Extension of Kohn-Sham theory to excited states by means of an   off-diagonal density array
  Early work extending the Kohn-Sham theory to excited states utilized an ensemble average of the Hamiltonian considered as a functional of the corresponding average density. We propose and develop an alternative that utilizes the matrix elements of the density operator taken between any two states of the included space. The new theory is also based on a variational principle for the trace of the Hamiltonian over a selected space of states viewed, however, as a functional of the associated array of matrix elements of the density. It leads to a matrix generalization of Kohn-Sham theory. To illustrate the formalism, we study a suitably defined weak-coupling limit and derive from it an eigenvalue equation that has the form of the random phase approximation. The result can be identified with a similar equation derived directly from the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equation that has been applied recently with considerable success to molecular excitations. We prove, within the defined approximations, that the eigenvalues can be interpreted as true excitation energies. 
Abraham Klein and Reiner M. Dreizler