Gamma Ray Bursts, Cosmic Ray Origin, and the Unidentified EGRET Sources
  Statistical arguments show that the volume- and time-averaged kinetic power of GRBs and fireball transients (FTs) into an L* galaxy like the Milky Way is at the level of 10^40 ergs/s. This number, though with wide uncertainties related to the internal or external shock efficiency, is sufficient to power hadronic cosmic rays observed locally. The release of energy by the high-mass progenitor stars of GRBs and FTs is sufficient to power the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays, as already shown by Waxman and Vietri in 1995. It is sufficient to power the cosmic rays above the knee of the cosmic-ray spectrum. Indeed, all hadronic cosmic rays could originate from the high-mass (>~ 100 M_o) stars that collapse to black holes, in the process forming GRBs and FTs. This source class represents a new solution to the problem of cosmic-ray origin. The ~10^4 - 10^7 black holes made by these stars could make their presence known by radiating as they accrete from the ISM, by microlensing background radiations, and by forming luminous binary systems. Some unidentified EGRET sources could be isolated black holes that accrete from the ISM. Better imaging and sensitivity with GLAST and TeV observatories will test this model for the unidentified gamma-ray sources, and this theory for cosmic-ray origin. 
Charles D. Dermer (NRL)