Diffusion and the occurrence of hydrogen shell flashes in helium white   dwarf stars
  We investigate the effects of element diffusion on the structure and evolution of low-mass helium white dwarfs (WD). Attention is focused on the occurrence of hydrogen shell flashes induced by diffusion processes during cooling phases. Initial models from 0.406 to 0.161 solar masses are constructed by applying mass loss rates at different stages of the RGB evolution of a solar model. The multicomponent flow equations describing gravitational settling, and chemical and thermal diffusion are solved and the diffusion calculations are coupled to an evolutionary code. In addition, the same sequences are computed but neglecting diffusion. We find that element diffusion strongly affects the structure and cooling history of helium WD. In particular, diffusion induces the occurrence of hydrogen shell flashes in models with masses ranging from 0.18 to 0.41 solar masses, which is in sharp contrast from the situation when diffusion is neglected. In connection with the further evolution, these diffusion-induced flashes lead to much thinner hydrogen envelopes, preventing stable nuclear burning from being an appreciable energy source at advanced stages of evolution. This implies much shorter cooling ages than in the case when diffusion is neglected. These new WD models are discussed in light of recent observational data of some millisecond pulsar systems with WD companions. We find that age discrepancies between the predictions of standard evolutionary models and such observations appear to be the result of ignoring element diffusion in such models. Indeed, such discrepancies vanish when account is made of diffusion. 
L. G. Althaus, A. M. Serenelli, O. G. Benvenuto