Generalizing the Debye-Huckel equation in terms of density functional   integral
  We discuss the validity of generalized Debye-H\"uckel (GDH) equation proposed by Fisher {\itshape et al.} from the functional integral point of view. The GDH theory considers fluctuations around prescribed densities of positive and negative charges. Hence we first formulate a density functional integral expression for the canonical system of Coulomb gas, and also demonstrate that this is a dual form to the Sine-Gordon theory. Our formalism reveals the following: (i) The induced charge distribution around supposed density favors not only the cancellation of additional electrostatic potential like the original DH theory, but also the countervailing of chemical potential difference between imposed and equilibrium value. (ii) As a consequence apparent charge, absent in the GDH equation, comes out in our generalized equation. (iii) That is, the GDH equation holds only in special cases. 
H. Frusawa, R. Hayakawa (Univ. of Tokyo)