  A simple perturbation description unique for all signs of curvature, and based on the gauge-invariant formalisms is proposed to demonstrate that:   (1) The density perturbations propagate in the flat radiation-dominated universe in exactly the same way as electromagnetic or gravitational waves propagate in the epoch of the matter domination.   (2) In the open universe, sounds are dispersed by curvature. The space curvature defines the minimal frequency $\omega_{\rm c}$ below which the propagation of perturbations is forbidden.   Gaussian acoustic fields are considered and the curvature imprint in the perturbations spectrum is discussed. 
Zdzislaw A. Golda, Andrzej Woszczyna