Clustering and fluidization in a one-dimensional granular system:   molecular dynamics and direct-simulation Monte Carlo method
  We study a 1-D granular gas of point-like particles not subject to gravity between two walls at temperatures T_left and T_right. The system exhibits two distinct regimes, depending on the normalized temperature difference Delta = (T_right - T_left)/(T_right + T_left): one completely fluidized and one in which a cluster coexists with the fluidized gas. When Delta is above a certain threshold, cluster formation is fully inhibited, obtaining a completely fluidized state. The mechanism that produces these two phases is explained. In the fluidized state the velocity distribution function exhibits peculiar non-Gaussian features. For this state, comparison between integration of the Boltzmann equation using the direct-simulation Monte Carlo method and results stemming from microscopic Newtonian molecular dynamics gives good coincidence, establishing that the non-Gaussian features observed do not arise from the onset of correlations. 
Jose Miguel Pasini and Patricio Cordero